Los Angeles Times bombing

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McNamaras, he confided this to a journalist as the reason he was reluctant to take the case. Ryan turned to Harriman, who agreed to be the brothers' defense attorney. Gompers, however, visited Darrow in Chicago and convinced him that the case required his expertise. Reluctantly, Darrow consented to be lead defense attorney. Harriman stayed on as his assistant. Darrow also recruited former Los Angeles county assistant district attorney Lecompte Davis, pro-union Indiana judge Cyrus F. McNutt, and president of the

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Iron Workers Union, for involvement in a five-year nationwide campaign of dynamite. Because such things as murder or destruction of property were not federal crimes, the defendants were charged with the federal crime of conspiracy to illegally transport dynamite on railroad trains. A number of different attorneys represented different defendants, but leading the defense was sitting US senator from Indiana,

919:

reported back that there were no signs of a dynamite explosion at the Times building, and that it was solely a gas explosion. They also concluded that Otis knew that it was an accident, but had fabricated charges against the McNamaras, partly to discredit labor unions, and partly to evade blame for his negligence that allowed the gas accident to happen. The report declared:

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following day in Tarrytown, New York, where a number of anarchists, including one of the dead bombers, were due to face charges connected with attempted invasion of the Rockefeller summer estate. The incident seemed unconnected with the Iron Workers bombings, but William J. Burns learned that fragments of the bomb showed similar construction to the Los Angeles

848:

handling of McManigal and J. B. McNamara. The local circuit judge had unlawfully denied J. J. McNamara access to legal representation and had no authority to approve his extradition. Both McNamaras had been arrested on the basis of a confession wrung from a third man who, they believed, had been kidnapped and perhaps coerced into confessing.

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at one o'clock the next morning. It was my intention to injure the building and scare the owners. I sincerely regret that these unfortunate men lost their lives. If the giving of my life would bring them back I would gladly give it. In fact, in pleading guilty to murder in the first degree I have placed my life in the hands of the state.

1064:. Both men agreed to the plan. The success of the AFL's public opinion campaign had apparently worried both newspapermen, and the Iron Workers' success in maintaining (even widening) the strike had weakened the resolve of many in the Los Angeles business community. Chandler offered to open negotiations with the district attorney, 614:. McManigal set off a dynamite bomb at the Llewellyn Iron Works, partially wrecking the plant with the damage costing $ 25,000, but he found two of the other sites too closely guarded, and never visited the remaining two. J.J. was angry that only one of the sites was bombed, but McManigal told him that security was too tight. 1056:. During their discussions of the trial, Darrow raised the possibility of pressuring the prosecution into accepting a plea bargain. In exchange for light prison terms for the McNamaras, the AFL would end its debilitating strike and organizing efforts against Los Angeles employers. Steffens met with Otis and 1398:

J. B. McNamara became a hero to radicals who believed in violence. Although he had not previously been political, he embraced violent radicalism in return. Despite repeated attempts by left-wing labor leaders and certain politicians to win his release, he refused to file any parole requests. James B.

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As part of the McNamara brothers' plea bargain, Los Angeles prosecutors had agreed not to pursue other labor union officials for the L.A. bombings. But the federal government was not a party to the agreement, and in 1912 brought charges against 54 union men, mostly national and local officials of the

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Following the guilty pleas, Darrow was criticized for using deception to raise money for his clients' defense: allowing supporters to believe in their innocence, in order to raise a war chest of $ 200,000 from contributions by working men, and spend about $ 100,000 of it to mount an expensive effort,

1119:

I, James B. McNamera, having heretofore pleaded guilty to the crime of murder, desire to make this statement of facts: On the night of September 30, 1920, at 5:45 p.m., I placed in Ink Alley, a portion of the Times building, a suitcase containing sixteen sticks of 80 per cent dynamite, set to explode

652:

to catch the guilty parties. Burns had been investigating the nationwide wave of iron manufacturing plant bombings for the past four years on behalf of the NEA, and took the City job as part of his investigation. From Hockin, his paid IW spy, Burns learned that McManigal had been handling the union's

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Schmidt and Caplan were tried separately in Los Angeles. Matthew Schmidt was convicted of murder in December 1915, and received life imprisonment. Upon his conviction, Olaf Tveitmoe, secretary of the California Building Trades Council said: "There will be ten years' war in Los Angeles. They will pay

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bombing was irrelevant to the federal charges, because that incident did not involve interstate transportation of dynamite. Citing abundant evidence in the trial record, the court upheld the remaining 25 convictions. The following month, the US district attorney announced that, in light of the court

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Darrow was later criticized for misleading and pressuring the McNamaras into each pleading guilty. There remained a suspicion that, following the arrest of his chief jury investigator Burt Franklin on charges of attempted bribery of jurors, Darrow needed to hurry up the guilty pleas, because he knew

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Darrow had hoped that a plea bargain (rather than an admission of guilt in open court) would be all that was needed. But Los Angeles employers were worried that defense attorney Harriman would trounce Mayor Alexander on election day (December 5). Nothing short of an actual admission of guilt in open

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arrived in Los Angeles. Steffens, convinced the McNamaras were guilty, visited them in jail. Steffens proposed to defend their actions in print as "justifiable dynamiting" in the face of employer violence and state-sponsored repression of labor unions. J.B. was an eager proponent of Steffens' plans,

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explosion on an accidental ignition of a gas leak, and denied that dynamite was in any way involved. The rest of the evidence, such as the other bombs found in Los Angeles the next morning, and all the material seized at union headquarters at Indianapolis, they claimed was planted. They accused Otis

559:

The caretaker at the Otis home heard of the Zeehandelaar bomb, and decided to search around the estate. He found a leather suitcase behind some bushes under a bay window. Again the police arrived, and carried the suitcase away from the house and out in the open. However, while they were cutting open

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Based on the similarity of bombs, Burns concentrated his search on anarchist circles in New York City. He found Matthew Schmidt, and was at the scene when New York City policemen arrested Schmidt on February 13, 1915. Burns' agents had been watching Schmidt for some time, hoping to arrest Caplan as

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building on October 1, 1910. John J. McNamara, setting foot for the first time in court, admitted to having ordered the bombing of the Llewellyn Iron Works on December 25. J.J. McNamara later told an interviewer that Darrow had kept the McNamara brothers isolated from public opinion. Had they known

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The defense's position weakened further when, on November 28, Darrow was accused of attempted bribery of a juror. The defense team's chief investigator had been arrested for bribing a juror, and Darrow had been seen in public passing the investigator money. With Darrow himself on the verge of being

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On the morning of 1 October, Zeehandelaar's maid found a package behind a bush beneath a bedroom window. Police were called, and opened and disarmed the bomb. The spring of the mechanical clock had apparently been wound too tightly, slowing the clock, and preventing the bomb from exploding on time.

396:(colloquially known as the M&M), and used it and his newspaper's large circulation to spearhead a twenty-year campaign to end the city's few remaining unions. Without unions to keep wages high, open shop employers in Los Angeles were able to undermine the wage standards set in heavily unionized 1212:

Leading up to the trial, the number of defendants was reduced from 54 to 48. The McNamara brothers were dropped from the trial because they were already imprisoned in California; two more pled guilty; one was a fugitive and could not be found; and the trial of one was delayed because of an injury.

