Lotus Sutra - Knowledge

1877: 2399: 2095: 2781: 4489: 3436: 2606: 1861: 963: 1309: 4075: 3152: 2502:) states that he actually attained Buddhahood countless quintillions of eons ago. He has only appeared to become awakened recently as a skillful means to teach others. The Buddha also says that he only appears to pass into final nirvāṇa, but actually he does not really do so. This is just an expedient teaching so that beings will not become complacent. The Buddha then teaches the Parable of the Excellent Doctor who entices his poisoned sons into taking an antidote by feigning his death. After they hear this they are shocked and take the medicine. The doctor then reveals he is still alive. Because the Buddha uses skillful means in this way, he should not be seen as a liar, but as an intelligent teacher. 4445: 1666: 2107: 33: 3081: 2566: 3052:). According to Donald Lopez "the Yogācāra commentators argue in turn that the declaration that there is but one vehicle is not definitive but provisional, requiring interpretation; it is not to be taken to mean that there are not, in fact, three vehicles. When the Buddha said that the buddha vehicle was the one vehicle, he was exaggerating. What he meant was that it was the supreme vehicle." For Yogācāra scholars, this sutra was taught as an expedient means for the benefit of those persons who have entered the lesser śrāvaka vehicle but have the capacity to embrace the Mahāyāna. 3203:). For Daosheng, the central teaching of the sutra is the One Vehicle. According to Lopez, Daosheng divided the sutra into three parts (omitting the Devadatta Chapter): "the first thirteen chapters demonstrate that the cause of the three vehicles becomes the cause of the one vehicle. The next eight chapters demonstrate that the effect of the three vehicles is also the effect of the one vehicle. The final six chapters demonstrate that the followers of the three vehicles are the same as the followers of the one vehicle." Daosheng was also known for promoting the concept of 2491: 2348: 1983: 4672: 1795: 8325: 2196:

father and is afraid of such a powerful man. The father therefore sends low class people to offer him a menial job cleaning trash. For over 20 years, the father gradually leads his son to more important and better jobs, such as being the accountant for all the father's wealth. Then one day he announces his identity and the son is overjoyed. The senior disciples say that they are like the son, because initially they did not have the confidence to accept full Buddhahood, but today they are happy to accept their future Buddhahood.

7385: 7691: 5073: 82: 2216:, and Bodhisattvas, and all beings which receive and respond to the teachings according to their respective capacities. Some versions of the sutra also contain other parables, such as one which compares the Dharma to the light of the Sun and moon, which shine equally on all. Just like that, the Buddha's wisdom shines on everyone equally. Another parable found in some versions says that just like a potter makes different types of pots from the same clay, the Buddha teaches the same One Vehicle in different forms. 11306: 4596: 4652: 1328: 1991: 14283: 3318:). For Zhiyi, the key message of the first part is the One Vehicle, while the key message of the second half (the fundamental teaching of the whole text) is the immeasurable lifespan of the Buddha. According to Lopez, "Zhiyi compares the fundamental teaching with the moon shining in the sky and the trace teaching with a moon reflected in a lake; the first is the source of the second." The Chinese practice of developing systems of doctrinal classifications ( 14294: 3835: 11692: 11679: 2675: 2597:("Never-disparaging" or "Never-disrespectful") and how he treated every person he met, good or bad, with respect, always remembering that they will become Buddhas. Never-disparaging experienced much ridicule and condemnation by other monastics and laypersons but he always responded by saying "I do not despise you, for you will become a buddha." He continued to teach this sutra for many lifetimes until he reached Buddhahood. 11191: 11669: 3642: 2119: 3958:("reading with the body") and they were believed to lesson karmic retribution. Nichiren Buddhism went through various developments and schisms after the death of Nichiren. Nichiren prophesied this misconstruction and that's why he always emphasized to his disciples to "always follow the Law and not the person." The Law (Nam Myoho Renge Kyo) is absolute, whereas the person is relative. 4476:. Other passages from the sutra have been seen as promoting certain ways of living. For example, the story of Never Disrespectful Bodhisattva in chapter 20 has been seen by some as teaching that we should see all beings as potential Buddhas and treat them accordingly. Similarly, other parts of the sutra have been interpreted as exhortations to share the Dharma of the 2663:) bodhisattva, who, in a previous life as the bodhisattva Sarvasattvapriyadarśana, set his body on fire, lighting up many world systems for twelve years, as a supreme offering to a Buddha. This chapter teaches the practice "offering the body", which involves burning a part of one's body (such as toe, finger, or a limb) as an offering. The hearing and chanting of the 2614:

Brahmā realm, emitting numerous rays of light along with countless bodhisattvas. This miracle lasts for a hundred thousand years. Then they clear their throats and snap their fingers, which is heard in all worlds and all worlds shake. All beings in the universe are then given a vision of the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. All Buddhas praise Śākyamuni for teaching the

4633:. Nichiren Buddhists believe that this phrase contains the meaning of the entire sutra and contains and supersedes all other Buddhist practices (which are seen as provisional and no longer effective). By chanting this phrase with faith, one is said to be able to achieve Buddhahood. Nichiren Buddhists often chant this phrase while facing a "great mandala" ( 1816:. In chapter 10, the Buddha points out that all sorts of people will become Buddhas, including monks, nuns, laypeople, along with numerous non-human beings like nagas. Even those, who practice only simple forms of devotion, such as paying respect to the Buddha, or drawing a picture of the Buddha, are assured of their future 3921:. He also held that the current social and political chaos in Japan was caused by this misbelief. He therefore tasked himself and his followers with informing as many people as possible by refuting the provisional teachings and encouraging them to abandon their misconceptions of Buddhism through personal engagement ( 10101:(Saddharmapuṇḍarīkanāmamahāyānasūtra, dam pa’i chos pad ma dkar po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo). Toh 113 Degé Kangyur, vol. 51 (mdo sde, ja), folios 1.b–180.b. Translated under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. First published 2018. Current version v 1.14.15 (2021). 3353:'s One Vehicle is the "Threefold Truth", a doctrine he developed out of Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka philosophy which posited a twofold truth. For Zhiyi, this was the unifying principle which included all of the teachings of the Buddha's teachings and practices. According to Lopez and Stone, Zhiyi's view of the 1876: 4500:

The sūtra became an extremely important text for religious practice in East Asian Buddhism, especially through ritualized devotional practice. A particularly important set of practices are the "five practices of the preacher of the dharma" (found in Chapter 19), which are preserving (or "upholding"),

2912:, which according to Lopez, saw the addition of Chapter One, as well as Chapter Ten through Chapter Twenty-Two (with the exception of Chapter Twelve). However, according to Karashima, this layer is comprised by Chapters 1, 10–20, 27, and a part of Chapter 5 that is missing in Kumarajiva's translation. 2439:

