468:, the penetration depth at 0 K depends on magnetic field because superfluid density is changed by magnetic field and vice versa. So, accurate and precise measurements of the absolute value of penetration depth at 0 K are very important to understand the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity.
233:
375:
499:) is different with the kind of superconducting energy gap in temperature, so that this immediately indicates the shape of energy gap and gives some clues about the origin of superconductivity.
475:
when the superconductor does not have an intrinsic magnetic constitution. The penetration depth is directly converted from the depolarization rate of muon spin in relation which
471:
There are various experimental techniques to determine the London penetration depth, and in particular its temperature dependence. London penetration depth can be measured by
308:
259:
72:
45:
106:
448:
425:
402:
280:
157:
313:
915:
585:
648:
538:
1007:
745:
623:
525:
855:
943:
664:
860:
578:
643:
613:
984:
836:
780:
755:
886:
815:
132:
831:
750:
1038:
938:
933:
618:
571:
113:
891:
638:
286:
237:
50:
1017:
876:
808:
725:
928:
901:
881:
803:
472:
30:
798:
136:
81:
1002:
958:
530:
108:
times that of the magnetic field at the surface of the superconductor. Typical values of Îť
8:
989:
740:
700:
433:
410:
387:
265:
765:
594:
534:
464:
in high-temperature superconductors. If some superconductors have some node in their
974:
948:
720:
695:
628:
125:
997:
730:
428:
20:
735:
679:
669:
633:
405:
378:
75:
131:
The London penetration depth results from considering the London equation and
1032:
770:
760:
715:
710:
121:
117:
896:
705:
608:
465:
454:
261:
can be seen as the distance across in which the magnetic field becomes
228:{\displaystyle B(x)=B_{0}\exp \left(-{\frac {x}{\lambda _{L}}}\right),}
154:<0, then inside the superconductor the magnetic field is given by
563:
139:, i.e. superconducting for x>0, and weak external magnetic field
923:
262:
16:
Distance to which a magnetic field penetrates into a superconductor
370:{\displaystyle \lambda _{L}={\sqrt {\frac {m}{\mu _{0}nq^{2}}}},}
979:
953:
1012:
382:
457:
density, which is an important quantity that determines
112:
range from 50 to 500 nm. It was first derived by
78:
penetrates into a superconductor and becomes equal to
436:
413:
390:
316:
289:
268:
240:
160:
84:
53:
33:
442:
419:
396:
369:
302:
274:
253:
227:
100:
66:
39:
1030:
579:
518:
516:
514:
512:
555:Superconductivity: physics and applications
453:The penetration depth is determined by the
586:
572:
509:
74:) characterizes the distance to which a
1031:
522:
593:
567:
135:. If one considers a superconducting
553:Fossheim, Kristian, and Asle Sudbø.
526:Introduction to Solid State Physics
13:
529:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
14:
1050:
557:. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
547:
310:is found by this method to be
170:
164:
1:
502:
150:direction in the empty space
303:{\displaystyle \lambda _{L}}
254:{\displaystyle \lambda _{L}}
67:{\displaystyle \lambda _{L}}
7:
10:
1055:
916:Technological applications
283:times weaker. The form of
114:Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz
967:
914:
869:
845:
824:
788:
779:
688:
658:Characteristic parameters
657:
601:
675:London penetration depth
523:Kittel, Charles (2004).