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It is easy enough for a gentleman of education and refinement to sit at his typewriter and point out the crimes of the workers. But let him be one of them himself, reared in hard poverty, denied education, thrown into the brute struggle for existence from childhood, oppressed, exploited, forced to

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The agreement was laid before the McNamara brothers. J. B. initially refused to agree to any plea bargain that did not set his brother free. But when Darrow told him that a settlement was possible only if both brothers pleaded guilty, J. B. gave his consent. Darrow sent for a representative of the

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Although a group of Los Angeles businessmen had endorsed the secret talks, they had no legal power over the prosecutor, Fredericks. Fredericks refused to sanction any plan which let the McNamaras go free. The National Erectors' Association had learned of the talks (both the defense and prosecution

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Organized labor found J. J. McNamara an attractive figure to rally behind. By outward appearances, he did not look like a man who would dynamite his enemies. He was 34 years old, handsome, had an athletic build, always well-dressed and well-spoken. He had earned a law degree at night while working

365:

campaign. Between 1906 and 1911, the union blew up 110 iron works, though only a few thousand dollars in damages was done. The NEA was well aware who was responsible for the bombings, since Herbert S. Hockin, a member of the IW's executive board, was their paid spy. These hundreds of bombings were

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Hard pressed by the open shop campaign, the IW reacted by electing the militant Frank M. Ryan president and J.J. McNamara the secretary-treasurer in 1905. In 1906, the IW struck at American Bridge in an attempt to retain their contract. However, the open shop campaign was a significant success. By

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Darrow was indicted on two charges of jury tampering. His chief investigator turned state's evidence, and even implicated Samuel Gompers in the bribery attempt. Darrow was in financial difficulty, and asked for AFL assistance in raising funds for his defense. Gompers declined to give it. When the

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The labor movement in Los Angeles collapsed, and union membership in the city remained minuscule almost a century later. Employers refused to honor additional terms of the plea agreement, which required the convening of a meeting of labor union and employers and an end to the open shop campaign.

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To support the accidental gas explosion theory, the State Federation of Labor of California appointed a committee to travel to Los Angeles and investigate the matter. The committee included a number of Western Federation of Miners members, who would have been familiar with dynamite. The committee

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were accused of using dynamite to assassinate an ex-governor of Idaho. As in the McNamara case, a union member had confessed and implicated union leadership, the defendants were extradited in a highly irregular manner, and the prosecution's investigation was led by a detective with strong ties to

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From the first there was never the slightest chance to win. To those who say it would have been better to have gone to trial and suffered complete defeat, I would call attention to the fact that there were thirty or forty hotel registers, three in Los Angeles, many in San Francisco and others in

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After sentencing, Judge Bordwell issued a long statement minimizing the role of Lincoln Steffens in bringing about the plea deal. Bordwell wrote that the prosecution had long sought a plea deal, but could not agree to J. B.'s insistence that his brother go free. The judge stated that what really

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Darrow argued that he would need $ 350,000 ($ 11,000,000 in 2024) for the defense. The AFL, who had already paid Darrow a $ 50,000 retainer, immediately began to raise the additional funds. The AFL Executive Council established a permanent "Ways and Means Committee" to seek money. The federation

424:

unanimously enacted an ordinance banning picketing and "speaking in public streets in a loud or unusual tone", with a penalty of fifty days in jail, a $ 100 fine, or both. Most union members refused to obey the injunctions or ordinance, and 472 strikers were arrested. The strike, however, proved

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The Iron Workers suffered severe membership losses, and appealed to the AFL for funds. The AFL declined to offer financial assistance or permit Gompers to speak at the next Iron Workers convention. The heads of a number of AFL unions did speak, however, and Iron Worker delegates re-elected Ryan

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The national labor movement was outraged by the way the McNamaras had been treated, and labor leaders were quick to defend the brothers' innocence. They contended that Burns had engaged in kidnapping, misrepresentation of his status as a law enforcement officer, and unlawful imprisonment in his

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J. J. McNamara left prison after nine years, and the Iron Workers' union welcomed him back as an organizer. He was convicted of threatening the destruction of a building unless the contractor hired union members, and was sent back to prison. Released once more, the union discovered that he had

484:. The suitcase was left near barrels of flammable printer's ink. The dynamite had a detonator connected to a mechanical windup clock, set to close an electric battery circuit at 1:00am, and set off the explosion. J.B. left similar bombs, also set to explode at 1:00am, next to the homes of both 403:

The San Francisco unions relied heavily on the IW, one of the few strong unions remaining in Los Angeles. The unionization campaign began in the spring of 1910. On June 1, 1910, 1,500 union members struck iron manufacturers in the city to win a $ 0.50 an hour minimum wage ($ 16 an hour in 2023

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A man who would put sixteen sticks of 80 per cent dynamite in a building * * * in which you, as a printer, knew gas was burning in many places, and in which you knew there were scores of human beings toiling, must have no regard whatever for the lives of his fellow beings. He must have been a

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Burns was offended by accusations from labor supporters that he had planted the evidence that he had seized at the union headquarters in Indianapolis. He was particularly critical of Samuel Gompers. Burns did not believe that Gompers was part of the dynamite plot, but blamed Gompers for being

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On July 4, 1914, a dynamite bomb exploded in a New York tenement apartment occupied by three anarchists. All three men died in the explosion, which destroyed the building, killed a woman in the next apartment, and injured many more. Police speculated that the bomb was intended to be used the

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in 1906. However, Darrow was in ill health, and although organized labor was convinced of the McNamaras' innocence, Darrow realized that the evidence against them was overwhelming and that the brothers were almost certainly guilty. Soon after the arrest, and before he agreed to represent the

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Sergeant William Reed and held from April 13 until April 20. Burns apparently convinced McManigal that he knew everything and that McManigal could save himself by cutting a deal with authorities. McManigal agreed to tell all he knew in order to secure a lighter prison sentence, and signed a

437:, wrote to J.J.: "Now, Joe, what I want here is Hockin," referring to Herbert Hockin, the union official in charge of the dynamite bombings. However, Hockin had been caught taking money earmarked for bombing jobs, and McNamara no longer trusted him. He asked another dynamiter, Jack Barry of 1181:

strike, clubbed by the police, jailed while his family is evicted, and his wife and children are hungry, and he will hesitate to condemn these as criminals who fight against the crimes of which they are the victims of such savage methods as have been forced upon them by their masters.

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but J.J. refused to cooperate unless Darrow agreed. Darrow was stunned by Steffens' report that the brothers had admitted their guilt to him, but with his health worsening and his pessimism about the defense growing, Darrow agreed to permit the McNamaras to cooperate with Steffens.

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The Socialist Party, however, refused to condemn the McNamara brothers, arguing that their actions were justified in view of the supposed employer- and state-sponsored terror their union had faced for the last 25 years. Haywood and Debs echoed that sentiment. Wrote Debs:

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building. The undercover private eye also surreptitiously took a photo of J.J. that Burns presented to a hotel clerk in Los Angeles, who recognized him as a "Mr. J. B. Bryce" who had checked in the day before the bombing and hurriedly checked out the following morning.

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After the Indianapolis trials, the only cases remaining were of David Caplan and Matthew Schmidt, two anarchists who had helped Jim McNamara buy the dynamite used in the Los Angeles bombings. Both were indicted in 1911, but they became fugitives and evaded the police.

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the suitcase, the clockwork alarm went off inside the suitcase. The police ran to safety just before the bomb exploded. Investigators speculated that, like the Zeehandelaar bomb, the clock mechanism at the Otis house had been wound too tightly, delaying the explosion.

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that he would be accused of attempted bribery as well, and one of his defenses would be that a plea deal had already been agreed upon, so that he had no motive to bribe jurors. Darrow defended the guilty pleas by citing the overwhelming evidence against the brothers:

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bombing. Gompers believed him completely, and threw all his influence behind the McNamaras. With Gompers' endorsement, the entire US labor movement supported the McNamaras, with parades, mass rallies, publicity campaigns, and donations to the McNamaras' defense fund.

