109:
621:
679:
548:
739:
178:
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while spreading out its tail feathers. A distinctive alarm call is often given when threats from above are detected. Nestlings will make "tcheek" and "tsp" sounds shortly after hatching. During courtship feedings, females may ask for food with "mak" begging notes; conversely, males emit "wuut" or "shack" sounds to offer food. The male emits a territorial, harsh shriek, while the female's song is pitched lower and softer than the male's. Generally, the male is far more vocal than the female.
299:
133:
155:
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adaptations to facilitate its hunting. The powerful, hooked beak of the loggerhead shrike allows it to sever the neck of a small vertebrate. Larger prey are subjected to impaling, in which they are pushed down into a sharp projection, such as a thorn or barbed wire. The bird can then tear off flesh by using the projection as an anchor. The shrike may also use the thorn to fasten and store its food to return to at a later time.
665:
predators. It may also nest in fence-rows or hedge-rows near open pastures and requires elevated perches as lookout points for hunting. Open pastures and grasslands with shorter vegetation are preferred by loggerhead shrikes, as they increase the bird's hunting efficiency. Longer vegetation often requires more time and energy to be spent searching for prey, so these birds gravitate towards areas of shorter vegetation.
772:
Average fledging period is about 19 days. Young may then remain nearby and dependent on adults for 3 to 4 weeks. After that, they begin to forage independently. Oftentimes, nestlings do not survive long past hatching. In the case of dead nestlings, adult shrikes may eat or discard their bodies or else feed them to their remaining young. The oldest recorded age of a loggerhead shrike was 12 years and 6 months.
441:
for "Louis" and the epithet "-ianus" is to describe something being of another or possessed by it. When translated, its scientific name means something alongside the lines of "Louis’ butcher". "Loggerhead," a similar word to "blockhead," refers to the unusually large head to body ratio of this bird.
817:
was established. "Field breeding" refers to moving captive pairs from their wintering cages at the
Toronto Zoo and McGill to large enclosures within shrike habitat in Ontario where the pairs nest and raise their young. The young then are released to the wild when they'd naturally disperse from their
664:
The bird requires an open habitat with an area to forage, elevated perches, and nesting sites. They are often found in open pastures or grasslands and appear to prefer red-cedar and hawthorn trees for nesting. The hawthorn's thorns and the cedar's pin-like needles protect and conceal the shrike from
372:
after its carnivorous tendencies, as it consumes prey such as insects, amphibians, lizards, small mammals and small birds, and some prey end up displayed and stored at a site, for example in a tree. Due to its small size and weak talons, this predatory bird relies on impaling its prey upon thorns or
751:
that occurs in flight. He dances erratically in the air, flying rapidly up and down and occasionally chasing the female. He presents himself to his potential mate by fanning out his tail and fluttering his wings. Females may respond to the fluttering display with begging notes, similar to those of
716:
and diving from elevated perches. By scanning their vicinity from a perch instead of flying, the shrike does not exhaust its energy during the search. Preferred perches are approximately 13 ft (4.0 m) off the ground, and are usually outer branches of trees or telephone wires. In winter,
611:
Their vocal range is broad and varied, and has been described as harsh and jarring. The shrike's notes include squeaky whistles, shrill trills, and guttural warbles. The trills sung by males during breeding season vary in rhythm and pitch. When alarmed, a shrike will produce a "schgra-a-a" shriek
554:
The loggerhead shrike is a medium-sized passerine. "Loggerhead" refers to the relatively large size of the head as compared to the rest of the body. The wing and tail length are about 3.82 in (9.70 cm) and 3.87 in (9.83 cm) long, respectively. It weighs on average 1.8 oz
771:
as latitude increases. Shrikes begin incubation after laying the second to last egg, resulting in asynchronous hatching. Incubation, on average, lasts 16 days. The female lays 4 to 8 eggs in a bulky cup made of twigs and grass. Once hatched, nestlings are fed by both the male and female parent.