40:{\displaystyle \lambda }
25:London penetration depth
968:List of superconductors
846:By critical temperature
473:muon spin spectroscopy
444:
421:
398:
371:
304:
276:
255:
229:
133:Ampère's circuital law
116:in 1925, and later by
102:
101:{\displaystyle e^{-1}}
68:
41:
614:Bean's critical state
483:) is proportional to
445:
422:
399:
372:
305:
277:
256:
230:
103:
69:
42:
789:By magnetic response
434:
411:
388:
314:
287:
266:
238:
158:
82:
51:
31:
27:(usually denoted as
741:persistent currents
726:LittleâParks effect
701:Andreev reflection
696:Abrikosov vortices
440:
417:
394:
367:
300:
272:
251:
225:
98:
64:
37:
1039:Superconductivity
1026:
1025:
944:quantum computing
910:
909:
766:superdiamagnetism
595:Superconductivity
540:978-0-471-41526-8
443:{\displaystyle q}
420:{\displaystyle n}
397:{\displaystyle m}
362:
361:
275:{\displaystyle e}
215:
1046:
975:bilayer graphene
949:Rutherford cable
861:room temperature
856:high temperature
786:
785:
746:proximity effect
721:Josephson effect
665:coherence length
588:
581:
574:
565:
564:
558:
551:
545:
544:
520:
491:). The shape of
449:
447:
446:
441:
426:
424:
423:
418:
403:
401:
400:
395:
376:
374:
373:
368:
363:
360:
359:
358:
346:
345:
332:
331:
326:
325:
309:
307:
306:
301:
299:
298:
281:
279:
278:
273:
260:
258:
257:
252:
250:
249:
234:
232:
231:
226:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
201:
185:
184:
126:London equations
107:
105:
104:
99:
97:
96:
73:
71:
70:
65:
63:
62:
46:
44:
43:
38:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
993:
963:
906:
865:
852:low temperature
841:
820:
775:
731:Meissner effect
684:
680:Silsbee current
653:
619:GinzburgâLandau
597:
592:
562:
561:
552:
548:
541:
521:
510:
505:
463:
435:
432:
431:
412:
409:
408:
389:
386:
385:
379:charge carriers
354:
350:
341:
337:
336:
330:
321:
317:
315:
312:
311:
294:
290:
288:
285:
284:
267:
264:
263:
245:
241:
239:
236:
235:
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
180:
176:
159:
156:
155:
145:
111:
89:
85:
83:
80:
79:
58:
54:
52:
49:
48:
32:
29:
28:
21:superconductors
17:
12:
11:
5:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:electromagnets
926:
920:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
870:By composition
867:
866:
864:
863:
858:
853:
849:
847:
843:
842:
840:
839:
837:unconventional
834:
828:
826:
825:By explanation
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
792:
790:
783:
781:Classification
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
692:
690:
686:
685:
683:
682:
677:
672:
670:critical field
667:
661:
659:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
641:
639:MattisâBardeen
636:
631:
626:
624:KohnâLuttinger
621:
616:
611:
605:
603:
599:
598:
591:
590:
583:
576:
568:
560:
559:
546:
539:
507:
506:
504:
501:
461:
439:
416:
406:number density
393:
366:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
335:
329:
324:
320:
297:
293:
271:
248:
244:
224:
220:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
191:
188:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
146:applied along
143:
109:
95:
92:
88:
76:magnetic field
61:
57:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
917:
913:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:heavy fermion
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
872:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
851:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
823:
817:
816:ferromagnetic
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
793:
791:
787:
784:
782:
778:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
761:supercurrents
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
691:
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
656:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
600:
596:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
569:
566:
556:
550:
542:
536:
532:
528:
527:
519:
517:
515:
513:
508:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
460:
456:
451:
437:
430:
414:
407:
391:
384:
380:
364:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
333:
327:
322:
318:
295:
291:
282:
269:
246:
242:
222:
218:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
186:
181:
177:
173:
167:
161:
153:
149:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
93:
90:
86:
77:
59:
55:
34:
26:
22:
897:oxypnictides
832:conventional
771:superstripes
716:flux pumping
711:flux pinning
706:Cooper pairs
674:
554:
549:
524:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
470:
458:
452:
151:
147:
140:
130:
122:Heinz London
24:
18:
756:SU(2) color
736:Homes's law
892:iron-based
751:reentrance
503:References
466:energy gap
455:superfluid
137:half-space
689:Phenomena
339:μ
319:λ
292:λ
243:λ
207:λ
198:−
190:
124:in their
91:−
56:λ
35:λ
1033:Category
924:cryotron
882:cuprates
877:covalent
634:Matthias
602:Theories
128:(1935).
1018:more...
902:organic
531:273â278
795:Types
629:London
537:
429:charge
23:, the
1008:TBCCO
980:BSCCO
959:wires
954:SQUID
118:Fritz
1013:YBCO
1003:NbTi
998:NbSn
985:LBCO
535:ISBN
427:and
383:mass
377:for
120:and
990:MgB
939:NMR
934:MRI
809:1.5
649:WHH
644:RVB
609:BCS
381:of
187:exp
47:or
19:In
1035::
804:II
533:.
511:^
450:.
404:,
992:2
799:I
587:e
580:t
573:v
543:.
497:T
495:(
493:Ď
489:T
487:(
485:Îť
481:T
479:(
477:Ď
462:c
459:T
438:q
415:n
392:m
365:,
356:2
352:q
348:n
343:0
334:m
328:=
323:L
296:L
270:e
247:L
223:,
219:)
211:L
203:x
194:(
182:0
178:B
174:=
171:)
168:x
165:(
162:B
152:x
148:z
144:0
141:B
110:L
94:1
87:e
60:L
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