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Instead, employers redoubled their efforts to break the labor movement in Los Angeles. The Central Labor Council suffered severe membership losses in the early months of 1912, and the labor movement in the city did not begin to show signs of growth until the 1950s.

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Thirty defendants appealed. In June 1914, the US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and ordered new trials for five of the convictions, including that of Olaf Tveitmoe. In the case of Tveitmoe, the court ruled that evidence implicating him in the Los Angeles

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different parts of the country. There were scores of witnesses to identify J. B. McNamara as being present practically on the very day, and one at least, in the building. There was overwhelming evidence of all kinds, which no one could have surmounted if they would.

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bombing, but that J.B. had told him all about it, and that it was done by J.B. and two others, Matthew Schmidt and David Caplan (Schmidt and Caplan evaded arrest until 1915). McManigal also said that others involved included Ryan, J.J., Hockin and other IW leaders.

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building). Burns repeatedly implied that Gompers and other labor leaders were involved in the national bombing campaign, and AFL officials feared a national campaign of arrests designed to destroy the nascent labor movement might be in the works. Meanwhile,

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broke the deadlock was the arrest of Bert Franklin, a detective hired by the defense, on a charge of attempted bribery of jurors. The bribery attempt, he wrote, revealed how desperate the defense was, and forced them to agree to a prison sentence for J. J.

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The evidence shows some of these defendants to be guilty of murder, but they are not charged with that crime; this court cannot punish them for it, nor should it be influenced by such consideration in fixing the measure punishment for the crimes

2158:, not arrested. When McNamara screamed for help, a local Detroit policeman intervened. Burns convinced McManigal to come quietly, and McManigal and McNamara did so. McDougal cites no sources for his version of the story. See McDougal, p. 54. 1323:

issued an appeal for donations, the AFL Executive Council postponed consideration of a donation until the issue was moot. Darrow was acquitted in his first trial. When charges were brought in the second bribery case, the trial ended in a

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This was an escalation of the bombing campaign. Previously, only non-union workplaces had been targeted. Now the IW was expanding the targets to the homes of anti-union leaders, and a newspaper noted for its anti-union editorial policy.

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bombing, James B. McNamara had asked him to murder Mary Dye, a stenographer at union headquarters, because "she knew too much." Jim McNamara had wanted him to plant an explosive under her seat on a commuter train. Eckhoff had refused.

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was so troubled by the vituperation heaped on the McNamara brothers that he began a campaign to ease economic and class differences in the United States. By mid-1912, a number of prominent individuals — including social workers

280: 238: 733:, where the judge refused his request for an attorney and, without legal authority to do so, released him into the custody of Burns. From arrest to departure took thirty minutes. The same day, McManigal and J.B. were taken by 1146:

Prosecutor Fredericks justified the plea deal because by having the McNamaras plead guilty, he said, there would be no doubt of their guilt; without a guilty plea, their supporters would always believe that they were framed.

902:

irresponsible in accusing Burns of framing the McNamaras, in the face of overwhelming evidence. Burns wrote that Gompers could not have been unaware of the four-year dynamiting campaign, which should have given him pause.

1032:'s approval, a federal subpoena against the McNamaras. The first panel of jurors was exhausted on October 25, forcing the court to order an additional panel of jurors to appear. The jury was finally seated on November 7. 863:

Labor leaders were also convinced of the McNamaras' innocence by other factors as well. The open shop movement and virulent hostility shown by Otis convinced many that the whole event was a frame-up (with some, including

927:

Some went farther. Eugene Debs accused Harrison Otis of blowing up his own building to frame labor leaders. He referred to the bombing as: "a job that General Otis did himself or had it done, for I know the man well."

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David Caplan's first trial ended in a deadlocked jury. In December 1916, a second jury found him guilty of second degree manslaughter. The court sentenced him to ten years in prison. He was released in 1923 after

1238:

and prosecution informer Herbert Hockin, were given six years. The others received sentences of between a year and a day and four years. All prisoners were sent to the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas.

400:. Unions in San Francisco feared that employers in their city would also soon begin pressing for wage cuts and start an open shop drive of their own. The only solution they saw was to re-unionize Los Angeles. 353:

1910, U.S. Steel had almost succeeded in driving all unions out of its plants. Unions in other iron manufacturing companies also vanished. Only the IW held on (though the strike at American Bridge continued).

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had their paid spies in the other's camp), and was pressing Fredericks to reject any plea bargain. As a compromise, Fredericks demanded that J.B. receive life in prison and J.J. receive a much shorter term.

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corporation. American Bridge was the dominant company in the iron industry, and within a year the IW had not only organized almost every U.S. iron manufacturer, but had also won signed contracts including

324:

In 1903, officials of U.S. Steel and the American Bridge founded the National Erectors' Association (NEA), a coalition of steel and iron industry employers. The primary goal of the NEA was to promote the

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On 28 December 1912, the jury found 38 of the remaining 40 guilty. Two days later, Judge A. B. Anderson handed out sentences, calling the dynamite campaign "a veritable reign of terror," and commenting:

1189:. Although Harriman had run ahead of Alexander in the 5-way primary, winning 44% of the vote to Alexander's 37%, following the McNamara confession Harriman received just 38% of the votes in the runoff. 542:

building. After he confessed to the bombing, he insisted that he had not known of the gas pipes. However, Ortie McManigal testified that before their arrest, J.B. had told him that he had gone into the

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while knowing all along that the McNamara brothers were guilty. Darrow said that his first duty was to his clients, and that he did whatever needed to raise the funds for the best defense possible.

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On the other hand. those who are familiar with the peculiarities of explosions by dynamiting, the evidence furnishes an overwhelming certainty that there was no dynamite connected with the affair.

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well, but finally settled for Schmidt alone. But a search of Schmidt's belongings found a letter that led them to the Seattle area, where local police arrested David Caplan on February 18, 1915.

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Darrow also insisted that he needed popular support, to put political pressure on the prosecution. Pins, buttons and other paraphernalia were sold to raise money, and a film about J. J. McNamara—

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appealed to local, state, regional and national unions to donate 25 cents per capita to the defense fund, and set up defense committees in larger cities throughout the nation to take donations.

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building – he was challenged twice, but each time passed by saying he was on his way to the composing room – went into the basement and wrenched off a gas valve to maximize the destruction.

349:

to engage in a campaign against the unions. Local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies generally cooperated in this campaign, which often used violence against union members.

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San Francisco labor leader Olaf Tveitmoe, who had been released from prison the previous year, promised that the two men would be defended at the expense of West Coast labor unions.

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and law enforcement authorities announced that the perpetrators would be caught immediately, but weeks passed and no arrests were made. The City of Los Angeles posted a $ 25,000

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bombers had escaped arrest and gone to ground. The IW decided it was time for more bombings in Los Angeles and sent McManigal with a list of five bombing targets, including the

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The exact number of deaths is uncertain. The remains of twenty were identified. Parts of either one or two additional bodies were pulled from the rubble. Source: Lew Irwin,

441:, to go to California, but Barry turned down the job when he learned of the targets. McNamara finally sent his younger brother, J.B., to California on the bombing mission. 1234:

Six defendants were given suspended sentences. Union president Frank Ryan was handed the longest sentence, seven years. Six more men, including San Francisco labor leader

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who liked to drink and hunt at the same time. Burns infiltrated one of their late-winter hunting trips with a spy, and during the trip J.J. boasted of having blown up the

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boarded his train, woke him, and handed him the dispatch regarding the guilty verdicts. "I am astounded, I am astounded", he said. "The McNamaras have betrayed labor."