Mañjuśrī asks how a bodhisattva should spread the teaching. The Buddha explains the four qualities they should cultivate to teach the sutra. First, they should be self-controlled and correctly see the characteristics of phenomena and they should stay apart from worldly life. Secondly, they should see

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Countless manifestations of Shakyamuni Buddha in the ten directions are now summoned by the Buddha into this world, transforming it into a Pure Land. The Buddha then opens the stupa. Thereafter Prabhūtaratna invites Shakyamuni to sit beside him in the jeweled stupa. This chapter reveals the existence

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also teaches that the Buddha has many embodiments and these are the countless bodhisattva disciples. These bodhisattvas choose to remain in the world to save all beings and to keep the teaching alive. For Reeves "the fantastically long life of the Buddha, in other words, is at least partly a function

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Nichiren thus vehemently debated the teachings of all other Japanese Buddhist sects in person and in print. This behavior would often lead to persecution. It was when he saw his own followers being persecuted that he decided it was time to establish the true teachings and inscribed the Dai Gohonzon

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address the Buddha. They tell the parable of the poor son and his rich father (sometimes called the "prodigal son" parable). This man left home and became a beggar for 50 years while his father became incredibly rich. One day the son arrives at the father's estate, but the son does not recognize his

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According to Gene Reeves the first part of the sutra "elucidates a unifying truth of the universe (the One Vehicle of the Wonderful Dharma)", the second part "sheds light on the everlasting personal life of the Buddha (Everlasting Original Buddha); and the third part emphasizes the actual activities

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According to Gene Reeves, this teaching also encourages this potential for Buddhahood in all beings, even in enemies as well as "to realize our own capacity to be a buddha for someone else." According to Reeves, the story of the little Dragon Girl promotes the idea that women can also become Buddhas

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These practices were often sponsored by Asian states as a way to protect the nation but they were also carried out by people from all social classes. Ritualized recitation, copying of the text and lectures explaining the Lotus Sūtra were performed at temples, shrines, and private residences. It was

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The Buddha also teaches a parable about a group of people seeking a great treasure who are tired of their journey and wish to quit. Their guide creates a magical illusory city for them to rest in and then makes it disappear. The Buddha explains that the magic city represents the "Hinayana Nirvana",

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Weinstein states: "Japanese scholars demonstrated decades ago that this traditional list of six translations of the Lotus lost and three surviving-given in the K'ai-yiian-lu and elsewhere is incorrect. In fact, the so-called "lost" versions never existed as separate texts; their titles were simply

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was composed in four stages: (1) the verses of chapters 1–9 and 17 (1st century BCE), (2) prose parts of these chapter (1st century CE), (3) chapters 10, 11, 13–16, 18–20 and 27 (c. 100 CE) and (4) chapters 21—26 (c. 150 CE). Note: Chapter numbers of the extant Sanskrit version are given here. The

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opines that there is consensus about the stages of composition but not about the dating of these strata. Author Yoisho Tamura argues that the first stage of composition (Chapters 2–9) was completed around 50 CE and expanded by chapters 10–21 around 100 CE. He dates the third stage (Chapters 22–27)

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Lopez writes that this comprises "chapter Twenty-Three through Chapter Twenty-Seven, as well as Chapter Twelve, the Devadatta Chapter, with Chapter Twenty Eight added at some later date." Karashima argues that this comprises Chapters 21–26 and the section on Devadatta in chapter 11 of the Sanskrit

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This chapter reveals that the sutra contains all of the Buddha's secret spiritual powers. The bodhisattvas who have sprung from the earth (in chapter 15) are entrusted with the task of spreading and propagating it and they promise to do so. Śākyamuni and Prabhūtaratna extend their tongues into the

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Reeves also notes that the theme of unity and difference also includes other ideas besides the One Vehicle. According to Reeves "on more than one occasion, for example, the many worlds of the universe are brought together into a unity." Similarly, though there are said to be many Buddhas, they are

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Jan Nattier has recently summarized this aspect of the early textual transmission of such Buddhist scriptures in China thus, bearing in mind that Dharmarakṣa's period of activity falls well within the period she defines: "Studies to date indicate that Buddhist scriptures arriving in China in the

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Donald Lopez: "Although composed in India, the Lotus Sutra became particularly important in China and Japan. In terms of Buddhist doctrine, it is renowned for two powerful proclamations by the Buddha. The first is that there are not three vehicles to enlightenment but one, that all beings in the

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The arhats tell the parable of a man who has fallen asleep after drinking and whose friend sews a jewel into his garment. When he wakes up he continues a life of poverty without realizing he is really rich, he only discovers the jewel after meeting his old friend again. The hidden jewel has been

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from all other previous teachings of the Buddha." The lotus flower imagery is also said to point to the earthly connection of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. The lotus is rooted in the earthly mud and yet flowers above the water in the open air, just like the bodhisattva lives in the world but remains

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In China, the practice extracted from chapter 20 of seeing all beings as Buddhas or "universal veneration" (pujing 普敬) was adopted as the main practice of Xinxing (540–594) "Three Stages Movement". Meanwhile, the self immolation of bodhisattva Medicine King inspired a controversial tradition of

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frequently advocates concrete practices, which are often related to the sutra itself. They are often given as sets of four to six practices, but include receiving and embracing the sutra, hearing it, reading and reciting it, remembering it correctly, copying it, explaining it, understanding its

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declares also all other teachings are subservient to, propagated by and in the service of the ultimate truth of the "One Buddha–Vehicle", a goal that is available to all. This can and has been interpreted by some figures in an exclusive and hierarchical sense, as meaning that all other Buddhist

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for eons. The Buddha states that those who have faith in this teaching will see this world as a pure land filled with bodhisattvas. Those who have faith in the sutra have already made offerings to past Buddhas and they do not need to build stupas or temples. These beings will develop excellent

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In another story, Mañjuśrī praises the nāga king Sāgara's daughter and says she can attain Buddhahood. The bodhisattva Prajñākūṭa is skeptical of this, and then the nāga princess appears. Śāriputra says that women cannot attain Buddhahood. The nāga princess makes an offering to the Buddha of a

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The Buddha states that whoever hears even just one line from the sūtra will attain Buddhahood. This chapter presents the practices of teaching the sutra which includes accepting, embracing, reading, reciting, copying, explaining, propagating it, and living in accordance with its teachings. The

1729:), the supreme and all encompassing path that leads to Buddhahood. Moreover, this single vehicle is none other than the myriad skillful means which are its expressions and modes. As the Buddha says in the sutra, "seek as you will in all ten directions, there is no other vehicle, apart from the 4540:

believed that these practices generated many benefits, from spiritual benefits like visions of Buddhas, rebirth in a pure land, awakening, and helping deceased relatives, to worldly benefits like peace, healing and protection from harm. In a similar fashion, the creation of different forms of

