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exploration, and the transcontinental immigrant trains. The plains rifle combined accuracy with portability in a more compact package than the extreme long guns from which it had evolved. The Hawken rifle evolved from the long rifle for use against larger, more dangerous game encountered in the
American West. For firing heavier and larger diameter bullets with heavier powder loads, the barrel wall thickness was necessarily increased for strength, and the barrel of the Hawken was shortened to keep the weight manageable, making the rifle heavier and less slim than the long rifle. However, many plains rifles were bored around the smaller .40 calibre range for medium-game hunting.
52:
687:, was the first to recreate a long rifle in modern times using 18th-century tools and techniques. The 1968 film "Gunsmith of Williamsburg" documented the production of his second, all handmade, long rifle. By 2003, makers trained at the Gunsmith Shop in Colonial Williamsburg and others produced an all-handmade rifles. In addition to his influence in his popular series of articles for Rifle Magazine and his involvement with the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (MESDA), John Bivins trained the recognized gunmakers Jim Chambers and Mark Silver.
456:
later in history (circa 1820s) and became the "nickname" of this rifle. This is primarily because
Dickert made rifles for the Continental Army, and later had a contract dated 1792 to furnish rifles to the United States Army. The rifle is sometimes referred to as the "Deckard / Deckhard" rifle, as descendants of Jacob Dickert used these variations, as shown by census documents, marriage, and death certificates. Nearly all descendants of Jacob Dickert go by the surname "Deckard", and mostly live in Indiana and Missouri.
448:
generations, then donated to the society in the middle of the twentieth century. It was analyzed and the barrel removed during the
Lancaster Long Rifle Exhibit at Landis Valley Farm Museum, Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 2005. The barrel was found to be European, and the stock dated from later than 1710-1750. The initials on the barrel, "MM", were found to have been added later than any other part of the gun, so it could not have been made by either Martin Meylin.
382:
which changed the whole course of world history; made possible the settlement of a continent; and ultimately freed our country of foreign domination. Light in weight; graceful in line; economical in consumption of powder and lead; fatally precise; distinctly
American; it sprang into immediate popularity; and for a hundred years was a model often slightly varied but never radically changed.
479:, and in the Salem area of North Carolina. All three areas were busy and productive centers of rifle making by the 1750s. Another prominent rifle maker was Isaac Haines of the Lancaster school, known for the elaborate Rococo woodcarving decorations on his rifles, who was taxed as a gunsmith in Lampeter Twp., Lancaster Co., from 1772 to 1792. The
643:, and wood finisher. European shops at the time had significant specialization of the trades, leading to separate tradesmen building different parts of each rifle. The American frontier had no such luxury, and quite often a single gunmaker would make the entire rifle, a process almost unheard of in 18th-century trade practice. The
662:
graceful stock lines and barrel style, and craftsmanship, they were noticeably slimmer and had a longer rifled barrel with better sights than had been seen on the earlier
Colonial style flintlock pistols. Dueling pistol sets in the long rifle style were also made, sometimes in a cased set, for wealthy gentlemen.
654:
To conserve lead on the frontier, smaller calibers were often preferred, ranging often from about .32 to .45 cal. As a rifle's bore increased with use due to wear and corrosion from firing black powder, it was not uncommon to see rifles re-bored and re-rifled to larger calibers to maintain accuracy.