1107:

On December 1, 1911, the McNamara brothers changed their pleas in open court to guilty. James B. McNamara admitted to murder by having set the bomb that destroyed the

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building bomb had been set for 4 am, but detonated prematurely; the bomb at the Felix Zeehandelaar home set for 1 pm, and the bomb at the Otis home for 2 pm.

2529:

Christianson, Stephen G., "McNamara Brothers Trial: 1911", "Great American Trials", Knappman, Edward W., editor, Visible Ink Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1994,

1014:

continued, Darrow became increasingly concerned about the outcome of the trial. He felt J. B. could not be relied on as a witness and would break down under

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The unexploded bomb contained valuable clues as to the bombers' method. In addition, investigators were able to trace the dynamite back to its source.

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and the Hotel Alexandria. J.J. told McManigal that he had promised the "coast bunch" a Christmas present, and wanted the explosions to take place on

682:

and alarm clocks were found in their suitcases. The men were told they were being arrested for robbing a bank in Chicago. Since they had watertight

488:

publisher Otis and Felix Zeehandelaar, secretary of the M&M. He then boarded a train to San Francisco, and was out of town when the bomb at the

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Union officials used violence to counter the setbacks they had suffered. Beginning in late 1906, national and local officials of the IW launched a

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On April 22, Burns and two local police detectives burst into an executive board meeting of the IW and arrested J.J. He was taken before a local

1018:. On October 15, he learned that the prosecution had acquired masses of evidence to support 21 separate charges. On October 18, he learned that 3020: 1831:

Robert Fitch (2006) Solidarity for Sale: How Corruption Destroyed the Labor Movement and Undermined America's Promise. Bublic Affairs Books

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auxiliary building, in which two men were chased off by a security guard. The incident was at first assumed to be another bombing attempt.

1922:, 15 Nov. 1912, p.4.) Most other sources reflect this, and say that the bombs were timed to explode at 1 am. For example: Geoffrey Cowan, 3272: 1364:—had asked President Taft to appoint a commission on industrial relations to ease economic tensions in the country. Taft requested that 815: 3172: 768: 515:

was a morning paper, and so had employees working during the late-night early-morning hours. The bombers were unaware that a number of

449: 787: 260:. J.J. was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for bombing a local iron manufacturing plant, and returned to the IW as an organizer. 3267: 3257: 3162: 994:

throughout the nation was declared to be "McNamara Day", and mass marches were held in 13 major cities in support of the defendants.

653:

bombing campaign on orders from union president Frank Ryan and secretary-treasurer J.J. McNamara. McManigal and J.J. were borderline

1248:

of appeals ruling, that the government would not retry the five defendants whose convictions were reversed; the five were released.

1686:

Welskopp, Thomas. "Birds of a Feather: A Comparative History of German and US Labor in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." In

1385: 392:, was vehemently anti-union. Otis first joined and then seized control of the local Merchants Association in 1896, renaming it the 241:(IW). The explosion started a fire which killed 21 occupants and injured 100 more. It was termed the "crime of the century" by the 3142: 1635:

Bombs and Bribery: The Story of the McNamara and Darrow Trials Following the Dynamiting in 1910 of the Los Angeles Times Building

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Brothers John J. ("J.J.") and James Barnabas ("J.B.") McNamara were arrested in April 1911 for the bombing. Their trial became a

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AFL. The shocked labor leader refused to accept the agreement until Darrow convinced him that the defense had almost no chance.

461:

1, 1910. Nicknamed "the fortress", the 1886 brick and granite building was on Broadway and First Street, across the street from

874: 645: 3227: 3182: 1745: 1718: 1680: 1447: 801: 3237: 3128: 2102:

Associated Press, "Strange Story Is Told By Detective: Burns Narrative Takes on Color as Dynamite Case Is Fully Probed",

1452: 507:. The sixteen sticks of dynamite in the suitcase bomb were not enough to level the whole structure, but the bomb ignited 3252: 3177: 2927: 1369: 1349: 1186: 607: 783: 2713:"Anarchist bomb believed for Rockefeller kills three I.W.W. makers and a woman-injures many--wrecks tenement house," 2534: 1930:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 116-118. In addition, Jim McNamara's confession specified that he set the bomb at the 834: 519:

employees were working overnight to produce an extra edition the next afternoon which would carry the results of the

1964: 1598:

Kraft, James P., "The Fall of Job Harriman's Socialist Party: Violence, Gender, and Politics in Los Angeles, 1911,"

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on December 9. J.B. McNamara's post-trial conclusion was: "You see? ... The whole damn world believes in dynamite."

24: 1280:, official organ of the Carpenters Union, blamed the prosecution of Caplan and Schmidt on "the enemies of labor." 3222: 1551:"Without Blare of Trumpets": Walter Drew, the National Erectors' Association, and the Open Shop Movement, 1903-57 1463: 954: 434: 425:

effective: by September, 13 new unions had formed, increasing union membership in the city by almost 60 percent.

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building, the Otis home, and the Zeehandelaar home) were set for 1 am ("M'Manigal repeats boast of M'Namara,"

1316: 1026: 1019: 772: 582:(AFL), immediately condemned the bombing and claimed no labor union or individual could have been responsible. 383: 1565:

Thinking Big: The Story of the 'Los Angeles Times, Its Publishers, and Their Influence on Southern California.

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to defend the McNamaras. Darrow had become a hero in labor circles for his successful defense of labor leader

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for the American labor movement. J.B. admitted to setting the explosive, and was convicted and sentenced to

3262: 3247: 3212: 3062: 1320: 856: 579: 469:

On the evening of 30 September 1910, J.B. left a suitcase full of dynamite in the narrow alley between the

80: 1508:. Reprint ed. New York: Arno Press, 1969. Originally published by George H. Doran Company, New York, 1913. 308:

unionists. John (known as J.J.) and his younger brother James (known as J.B.) were both active in the IW.

3207: 3167: 1533: 527:

building and Ink Alley. Of the 115 people still in the building, 21 died (most of them in the fire). The

1710:

Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the Forgotten

1213:

Judge A. B. Anderson dismissed charges against eight men after the trial started, for lack of evidence.

3277: 3242: 3197: 3092: 1892:"The 1910 bombing of the Los Angeles Times has been the subject of books and film. Now it's a bus tour" 1403:

embezzled $ 200, and fired him. J. J. spent the rest of his life drifting from job to job, and died in

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court would discredit Harriman and prevent his victory, and the employers were pressing hard for one.

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History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910-1915

997: 991: 690: 397: 1112:

how strongly the public was on their side, they would not have agreed to the plea deal, he claimed.

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for that alleged crime, both men agreed to accompany Burns and the police officers back to Chicago.

3116: 3044: 2973: 1579:

Deadly Times: The 1910 Bombing of the 'Los Angeles Times' and America's Forgotten Decade of Terror.

1193: 972: 433:

On June 3, 1910, two days after the start of the strike, Eugene Clancy, the top IW official on the

421: 3086: 957: 761: 710:, where the IW had their headquarters. With the assistance of officials of the NEA, he convinced 292: 1737:

Deadly Times: The 1910 Bombing of the Los Angeles Times and America's Forgotten Decade of Terror

523:

auto race. The bomb collapsed the side of the building, and the ensuing fire destroyed both the

287:

remained weak and much of the industry remained unorganized until 1902. That year, the IW won a

47: 1426: 1421: 1365: 893:

for the Iron Workers' Union. J. J. McNamara assured Gompers that he had nothing to do with the

504: 860:

anti-union business interests. In that case, the accused union leaders were found not guilty.