725:
The motion of impalement appears to be instinctive, as parent shrikes do not demonstrate the behavior to their nestlings. However, a young shrike must experience impaling prey upon an actual projection during a critical developmental period; otherwise, it will not learn to use the instinctive
721:
prey; during this time, shrikes may be energetically stressed and underweight. Insects are consumed in mid-flight, but vertebrates usually require more handling time and therefore more energy. Due to the shrike's small size in proportion to the size of its prey, it must rely on specialized
588:. The tail is black edged with white and the irises are brown. The beak is short, black, and hooked, and contains a tomial tooth to help tear into prey. It is difficult to sex an adult loggerhead shrike in the field as they are sexually monochromatic. However, several studies have reported
789:, is critically endangered, with a population as low as 5–10 individuals during 1983–1988. Although only this island subspecies is legally listed as endangered in the United States, the species is declining continent-wide and no longer occurs in most of the northeastern U.S.; it is
2010:
780:
Loggerhead shrike populations have been decreasing in North
America since the 1960s. Reasons behind the decline remain unclear, although suggestions include habitat loss, pesticide contamination, and human disturbance. The eastern loggerhead shrike
583:
The adult plumage of the loggerhead shrike is grey above with a white to pale grey breast and black tarsi and feet. The bird possesses a black mask that extends across the eyes to its bill. The wings are black with a distinct white patch on the
746:
Loggerhead shrikes are monogamous birds. However, males are known to begin second nesting attempts with a second female before his first clutch has fledged. They begin breeding during their first spring. During this time, the male performs a
628:
Loggerhead shrikes were once widely distributed across southern Canada, the contiguous USA and Mexico. However, their populations have heavily declined since the 1960s. Four subspecies reside in southern coastal
California:
1620:
1524:
Patten M, Campbell K. 2008. Typological thinking and the conservation of subspecies: the case of the San
Clemente Island loggerhead shrike. Diversity and Distributions. 6(4): 177–188.
686:
Loggerhead shrikes have been repeatedly observed killing prey larger than themselves by spearing the neck or head of the animal and twisting. The speed at which this occurs causes a
373:
barbed wire for facilitated consumption. The numbers of loggerhead shrike have significantly decreased in recent years, especially in
Midwestern, New England and Mid-Atlantic areas.
603:
by its smaller size, darker grey plumage, and larger black face mask that covers the eye completely. It also has a shorter bill with less prominent hook. Their calls are similar.
818:
parents. Since 2004, over 90 young have been released annually and between 2% and 6.5% of young released have successfully migrated and returned to breed in the subsequent year.
1585:
Yosef, R; Grubb, T (1992). "Territory size influences nutritional condition in nonbreeding loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus): a ptilochronology approach".
423:, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the loggerhead shrike. Linnaeus included a brief description, adopted the
531:
have a paler forehead than the top of the head. According to Mundy et al.’s 1997 study, there is a substantial genetic difference between the island subspecies
1278:
Craig, R; DeAngelis, D; Dixon, K (1979). "Long- and short-term dynamic optimization models with application to the feeding strategy of the loggerhead shrike".
712:
They are not true birds of prey, as they lack the large, strong talons used to catch and kill prey. Instead, they are sit-and-wait hunters that stalk prey by
1575:
Gawlick D, Bildstein K. 1990. Reproductive success and nesting habitat of
Loggerhead Shrikes in north-central South Carolina. Wilson Bulletin. 102(1): 37–48.
1536:
Brooks B, Temple S. 1990. Habitat availability and suitability for loggerhead shrikes in the upper midwest. The
American Midland Naturalist. 123(1): 75–83.
406:
1923:
2911:
2733:
767:. It nests in isolated or small clusters of dense trees and shrubs from near ground level to over 4m in height. There is an increase in average
697:, they are a predatory species that hunt during the day. They primarily eat insects, but also consume arachnids, reptiles, amphibians, rodents,
2896:
2891:
1628:
1205:"Microsatellite variation and microevolution in the critically endangered San Clemente Island loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi)"
2785:
1209:
1046:
Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
967:
Lymn, N; Temple, S (1991). "Land-use changes in the Gulf coast region: links to declines in
Midwestern loggerhead shrike populations".