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based on Kumarajiva's Chinese. Whereas the Hurvitz work was independent scholarship, other modern translations were sponsored by Japanese Buddhist institutions. For example, the 1975 Bunno Kato and Yoshiro Tamura translation of the "Threefold Lotus Sutra" was promoted by Rissho-kosei-kai, the

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is that all beings can become Buddhas. The sutra sees the awakening of a Buddha as the only and ultimate goal, and it claims that "of any who hear the dharma, none shall fail to achieve buddhahood." Numerous figures in the sutra receive predictions of future Buddhahood, including the ultimate

2639:, with the last six chapters being interpolations." This is the final chapter in the Sanskrit versions and the alternative Chinese translation. Shioiri suggests that an earlier version of the sutra ended with this chapter and that chapters 23–28 were inserted later into the Sanskrit version. 2398: 3858:

is "the Buddha's ultimate teaching", and that the title is the essence of the sutra, "the seed of Buddhahood". He was originally a Tendai monk, but grew to believe that Tendai had become corrupt and had turned away from the Lotus Sūtra and embraced all sorts of useless practices, such as

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precious jewel and then says she can reach Buddhahood faster than she made that offering. She then turns into a male bodhisattva and becomes a Buddha. Through these stories, the Buddha teaches that everyone can become enlightened – men, women, animals, and even the most sinful murderers.

4231:. Instead, the modern organization teaches that only the sincere recitation of the daimoku is the "Doctrine of Essential Teaching" and that this does not require any clerical priesthood or temples since the true sangha comprises all people "who believe in the Buddha Dharma of Nichiren". 2630:

to all bodhisattvas in his congregation and entrusts them with its safekeeping and its propagation far and wide. The Buddha Prabhūtaratna in his jeweled stupa and the countless manifestations of Shakyamuni Buddha return to their respective buddha-fields. According to Donald Lopez, the

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asks who these bodhisattvas are since nobody has heard of them before. The Buddha affirms that he has taught all of these bodhisattvas himself in the remote past after attaining Buddhahood. Maitreya then asks how this is possible, since these bodhisattvas have been training for aeons.

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the emptiness of phenomena. Thirdly, they should be happy and never criticize and discourage people from enlightenment. Finally, they should have compassion for people and wish to attain Buddhahood so they may help liberate others. Virtues such as patience, gentleness, a calm mind,

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teachings are to be dispensed with. However, Reeves and other interpreters understand the one vehicle in a more pluralist and inclusive sense which embraces and reconciles all Buddhist teachings and practices. Some have even applied this universalism to non-Buddhist teachings.

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early centuries of the Common Era were composed not just in one Indian dialect but in several . . . in sum, the information available to us suggests that, barring strong evidence of another kind, we should assume that any text translated in the second or third century AD was

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The Buddha states that the merit generated from rejoicing in this sutra (or in even just a single line from it) is far greater than bringing thousands of beings to arhathood. The merits of listening to the sutra, for even a moment, are extensively praised in this chapter.

4065:. Suddenly I penetrated to the perfect, true, ultimate meaning of the Lotus. The doubts I had held initially were destroyed and I became aware that the understanding I had obtained up to then was greatly in error. Unconsciously I uttered a great cry and burst into tears.” 3379:. According to Stone and Teiser, for Zhiyi "the dharma body is the truth that is realized; the reward body is the wisdom that realizes it; and the manifest body, a compassionate expression of that wisdom as the human buddha who lived and taught in this world." For Zhiyi, 3427:. Based on his analysis of chapter 5, Zhanran would develop a new theory which held that even insentient beings such as rocks, trees and dust particles, possess buddha-nature. This doctrine would be adopted and developed by Japanese Buddhists like Saichō and Nichiren. 2265:

Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra is declared by the Buddha to be the supreme teacher in his saṅgha and is given a prediction of future Buddhahood (his name will be Dharmaprabhāsa). The Buddha then gives prophecies of future Buddhahood to twelve hundred arhats. The five hundred

4611:), "performed to eradicate sin, build merit, and realize awakening." According to Stone and Teiser, "the mandala used in this ritual depicts the two buddhas Sakyamuni and Many Jewels seated together in its central court, as they appeared in the jeweled stūpa of the 4457:

meaning, pondering it, proclaiming it, practicing as it teaches, honoring it, protecting it, making offerings to it, preaching it and teaching it to others, and leading others to do any of these things." The Sūtra also promotes the building of stūpas wherever the

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and could refer to the memorization and retention of the teaching as well as to the more abstract "apprehension" of the Dharma in meditative states of samadhi. It could also refer to the storing, enshrining and safekeeping of the physical copies of the sutra.

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In the parable of the burning house (shown in the upper part of this Korean illustration of the sutra), a father uses three types of carts as a way to get his sons to exit a burning house. However, when they escape the fire, they all receive only one type of

2094: 2811:"is clearly a work of high literary quality. Its authors are unknown, but they were likely highly educated Buddhist monks, fully at ease among the doctrines and tropes of Buddhism as it existed in India at the time." According to Peter Alan Roberts, the 4057:(1687–1768) achieved enlightenment while reading the third chapter of the Lotus Sūtra. Hakuin writes that when he first read the sutra at age sixteen, he was disappointed with it. However, sixteen years later, after experiencing an awakening, he wrote, 2248:

The Buddha tells a story about a past Buddha called Mahābhijñājñānābhibhū, who reached awakening after aeons under the Bodhi tree and then taught the four noble truths and dependent origination. At the request of his sixteen sons, he then taught the

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indicates that not only can multiple Buddhas exist in the same time and place (which contrasts with earlier Indian views), but that there are countless streams of Buddhas extending throughout all of space and through unquantifiable eons of time. The

4937:] the future attainment of buddhahood by the disciples....and the central concern is the actualization of the teaching-in other words, how to practice and transmit the spirit of the Lotus Sutra as contained in the original form of section 1." 1851:

as a teaching of buddha-nature and later East Asian commentaries tended to adopt this view. Chinese commentators pointed to the story of Bodhisattva Never Disparaging in chapter 20 as evidence that the Lotus taught buddha-nature implicitly.