534:
The reason for the long rifle's characteristic long barrel is a matter of adaptation to the new world by the German immigrant gunsmiths. The German gunsmiths working in
America were very familiar with German rifles, which seldom had barrels longer than 30 in., and were large-caliber rifles using
455:
There is documentation stating that the first high-quality long rifles were from a gunsmith named Jacob
Dickert, who moved with his family from Germany to Berks County, Pennsylvania in 1740. The name 'Dickert Rifle' was considered a 'brand name' and the name 'Kentucky rifle' was not coined until much
451:
Some historians have written that the role of Martin Meylin as one of the earliest gunsmiths in
Lancaster is not clear. The argument is that the will of Martin Meylin Sr. makes no mention of gunsmith items, while the will of Martin Meylin Jr. is replete with them, so that the reference to Meylin as a
670:
By the 20th century, there was little traditional long rifle making left except in isolated pockets in the
Appalachian mountains. Popular interest in shooting as a sport as well as the sesquicentennial of the United States' independence from Britain in 1925-33 spurred interest in the origins of the
590:
in the 19th century. The Hawken brothers (Samuel and Jacob) were one of a number of famous gunsmiths active in St. Louis in the 1830s-1860s. Many renowned gunsmiths such as Horace (H.E.) Dimick and J. P. Gemmer produced powerful and portable "short" rifles for the Rocky
Mountain fur trade, overland
427:
for purchase. Gradually, long rifles became more popular due to their longer effective range. While the smooth bore musket had an effective range of less than 100 yards, a rifleman could hit a man-sized target at a range of 200 yards or more. The price for this accuracy was that the long rifle took
381:
From a flat bar of soft iron, hand forged into a gun barrel; laboriously bored and rifled with crude tools; fitted with a stock hewn from a maple tree in the neighboring forest; and supplied with a lock hammered to shape on the anvil; an unknown smith, in a shop long since silent, fashioned a rifle
661:
Although less commonly owned or seen on the frontier, the long rifle style was also used on flintlock pistols during the same era. These pistols were often matched in caliber to a long rifle owned by the same user, to enable firing a common-sized and common-patched round lead ball. With the same
438:
Martin Meylin's Gunshop was built in 1719, and it is here that the Mennonite gunsmiths of Swiss-German heritage crafted some of the earliest, and possibly the first, Pennsylvania Rifles. No rifle signed by Martin Meylin has been found; although two have been attributed to him, one in the Lancaster
360:
The main disadvantages of muzzle-loading rifles compared to muskets were higher cost, a slower reload time due to the use of a tighter-fitting lead ball, and greater susceptibility to fouling of the bore after prolonged use, which would ultimately prevent loading and make the weapon useless until
547:
used by some gunsmiths was to make the rifle no longer than the height of a customer's chin because of the necessity of seeing the muzzle while loading. The longer barrel also allowed finer sighting. By the 1750s it was common to see frontiersmen carrying the new and distinctive style of rifle.
447:
around the so-called Meylin gunshop found thousands of artifacts, but only for blacksmithing, with no evidence of gun-making. The Lancaster County Historical Society has an original Pennsylvania Long Rifle thought to have been smithed by Meylin that was passed down within the family for seven
435:, father and son. Robert Baker formed a partnership with his son Caleb, and on August 15, 1719, erected a gun boring mill on Pequea Creek. In the tax records of Berks County, Pennsylvania, there were several gunsmiths plying their trade along the banks of the Wyomissing Creek.
690:
In 1996, the Contemporary Longrifle Association (CLA) was founded for people hand-making recreations of long rifles and associated arms and crafts of pre-1840 America. Later, internet forums about building traditional muzzleloading arms grew to over 3,000 members by 2010.
333:(spiral grooves in the bore), which caused the projectile, commonly a round lead ball in the early firearm, to spin around the axis of its motion. This increased the stability of its trajectory and dramatically improved accuracy over contemporary smooth-bore
415:
of Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio and North Carolina well into the 20th century as a practical and efficient firearm for those rural segments of the nation. Long rifles could be made entirely by hand and hand-operated tooling, in a frontier setting.
651:, though, was often purchased in bulk from England by gunsmiths, and then fabricated with skill into an elaborate rifle. Early locks were imported, but domestic manufacturing of locks increased in America among the more skilled gunsmiths in later years.