519:
Miller, in 1931, suggested that the wing-chord-to-tail-length ratio was an important indicator for distinguishing between subspecies.
1677:
2005:
2684:
2906:
2746:
2559:
1125:
1981:
2824:
997:
The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that
Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
2751:
2921:
1894:
1332:
Sustaita, D; Owen, C; Villarreal, J; Rubega, M (2014). "Morphometric tools for sexing loggerhead shrikes in
California".
785:) is critically endangered in Canada, with fewer than 35 known breeding pairs in Canada. The San Clemente Island shrike,
2707:
2050:
1858:
Assessment and update status report on the loggerhead shrike migrans subspecies, Lanius ludovicianus migrans in Canada
1421:
992:
Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
884:
2901:
1707:
730:
has also been observed in nature, in which the shrike chased down another bird and stole its recently-caught prey.
2790:
1642:
Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; LuÄŤan, R. K.; et al. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective".
2671:
690:
injury to the animal. The neck strength of the shrikes compensates, making their talon weakness inconsequential.
420:
162:
2712:
1368:"Intraspecific variation in Loggerhead Shrikes: sexual dimorphism and implication for subspecies classification"
1966:
2521:
2462:
2453:
1931:
2530:
1781:
814:
481:
2803:
2593:
1750:
Smith, S. (1972). "The ontogeny of impaling behaviour in the Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus L.".
2598:
1992:
1113:
859:
2572:
1779:
Etterson, M; Howery, M (2001). "Kleptoparasitism of soil-foraging passerines by loggerhead shrikes".
1061:
661:
ranges from north to eastern North America; however, its range has been diminishing since the 1940s.
1060:
Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
1049:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 134.
2798:
1997:
986:
382:
177:
2777:
995:(in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 162–164, Plate 15 fig 2.
1549:
Chabot, A; Titman, R; Bird, D (2001). "Habitat use by Loggerhead Shrikes in Ontario and Quebec".
1218:
1185:
Habitat selection and reproductive biology of the loggerhead shrike in eastern Ontario and Quebec
1087:
431:
2855:
1860:. Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2000. pp. viii + 13 pp.
2738:
2580:
2483:
2043:
477:
2764:
1411:
1155:
Miller, A (1931). "Systematic revision and natural history of the American shrikes (Lanius)".
2850:
2699:
2241:
456:
402:
272:
2842:
2546:
2645:
2585:
2541:
2407:
2367:
1594:
1305:
1222:
8:
2295:
2286:
1752:
836:
687:
503:
494:
122:
1972:
1823:
Kridelbaugh, A. (1983). "Nesting ecology of the loggerhead shrike in central Missouri".
1606:
1598:
1226:
555:(50 g), with a range of 1.6–2.1 oz (45–60 g) for a healthy adult shrike.
2606:
2322:
2313:
2250:
2223:
2214:
2142:
1732:
1507:
1477:
Vocalization behavior of captive loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides)
1454:
1389:
1243:
1204:
172:
108:
368:) occurs north of its range, however it is also found in Siberia. It is nicknamed the
2868:
2837:
2619:
2304:
2277:
2205:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2133:
2036:
1961:
1956:
1673:"The anatomy of a shrike bite: bill shape and bite performance in Loggerhead Shrikes"
1417:
948:
Smith, S (1973). "Aggressive display and related behavior in the loggerhead shrike".
810:
768:
589:
353:
523:, found in eastern North America, can be distinguished from the western subspecies,
2624:
2196:
2016:
1902:
1790:
1761:
1724:
1715:
1686:
1653:
1602:
1558:
1499:
1446:
1379:
1341:
1287:
1238:
1230:
1022:
1010:
918:
Craig, R (1978). "An analysis of the predatory behavior of the Loggerhead Shrike".