689:

In Chicago, McManigal and J.B. were not taken to a police station, but to the private home of

3122: 3068: 3026: 1735: 1708: 1442: 1345: 1185:

Darrow's co-counsel on the McNamara case, Job Harriman, was defeated by Mayor Alexander in a

889:

candidate. The bombing, some felt, might simply be a plot to keep Harriman out of City Hall.

499:

At 1:07 a.m. on October 1, 1910, the bomb went off in the alley outside the three-story

346: 2546:

Gerald F. Uelmen, "Fighting fire with fire: a reflection on the ethics of Clarence Darrow,"

283:(IW) was formed in 1896. As the work was seasonal and most iron workers were unskilled, the 3141:

Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from

3050: 3016: 1022: 878: 642: 599: 915:

of taking advantage of a tragic accident to imprison union leaders on fabricated charges.

8: 3074: 3056: 3038: 1593:

Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era

1497:

American Lightning: Terror, Mystery, the Birth of Hollywood, and the Crime of the Century

1432: 1029: 711: 470: 438: 2372:

building minutes before the October 1 bomb blast. See: "Fire Kills 19, Unions Accused",

2237:

Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow (New York: Random House, 1993) 78-79, 110.

1688:

Comparative and Transnational History: Central European Approaches and New Perspectives.

1124:

Judge Bordwell rejected the defendants' assertions that they did not intend to harm the

678:

went to the Oxford Hotel in Detroit and arrested McManigal and J.B. McNamara. Dynamite,

2106:, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 1 December 1912, Volume XXXVII, Number 37, page 2. 1395:

Ortie McManigal served two and a half years in prison before being released on parole.

1361: 1065: 714: 367: 252: 2756:, 4 Mar. 1915, p.2. "$ 5,000 donated by unions for Schmidt-Caplan Case," Indianapolis 2530: 1741: 1714: 1676: 1015: 408:. The M&M raised $ 350,000 ($ 11,445,000 in 2023 dollars) to break the strike. A 388: 342: 338: 257: 243: 199: 2955: 535:

scum," "cowardly murderers," "leeches upon honest labor," and "midnight assassins."

3098: 2071:"Editors and printers meet awful death in flames following big explosion," Oakland 1914:

Ortie McManigal testified that Jim McNamara had told him that all three bombs (the

1332: 1169: 1045: 987: 649: 603: 2271:

Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow (New York: Random House, 1993) 123.

1457: 1096: 945: 635: 393: 1092: 1052:

The weekend of November 19–20, Darrow and Steffens met with newspaper publisher

1404: 1377: 1373: 1353: 1057: 1005: 865: 718: 575: 520: 481: 409: 305: 1607:

Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L. A. Times Dynasty

531:

called the bombing the "crime of the century", and Otis excoriated unions as "

3156: 2958:, Archives and Rare Books Library, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 2167:

Historian Philip Taft characterizes this as a kidnapping, due to the lack of

1520:

The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer

1357: 1235: 1053: 851:

To many in organized labor, the McNamara case appeared to be a repeat of the

730: 611: 330: 288: 102: 89: 20: 1673:

Hollywood Bohemia: The Roots of Progressive Politics in Rob Wagner's Script

1491: 1437: 1368:

approve a commission, and it did so on August 23, 1912. The reports of the

1341: 1216:

Frank Eckhoff, a friend of John J. McNamara, testified that, following the

1206: 949: 882: 852: 737:

via train to California. All three men arrived in Los Angeles on April 26.

707: 679: 405: 157: 2817:"David Caplan of Los Angeles Times dynamiting case freed," St. Louis (MO) 1690:

Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Jürgen Kocka, eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2012.

724: 316: 2168: 1381: 1337: 964: 703: 638:

for the capture of the bombers, and the M&M raised another $ 50,000.

538:

An unresolved contradiction was J.B.'s knowledge of the gas pipes in the

508: 379: 334: 284: 234: 226: 68: 2001:"Twenty-One Killed and More Injured In the Dynamited 'Times' Building," 1645: 1640:

Shapiro, Herbert. "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era,"

1115:

At his sentencing hearing, Jim McNamera's confession was read in court:

382:

had been successfully resisting unionization for nearly half a century.

2155: 1621:

L.A. Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement

1165: 1041: 775: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 670:

On April 14, 1911, Burns, Burns' son Raymond, and police officers from

654: 413: 301: 296: 230: 72: 2691:"Labor conspiracy cases disposed of in federal court," Rochester (NY) 2062:"M'Manigal repeats boast of M'Namara," N.Y. Times, 15 Nov. 1912, p.4. 1586:

The Origins and Evolution of Industrial Relations in the United States

1515:. Reprint ed. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1974. 1325: 1010: 740: 706:

papers for McManigal and both McNamara brothers. Burns then left for

532: 417: 326: 3003: 750: 2005:

October 2, 1910; "Los Angeles Times Ruins Yield Five More Bodies",

1819:

Foner, pp. 7–8; Welskopp, pp. 156–57; Gottlieb and Wolt, pp. 88–89.

1389: 1089:

discredited, the defense's hope for a simple plea agreement ended.

622: 362: 215: 171: 2804:"David Caplan held guilty in Times dynamiting case," Indianapolis 936: 675: 671: 1399:"J.B." McNamara died of cancer in San Quentin on March 9, 1941. 2782:

Associated Press, "Jury fixes sentence for life," Oakland (CA)

2752:"Schmidt and Caplan face murder charge on coast," Indianapolis 665: 281:

International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers

239:

International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers

1630:. Rev. and exp. ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1974. 1099:

edition of December 27, 1911 (v. 70, no. 1817) depicting the

683: 161: 1934:

building for 1 am. Dennis McDougal, however, wrote that the

2614: 2612: 968: 1668:. Hardback reprint. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957. 567:

explosion, there was a reported attempted break-in at the

2397:

McDougal, p. 56–57; Darrow, p. 181; Steffens, p. 674–675.

1661:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1955. 480:

annex, known as "Ink Alley", which contained the paper's

2964:, C.C. Pierce Photography Collection, Los Angeles Times. 2609: 1060:, Otis' son-in-law and assistant general manager at the 1025:

had obtained enough evidence on his own to secure, with

881:, was locked in a very close re-election battle against 694:

confession. He said that he had not participated in the

2795:"Labor leaders and hypocrisy," Sunset, Feb. 1916, p.32. 2656:

United Press, "Ryan is given 7 years," Pittsburgh (PA)

1553:. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1995. 725:

Raid on union headquarters and arrest of J. J. McNamara

2210:

Foner, pp. 12–13; Stimson, p. 389; Adamic, pp. 155–56.

2171:

and jurisdiction. Taft, p. 277; see also Foner, p. 13.

1595:. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1987. 1168:

when the change in plea was made. A reporter with the

271:

and the deadliest crime to go to trial in California.

267:

bombing shocked Americans and remains both one of the

2559:"With the two brothers in San Quentin all is quiet," 2516:"With the two brothers in San Quentin all is quiet," 2503:"With the two brothers in San Quentin all is quiet," 1572:"I Have Seen the Future": A Life of Lincoln Steffens. 311: 1001:

Members of the pool from which the jury was chosen.

