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921:'Logging emits three times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per acre as wildfire alone. Most of the tree parts unusable for lumber – the branches, tops, bark and sawdust from milling – are burned for energy, sending large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. In contrast, wildfire releases a surprisingly small amount of the carbon in trees, less than 2 percent. Logging in U.S. forests is now responsible for as much annual greenhouse gas emissions as burning coal.' Chad Hanson, Michael Dorsey,
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In
British Columbia, Canada, the BC Forest Safety Council was created in September 2004 as a not-for-profit society dedicated to promoting safety in the forest sector. It works with employers, workers, contractors, and government agencies to implement fundamental changes necessary to make it safer to
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Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes essentially all the standing trees in a selected area. Depending on management objectives, a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration, including wildlife habitat management, mitigation
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and used for the production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of the entire tree including branches and tops. This technique removes both nutrients and soil cover from the site and so can be harmful to the long-term health of the area if no further action is
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to cut the tree down, top, and delimb a tree in the same process. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing. In areas with access to
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In 2008, the logging industry employed 86,000 workers and accounted for 93 deaths. This resulted in a fatality rate of 108.1 deaths per 100,000 workers that year. This rate is over 30 times higher than the overall fatality rate. Forestry/logging-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal) are often
462:. When felled logs sit adjacent to a road, heavy machinery may simply lift logs onto trucks. Most often, special heavy equipment is used to gather the logs from the site and move them close to the road to be lifted on trucks. Many methods exist to transport felled logs lying away from roads.
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446:, which was a set of wheels over ten feet tall that the log or logs were strapped beneath. Oxen were at first used with the high-wheel loaders,but in the 1930s tractors replaced the oxen. In 1960 the largest high wheel loader was built for service in California. Called the
450:, the unit was self-propelled and had wheels 24 feet (7.3 m) high and a front dozer blade that was 30 feet (9.1 m) across and 6 feet (1.8 m) high. Log transportation can be challenging and costly since trees are often far from roads or watercourses.
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difficult to track through formal reporting mechanisms. Thus, some programs have begun to monitor injuries through publicly available reports such as news media. The logging industry experiences the highest fatality rate of 23.2 per 100,000
166:, including the use of corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. It may involve the so-called "
193:(or "block cutting") is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value, often diseased or malformed trees, is referred to as
553:" for timber, typically a limb or branch that is no longer attached to a tree, but is still in the canopy either wedged in a crotch, tangled in other limbs, or miraculously balanced on another limb demonstrates another emphasis on
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201:, the practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees. Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging. Submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create
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Traditionally, the cry of "Timber!" developed as a warning alerting fellow workers in an area that a tree is being felled, so they should be alert to avoid being struck. The term "
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546:. Loggers also deal with severe environmental conditions, such as inclement weather and severe heat or cold. An injured logger is often far from professional emergency treatment.
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taken, however, depending on the species, many of the limbs are often broken off in handling so the result may not be as different from tree-length logging as it might seem.
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The risks experienced in logging operations can be somewhat reduced, where conditions permit, by the use of mechanical tree harvesters, skidders, and forwarders.
442:. (Some logs sink because of high resin content; these are called deadheads.) In the late 1800s and the first half of the 1900s, the most common method was the
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Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. There have been advancements to the process which now allows a logger or
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470:, which pulls one or several logs along the ground to a platform where a truck is waiting. When the terrain is too uneven to pull logs on the ground, a
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Keifer, Matthew; Casanova, Vanessa; Garland, John; Smidt, Mathew; Struttmann, Tim (2019-04-03). "Foreword by the Editor-in-Chief and Guest
Editors".
426:, or for other uses, for example, as fence posts. Many methods have been used to move logs from where they were cut to a rail line or directly to a
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Logging is a dangerous occupation. In the United States, it has consistently been one of the most hazardous industries and was recognized by the
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434:. The cheapest and historically most common method is making use of a river's current to float floating tree trunks downstream, by either
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510:(FTE) workers and a non-fatal incident rate of 8.5 per 100 FTE workers. The most common type of injuries or illnesses at work include
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The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which the following three are considered industrial methods:
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Costa, F.; Magnusson, W. (2002). "Selective effects on abundance, diversity, and composition of tropical understory herbs".
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Rodriguez, Anabel; Casanova, Vanessa; Levin, Jeffrey L.; Porras, David Gimeno Ruiz de; Douphrate, David I. (2019-04-03).
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1258:"Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org"
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in
Nuniong is the only one of its kind in Australia, with donkey engine, spars, and cables still rigged for work.