854:
756:
748:
727:
2676:
592:
in plumage and size traits. Juveniles possess a paler gray plumage that is subtly
2916:
2811:
2611:
2376:
2358:
2349:
2268:
2232:
713:
678:
600:
547:
415:
361:
137:
1044:
990:
813:
in 1997. In 2001, an experimental field breeding and release program managed by
2187:
1872:
1794:
1306:"Loggerhead Shrike Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
585:
490:
738:
506:, 1919 – extreme south California and north Baja California (northwest Mexico)
2885:
2759:
2506:
2429:
2385:
2340:
2028:
1644:
1117:
1040:
845:
798:
620:
593:
424:
410:
357:
288:
142:
59:
1765:
2444:
2331:
2151:
2124:
1810:
Life histories of North American wagtails, shrikes, vireos and their allies
1234:
718:
512:
401:. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not usually conform to the
515:, 1854 – west and central Mexico, south Baja California (northwest Mexico)
298:
2816:
2772:
2720:
2515:
2023:
1013:(1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus".
806:
802:
794:
702:
34:
717:
prey availability is low due to the shrike's preference for insects and
2863:
2689:
1883:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology – via bna.birds.cornell.edu.
1736:
1511:
1458:
1393:
790:
694:
446:
438:
79:
44:
1691:
1672:
1657:
2725:
2658:
2096:
2090:
1490:
Cade, T (1992). "Hand-reared loggerhead shrikes breed in captivity".
1345:
390:
341:
229:
189:
84:
2477:
1728:
1562:
1503:
1450:
1384:
1367:
1026:
2663:
2637:
2500:
2078:
1962:
The Effects of Dieldren on the Behavior of Young Loggerhead Shrikes
1957:
The Ontongeny of Cricket and Mouse Killing in the Loggerhead Shrike
1708:"Winter foraging and diet composition of Northern Shrikes in Idaho"
1291:
345:
209:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
752:
juveniles begging for food; this encourages the male to feed her.
709:
10 oz) insects to 25 g (0.88 oz) mice or reptiles.
701:
and small birds. They have even eaten venomous snakes such as the
430:(identical to Brisson's Latin name) and cited Brisson's work. The
2829:
2650:
2567:
1621:"Head-turning violence helps tiny songbirds kill big prey: study"
89:
64:
2554:
2107:
2072:
2059:
1985:
764:
760:
349:
249:
239:
199:
2632:
1413:
National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America
653:
is found in central North America, whereas the non-migrating
1331:
641:
is only found on San Clemente Island in California, whereas
2084:
1437:
Frost, E (1885). "The loggerhead shrike in New Hampshire".
828:
657:
resides in southeastern North America. The distribution of
219:
1267:(6th ed.). New York, New York: Appleton and Company.
1202:
698:
1627:. Agence France-Presse. 5 September 2018. Archived from
1203:
Mundy, N.; Winchell, C.; Burr, T.; Woodruff, D. (1997).
1641:
385:
included a description of the loggerhead shrike in his
1841:
834:
1846:. Princeton, New Jersey: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
599:
The loggerhead shrike can be distinguished from the
539:
due to a gene flow barrier between the two species.
1277:
407:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1842:Podulka, S; Rohrbaugh, R; Bonney, R, eds. (2004).
1015:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
860:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22705042A179538598.en
2883:
1548:
1470:
1468:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1157:University of California Publications in Zoology
705:. The size of prey ranges from 0.001 g (3.5
1410:Dunn, Jon Lloyd; Alderfer, Jonathan K. (2006).
1327:
1325:
763:, and the Canadian prairie provinces, south to
2058:
1978:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
1930:. Wildlife Preservation Canada. Archived from
1778:
1670:
1258:
1256:
1254:
805:. A captive population was established at the
393:in the United States. He used the French name
2044:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1465:
1352:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
459:, 1832 – central Canada, central and west USA
1705:
1409:
1322:
1210:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1198:
1196:
1194:
1822:
1251:
1112:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
726:impaling action upon an actual projection.
615:
2051:
2037:
1584:
1539:
1527:
1416:. National Geographic Books. p. 312.
1265:Handbook of birds of eastern North America
1167:
1139:
966:
297:
153:
131:
107:
2912:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances
1690:
1678:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1474:
1405:
1403:
1383:
1242:
1191:
858:
527:by wing length, tail length, and colour.