2909: 2907: 2424:Foner, p. 23-24; Darrow, p. 183; Steffens, p. 682. 2359:Foner, p. 21–22; Darrow, p. 182; Steffens, p. 662. 1926:(New York: Random House, 1993) 87, and Lew Irwin, 1544:The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. 1255: 931: 741:Organized labor unites in defense of the McNamaras 2154:McDougal claims that McManigal and McNamara were 1609:. Reprint ed. New York: Perseus Publishing, 2002. 990:, and an estimated 50,000 people paid to see it. 3154: 3005:Deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States 1478:Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America 1141: 3218:History of labor relations in the United States 2904: 2680:United States Circuit Courts of Appeals Reports 2455: 2453: 1588:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992. 3193:Commercial building fires in the United States 2956:Finding Aid for James and John McNamara papers 1654:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931. 1644:vol. 59, no. 3 (Fall 1977), pp. 271–287. 1546:Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2009. 457:Building after the bombing disaster on October 428: 2989: 1840:Cross, p. 278; Kazin, p. 203; Milkman, p. 35. 1602:vol. 70, no. 1 (Spring 1988), pp. 43–68. 1539:vol. 12, no. 7 (Jan. 1912), pp. 397–401. 702:Burns wired California officials and secured 2450: 1488:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966. 1199: 666:Arrest of J. B. McNamara and Ortie McManigal 617: 606:, and two non-union construction sites: the 3233:Labor-related violence in the United States 2574:Cases and Other Authorities on Legal Ethics 2492:Cases and Other Authorities on Legal Ethics 2479:Cases and Other Authorities on Legal Ethics 2246:"Law's classification in kidnapping case," 1965:"Robert Sawyer." Motorsport Memorial. 2012. 1890:Miranda, Carolina A. (September 22, 2017). 1827: 1825: 1560:. New York: International Publishers, 1980. 1534:"The McNamara Case and the Labor Movement," 1513:History of the Labor Movement in California 855:case of 1906. In that case, leaders of the 590:After several months, it appeared that the 574:The IW strike committee in Los Angeles and 2996: 2982: 2593: 2591: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2384: 2382: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2188: 2186: 2132: 2130: 1984: 1982: 1623:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006. 1529:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932. 585: 233:, United States, on October 1, 1910, by a 2888:"M'Namara, Bomber, Dies In San Quentin", 1942:(Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 2001) 50, 53. 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1659:Rise of the Labor Movement in Los Angeles 1075: 835:Learn how and when to remove this message 2726:"4-year chase lands alleged dynamiter," 1822: 1797: 1795: 1637:. Los Angeles: Dawson's Book Shop, 1969. 1302:years, with time off for good behavior. 1164:Samuel Gompers was traveling by rail in 1091: 996: 944:Iron Workers president Frank Ryan asked 935: 905: 621: 448: 394:Merchants and Manufacturers' Association 315: 247:newspaper, which occupied the building. 2833: 2631:"Tells of dynamite plot to slay girl," 2588: 2427: 2379: 2324: 2301: 2183: 2180:Burns, pp. 151–55; Stimson, pp. 387–88. 2127: 2022:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 337-338. 1979: 1889: 1804: 1740:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. x. 1417:Domestic terrorism in the United States 868:, accusing Otis himself of bombing the 366:later described as perhaps the largest 269:deadliest criminal acts in U.S. history 3188:Building bombings in the United States 3155: 2928:"John J. M'Namara, Dynamiter, is Dead" 1772: 1706: 1460:, a carpenter indicted but not charged 503:building, located at First Street and 2977: 2739:"Letter found here betrays Caplan," 2618:"38 labor leaders are found guilty," 2280:Taft, pp. 278, 280; Foner, pp. 17–18. 1792: 1733: 1713:. Sentient Publications. p. 35. 1666:The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers 1652:The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens 1574:Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, 2011. 1522:. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1994. 1486:Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1913 1448:1919 United States anarchist bombings 373: 16:1910 bombing by trade union activists 2769:"Fair play for Schmidt and Caplan," 2260:The Commercial Telegraphers' Journal 2084:Foner, pp. 11, 14; Irwin, pp. 14–15. 1035: 773:adding citations to reliable sources 744: 356: 333:in their industries. Employers used 304:clauses. The McNamara brothers were 3129:Milwaukee Police Department bombing 2917:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 335. 2633:New York Times, 17 Nov. 1912, p.12. 1581:Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2013. 1453:Milwaukee Police Department bombing 295:, a subsidiary of the newly formed 13: 3273:Terrorist incidents in Los Angeles 2669:Taft, pp. 283–84; Stimson, p. 412. 2643:"33 dynamiters get prison terms," 1976:Cross, pp. 282–83; Adamic, p. 151. 1955:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 71. 1880:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 74. 1563:Gottlieb, Robert and Wolt, Irene. 1469: 1370:Commission on Industrial Relations 608:Los Angeles County Hall of Records 312:Strike against American Bridge Co. 14: 3294: 3173:1910 murders in the United States 2949: 1988:"Fire Kills 19, Unions Accused", 1810:Stimson, p. 380; Fine, pp. 33–46. 1388:, and profoundly influenced most 3268:Terrorist incidents in the 1910s 3258:Mass murder in the United States 3163:1910 crimes in the United States 2920: 2895: 1501:New York: Crown, September 2008. 975:, was not charged at that time. 749: 46: 2882: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2824: 2811: 2798: 2789: 2776: 2763: 2746: 2733: 2720: 2707: 2698: 2685: 2672: 2663: 2650: 2637: 2625: 2600: 2579: 2576:(St. Paul: West, 1917) 343-352. 2566: 2553: 2540: 2523: 2510: 2497: 2484: 2481:(St. Paul: West, 1917) 349-347. 2471: 2462: 2441: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2315: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2253: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2174: 2161: 2148: 2145:Burns, p. 146; Stimson, p. 387. 2139: 2118: 2109: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2025: 2012: 1995: 1970: 1958: 1945: 1908: 1883: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1616:. Los Angeles: Neale Co., 1913. 1537:International Socialist Review, 1481:. New York: Viking Press, 1931. 1464:List of homicides in California 1256:Final cases: Caplan and Schmidt 986:—was produced. It premiered in 971:not guilty. McManigal, who had 960:as co-counsel for the defense. 955:Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce 932:Clarence Darrow for the defense 760:needs additional citations for 2093:Taft, p. 281; Estrada, p. 140. 1813: 1763: 1754: 1727: 1700: 1642:Southern California Quarterly, 1600:Southern California Quarterly, 1317:United Mine Workers of America 598:auxiliary printing plant, the 550: 320:James (left) and John McNamara 1: 3111:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 1924:The People v. Clarence Darrow 1694: 1142:Reactions to the guilty pleas 1040:As jury selection continued, 511:piped into the building. The 274: 3228:Labor disputes in California 3183:20th-century American trials 3123:Buffalo supermarket shooting 3063:UpStairs Lounge arson attack 2875:"McManigal's Liberty Near," 2773:, Sept. 1915, v.35 n.9 p.23. 