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disorders (MSDs), which include an extensive list of "inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the
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fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a
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objectives for clearcutting, (for example, healthy regeneration of new trees on the site) and a focus on
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This article is about cutting, processing, and moving trees. For electronic recording of events, see
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Felled logs are then generally transported to a sawmill to be cut into lumber, to a paper mill for
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Pinard, M. A.; Putz, F. E. (1996). "Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damage".
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Shukla, J.; Sellers, P.; Nobre, C. (1990). "Amazon deforestation and climate change".
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Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting (
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and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is
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1313:"Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Loggers in the Ark-La-Tex Region"
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Animal logging in the US South and its application in the developing countries
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Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States
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Kinsey
Brothers Photography of the Lumber Industry in the Pacific Northwest
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functions, though their efficiency for these purposes has been challenged.
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Logging frequently has negative impacts. The harvesting procedure itself
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170:". Excess logging can lead to irreparable harm to ecosystems, such as
120:. In common usage, however, the term may cover a range of forestry or
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1238:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1405:"Forestry: Guide to Managing Risks of Timber Harvesting Operations"
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538:." Loggers work with heavy, moving weights, and use tools such as
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1604:"Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar"
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923:'The Case Against Commercial Logging in Wildfire-Prone Forests,'
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Putz, Francis E.; Dykstra, Dennis P.; Heinrich, Rudolf (2000).
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Industries and
Occupation Photographs in the Pacific Northwest
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and heavy equipment on uneven and sometimes steep or unstable
197:. It is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with
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1211:"CDC – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council"
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Logging is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw
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850:
Society of
American Foresters, 1998. Dictionary of Forestry.
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1786:– A visual history from the UBC Library Digital Collections
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10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0807:SLEOAD]2.0.CO;2
233:
Clearing 150,000 trees at
Cwmcarn Forest, Ebbw Valle, Wales
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Putz, F.; Sist, P.; Frederickson, T.; Dykstra, D. (2008).
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1870–1930, northern foothills of the
Adirondack Mountains
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or other wilderness areas since it can cause erosion in
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1511:"Reduced-impact logging: challenges and opportunities"
599:
Log transportation by rail in
British Columbia in 1920
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can lift logs off the ground vertically, similar to a
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
496:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1157:"Huge Logging Tractor Moves on Wheels 24 Feet High."
178:. Infrastructure for logging can also lead to other
1601:
1111:"Fire-Silviculture Relationships in Sierra Forests"
984:"Why Poor Logging Practices Persist in the Tropics"
981:
182:. These negative environmental impacts can lead to
1737:Publications on timber harvesting in Minnesota, US
1602:Sokal, R. R.; Gurevitch, J.; Brown, K. A. (2004).
1544:
1066:Forest Matters: Just Say No to High Grading page 8
147:products. Logging systems are also used to manage
80:is the process of cutting, processing, and moving
1681:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
967:msnbc.com – Guilty pleas in cedar tree theft
3686:
2919:
1802:Man to Machine: Logging in the Pacific Northwest
238:of potential erosion or water quality concerns.
73:Lumber under snow in Montgomery, Colorado, 1880s
16:Process of cutting, processing, and moving trees
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1255:
1146:, July 1930, pp. 66–70, see p. 67 middle photo
131:for many products societies worldwide use for
92:, on-site processing, and loading of trees or
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1836:
1256:Weichelt, Bryan; Gorucu, Serap (2018-02-17).
498:(NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the
418:Logging with Belarus MTZ-82-L in Estonia 2021
1779:Naturally:wood Sustainable Forest Management
866:
864:
1774:Pictorial history of logging from 1880–1920
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2898:
1843:
1829:
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354:cogeneration facilities, the slash can be
1717:Learn how and when to remove this message
1639:
1629:
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486:and the use of oxen, or balloon logging.
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949:Virginia Tech: Dealing with Timber Theft
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281:
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68:
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1784:Logging in North Vancouver in the 1910s
315:and loaded on a truck. This leaves the
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1745:: Investigations into illegal logging.
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1824:
500:National Occupational Research Agenda
454:and maintenance may be restricted in
322:
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1124:. pp. 1167–1176. Archived from
1049:"Environmental hazards from logging"
1043:
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345:in French Alps (cable grue Larix 3T)
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686:Hardwood logs transported down the
40:) being felled using springboards,
13:
1804:– University of Washington Library
1798:– University of Washington Library
1425:
1172:Helicopter logging or Heli-logging
277:
14:
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2117:Global Forest Information Service
1657:
1038:
972:
659:Bucked old growth wood in Finland
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1739:. Many are applicable elsewhere.