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of multiple Buddhas at the same time as well as the idea that Buddhas can live on for countless aeons. According to Donald Lopez "among the doctrinal revelations that this scene intimates is that a buddha does not die after he passes into

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states in chapter 16, the Buddha remains "constantly dwelling in this Sahā world sphere, preaching the dharma, teaching and converting." According to Stone, the sūtra has also been interpreted as promoting the idea that the Buddha's realm

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Ryodo Shioiri states, "If I may speak very simply about the characteristics of section 2, chapter 10 and subsequent chapters emphasize the command to propagate the Lotus Sūtra in society as opposed to the predictions given in section 1

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The Buddha also states the various benefits for those who preserve the sutra, and that those who perform even the simplest forms of devotion will eventually reach Buddhahood. The Buddha also states that those who reject and insult the

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in 601 C. E. This version included elements that were absent in the Kumārajīva text, including the Devadatta chapter, various verses and the concluding part of chapter 25. Later, these elements were added back to the Kumārajīva text.

2336:) are praised as the messengers of the Buddha. The Buddha states that they should be honored as if they were Buddhas and that stupas should be built wherever the sutra is taught, recited or written. Someone who does not know the 10270: 2431:, Mahāpratibhāna and two hundred thousand others promise to teach the sutra in the future. The Buddha prophecies that the six thousand nuns who are also present, including Mahāprajāpatī and Yaśodharā, will all become Buddhas. 2635:"appears to end with Chapter Twenty-Two, when the Buddha exhorts his disciples to spread the teaching, after which they return to their abodes...scholars speculate that this was the final chapter of an earlier version of the 3148:, Kumārajīva relied heavily on the earlier version. The Sanskrit editions are not widely used outside of academia. Kumārajīva's version is missing the Devadatta chapter which had been present in the Dharmaraksa version. 4564:

manuscripts themselves, could become highly ritualized processes. Likewise, the telling of miracle stories and composition of literature based on the Lotus Sūtra was also seen as another way to practice its teachings.

4532:(c. 7th century) became a popular genre in China and Japan. The popularity of these practices can be seen from the fact that a thousand copies of the text were sealed in the Dunhuang caves in the 11th century. The 2456:

The bodhisattvas from other world systems say they will help the Buddha teach this sutra here, but the Buddha says their help is not needed—he has many bodhisattvas here. Then the ground splits open and countless

2764:) asks the Buddha how to preserve the sutra in the future. Samantabhadra promises to protect and guard all those who keep this sutra in the future. He says that those who uphold the sutra will be reborn in the 1900:

ago, but remains in the world to help teach beings the Dharma time and again. The lifespan of the Buddha is said to be incalculable, beyond imagination, "ever enduring, never perishing." The biography and

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The following chapter by chapter overview is based on the expanded Chinese version of Kumārajīva, the most widely translated version into other languages. Other versions have different chapter divisions.

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offers her priceless pearl to the Buddha. The narrative of her instantaneous attainment of Buddhahood was understood as a promise of the enlightenment of women. Frontispiece of a 12th-century Lotus Sutra

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to worship the Buddha. Gadgadasvara once made offerings of various kinds of music to the Buddha Meghadundubhisvararāja. His accumulated merits enable him to take on many different forms to propagate the

2183:, as skillful means to liberate all beings – even though there is only one single vehicle to Buddhahood, i.e. the Mahāyāna. The sutra emphasizes that this is not a lie, but a compassionate salvific act. 3390:) of the historical Gautama Buddha. Zhiyi also wrote texts which outlined various spiritual practices that made use of the Lotus Sūtra. For example, chanting the sūtra is an element of one of the "Four 7390: 7388: 4923:. Buswell and Lopez state that "Impure buddha-fields are synonymous with a world system (cacravada), the infinite number of "world discs" in Buddhist cosmology that constitutes the universe (...)." 3943:

for all humanity. Nichiren saw this persecution as a compassionate act of self-sacrifice, which needed to be endured. He found this ideal in chapters 10–22 as the "third realm" of the Lotus Sutra (

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to be a "great direct path" to Buddhahood which could be reached in this very life and in this very body. Saichō taught that the Dragon king's daughter story was evidence for this direct path (

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rituals that were held throughout Japan, at both temples and aristocratic households. They were believed to help the dead and to grant long life to the living. These rituals are mentioned in

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school discussed and debated its doctrine of the One Vehicle. According to Jonathan Silk, the influence of the Lotus Sūtra in India may have been limited, but "it is a prominent scripture in

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Modern scholars suggest that chapters 2–9 contain the original form of the text. In Chapter 2 the Buddha declares that there ultimately exists only one path, one vehicle, the Buddha vehicle (

1144: 4161:, believing that only Nichiren Buddhism can bring world peace. Meanwhile, Risshō Kōsei Kai follows an ecumenical, and inclusive approach and is known for its interfaith efforts and focus on 3785:) who disliked the large established temples and saw them as more concerned with worldly gain. They focused instead on practices based on the simple recitation, listening or reading of the 2518:) or benefits that come from listening to and believing in this teaching on the Buddha's lifespan. He says that this teaching has led countless bodhisattvas, as many as the sands of the 4805:, writing to his father on his own deathbed that all he ever wanted to do was share the teachings of this sutra with others." Miyazawa implicitly references the sutra in his writings. 4508:

devotion in all its guises, above all devotion that is focused and sustained." Thus, it is a general term for enthusiastic embrace of the sutra. The term derived from the Sanskrit root

4274:(1844) marks the start of modern academic scholarship of Buddhism in the West. According to Lopez, this tome "seems to have been originally intended to aid readers in understanding the 4278:," the translation of which Burnouf had completed in 1839. Burnouf decided to delay the publication of this translation so that he could write an introduction to it, that is, his 1844 2270:

who had walked out before confess that they were ignorant in the past and attached to the inferior nirvana but now they are overjoyed since they have faith in their future Buddhahood.

2171:) Śāriputra will become a Buddha called Padmaprabha. Śāriputra is happy to have heard this new teaching, but says that some in the assembly are confused. The Buddha responds with the 11445: 9723: 2801: 4691:

has had a great impact on East Asian literature, art, and folklore for over 1400 years. James Shields of Bucknell University remarked that, with regard to cultural influence, the

3886:") or (Basic translation: Devotion to the Mystic Law of Cause and Effect through Sound). – was the only effective Buddhist practice in what he believed was the current degenerate 3762:). According to this theory, Buddhahood is not a distant goal, but is always present as the true inherent nature of all things. Buddhist practice is a way to realize this nature. 2780: 1774:: "Ever since I became a buddha, I have used a variety of causal explanations and a variety of parables to teach and preach, and countless skillful means to lead living beings." 3322:) was adopted by Zhiyi, which he interpreted through the doctrine of the One Vehicle. For Zhiyi, while other sutras provide different messages for their intended audiences, the 3246:

was the "three carts or four carts" debate which focused on whether the One Vehicle was the same as the bodhisattva vehicle or a different vehicle that transcends the Mahāyāna.

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of the burning house, in which a father (symbolizing the Buddha) uses the promise of various toy carts to get his children (sentient beings) out of a burning house (symbolizing

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just like monks. Reeves sees this as an inclusive message which "affirms the equality of everyone and seeks to provide an understanding of Buddha-dharma that excludes no one."