498:
The settlers of western Virginia (Kentucky), Tennessee, and North Carolina soon gained a reputation for hardy independence and rifle marksmanship as a way of life, further reinforced by the performance of riflemen in the American Revolution, especially
535:
large amounts of lead. Hunters in the vast and sparsely populated new world forests had to carry more of their supplies with them. The smaller caliber required less heavy lead per shot, reducing the weight they had to carry; the longer barrel gave the
682:
Many men throughout the remainder of the 20th century worked to expand the knowledge of the long rifle and how to recreate it in the 18th and 19th century manner. In 1965, Wallace Gusler, as the first master of the Gunsmith shop in
411:), which were used for hunting in Germany in the 17th and early 18th century. Tax records from these locales indicate the dates these gunsmiths were in business. Strong pockets of long rifle use and manufacture continued in the
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gravitates around a trail wagon containing one hundred long rifles. The gun, which is actually the main star of that movie, is displayed under every angle and is even the object of lyric descriptive monologues by veteran actor
607:
that was built into the stock. The decorative arts of furniture making, painting, silver smithing, gunsmithing, etc. all took their style cues from the prevailing trends of the day, and as in most things the fashion was set in
439:
Historical Society has been found to be a European musket of a later date, and one with a date of 1705 is a forgery, as the Meylins arrived in America in 1710. The Martin Meylin Gunshop still stands today in
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as a technology unique to the United States' selection of Shipment Cards. Sending Long Rifles in the Commerce Age enhances the ranges at which Marines, State Militia, the game's representation of the
399:
in southeastern Pennsylvania, in the early 1700s. It continued to be developed technically and artistically until it passed out of fashion in the 19th century. The long rifle was the product of
372:
who immigrated to America, bringing with them the technology of rifling from where it originated. The accuracy achieved by the long rifle made it an ideal tool for hunting wildlife for food.
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The long rifle is said by modern experts to have a range of 80 to 100 yards for the average user. An expert shooter can extend the median range of the long rifle to 200-300 yards.
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was a bustling frontier thoroughfare, and rifle shops traced this same route, from eastern Pennsylvania, down the Shenandoah Valley,and spilling into both the
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gunsmiths who immigrated to new settlements in southeastern Pennsylvania in the early 1700s, and later in Virginia and other territories, reproducing
679:, Ned Roberts, Red Farris, Hacker Martin, Bill Large, Jack Weichold, Ben Hawkins, D.C. Addicks, L.M. Wolf, Dave Taylor, Win Woods, and Alvin Wagner.
337:, which were cheaper and more common. Rifled firearms were first used in major combat in the American colonies in the eighteenth century during the
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Originally rather plain, by the 1770s every surface of the rifle could have applied artwork. An accomplished gunsmith had to be a skilled
326:. The American rifle was characterized by a very long barrel of relatively small caliber, uncommon in European rifles of the period.
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and uses a Bucks County long rifle built by modern American gunmaker Ron Luckenbill until it is stolen by Hugh's nemesis Fitzgerald.
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gunsmith is more properly placed on the son. In any case, no rifle has been found to be positively attributed to any Meylin.
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which began production six months after Lewis visited the arsenal. The Model 1803 resembles what became the 'plains rifle'.
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918:(York, PA: Trimmer Printing), 1960. Neil L. York, "Pennsylvania Rifle: Revolutionary Weapon in a Conventional War?,"
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In 1792 the US Army began to modify the long rifle, shortening the barrel length to 42 inches in their
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571:. The Lewis and Clark expedition carried an even shorter 33-36 inch barrelled rifle, similar to the
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Among documented working rifle makers are Adam Haymaker, who had a thriving trade in the northern
322:, is a muzzle-loading firearm used for hunting and warfare. It was one of the first commonly-used
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long rifle. This renewed interest was described in the 1924 book by Capt. John G.W. Dillin
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in 1847 resolved the technical disadvantages and allowed the rifle to replace the musket.
8:
1284:
Schiffer, Tom (August 2011). "The Origins and Development of Longrifle Culture, Part 1".
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531:. The long rifle also was used by the Texans in their War for Independence from Mexico.
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In Pennsylvania, the earliest gunsmiths that can be documented are Robert Baker and the
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Long rifles of various Pennsylvania and Massachusetts manufacturers displayed at the
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Many copies of historical long rifles are seen with a bore of around .50 caliber.