1706:Atkinson, Eric C.; Cade, Tom J. (1993).
1479:. Montreal: McGill University Libraries.
1187:. Montreal: McGill University Libraries.
1066:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1062:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
1039:
930:
902:
737:
677:
619:
546:
1871:Yosef, Reuven (1996). Poole, A. (ed.).
1262:
1059:
1005:
1003:
985:
579:: 11.0–12.6 in (27.9–32.0 cm)
2884:
1808:Bent, A. (1950). "Loggerhead shrike".
1400:
1182:
1154:
979:
775:
755:The bird breeds in semi-open areas in
471:Linnaeus, 1766 – coastal southeast USA
409:. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist
2897:NatureServe apparently secure species
2892:IUCN Red List near threatened species
2713:loggerhead-shrike-lanius-ludovicianus
2482:
2481:
2032:
1870:
1749:
1436:
1053:
1009:
947:
917:
497:(off south California, southwest USA)
484:(off south California, southwest USA)
1812:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
1807:
1489:
1000:
879:
877:
465:Palmer, W, 1898 – east North America
1988:) with Range Map at bird-stamps.org
1607:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06030447.x
1126:International Ornithologists' Union
1106:
846:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1118:"Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers"
14:
2933:
1967:Loggerhead Shrike Species Account
1950:
1881:The Birds of North America Online
1366:Collister, D; Wicklum, D (1996).
874:
567:: 7.9–9.1 in (20–23 cm)
389:based on a specimen collected in
693:Although loggerhead shrikes are
573:: 1.2–1.8 oz (34–51 g)
176:
32:
2463:Southern white-crowned shrike (
2454:Northern white-crowned shrike (
2011:Loggerhead Shrike photo gallery
1916:
1887:
1864:
1850:
1835:
1816:
1801:
1772:
1743:
1699:
1671:Sustaita, D; Rubega, M (2014).
1664:
1635:
1613:
1578:
1569:
1518:
1483:
1430:
1298:
1271:
1116:; Donsker, David, eds. (2018).
1080:
835:BirdLife International (2020).
733:
649:breeds on the Channel Islands.
606:
395:La pie-griesche de la Louisiane
348:. It is the only member of the
2907:Endemic birds of North America
1033:
960:
542:
405:and are not recognised by the
306:Approximate distribution range
1:
1901:. Toronto Zoo. Archived from
821:
381:In 1760 the French zoologist
2013:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1969:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1782:Journal of Field Ornithology
815:Wildlife Preservation Canada
535:and the mainland subspecies
7:
2922:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1924:"Eastern Loggerhead Shrike"
1551:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1334:The Southwestern Naturalist
1122:World Bird List Version 8.1
668:
645:breeds on the mainland and
631:mearnsi, gambeli, grinnelli
624:In Yolo County, California.
521:Lanius ludovicianus migrans
445:There are seven recognized
376:
10:
2938:
1795:10.1648/0273-8570-72.3.458
1094:. Cornell University. 2019
885:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
2490:
2442:
2420:
2398:
2105:
2067:
2017:Interactive range map of
1993:"Loggerhead Shrike media"
1895:"Conservation > Birds"
987:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
853:: e.T22705042A179538598.
305:
296:
278:
271:
173:Scientific classification
171:
151:
129:
120:
115:
106:
23:
1998:Internet Bird Collection
1844:Handbook of Bird Biology
889:explorer.natureserve.org
616:Distribution and habitat
383:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
30:Late Pleistocene–present
2902:Birds described in 1766
1928:wildlifepreservation.ca
1766:10.1163/156853972X00284
1280:The American Naturalist
1219:Royal Society of London
673:
2408:Yellow-billed shrike (
1475:Soendjoto, M. (1995).