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was also one of the most widely memorized Buddhist texts, a practice which became a requirement for Buddhist monastic ordination at various points throughout Chinese history.

9273: 3626:, which would remain central to Tendai. Saichō attempted to create a great synthesis of the various Chinese Buddhist traditions in his new Tendai school (including esoteric, 2066:

states that he has seen this miracle long ago when he was a student of the Buddha Candrasūryapradīpa. He then says that the Buddha is about to expound his ultimate teaching,

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The Threefold Lotus Sutra: The Sutra of Innumerable Meanings; The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law; The Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue

2146:). He says that the ultimate purpose of the Buddhas is to cause sentient beings "to obtain the insight of the Buddha" and "to enter the way into the insight of the Buddha." 10038: 1954:

in the present world, although radically different from our ordinary experience of being free from decay, danger and suffering." In this view, which is very influential in

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to move his sect from a "temple Buddhism" perspective to one based on social engagement. Nichiren-inspired Buddhist organizations have shared their interpretations of the

4643:), a practice that was promoted by Nichiren himself. Nichiren believed that chanting while contemplating the gohonzon allowed to enter the mandala of the Lotus assembly. 4429:

translation was backed by Soka Gakkai and the Tsugunari Kubo and Akira Yuyama translation was sponsored by Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai ("Society for the Promotion of Buddhism").

3435: 2723:“Regarder of the Cries of the World”), describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings, and rescues those who call upon his name. 1703:), which refers to how Buddhas teach in many ways adapted to the needs of their disciples. This concept of Buddhist pedagogical strategies is often explained through 3902:("object of veneration"). According to Stone, Nichiren believed that "the immanent Buddha realm is an ever-present reality" which one could access by this practice. 3810:

Tendai Buddhism was the dominant form of mainstream Buddhism in Japan for many years and the influential founders of later popular Japanese Buddhist sects including

10699: 10212: 2013:, the Lotus uses the entire cosmos for its stage, employs a multitude of mythological beings as actors and "speaks almost exclusively in the language of images." 9184: 4227:

temple, but it was excommunicated from Nichiren Shoshu in the 1990s. Sōkka Gakkai no longer teaches the differences between the two gates or "divisions" of the

2134:

Shakyamuni explains his use of skillful means to adapt his teachings according to the capacities of his audience. He also says that his ways are inconceivable.

10969:, Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 1998, pp. 143–168, archived from 2138:

asks the Buddha to explain this and five thousand monks leave because they do not want to hear this teaching. The Buddha then reveals that the three vehicles (

4211:(1900–1958). It became known for its aggressive conversion efforts based on confrontational shakubuku as well as for its emphasis on "this-worldly benefits" ( 9410: 4707:, starting from the 7th and 8th centuries in China, was a confluence of text and the topography of the Chinese medieval mind in which the latter dominated. 12433: 8968: 4817:

and other forms of medieval Japanese literature interpreted Chapter 5, "Medicinal Herbs", as teaching the potential for buddhahood in grasses and trees (

2253:

for a hundred thousand eons. His sons proceeded to teach the sutra. The Buddha then says that these sons all became Buddhas and that he is one of these.

4588:

based practices like the "Lotus samādhi" and the "Rite of Repentance for the Lotus Samādhi". Zhiyi was also said to have memorized the entire Threefold

13348: 11823: 3349:), which comments on specific passages. These two works were compiled by Zhiyi's disciple Guanding (561–632). For Zhiyi, the central principle of the 2180: 1909:, "final nirvana") of Sakyamuni Buddha (i.e., the Buddha Gautama) are portrayed as an illusory manifestation, a skillful means meant to teach others. 1764:, the One Vehicle encompasses many different and seemingly contradictory teachings because the Buddha's great compassion and wish to save all beings ( 9161:, Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica, vol. IV, Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, p. vii, 8631:

Bielefeldt, Carl (2009), "Expedient Devices, the One Vehicle, and the Life Span of the Buddha", in Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline I. (eds.),

1638:(the white lotus) is "a symbol of particular purity in Indian literature," while the term "saddharma" ("true doctrine") is "used to distinguish the 408: 1151: 938: 4504:

According to Daniel Stevenson, "upholding the sutra," "does not connote a specific regimen of practice but functions as a generic designation for

4372:

and Sanskrit texts. However, Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, based predominantly in China, became interested in

13352: 4584:

instrument and preceded by various ritual acts, invocations, offerings and visualizations. The works of the Tiantai master Zhiyi include various

3727:

is identified with the primordially enlightened Sakyamuni of the "Life Span" chapter, and his realm—that is, the entire universe—is conceived in

3719:

in esoteric rituals, Tendai monks sought to unite their body, speech and mind with that of the Buddha and attain "Buddhahood in this very body" (

3183:

has been translated into other Asian languages including Uighur, Tangut, and more recently colloquial Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Korean.

3366: 1207: 1038: 415: 13576: 10317: 8747: 2618:. The Buddha says that the merits of teaching the sutra is immeasurable and that any place where it is being taught or copied is a holy place. 2427:

The Buddha encourages all beings to embrace the teachings of the sutra in all times, even in the most difficult ages to come. The bodhisattvas

9340: 4906:

universe will one day become buddhas. The second is that the Buddha did not die and pass into nirvana; in fact, his lifespan is immeasurable."

9636:"Review: Miraculous Tales of the Lotus Sutra from Ancient Japan. The 'Dainihonkoku hokekyōkenki' of Priest Chingen by Yoshiko Kurata Dykstra" 3999:

indicate his conscious appropriation of its teachings as a significant source" and that his writing "demonstrates that Dogen himself saw the

2605: 9972: 3991:

that "compared with this sūtra, all the other sūtras are merely its servants, its relatives, for it alone expounds the truth." According to

3067:(r. 815–38). This version most closely matches the Chinese version of Jñānagupta and Dharmagupta, as well as the Nepalese Sanskrit version. 11793: 10930: 9756: 9153: 4432:

Translations into French, Spanish and German are also based on Kumarajiva's Chinese text. Each of these translations incorporate different

10613:

Tay, C. N. (1980), "Review: The Lotus Sutra in Its Latest Translation Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma by Leon Hurvitz",

9731: 9211: 1912:

The idea that the physical death of a Buddha is the termination of their life is graphically refuted by the appearance of another Buddha,

10166:

Shioiri, Ryodo (1989), "The Meaning of the Formation and Structure of the Lotus Sutra", in George Joji Tanabe; Willa Jane Tanabe (eds.),

9896: 3253:

had an infinite life or a finite life (of immeasurable length) as well as on the issue of whether the ultimate, primordial Buddha of the

3036:'s doctrine of the One Vehicle was not received equally by all Indian Buddhist traditions. While this doctrine was fully embraced by the 10938:, Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica, vol. III, Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, 3333:

as the final teaching of the Buddha and the highest teaching of Buddhism. There are two major commentaries from Zhiyi on the sutra, the

11901: 11090: 9951: 3995:, "While Dogen's writings employ many sources, probably along with his own intuitive meditative awareness, his direct citations of the 11636: 11085:

Lopez, Donald S.; Stone, Jacqueline I. (2019). Two Buddhas Seated Side by Side: A Guide to the Lotus Sūtra, Princeton University Press

9881:, (3rd ed. / with rev. and updated notes and bibliography to part one by D.B. Waterhouse.), New Haven : Yale Univ. Press, p. 41, 9787: 3306:

Zhiyi adopted Daosheng's division of the sutra into three parts. For Zhiyi, the first fourteen chapters are "the trace teaching" (Ch.