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musket, or trade gun, built in factories in England and France and shipped to the
1357:. Prescott, Arizona: Wolfe Publishing Company. pp. 66–71, 115–161. 184–194.
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259:
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Three Centuries of Tradition: The Renaissance of Custom Sporting Arms in America
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Three Centuries of Tradition: The Renaissance of Custom Sporting Arms in America
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significantly longer to reload than the approximately 20 seconds of the musket.
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Three Centuries of Tradition:The Renaissance of Custom Sporting Arms in America
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motifs found their way into all the decorative arts, and can be seen in the
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Artistically, the long rifle is known for its graceful stock, often made of
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603:, and its ornate decoration, decorative inlays, and an integral, well-made
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Variable, 100 yards typical, to well over 200 yards by an experienced user
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675:. Early 20th century pioneers of long rifle culture were Walter Cline,
1382:. Minneapolis, MN: The Minneapolis Institute of Arts. pp. 74–127.
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16:"Kentucky Rifle" redirects here. For the American Western film, see
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1332:. Minneapolis, MN: The Minneapolis Institute of Arts. p. 72.
1307:. Minneapolis, MN: The Minneapolis Institute of Arts. p. 74.
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leaf scroll work so common on 18th century furniture and silver.
613:
443:, on Long Rifle Road. An archaeological dig performed in 2005 by
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967:
Engines of Change: The American Industrial Revoluation 1790-1860
939:
Thoughts on the Kentucky Rifle in its Golden Age-Second Edition
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617:
334:
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Initially, the long firearm of choice on the frontier was the
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323:
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1225:"Rifles and Groove-bored Muskets in the American Revolution"
1461:
A demonstration of an American flintlock long rifle (video)
1080:"Martin Meylin Middle School (Gr 6-8) - Martin Meylin Home"
969:. Washington, DC and London: The Smithsonian Institution.
752:), who is nicknamed by the allies of the French army as
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817:, and Minutemen both detect and attack enemy soldiers.
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The long rifle is an early example of a firearm using
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1277:
920:
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 3:103
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Reprinted by Heritage Books, Bowie, Maryland, 1990.
784:'s forces in the first episode of the third season
740:) features a long rifle-wielding character, Nathan
515:. In that war, the long rifle gained its nickname "
245:.25 cal to .62 cal - .40 to .48 cal was most common
1274:
997:. Vol. II. York, Pa.: G. Shumway Publisher.
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930:
928:
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1104:Trussell, Timothy; Dworsky, Joel (7 June 2006).
916:Thoughts on the Kentucky Rifle in its Golden Age
1103:
925:
914:(Lancaster: Sutter House), 1974. Joe Kindig,
1481:Weapons of the Confederate States of America
862:"Kentucky/Pennsylvania Long Rifle Home Page"
759:The Kentucky long rifle was featured in the
1055:"Martin Meylin's Gunshop Historical Marker"
988:
986:
964:
407:(meaning "hunter" and sometimes anglicized
1222:
1213:. New York: Hylas Publishing, 2006. 90-91.
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368:The long rifle was made popular by German
272:User dependent, Usually 2+ rounds a minute
1256:Rifle Making in the Great Smoky Mountains
1199:(March 2015 ed.). The Texas Monthly.
960:
958:
890:. York, PA: George Shumway. pp. XI.
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1203:
983:
720:an 1810 Kentucky rifle was appraised at
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475:, John Frederick Klette of Stevensburg,
1521:Western (genre) staples and terminology
1456:American Long Rifles - Pedersoli Rifles
1302:
1252:
992:
647:action, with its spring mechanism, and
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1327:
965:Hindle, Brooke; Lubar, Steven (1986).
955:
885:
810:Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition
665:
1352:
1122:from the original on 20 November 2022
1113:Millersville University - Archaeology
694:
1404:"Contemporary Longrifle Association"
1140:
395:The long rifle was developed on the
1147:. Lancaster PA: Gilbert Hills Pub.