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1367:
1008:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99137.x
737:Deforestation and climate change
695:
679:
664:
652:
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401:Timber floating in Vilnius, 1873
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1515:Forest Ecology & Management
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189:Logging can take many formats.
1808:North American forest industry
1432:Bryant, Ralph Clement (1913).
1274:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671
1059:
960:
942:
931:
915:
1:
1569:10.1126/science.247.4948.1322
1370:"Avoiding Widowmakers - Grit"
1329:10.1080/1059924X.2019.1567423
1268:(3): injuryprev–2017–042671.
885:10.1080/1059924X.2019.1596697
833:
775:Lumberjack World Championship
642:
288:Washington Iron Works Skidder
209:, a form of timber recovery.
60:
41:
1850:
1527:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.036
1122:United States Forest Service
792:Logging in the Sierra Nevada
7:
1071:September 26, 2007, at the
710:
561:earn a living in forestry.
10:
3716:
2228:Growth and yield modelling
1109:Weatherspoon, C. Phillip.
780:World Logging Championship
366:
307:Trees are felled and then
216:
18:
3517:
3416:
3314:
3229:
3170:
3104:
3054:Hemispherical photography
3014:
3003:
2934:
2802:Earth sciences portal
2788:Climate change portal
2763:
2640:
2472:
2369:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2314:
2005:
1915:
1858:
1817:online information portal
1761:Life in Logging Camps in
1144:Popular Mechanics Monthly
690:in South America in 1955
180:environmental degradation
3614:Machine and metalworking
3359:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
2374:Great Green Wall (China)
1947:Close to nature forestry
1769:BC Forest Safety Council
1393:BC Forest Safety Council
250:. Other methods include
55:McGiffert Log Loader in
3624:Measuring and alignment
2408:Million Tree Initiative
1631:10.1073/pnas.0401456101
1450:Ecological Applications
1317:Journal of Agromedicine
1162:, June 1960, pp. 96–98.
873:Journal of Agromedicine
827:World Forestry Congress
702:Logs in Mexico in 2018
557:as a safety principle.
2830:Environment portal
2262:Sustainable management
2157:Trillion Tree Campaign
1236:"NIOSH Logging Safety"
1142:"Wanted An-Inventor!"
1131:on September 26, 2006.
587:Horse Logging in Wales
419:
402:
346:
335:
303:/ stem-only harvesting
291:
234:
184:environmental conflict
74:
66:
48:
23:. For other uses, see
2755:Wood process engineer
2459:Urban forest inequity
633:Log transport in the
555:situational awareness
490:Safety considerations
417:
400:
379:Mechanical harvesters
369:Cut-to-length logging
363:Cut-to-length logging
341:
330:
285:
232:
151:, reduce the risk of
72:
54:
33:
3700:Forestry occupations
3589:Cutting and abrasive
3571:WikiProject Forestry
2418:Shifting cultivation
2359:Forest fragmentation
2329:Carbon sequestration
2199:Woodland Carbon Code
2164:Forest certification
2072:Even-aged management
1987:Sustainable forestry
1687:improve this article
988:Conservation Biology
938:Illegal Logging.Info
672:Mechanical harvester
508:full-time equivalent
246:distinguish it from
25:Log (disambiguation)
3114:Aerial firefighting
2223:Formally designated
2067:Ecological thinning
1977:Plantation forestry
1885:Research institutes
1699:footnote references
1622:2004PNAS..101.6045B
1561:1990Sci...247.1322S
1486:1996Biotr..28..278P
1440:J. Wiley & Sons
1118:Redding, California
1000:2000ConBi..14..951P
969:September 23, 2008
746:or logging railroad
300:Tree-length logging
252:shelterwood cutting
21:Logging (computing)
3454:Hydraulic debarker
3429:Firewood processor
2816:Ecology portal
2349:Forest degradation
2344:Ecosystem services
1952:Community forestry
1813:2016-01-23 at the
1743:EIA forest reports
1177:2009-06-04 at the
954:2008-10-17 at the
855:2011-07-25 at the
621:, Finland, in 2009
420:
403:
347:
336:
323:Whole-tree logging
292:
235:
207:underwater logging
88:. It may include
84:to a location for
75:
67:
49:
3648:
3647:
3459:Log house moulder
2985:Tree planting bar
2960:Groasis Waterboxx
2887:
2886:
2844:Plants portal
2630:green woodworking
1751:Reports and info.