81: 11658: 10641:

Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline I. (2009), "Interpreting the Lotus Sutra", in Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline I. (eds.),

4592:. Zongxiao (1151–1214) mentions a practice which consisted in performing one or three prostrations for every character of the sutra. 8520:

The Commentary on the Lotus Sutra, in: Tsugunari Kubo; Terry Abbott; Masao Ichishima; David Wellington Chappell, Tiantai Lotus Texts

4003:, 'expounded by all buddhas in the three times,' as an important source for this self-proclamatory rhetorical style of expounding." 2562:) will become purified and develop the ability to experience the senses of billions of worlds as well as other supernatural powers. 14344: 10365: 10250:

Stevenson, Daniel B. (2009). "Buddhist Practice and the Lotus Sutra in China". In Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline I. (eds.).

9292: 9279: 8584: 3133:(265–317 CE). It was initially held that the source text was in Sanskrit, however, the view that the source text was actually in a 1226: 2772:

heavens. He also says that those who uphold this sutra will have many good qualities and should be seen and respected as Buddhas.

14168: 13620: 10888:

Yamada, Shozen (1989), "Poetry and Meaning: Medieval Poets and the Lotus Sutra", in Tanabe, George J; Tanabe, Willa Jane (eds.),

9418:

Lai, Whalen W. (1981b), "The Predocetic "Finite Buddhakāya" in the "Lotus Sūtra": In Search of the Illusive Dharmakāya Therein",

4184:

denomination conducted ecumenical dialogues with religious leaders around the world based on his inclusive interpretation of the

1860: 2208:

is like a great monsoon rain that nourishes many different kinds of plants in accordance with their needs. The plants represent

13823: 11803: 9060:

Hirakawa, Akira (2005), "The rise of Mahayana Buddhism and its relationship to the worship of stupas", in Paul Williams (ed.),

5254: 3807:

stories and miracles by the priest Chingen, which sees the hokke hijiri as being superior to aristocrats or traditional monks.

2411:

The Buddha tells a story about how in a previous life he was a king who became the slave of a rishi just so he could hear the

11237: 11159: 10734: 10538: 10397: 10352: 10175: 10147: 10028: 9607: 9588: 9528: 9353: 8701: 8604: 8528: 8296: 5266: 4833:

has inspired a branch of folklore based on figures in the sutra or subsequent people who have embraced it. The story of the

1592: 424: 196: 10961: 8834:"Interfaith Dialogue and a Lotus Practitioner: Yamada Etai, the "Lotus Sutra", and the Religious Summit Meeting on Mt. Hiei" 8713:

Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi: Traduit du sanskrit, accompagné d'un commentaire et de vingt et un mémoires relatifs au Bouddhisme

11986: 11828: 2833:. The idea that the sutra was originally in prakrit remains a contested claim among both secular and religious historians. 931: 14163: 10714: 4560:

also came to be seen as a form of spiritual practice and a skillful means. The production of these works, which included

4288:

Le Lotus de la bonne loi traduit du Sanscrit accompagné d’un commentaire et de vingt et un mémoires relatifs au Buddhisme

2522:, to various levels of spiritual accomplishment. He also says that there is greater benefit in hearing and believing the 2179:). Once they are outside, he gives them all one large cart to travel in instead. This symbolizes how the Buddha uses the 1929:

illustrates a sense of timelessness and the inconceivable, often using large numbers and measurements of space and time.

2275: 1308: 14060: 13610: 11705: 11055: 11036: 10774: 10377: 10185: 9546: 9096: 9078: 8923: 8622: 4607:

is an important part of Taimitsu ("Tendai esotericism") where it is part of certain rituals, such as the "Lotus rite" (

2876:

took shape in four phases." One of the earliest four layer theories of the development of the sutra was Kogaku Fuse's.

2609:

Japanese illustration for explaining that any place could be a holy place if you practice the teachings of Lotus Sutra.

962: 10430:

as the Prediction of All the Sentient Beings' Attaining Buddhahood: With Special Focus on the Sadaparibhuta-parivarta"

9876: 4734:

became arguably the most popular theme in Chinese Buddhist art. Examples can be seen in a bronze plaque (year 686) at

3630:, Zen and other elements), all which would be united under the Lotus One Vehicle doctrine. Saichō also understood the 461: 11906: 11141: 11076: 10943: 10850: 10650: 10604: 10576: 10556: 10311: 10259: 10157: 10136: 9886: 9769: 9678: 9510: 9490: 9302: 9199: 9166: 9051: 8876: 8737: 8640: 8539:"Revisiting the Dragon Princess: Her Role in Medieval Engi Stories and Their Implications in Reading the Lotus Sutra" 7969: 4173:

is not a proper noun, but the fundamental truth—God, Allah, or the one vehicle—at the heart of all great religions."

3661:

Like Zhiyi, the Japanese Tendai school (as well as the Nichiren tradition which is influenced by Tendai) divided the

1864:

The Buddhas Prabhūtaratna and Shakyamuni seated side-by-side in the jeweled stupa. Bronze and gold stele, c. 518 CE,

14153: 9705: 9106: 7028: 4972:

In the Sanskrit manuscripts chapter 5 contains the parable of a blind man who refuses to believe that vision exists.