13:
1194:
594:
539:more time to burn, increasing the
471:gunshops at Christian's Spring in
14:
1537:
1449:
1106:The Mylin Gun Shop Survey Project
807:The rifle makes an appearance in
106:United States (1776-20th century)
1223:Schenawolf, Harry (2015-07-18).
1211:Weaponry: an illustrated history
1035:City of Lancaster, PA -- History
495:(Salem) area of North Carolina.
287:Effective firing range
211:Variable, typically 7 to 10 lbs.
50:
1435:from the original on 2011-09-09
1421:
1410:from the original on 2011-09-29
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1371:
1355:Gunsmithing Tips & Projects
1346:
1321:
1296:
1263:from the original on 2019-06-04
1246:
1235:from the original on 2021-07-09
1216:
1188:
1177:from the original on 2021-11-24
1151:from the original on 2022-11-22
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1097:
1072:
1061:from the original on 2012-10-20
1025:Berks County Historical Society
868:from the original on 2015-02-21
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1028:
1019:
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879:
854:
519:Rifle", after a popular song "
361:cleaned. The invention of the
184:
44:"Pennsylvania/Kentucky" Rifle
1:
848:
345:, with increasing use in the
941:. York, PA: George Shumway.
639:, brass and silver founder,
551:
7:
1144:History of Lancaster County
821:
441:Willow Street, Pennsylvania
387:Captain John G. W. Dillin,
10:
1542:
995:Rifles of colonial America
503:, who were pivotal in the
375:
128:American Revolutionary War
29:
22:
15:
1486:Guns of the American West
1259:. National Park Service.
1229:Revolutionary War Journal
1197:"Remember The Long Rifle"
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72:Place of origin
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1429:"AmericanLongrifles.org"
1328:Gusler, Wallace (2003).
1303:Wallace, Gusler (2003).
1253:Kendall, Arthur (1941).
1141:Rupp, Daniel L. (1844).
993:Shumway, George (1980).
937:Kendig Jr., Joe (2002).
815:United States Volunteers
733:The Last of the Mohicans
573:Harpers Ferry Model 1803
562:Huntington Museum of Art
262:(predominant after 1850)
30:Not to be confused with
1496:Symbols of Pennsylvania
578:The "plains rifle" or "
527:and his victory at the
521:The Hunters of Kentucky
445:Millersville University
90:Circa 1700 - Circa 1900
76:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
912:The Pennsylvania Rifle
780:The rifle was used by
564:
393:
268:Rate of fire
230:32 in., to over 48 in.
37:Muzzle-loaded long gun
1506:Battle of New Orleans
1378:Silver, Mark (2003).
886:Dillin, John (1967).
729:James Fenimore Cooper
685:Colonial Williamsburg
649:single-action trigger
559:
529:Battle of New Orleans
413:Appalachian Mountains
379:
339:French and Indian War
219:54 in. to over 70 in.
118:French and Indian War
23:For the caliber, see
18:Kentucky Rifle (film)
1526:Symbols of Tennessee
1353:Wolfe, Dave (1989).
310:, also known as the
278:Muzzle velocity
190:Approximately 73,000
143:Mexican-American War
123:American Indian Wars
1511:Symbols of Kentucky
666:Decline and rebirth
586:and North American
569:1792 contract rifle
505:Battles of Saratoga
343:American Revolution
320:American long rifle
1040:2011-04-06 at the
888:The Kentucky Rifle
769:reality television
754:La Longue Carabine
727:The 1826 novel by
695:In popular culture
673:The Kentucky Rifle
565:
405:early Jäger rifles
389:The Kentucky Rifle
355:American Civil War
316:Pennsylvania rifle
157:Production history
148:American Civil War
792:Leonardo DiCaprio
786:Deadliest Warrior
782:George Washington
738:films based on it
717:Antiques Roadshow
700:The 1955 western
511:, as well as the
501:Morgan's Riflemen
461:Shenandoah Valley
397:American frontier
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543:and accuracy. A
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756:("Long rifle").