1727:
1726:
1719:
1616:(16): 6045–6049.
1262:Injury Prevention
635:Dutch East Indies
582:
534:, and supporting
532:peripheral nerves
444:high-wheel loader
415:
393:Transporting logs
272:retention cutting
264:seed-tree cutting
230:
199:selection cutting
176:biodiversity loss
3707:
3677:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3569:
3568:
3547:
3546:
3525:
3524:
3504:Wood-drying kiln
3439:Forestry mulcher
3389:Washington Winch
3291:Portable sawmill
3106:Fire suppression
3009:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2858:Trees portal
2856:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2492:Forest gardening
2449:Timber recycling
2396:Invasive species
2284:Tree measurement
1845:
1838:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1733:– Logging safety
1722:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1598:
1580:
1555:(7): 1322–1325.
1541:
1539:
1538:
1529:. Archived from
1521:(7): 1427–1433.
1505:
1466:
1443:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1188:
1182:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1087:. Archived from
1085:"Triton Logging"
1081:
1075:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1036:
1035:
979:
970:
964:
958:
946:
940:
935:
929:
919:
913:
912:
868:
859:
847:
718:Ark (river boat)
699:
683:
668:
656:
647:
644:
630:
608:
596:
584:
583:
456:National Forests
416:
302:
301:
260:single selective
231:
65:
62:
46:
45: 1884–1917
43:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3513:
3412:
3310:
3259:safety features
3254:safety clothing
3225:
3166:
3100:
3064:Increment borer
3010:
3001:
2939:
2930:
2918:
2888:
2883:
2850:
2836:
2822:
2810:
2808:
2796:
2794:
2782:
2780:
2759:
2636:
2613:spruce-pine-fir
2586:Christmas trees
2468:
2384:Illegal logging
2316:
2310:
2025:Controlled burn
2010:
2001:
1982:Social forestry
1962:Energy forestry
1942:Bamboo forestry
1937:Analog forestry
1911:
1854:
1849:
1815:Wayback Machine
1756:Reynoldston, NY
1723:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1684:
1675:This section's
1671:
1667:
1660:
1536:
1534:
1494:10.2307/2389193
1428:
1426:Further reading
1423:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1309:
1305:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1179:Wayback Machine
1170:
1166:
1160:Popular Science
1155:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:Wayback Machine
1064:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1039:
980:
973:
965:
961:
956:Wayback Machine
947:
943:
936:
932:
920:
916:
869:
862:
857:Wayback Machine
848:
841:
836:
831:
797:Salvage logging
727:Skyline logging
713:
708:
707:
706:
703:
700:
691:
684:
675:
669:
660:
657:
648:
645:
631:
622:
609:
600:
597:
588:
585:
573:
512:musculoskeletal
492:
405:
395:
371:
365:
325:
305:
299:
298:
280:
278:Logging methods
256:group selective
223:
221:
215:
143:, and consumer
63:
44:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Types of tools
3575:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Forest railway
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Feller buncher
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3221:Splitting maul
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3146:Fire retardant
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Biltmore stick
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2932:
2931:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2847:
2833:
2819:
2805:
2791:
2777:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Timber cruiser
2742:
2740:Shingle weaver
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2576:Rail transport
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:pulp and paper
2514:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Forest farming
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2435:slash-and-char
2432:
2430:slash-and-burn
2427:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Forest dieback
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1997:Urban forestry
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1763:Reynoldston NY
1759:
1752:
1749:EIA in the USA
1746:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1679:external links
1674:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1658:External links
1656:
1655:
1654:
1599:
1542:
1506:
1480:(3): 278–295.
1467:
1457:(3): 807–819.
1444:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1396:
1385:
1368:Love, Joseph.
1360:
1323:(2): 167–176.
1303:
1248:
1227:
1202:
1183:
1181:, Forestry.com
1164:
1149:
1134:
1101:
1076:
1058:
1037:
994:(4): 951–956.
971:
959:
941:
930:
928:30 July 2022.
926:New York Times
914:
879:(2): 119–120.