1235:10.1098/rspb.1997.0121
743:
683:
625:
551:
2851:Paleobiology Database
2296:Chinese grey shrike (
2287:Iberian grey shrike (
2006:Recording of its call
741:
681:
623:
550:
2323:Long-tailed fiscal (
2314:Grey-backed fiscal (
2251:Lesser grey shrike (
2242:Mackinnon's shrike (
2224:Grey-backed shrike (
2215:Long-tailed shrike (
2143:Bull-headed shrike (
1973:Loggerhead Shrike –
1873:"Loggerhead Shrike (
1631:on 5 September 2018.
1587:Conservation Biology
1263:Chapman, F. (1904).
969:The Passenger Pigeon
793:from every state in
264:L. ludovicianus
2869:Lanius-ludovicianus
2560:lanius-ludovicianus
2547:Lanius_ludovicianus
2522:Lanius ludovicianus
2492:Lanius ludovicianus
2305:Giant grey shrike (
2278:Great grey shrike (
2260:Loggerhead shrike (
2206:Bay-backed shrike (
2179:Red-tailed shrike (
2170:Isabelline shrike (
2161:Red-backed shrike (
2019:Lanius ludovicianus
1975:Lanius ludovicianus
1875:Lanius ludovicianus
1825:The Wilson Bulletin
1599:1992ConBi...6..447Y
1227:1997RSPSB.264..869M
1183:Chabot, A. (1994).
1088:"Loggerhead Shrike"
839:Lanius ludovicianus
776:Conservation status
742:In Napanee, Ontario
651:L. l. excubitorides
525:L. l. excubitorides
495:San Clemente Island
454:L. l. excubitorides
428:Lanius ludovicianus
399:Lanius ludovicianus
344:bird in the family
337:Lanius ludovicianus
282:Lanius ludovicianus
123:Conservation status
2062:(family: Laniidae)
2024:IUCN Red List maps
744:
684:
655:L. l. ludovicianus
626:
559:Measurement ranges
552:
469:L. l. ludovicianus
323: Non-breeding
159:Apparently Secure
2879:
2878:
2838:Open Tree of Life
2700:loggerhead-shrike
2484:Taxon identifiers
2475:
2474:
2377:Woodchat shrike (
2368:São Tomé fiscal (
2359:Southern fiscal (
2350:Northern fiscal (
2316:L. excubitoroides
2269:Northern shrike (
2233:Mountain shrike (
2181:L. phoenicuroides
2118:
2115:(Typical shrikes)
1692:10.1111/bij.12298
1658:10.1111/mam.12060
1310:allaboutbirds.org
1092:allaboutbirds.org
811:McGill University
682:In Tatum, Florida
590:sexual dimorphism
332:loggerhead shrike
328:
327:
166:
146:
24:Loggerhead shrike
2929:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2573:36171C2B964AD4D0
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2479:
2478:
2235:L. validirostris
2188:Burmese shrike (
2134:Souza's shrike (
2117:
2116:
2112:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2002:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:on April 8, 2014
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1498:(4): 1027–1029.
1487:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1346:10.1894/ekl-06.1
1329:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1007:
998:
996:
983:
977:
976:
964:
958:
957:
945:
928:
927:
915:
900:
899:
897:
895:
881:
872:
871:
869:
867:
862:
832:
757:southern Ontario
749:courtship ritual
728:Kleptoparasitism
708:
322:
317: Year-round
316:
310:
301:
284:
181:
180:
160:
157:
156:
140:
135:
134:
111:
101:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2812:Observation.org
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2438:
2432:U. melanoleucus
2430:Magpie shrike (
2416:
2394:
2386:Masked shrike (
2341:Somali fiscal (
2298:L. sphenocercus
2289:L. meridionalis
2262:L. ludovicianus
2197:Emin's shrike (
2190:L. collurioides
2114:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2063:
2057:
1991:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1777:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1729:10.2307/1369596
1710:
1704:
1700:
1669:
1665:
1640:
1636:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1563:10.1139/z01-039
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1504:10.2307/1369306
1488:
1484:
1473:
1466:
1451:10.2307/4625312
1435:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1401:
1385:10.2307/4088949
1364:
1353:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1252:
1201:
1192:
1181:
1168:
1153:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1068:. Lynx Edicions
1058:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1008:
1001:
984:
980:
965:
961:
946:
931:
916:
903:
893:
891:
883:
882:
875:
865:
863:
833:
829:
824:
778:
736:
706:
676:
671:
618:
609:
601:northern shrike
545:
510:L. l. mexicanus
501:L. l. grinnelli
482:Channel Islands
421:twelfth edition
416:Systema Naturae
403:binomial system
379:
362:northern shrike
324:
320:
318:
314:
312:
308:
292:
286:
280:
267:
175:
167:
158:
154:
147:
138:Near Threatened
136:
132:
125:
102:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2694:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2527:
2512:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:E. anguitimens
2460:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2332:Taita fiscal (
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2226:L. tephronotus
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2172:L. isabellinus
2167:
2158:
2152:Brown shrike (
2149:
2140:
2131:
2125:Tiger shrike (
2121:
2119:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1989:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1951:External links
1949:
1946:
1945:
1915:
1899:torontozoo.com
1886:
1863:
1849:
1834:
1815:
1800:
1789:(3): 458–461.