1896:

and that he is still present in the world. The text states that the Buddha actually achieved Buddhahood innumerable

13838: 13583: 10916: 9451: 9012: 8560: 4703:

Various events from the sutra are depicted in religious art. Wang argues that the explosion of art inspired by the

3579:

based on the Chinese commentary by Fayun (467–529 CE). By the 8th century, the sūtra was important enough that the

3021:. However, there is now only one surviving Indian commentary (which only survives in Chinese). It is attributed to 2045:), the earth shakes in six ways, and he brings forth a ray of light from the tuft of hair in between his eyebrows ( 1843:

and Akira Hirakawa suggest that the concept is implicitly present in the text. An Indian commentary (attributed to

780: 9398: 3151: 240: 14230: 14220: 12049: 11565: 4328:

was published in 1844, prior to Burnouf's translation being published. This chapter was published in the journal

4215:), such as good health and financial prosperity which would accrue to those who helped spread the message of the 2415:. This rishi was none other than Devadatta, who is destined for Buddhahood in the future as the Buddha Devarāja. 1770:) led him to adapt the teaching to suit many different kinds of people and contexts. As the Buddha states in the 1137: 924: 9959:. Poh Ming Tse Symposium 2013: One Master Three Meditative Traditions. Singapore. pp. 30–47. Archived from 4149:

based groups, such as Risshō Kōsei Kai and Soka Gakkai, are also known for their social activism, international

4034:

nature of Dharma practice and sutra study. During his final days, Dogen spent his time reciting and writing the

2474: 2344:

is like striking water. The Buddha also says that he will send emanations to protect the teachers of the sutra.

1033: 344: 14175: 13828: 13630: 13521: 13466: 12039: 11560: 11459: 11293: 11103: 11017: 10990: 10897: 10754: 10688: 10668: 10415: 10334: 10066: 9941: 9800: 9500: 9388: 9002: 8802: 4762:

literary genre." Its ideas and images are writ large in great works of Chinese and Japanese literature such as

3505: 1552: 9185:"Vehicle (yāna) and Wisdom (jñāna) in the Lotus Sutra – the Origin of the Notion of yāna in Mahayāna Buddhism" 8976: 4074: 2852:." Jacqueline Stone and Stephen F. Teiser meanwhile write that "it is perhaps no exaggeration to say that the 17: 14145: 13843: 13526: 11818: 11651: 8817: 8651:"Gāndhāri and the Early Chinese Buddhist Translations Reconsidered: The Case of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka sūtra" 10906:

Yampolsky, Philip B. (tr.) (1971), "Zen Master Hakuin's Letter in Answer to an Old Nun of the Hokke Sect",

10149:

Political Interpretations of the Lotus Sutra. In: Steven M. Emmanuel, ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy

9862:

O'Leary, Joseph S. (2003). "Review of Gene Reeves, ed. A Buddhist Kaleidoscope: Essays on the Lotus Sutra".

9062:

Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies Series, Vol. 3, The Origins and Nature of Mahayana Buddhism

3458:

Due to the religious and sacred emphasis on the Buddhist text, some East Asian traditions have compiled the

369: 156: 14354: 13728: 13600: 13571: 13273: 10783:

Wawrytko, Sandra (2007), "Holding Up the Mirror to Buddha-Nature: Discerning the Ghee in the Lotus Sutra",

4444: 3793:), something which did not require temples and ritual paraphernalia. Hokke hijiri also engaged in esoteric 1273: 8918:, Hirakata City, Osaka-fu, Japan: Intercultural Research Institute, Kansai University of Foreign Studies, 4624: 3877: 3872: 1665: 475: 13419: 13328: 12798: 12443: 11956: 11851: 11411: 11396: 10811:

Weinstein, Stanley (1977), "Review: Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma, by Leon Hurvitz",

3936: 3048:

thinkers, the doctrine of the One Vehicle should not be taken literally, since it is merely provisional (

2820: 2761: 2462: 454: 401: 290: 12963: 10529:

Tamura, Yoshio (1989), "The Ideas of the Lotus Sutra", in George Joji Tanabe; Willa Jane Tanabe (eds.),

4569:

cremating parts of one's body as a kind of devotion. Chapter 25 has also been very influential on Asian

14329: 14268: 13748: 13224: 12710: 11833: 11666: 11279: 8916:

Miraculous tales of the Lotus sutra from ancient Japan: the Dainihonkoku Hokekyōkenki of Priest Chingen

8812: 4958:

In 1934, based on his text-critical analysis of Chinese and Sanskrit versions, Fuse concluded that the

3583:

had established a network of nunneries, the so-called "Temples for the Eradication of Sins through the

3468: 2280: 2106: 1657:

teachings. The chanting of the title is the basic religious practice he advocated during his lifetime.

48: 13158: 11511: 10471: 10446: 10425: 9618: 9348:, translated by Yuyama, Akira, Berkeley, Calif.: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 5021:(Miàofǎ Liánhuá jīng), in eight volumes and twenty-eight chapters, translated by Kumārajīva in 406 CE. 2947:

is also cited in numerous scholarly treatises and compendiums, including in the Compendium of Sūtras (

2303:, and two thousand bhikṣus aspire to get a prophecy, and the Buddha predicts their future Buddhahood. 825: 14158: 13971: 13961: 13833: 12816: 12396: 12157: 12132: 11230: 11183: 11177: 9246:. Bibliotheca Buddhica, 10 volumes. St. Pétersbourg: Imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences. 4350: 4031: 3130: 2984: 2458: 1963: 1757: 590: 12182: 10299: 8762: 2257:

created merely as a rest stop by the Buddha, and the real treasure and ultimate goal is Buddhahood.

141: 14324: 14319: 14263: 13615: 13429: 13407: 13400: 13303: 12836: 12456: 12272: 12217: 11838: 11644: 9359: 8933: 4995:(Zhèng Fǎ Huá Jīng), in ten volumes and twenty-seven chapters, translated by Dharmarakṣa in 286 CE. 4764: 4655:

The Buddhas Prabhūtaratna and Shakyamuni sitting side by side in the jeweled stupa; wall painting,

4358: 4313:

as containing a "moral Christianity, full of compassion for all creatures." He also understood the

3707:

became seen as timeless and omnipresent cosmic reality that is immanent in all things. By reciting

3238:. Numerous other commentators from different Chinese Buddhist traditions wrote commentaries on the 1525: 10924:, Canberra, Australia: Faculty of Asian Studies in Association With Australian National University 10513: 10080:"On a Possible Origin of the "Ten Suchnesses" List in Kumārajīva's Translation of the Lotus Sutra" 10079: 9600:

How Soka Gakkai Became a Global Buddhist Movement: The Internationalization of a Japanese Religion

9580:

La vie et l'œuvre de Huisi: 515-577 : les origines de la secte bouddhique chinoise du Tiantai

4204: 1715:, the many 'skillful' or 'expedient' practices and teachings taught by the Buddha (including the " 131: 14200: 14180: 13511: 13491: 13248: 12978: 12222: 10869: 10361: 10300:"Chanting the August Title of the Lotus Sutra: Daimoku Practices in Classical and Medieval Japan" 8774: 4203:." Sōka Gakkai ("The Value Creation Society") was a lay organization founded by the Nichirenists 3591:), in each province, as a way to protect the royal family and the state. There were also various 2856:

has been the most influential Buddhist scripture in East Asia." The sutra has most prominence in