860:
838:
837:
835:
832:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:Timber rafting
809:
804:
802:Shovel logging
799:
794:
789:
788:
787:
782:
777:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
744:Forest railway
741:
740:
739:
729:
720:
714:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
694:
692:
688:Suriname River
685:
678:
676:
670:
663:
661:
658:
651:
649:
632:
625:
623:
612:Timber rafting
610:
603:
601:
598:
591:
589:
586:
571:
568:
567:
566:
491:
488:
460:riparian zones
440:timber rafting
394:
391:
367:Main article:
364:
361:
324:
321:
304:
296:
279:
276:
217:Main article:
214:
211:
164:may be illegal
155:, and restore
34:A Eucalyptus (
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3712:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Whoopie sling
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Chainsaw mill
3482:
3480:
3479:Stump grinder
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Diameter tape
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2941:afforestation
2937:
2936:Tree planting
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Rubber tapper
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Choker setter
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:Manufacturing
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Deforestation
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:Environmental
2313:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:reforestation
2214:
2212:
2211:afforestation
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
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1091:on 2011-02-08
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1055:. 2020-10-04.
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484:horse logging
481:
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464:Cable logging
461:
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452:Road building
449:
448:Bunyan Buggie
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343:Cable logging
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332:Horse logging
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248:deforestation
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172:deforestation
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102:skeleton cars
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58:
53:
39:
38:
32:
26:
22:
3548:
3526:
3444:Hand compass
3396:Steam donkey
3315:
3281:Lumber edger
3266:Crosscut saw
3211:Log splitter
3136:Fire flapper
3091:Tree caliper
3059:Inclinometer
3044:Cruising rod
2993:(Tuley tube)
2991:Tree shelter
2987:(dibble bar)
2975:Root trainer
2849:
2835:
2821:
2807:
2793:
2779:
2772:
2750:Tree planter
2730:Resin tapper
2710:Truck driver
2705:River driver
2496:
2454:Tree hugging
2439:
2422:
2389:timber mafia
2379:High grading
2364:Ghost forest
2334:Clearcutting
2257:Silviculture
2233:Horticulture
2077:Fire ecology
1992:Urban forest
1967:Mycoforestry
1927:
1923:Agroforestry
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1871:Forest areas
1869:
1862:
1713:
1704:
1689:by removing
1676:
1613:
1607:
1552:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1518:
1514:
1477:
1471:
1454:
1448:
1438:. New York:
1434:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1374:www.grit.com
1373:
1363:
1320:
1316:
1306:
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1261:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1217:. 2019-02-10
1214:
1205:
1192:
1186:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1126:the original
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1079:
1061:
1052:
991:
987:
962:
944:
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822:Wood economy
807:Silviculture
785:Logging camp
755:Heli-logging
750:Logging road
563:
559:
548:
504:
493:
480:Heli-logging
447:
443:
421:
372:
348:
306:
293:
240:Silviculture
236:
219:Clearcutting
213:Clearcutting
195:high grading
191:Clearcutting
188:
168:timber mafia
161:
137:construction
126:
124:activities.
122:silviculture
112:, usually a
77:
76:
35:
3639:Woodworking
3509:Woodchipper
3301:Two-man saw
3216:Marking axe
3197:(shake axe)
3096:Wedge prism
3069:Rangefinder
3029:Angle gauge
3016:Mensuration
2949:Caulk boots
2774:WikiProject
2698:smokejumper
2678:Firefighter
2641:Occupations