2563:, Jan. 1912, v.9 n.78 p.531. 2520:, Jan. 1912, v.9 n.78 p.527. 2507:, Jan. 1912, v.9 n.78 p.530. 2262:, Oct. 1911, v.9 n.10 p.300. 2104:The San Bernardino Daily Sun 2031:"The Crime of the Century," 1321:Western Federation of Miners 1305: 1187:landslide loss on December 5 910:The defense blamed the L.A. 857:Western Federation of Miners 580:American Federation of Labor 7: 2494:(St. Paul: West, 1917) 347. 1628:A History of American Labor 1410: 784:"Los Angeles Times bombing" 429:Leading up to the explosion 10: 3299: 3238:Labor relations by company 2934:. Butte, Mont. May 8, 1941 2250:, May 1911, v.19 n.6 p.37. 2248:The Motorman and Conductor 1707:McCann, Joseph T. (2006). 1614:The National Dynamite Plot 887:Socialist Party of America 444: 370:campaign in U.S. history. 3253:Mass murder in California 3178:1911 in the United States 3139: 3105:LaGuardia Airport bombing 3081:Los Angeles Times bombing 3033:Mountain Meadows Massacre 3011: 2682:, 1915, v.132, p.257-305. 1200:Big trial in Indianapolis 1192:The two brothers entered 618:Tracking down the bombers 563:On the same night as the 463:the present 1935 building 412:judge issued a series of 193: 185: 177: 167: 151: 138: 118: 79: 64: 45: 37: 3117:Preparedness Day bombing 3069:El Paso Walmart shooting 3045:Pulse nightclub shooting 2808:, 16 Dec. 1916, p.1 c.2. 2550:, 2003, v.71 n.4 p.1564. 2490:George P. Costigan Jr., 2477:George P. Costigan Jr., 1657:Stimson, Grace Heilman. 1360:, and pacifist minister 1194:San Quentin State Prison 1008:began on October 25. As 648:hired private detective 422:Los Angeles City Council 329:and assist employers in 237:member belonging to the 3075:Wilmington insurrection 2760:, 7 Jan. 1916, p.5 c.3. 2678:Ryan v. United States, 1671:Wagner, Rob Leicester. 1567:New York: Putnam, 1977. 1376:, helped establish the 973:turned state's evidence 586:Bombing returns to L.A. 293:American Bridge Company 124:; 113 years ago 25:Infobox civilian attack 18: 3223:History of Los Angeles 3041:(1921) (75–300 deaths) 2693:Democrat and Chronicle 2368:Chandler had left the 1427:Propaganda of the deed 1422:Anarchism and violence 1232: 1183: 1158: 1135: 1122: 1104: 1076:McNamaras plead guilty 1002: 941: 925: 627: 466: 321: 103:34.05284°N 118.24500°W 30:considered for merging 3093:San Bernardino attack 3027:Oklahoma City bombing 1443:Espionage Act of 1917 1346:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 1227: 1178: 1153: 1130: 1117: 1095: 1020:U.S. Attorney General 1000: 984:A Martyr to His Cause 967:on May 5, 1911. They 939: 921: 906:Gas explosion defense 625: 452: 416:which all but banned 319: 3283:Trials in California 3203:Events in California 3051:Bath School disaster 3017:September 11 attacks 2866:Kaufman, pp. 3, 8–9. 2848:Cowan, pp. 428, 433. 2821:, 11 July 1923, p.3. 2786:, 31 Dec. 1915, p.6. 2743:, 20 Feb. 1915, p.6. 2730:, 14 Feb. 1915, p.1. 2660:, 30 Dec. 1912, p.1. 2647:, 31 Dec. 1912, p.1. 2622:, 29 Dec. 1912, p.9. 2124:McDougal, pp. 52–53. 1967:Accessed 2012-10-11. 1858:Stimson, pp. 33–133. 1760:Rayback, pp. 219–20. 1542:Estrada, William D. 1527:The Story of My Life 1484:Adams, Jr., Graham. 1023:George W. Wickersham 879:Mayor of Los Angeles 769:improve this article 641:On October 2, 1910, 600:Llewellyn Iron Works 108:34.05284; -118.24500 3263:October 1910 events 3248:Mass murder in 1910 3213:Fires in California 3057:Wall Street bombing 3039:Tulsa race massacre 3035:(1857) (120 deaths) 3029:(1995) (168 deaths) 2890:The New York Times, 2877:The New York Times, 2717:, 5 July 1914, p.1. 2695:, 4 July 1914, p.1. 2572:Geoge F. Costigan, 2321:Darrow, p. 179–181. 2075:, 1 Oct. 1910, p.2. 1734:Irwin, Lew (2013). 1650:Steffens, Lincoln. 1626:Rayback, Joseph G. 1433:Wall Street bombing 1392:labor legislation. 1030:William Howard Taft 963:The McNamaras were 578:, president of the 492:building went off. 386:, publisher of the 214:was the purposeful 99: / 3208:Explosions in 1910 3168:1910 in California 3131:(1917) (10 deaths) 3125:(2022) (10 deaths) 3119:(1916) (10 deaths) 3113:(2018) (11 deaths) 3107:(1975) (11 deaths) 3101:(1886) (12 deaths) 3095:(2015) (14 deaths) 3089:(2009) (14 deaths) 3087:Fort Hood shooting 3083:(1910) (21 deaths) 3077:(1898) (22 deaths) 3071:(2019) (23 deaths) 3065:(1973) (32 deaths) 3059:(1920) (38 deaths) 3053:(1927) (44 deaths) 3047:(2016) (49 deaths) 2932:The New York Times 2606:Hartshorn, p. 215. 2548:Fordham Law Review 2447:Cowan, p. 364-365. 2374:The New York Times 2035:, October 16, 1910 2003:Los Angeles Times, 1992:, October 2, 1910. 1612:McManigal, Ortie. 1605:McDougal, Dennis. 1584:Kaufman, Bruce E. 1570:Hartshorn, Peter. 1525:Darrow, Clarence. 1504:Burns, William J. 1407:, on May 8, 1941. 1362:John Haynes Holmes 1315:presidents of the 1133:murderer at heart. 1105: 1066:John D. Fredericks 1003: 942: 735:Los Angeles police 715:Thomas R. Marshall 628: 467: 420:. On July 15, the 384:Harrison Gray Otis 374:Los Angeles strike 368:domestic terrorism 339:agents provocateur 331:busting the unions 322: 3278:Trials in Indiana 3243:Los Angeles Times 3198:Conflicts in 1910 3150: 3149: 2857:Taft, pp. 286–87. 2830:Foner, pp. 29–30. 2704:Taft, pp. 284–85. 2376:, October 2, 1910 2370:Los Angeles Times 2298:Foner, pp. 18–20. 2228:Foner, pp. 14–16. 2219:Foner, pp. 13–14. 2033:Los Angeles Times 1896:Los Angeles Times 1769:Taft, pp. 275–76. 1747:978-0-7627-9524-6 1720:978-1-59181-049-0 1681:978-1-59641-369-6 1556:Foner, Philip S. 1518:Cowan, Geoffrey. 1109:Los Angeles Times 1062:Los Angeles Times 1036:Plea negotiations 1016:cross-examination 845: 844: 837: 819: 472:Los Angeles Times 455:Los Angeles Times 389:Los Angeles Times 357:Dynamite campaign 343:private detective 258:life imprisonment 244:Los Angeles Times 221:Los Angeles Times 210:Los Angeles Times 205: 204: 200:James B. McNamara 197:John J. McNamara 144:Los Angeles Times 55:Los Angeles Times 39:Los Angeles Times 3290: 3099:Haymarket affair 2998: 2991: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2880: 2879:November 2, 1913 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2586: 2585:Foner, pp. 25–26 2583: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2415:Stimson, p. 405. 2413: 2407: 2406:McDougal, p. 56. 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2377: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2181: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2053:McDougal, p. 53. 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1949: 1943: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1867:Foner, pp. 9–10. 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1790: 1787: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1704: 1675:(Janaway 2016) ( 1591:Kazin, Michael. 1344:, industrialist 1333:Lincoln Steffens 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1170:Associated Press 1046:Lincoln Steffens 988:Cincinnati, Ohio 875:George Alexander 840: 833: 829: 826: 820: 818: 777: 753: 745: 712:Indiana Governor 650:William J. Burns 646:George Alexander 626:William J. Burns 604:Baker Iron Works 460: 132: 130: 125: 114: 113: 111: 110: 109: 104: 100: 97: 96: 95: 92: 50: 35: 34: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3135: 3134: 3007: 3002: 2971: 2968: 2952: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2764: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2561:The Square Deal 2558: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2528: 2524: 2518:The Square Deal 2515: 2511: 2505:The Square Deal 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115:Adamic, p. 155. 