1771:
1742:
1698:
1663:
1652:(3): 160–174.
1634:
1612:
1593:(3): 447–449.
1577:
1568:
1557:(5): 916–925.
1538:
1526:
1517:
1482:
1464:
1429:
1422:
1399:
1378:(1): 221–223.
1351:
1340:(4): 562–569.
1321:
1297:
1292:10.1086/283363
1270:
1250:
1190:
1166:
1138:
1105:
1079:
1052:
1041:Linnaeus, Carl
1032:
999:
978:
959:
929:
901:
873:
826:
825:
823:
820:
777:
774:
735:
732:
719:poikilothermic
675:
672:
670:
667:
647:L. l. anthonyi
617:
614:
608:
605:
581:
580:
574:
568:
561:
560:
544:
541:
517:
516:
507:
498:
485:
475:L. l. anthonyi
472:
466:
460:
397:and the Latin
378:
375:
360:; the related
326:
325:
319:
313:
311: Breeding
307:
303:
302:
294:
293:
287:
276:
275:
269:
268:
261:
259:
255:
254:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
169:
168:
152:
149:
148:
130:
127:
126:
121:
118:
117:
116:In Texas, USA
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2244:L. mackinnoni
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2199:L. gubernator
2195:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2145:L. bucephalus
2141:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2095:Superfamily:
2094:
2092:
2091:Passeriformes
2088:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1905:on 2010-02-06
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1760:(3): 232–46.
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:(3): 528–35.
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1688:
1685:(3): 485–98.
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:Mammal Review
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1423:9780792253143
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
994:
993:
988:
982:
975:(4): 315–325.
974:
970:
963:
956:(2): 287–298.
955:
951:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
926:(2): 221–234.
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
890:
886:
880:
878:
861:
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
840:
831:
827:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:New Brunswick
797:, as well as
796:
792:
788:
787:L. l. mearnsi
784:
783:L. l. migrans
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
750:
740:
731:
729:
723:
720:
715:
710:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
680:
666:
662:
660:
659:L. l. migrans
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:L. l. gambeli
640:
639:L. l. mearnsi
636:
632:
622:
613:
604:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
557:
556:
549:
540:
538:
537:L. l. gambeli
534:
533:L. l. mearnsi
530:
529:L. l. migrans
526:
522:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
489:
488:L. l. mearnsi
486:
483:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:L. l. migrans
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
450:
448:
443:
440:
436:
433:
432:specific name
429:
426:
425:binomial name
422:
418:
417:
412:
411:Carl Linnaeus
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:North America
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
304:
300:
295:
290:
285:
283:
277:
274:
273:Binomial name
270:
266:
265:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:Passeriformes
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
179:
174:
170:
164:
150:
144:
139:
128:
124:
119:
114:
110:
105:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2491:
2464:
2455:
2445:Eurocephalus
2443:
2431:
2421:
2409:
2399:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2352:L. humeralis
2351:
2343:L. somalicus
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2307:L. giganteus
2306:
2297:
2288:
2280:L. excubitor
2279:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2154:L. cristatus
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2106:
2018:
1996:
1974:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1927:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:the original
1898:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1857:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1831:(2): 303–08.