2625:Woodworking
2206:Forestation
2137:restoration
2092:informatics
1957:Ecoforestry
1754:Logging in
1215:www.cdc.gov
760:Log driving
646: 1870
466:involves a
436:log driving
118:lumber yard
64: 1907
47:, Australia
3689:Categories
3527:Categories
3349:Helicopter
3190:Brush hook
3024:3D scanner
2997:Tree spade
2970:Pottiputki
2720:Lumberjack
2715:Log scaler
2598:engineered
2549:non-timber
2522:sawmilling
2474:Industries
2441:svedjebruk
2152:transition
2132:protection
2122:old-growth
2107:governance
2062:Dendrology
2012:management
1878:Ministries
1578:10535/2838
1537:2018-04-29
1473:Biotropica
1414:2023-04-20
1379:2024-02-27
1242:2010-04-19
1221:2019-03-14
1095:2011-04-25
834:References
770:Lumberjack
765:Log scaler
551:widowmaker
432:paper mill
424:paper pulp
203:reservoirs
57:East Texas
37:Eucalyptus
3559:equipment
3537:equipment
3489:Tree tyer
3469:Log flume
3449:Hand hook
3379:Skid cone
3374:Pike pole
3369:Pickaroon
3354:Log truck
3344:Harvester
3334:Forwarder
3324:Cant hook
3158:(rakehoe)
3141:Fire rake
3131:Driptorch
3086:Relascope
3081:Microtome
2980:Seed trap
2928:equipment
2668:Ecologist
2581:Tree farm
2482:Coppicing
2424:chitemene
2324:Acid rain
2272:allometry
2194:SmartWood
2142:secondary
2127:pathology
2102:inventory
2040:driftwood
1906:Arbor Day
1765:1870–1930
1691:excessive
1337:1059-924X
1282:1353-8047
1016:0888-8892
909:150081506
893:1059-924X
639:Indonesia
540:chainsaws
524:ligaments
387:forwarder
351:harvester
334:in Poland
268:patch cut
157:ecosystem
153:wildfires
86:transport
3679:Business
3594:Forestry
3584:Cleaning
3464:Log pond
3424:Denailer
3339:Go-devil
3276:Head saw
3249:Chainsaw
3185:Broadaxe
3180:Billhook
3151:Helitack
2956:(hoedag)
2921:Forestry
2869:Category
2683:handcrew
2653:Arborist
2648:Forester
2608:mahogany
2554:palm oil
2544:charcoal
2529:Products
2464:Wildfire
2277:breeding
2238:GM trees
2087:dynamics
1899:Journals
1892:Colleges
1852:Forestry
1811:Archived
1707:May 2018
1650:15067121
1587:17843795
1355:30624156
1290:29386372
1175:Archived
1069:Archived
1032:40156577
952:Archived
901:30890041
853:Archived
711:See also
476:ski lift
375:pulpwood
309:delimbed
244:forestry
129:material
106:forestry
90:skidding
3695:Logging
3653:Portals
3619:Masonry
3609:Kitchen
3549:Commons
3474:Machete
3384:Skidder
3316:Logging
3306:Whipsaw
3286:Polesaw
3271:Dragsaw
3244:Bucksaw
3239:Bow saw
3201:Hatchet
3162:Pulaski
2965:Mattock
2879:Outline
2693:lookout
2688:hotshot
2569:tanbark
2539:biomass
2534:biochar
2512:plywood
2497:Logging
2401:wilding
2050:log jam
2007:Ecology
1685:Please
1677:use of
1618:Bibcode
1595:8361418
1557:Bibcode
1548:Science
1502:2389193
1482:Bibcode
1346:7008449
1298:3371442
1024:2641994
996:Bibcode
674:at work
616:Joensuu
544:terrain
520:tendons
516:muscles
472:skyline
428:sawmill
383:skidder
356:chipped
149:forests
133:housing
114:sawmill
78:Logging
3629:Mining
3599:Garden
3494:Tsakat
3401:Yarder
3364:Peavey
3206:Labrys
3156:McLeod
2954:Hoedad
2725:Ranger
2673:Feller
2658:Bucker
2564:rubber
2507:lumber
2317:topics
2304:volume
2299:height
2245:i-Tree
2082:Forest
2035:coarse
2030:Debris
1929:dehesa
1648:
1641:395920
1638:
1593:
1585:
1500:
1353:
1343:
1335:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1030:
1022:
1014:
907:
899:
891:
528:joints
468:yarder
313:bucked
270:, and
141:energy
110:forest
98:trucks
59:, US,
3667:Trees
3634:Power
3554:tools
3532:tools
3417:Other
3406:swing
3296:Resaw
3119:DC-10
3074:laser
3039:Chain
2924:tools
2559:rayon
2294:girth
2289:crown
2250:urban
2147:stand
2055:slash
2045:large
1916:Types
1864:Index
1591:S2CID
1498:JSTOR
1409:Trove
1294:S2CID
1129:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1028:S2CID
1020:JSTOR
905:S2CID
637:(now
619:canal
317:slash
145:paper
116:or a
104:. In
96:onto
82:trees
3604:Hand
3231:Saws
3195:Froe
3172:Axes
3124:UAVs
2926:and
2618:teak
2603:fuel
2593:Wood
2413:REDD
2267:Tree
2184:PEFC
2169:ATFS
1646:PMID
1609:PNAS
1583:PMID
1351:PMID
1333:ISSN
1286:PMID
1278:ISSN
1012:ISSN
897:PMID
889:ISSN
286:The
174:and
94:logs
2189:SFI
2179:FSC
2174:CFS
2112:law
2097:IPM
2009:and
1693:or
1636:PMC
1626:doi
1614:101
1573:hdl
1565:doi
1553:247
1523:doi
1519:256
1490:doi
1459:doi
1341:PMC
1325:doi
1270:doi
1198:FAO
1004:doi
881:doi
614:in
438:or
430:or
385:or
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