744:(played in the
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595:Characteristics
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282:1200 - 1600ft/s
260:percussion lock
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198:Hunting variant
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87:In service
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703:Kentucky Rifle
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677:Horace Kephart
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525:Andrew Jackson
485:Cumberland Gap
433:Martin Meylins
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312:Kentucky rifle
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25:.22 Long Rifle
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1086:on 2011-07-27
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833:Buffalo rifle
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545:rule of thumb
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299:Muzzle-loaded
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166:Martin Meylin
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63:Muzzle-loaded
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
33:
26:
19:
1476:Early rifles
1437:. Retrieved
1423:
1412:. Retrieved
1398:
1379:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1265:. Retrieved
1255:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1143:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1112:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1049:
1030:
1021:
994:
966:
938:
919:
915:
911:
906:
887:
881:
870:. Retrieved
856:
838:Hawken rifle
828:Sharps rifle
808:
801:The Revenant
799:
798:in the film
772:
753:
741:
731:
715:
714:On the show
701:
689:
681:
672:
669:
660:
657:
653:
626:
598:
588:fur trappers
584:mountain men
580:Hawken rifle
577:
566:
537:black powder
533:
497:
493:Yadkin River
473:Pennsylvania
458:
454:
450:
437:
430:
418:
408:
394:
388:
380:
367:
359:
328:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
227: length
170:Robert Baker
104:(until 1776)
95:Used by
1292:(12): 4–10.
1126:21 November
709:Chill Wills
637:wood carver
601:curly maple
513:War of 1812
347:War of 1812
187: built
179:Circa 1700s
133:War of 1812
1470:Categories
1439:2011-08-14
1414:2011-08-14
1267:2019-06-04
1239:2021-07-05
1181:2021-11-24
1155:2022-11-22
1115:(Report).
1090:2011-01-14
1065:2011-01-14
872:2015-05-05
849:References
796:Hugh Glass
633:whitesmith
629:blacksmith
616:and later
421:smoothbore
363:Minié ball
308:long rifle
1501:Fur trade
794:portrays
746:1992 film
736:(and the
645:flintlock
605:patch box
552:Evolution
523:," about
370:gunsmiths
256:Flintlock
1433:Archived
1408:Archived
1261:Archived
1233:Archived
1175:Archived
1149:Archived
1117:Archived
1059:Archived
1038:Archived
1013:62097218
866:Archived
822:See also
774:Top Shot
641:engraver
622:acanthus
517:Kentucky
491:and the
489:Kentucky
477:Virginia
469:Moravian
465:Virginia
425:colonies
385:—
195:Variants
176:Designed
162:Designer
102:colonies
66:long gun
32:Long gun
742:Hawkeye
724:20,000.
614:Baroque
509:Cowpens
376:Origins
335:muskets
331:rifling
241:Caliber
168:and/or
1386:
1361:
1336:
1311:
1011:
1001:
973:
945:
894:
843:Jezail
618:rococo
467:, the
409:Jaeger
401:German
353:, and
324:rifles
251:Action
225:Barrel
216:Length
1120:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
771:show
610:Paris
487:into
318:, or
1384:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1128:2022
1009:OCLC
999:ISBN
971:ISBN
943:ISBN
892:ISBN
507:and
306:The
208:Mass
111:Wars
59:Type
767:'s
763:of
748:by
463:of
185:No.
1472::
1431:.
1406:.
1290:27
1288:.
1276:^
1231:.
1227:.
1173:.
1111:.
1057:.
1007:.
985:^
957:^
927:^
864:.
722:$
635:,
631:,
612:.
357:.
349:,
314:,
1442:.
1417:.
1392:.
1367:.
1342:.
1317:.
1270:.
1242:.
1184:.
1158:.
1130:.
1093:.
1068:.
1044:,
1015:.
979:.
951:.
900:.
875:.
788:.
777:.
711:.
258:/
34:.
27:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