1828:
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281:
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263:
262:
250:
18:
2799:Neotropical
2773:NatureServe
2721:iNaturalist
2516:Wikispecies
2456:E. ruppelli
2361:L. collaris
2334:L. dorsalis
2325:L. cabanisi
2271:L. borealis
2208:L. vittatus
2163:L. collurio
2127:L. tigrinus
1221:: 869–875.
1114:Gill, Frank
1021:: 317–335.
1011:Allen, J.A.
866:12 November
807:Toronto Zoo
803:Nova Scotia
795:New England
769:clutch size
703:water adder
543:Description
370:butcherbird
366:L. borealis
163:NatureServe
2886:Categories
2864:Xeno-canto
2410:C. corvina
2400:Corvinella
2388:L. nubicus
2379:L. senator
2370:L. newtoni
1938:August 19,
1909:2009-09-22
1445:(4): 379.
1315:2020-09-27
1098:August 19,
894:5 November
822:References
791:extirpated
695:passerines
504:Oberholser
447:subspecies
439:Late Latin
2422:Urolestes
2217:L. schach
2136:L. souzae
2097:Corvoidea
2071:Kingdom:
1753:Behaviour
586:primaries
513:Brehm, CL
493:, 1903 –
480:, 1898 –
391:Louisiana
342:passerine
258:Species:
196:Kingdom:
190:Eukaryota
2778:2.104527
2765:22705042
2739:10188464
2651:45510944
2586:22705042
2581:BirdLife
2501:Wikidata
2253:L. minor
2079:Chordata
2077:Phylum:
2073:Animalia
1217:(1383).
1043:(1766).
1027:2246/678
989:(1760).
688:whiplash
669:Behavior
635:anthonyi
577:Wingspan
457:Swainson
419:for the
377:Taxonomy
346:Laniidae
289:Linnaeus
240:Laniidae
236:Family:
210:Chordata
206:Phylum:
200:Animalia
186:Domain:
143:IUCN 3.1
2830:1484469
2690:2492870
2568:Avibase
2507:Q430863
2089:Order:
2083:Class:
2060:Shrikes
1737:1369596
1625:AFP.com
1595:Bibcode
1512:1369306
1459:4625312
1439:The Auk
1394:4088949
1372:The Auk
1244:1688432
1223:Bibcode
1131:21 June
1072:21 June
950:The Auk
920:The Auk
714:hawking
491:Ridgway
435:ludovic
354:endemic
352:family
340:) is a
246:Genus:
226:Order:
216:Class:
161: (
141: (
96:↓
2917:Lanius
2856:290138
2843:551815
2804:logshr
2752:178515
2697:GNAB:
2672:EURING
2664:LANILU
2638:logshr
2612:logshr
2555:ARKive
2535:logshr
2108:Lanius
1986:Mexico
1982:Stamps
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1716:Condor
1510:
1492:Condor
1457:
1420:
1392:
1241:
765:Mexico
761:Quebec
571:Weight
565:Length
478:Mearns
350:shrike
321:
315:
309:
291:, 1766
251:Lanius
2817:75211
2791:28713
2734:IRMNG
2726:12024
2677:15220
2633:eBird
2625:6NWKP
2599:11384
1984:(for
1733:JSTOR
1711:(PDF)
1508:JSTOR
1455:JSTOR
1390:JSTOR
2825:OBIS
2786:NCBI
2760:IUCN
2747:ITIS
2685:GBIF
2659:EPPO
2594:BOLD
2085:Aves
1940:2021
1418:ISBN
1133:2018
1100:2021
1074:2018
896:2022
868:2021
851:2020
809:and
801:and
699:bats
674:Diet
633:and
330:The
220:Aves
35:Preęž’
2708:IBC
2646:EoL
2620:CoL
2607:BOW
2542:ADW
2531:ABA
2022:at
1791:doi
1762:doi
1725:doi
1687:doi
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1654:doi
1603:doi
1559:doi
1500:doi
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