2114: 2110: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2009:October 3, 1910 2007:New York Times, 2000: 1996: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1898: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1633:Robinson, W.W. 1475:Adamic, Louis. 1472: 1470:Further reading 1458:Anton Johannsen 1431:September 1920 1413: 1386:War Labor Board 1308: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1258: 1202: 1144: 1103:of the bombing. 1078: 1038: 946:Clarence Darrow 940:Clarence Darrow 934: 908: 841: 830: 824: 821: 778: 776: 766: 754: 743: 727: 668: 620: 588: 553: 458: 447: 431: 376: 359: 347:strike breakers 314: 277: 198: 154: 133: 129:October 1, 1910 128: 126: 123: 122:October 1, 1910 107: 105: 101: 98: 93: 90: 88: 86: 85: 60: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3296: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2951: 2950:External links 2948: 2946: 2945: 2919: 2903: 2894: 2881: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2810: 2797: 2788: 2775: 2762: 2745: 2741:New York Times 2732: 2728:New York Times 2719: 2706: 2697: 2684: 2671: 2662: 2649: 2645:New York Times 2636: 2624: 2620:New York Times 2608: 2599: 2587: 2578: 2565: 2552: 2539: 2522: 2509: 2496: 2483: 2470: 2461: 2449: 2440: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2378: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2323: 2314: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2252: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2182: 2173: 2160: 2147: 2138: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2044:Adamic, p. 211 2037: 2024: 2011: 1994: 1990:New York Times 1978: 1969: 1957: 1944: 1940:Privileged Son 1907: 1882: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1849:Cross, p. 282. 1842: 1833: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1791: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1746: 1726: 1719: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1669: 1664:Taft, Philip. 1662: 1655: 1648: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1619:Milkman, Ruth 1617: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1575: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1549:Fine, Sidney. 1547: 1540: 1532:Debs, Eugene. 1530: 1523: 1516: 1511:Cross, Ira B. 1509: 1506:The Masked War 1502: 1489: 1482: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1409: 1405:Butte, Montana 1378:eight-hour day 1374:Frank P. Walsh 1354:Louis Brandeis 1307: 1304: 1257: 1254: 1201: 1198: 1143: 1140: 1077: 1074: 1058:Harry Chandler 1037: 1034: 1006:Jury selection 933: 930: 907: 904: 866:Eugene V. Debs 843: 842: 825:September 2017 757: 755: 748: 742: 739: 726: 723: 719:arrest warrant 691:Chicago Police 667: 664: 619: 616: 587: 584: 576:Samuel Gompers 552: 549: 521:Vanderbilt Cup 482:printing press 446: 443: 430: 427: 410:superior court 375: 372: 358: 355: 345:agencies, and 313: 310: 306:Irish American 276: 273: 203: 202: 195: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 155: 152: 149: 148: 140: 136: 135: 120: 116: 115: 83: 77: 76: 66: 62: 61: 52:Rubble of the 51: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3295: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2901:Foner, p. 29. 2898: 2892:March 9, 1941 2891: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2839:Taft, p. 284. 2836: 2827: 2820: 2819:Post-Dispatch 2814: 2807: 2801: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2771:The Carpenter 2766: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2603: 2597:Foner, p. 27. 2594: 2592: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2535:0-8103-8875-8 2532: 2526: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2468:Foner, p. 28. 2465: 2459:Foner, p. 25. 2456: 2454: 2444: 2438:Foner, p. 24. 2435: 2433: 2431: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2388:Foner, p. 23. 2385: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2350:Foner, p. 22. 2347: 2341:Taft, p. 281. 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2318: 2312:Foner, p. 21. 2309: 2307: 2305: 2295: 2289:Foner, p. 18. 2286: 2277: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2201:Foner, p. 13. 2198: 2192:Taft, p. 277. 2189: 2187: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2142: 2136:Foner, p. 12. 2133: 2131: 2121: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2034: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1789:Taft, p. 276. 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1766: 1757: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Irving Fisher 1355: 1351: 1348:, journalist 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1303: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1278:The Carpenter 1274: 1270: 1268: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1236:Olaf Tveitmoe 1231: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1097:Puck magazine 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:E. 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Times 1901:2018-10-23 1695:References 1166:New Jersey 1042:muckraking 795:newspapers 655:alcoholics 435:West Coast 363:dynamiting 302:union shop 297:U.S. Steel 275:Background 231:California 216:dynamiting 91:34°03′10″N 73:California 3143:this list 2156:kidnapped 1372:, led by 1352:, jurist 1326:hung jury 1306:Aftermath 1128:workers: 1101:flareback 1027:President 1011:voir dire 992:Labor Day 965:arraigned 721:for J.J. 439:St. Louis 418:picketing 327:open shop 134:1:07 a.m. 28:is being 3019:(2001) ( 1646:In JSTOR 1411:See also 1390:New Deal 1380:and the 1366:Congress 1230:charged. 533:anarchic 505:Broadway 476:and the 474:Building 223:Building 172:Dynamite 146:Building 65:Location 57:building 32:. › 21:template 2784:Tribune 2073:Tribune 1297:⁄ 1269:bombs. 809:scholar 676:Chicago 672:Detroit 445:Bombing 218:of the 212:bombing 186:Injured 168:Weapons 127: ( 59:in 1910 41:bombing 2533: 1744: 1717: 1679: 811: 804: 797: 790: 782: 684:alibis 636:reward 602:, the 459: 289:strike 178:Deaths 139:Target 75:, U.S. 2962:Photo 2658:Press 1936:Times 1932:Times 1916:Times 1384:-era 1267:Times 1245:Times 1218:Times 1126:Times 912:Times 895:Times 870:Times 816:JSTOR 802:books 696:Times 659:Times 643:Mayor 632:Times 596:Times 592:Times 569:Times 565:Times 545:Times 540:Times 529:Times 525:Times 517:Times 513:Times 501:Times 490:Times 486:Times 478:Times 285:union 265:Times 235:union 162:arson 2940:2019 2806:Star 2758:Star 2754:Star 2531:ISBN 1742:ISBN 1715:ISBN 1677:ISBN 1340:and 1319:and 969:pled 885:, a 788:news 674:and 630:The 453:The 279:The 263:The 207:The 189:100+ 119:Date 771:by 225:in 3159:: 2930:. 2906:^ 2611:^ 2590:^ 2452:^ 2429:^ 2381:^ 2326:^ 2303:^ 2185:^ 2129:^ 1981:^ 1894:. 1824:^ 1794:^ 1774:^ 1494:. 1328:. 1209:. 1068:. 877:, 341:, 337:, 229:, 181:21 160:, 71:, 3145:. 3023:) 2997:e 2990:t 2983:v 2942:. 1904:. 1750:. 1723:. 1683:) 1499:. 1299:2 1295:1 1292:+ 1290:6 838:) 832:( 827:) 823:( 813:· 806:· 799:· 792:· 765:. 465:. 131:)

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