775: 10949: 10707:

Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University

9775: 9192:

Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University

9172: 14339: 14210: 14050: 13718: 13688: 13461: 13412: 13253: 13201: 13196: 12958: 12779: 12676: 12428: 12423: 12172: 10683:, Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, 9220: 7032: 4123: 4111: 4083: 3235: 3144:'s team in 406 C.E. which became the standard translation in East Asian Buddhism. According to 2565: 2441: 2070:. In fact, Mañjuśrī says this sutra was taught by other Buddhas innumerable times in the past. 954: 12540: 10566: 10213:"Kern and the Study of Indian Buddhism With a Speculative Note on the Ceylonese Dhammarucikas" 9924: 9505:, Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, p. 33, 3750:) were integrated into the Primordial Buddha of immeasurable life from the latter half of the 2840:

was frequently cited in Indian scholarly treatises and compendiums and several authors of the

2752:

This chapter tells the story of the conversion of King 'Wonderful-Adornment' by his two sons.

750: 376: 14215: 14185: 13766: 13698: 13531: 13446: 13441: 13365: 13360: 13278: 11808: 11273: 11125: 10387: 10039:"A Discussion with Gene Reeves, Consultant, Rissho Kosei-kai and the Niwano Peace Foundation" 8570:"The Structure and Content of the Avaivartikacakra Sutra and Its Relation to the Lotus Sutra" 7961: 7951: 4139: 4079: 3155:

Portable shrine depicting Buddha Sakyamuni preaching the Lotus Sūtra. The Walters Art Museum.

3080: 2994: 2816: 2765: 2371:) rises from the earth and floats in the air. Then a voice is heard from within praising the 2127: 1584: 1357:" or "The Discourse on the White Lotus of the True Doctrine." In English, the shortened form 905: 690: 440: 391: 12831: 11109: 9960: 4881: 4853:

is a collection of 129 stories with folklore motifs based on "Buddhist pseudo-biographies."

3310:

in Japanese) and the second fourteen chapters are the "fundamental" or "original" teaching (

3140:

This early translation by Dharmarakṣa was superseded by a translation in seven fascicles by

740: 14349: 14238: 14205: 14190: 13708: 13605: 13551: 13436: 13375: 13343: 13338: 13323: 13308: 13298: 13263: 13176: 12868: 12791: 12094: 12034: 11783: 11750: 11700: 11545: 11406: 11401: 11223: 9806: 9033: 8725: 4473: 4408:

was inspired by renewed interest in Japanese Buddhism as well as archeological research in

4380:. These scholars attempted to draw parallels between the Old and New Testaments to earlier 4318: 4224: 3357:

was an inclusive vision which had a place for every Buddhist sutra, teaching and practice.

3271: 3025:(but this has been questioned by scholars). This commentary asserts the superiority of the 2470: 2402:

A 12th century Japanese illustration of the nāga princess offering the jewel to the Buddha.

2237: 910: 900: 895: 552: 166: 14078: 12693: 12562: 12488: 12364: 12102: 11481: 11391: 8775:"Ambiguity of Avalokiteśvara and the Scriptural Sources for the Cult of Kuan-Yin in China" 3947:) which emphasizes the need for a bodhisattva to endure the trials of life in the defiled 3939:(Superior Practices), leader of the bodhisattvas of the earth which appear in chapter 15. 3167:), in 7 volumes and 27 chapters, is a revised version of Kumārajīva's text, translated by 2660: 2428: 32: 8: 14045: 13924: 13758: 13733: 13723: 13683: 13660: 13543: 13516: 13476: 13395: 13385: 13313: 13240: 12671: 12528: 12309: 12287: 12239: 12059: 11859: 11715: 11695: 11555: 10596: 10590: 10106: 9372:

The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra with the Commentary of Tripitaka Master Hsuan Hua

9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 7957: 4433: 4199:

According to Lopez, "the most famous and successful of the Japanese new religions", "was

3992: 3649:(Lotus Sutra Mandala) which is an important ritual object in esoteric Lotus Sutra Rites ( 2939:

According to Lopez, "the number of surviving manuscripts and manuscript fragments of the

2849: 2789: 2490: 1631: 1602: 1242: 1215: 1092: 870: 360: 351: 136: 12019: 11946: 11540: 11476: 10075: 9232: 8886: 8569: 4317:(as well as other Mahayana works) to be later, more "developed" texts than the "simple" 3264: 3145: 2225: 2192: 999: 982: 285: 176: 14108: 14013: 13855: 13818: 13813: 13743: 13693: 13640: 13635: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13486: 13471: 13456: 13451: 13390: 13370: 13333: 13258: 13063: 12764: 12688: 12566: 12508: 12349: 12249: 12177: 12152: 11798: 11728: 11421: 10828: 10800: 10663:, México, D.F.: El Colegio de México: Asociación Latinoamericana de Estudios Budistas, 10630: 9916: 9851: 9843: 9655: 9328: 9288: 8956: 8855: 8721: 8673: 4349:

from two Sanskrit manuscripts copied in Nepal around the 11th century was completed by

4046:

extensively and this sutra was the biggest inspiration for his poetry and calligraphy.

3864: 2594: 2392: 2285: 1745: 1741: 1109: 1049: 890: 855: 517: 447: 13907: 10231:

Silk, Jonathan; Hinüber, Oskar von; Eltschinger, Vincent, eds. (2016), "Lotus Sutra",

8518: 4103: 2347: 2340:

is like digging a well and finding only dry earth, while a bodhisattva that knows the

1982: 1253:," presenting "a radical re-vision of both the Buddhist path and of the person of the 14286: 14248: 13944: 13929: 13892: 13877: 13650: 13566: 13481: 13318: 13283: 13268: 12995: 12985: 12666: 12513: 12498: 12369: 12292: 12212: 12147: 12079: 11966: 11723: 11604: 11155: 11137: 11099: 11072: 11051: 11032: 11013: 10986: 10939: 10893: 10846: 10804: 10770: 10750: 10730: 10684: 10664: 10646: 10634: 10600: 10586: 10572: 10552: 10534: 10514:"The Characteristic of the Bodhisattva Concept in the Lotus Sutra – The Apostle-idea" 10411: 10393: 10373: 10348: 10330: 10307: 10255: 10171: 10153: 10132: 10062: 10024: 9937: 9920: 9897:"Social responsibility, sex change, and salvation: Gender justice in the Lotus Sūtra" 9882: 9855: 9796: 9765: 9674: 9603: 9584: 9556: 9542: 9524: 9506: 9486: 9384: 9349: 9332: 9298: 9162: 9092: 9074: 9047: 8998: 8919: 8872: 8798: 8733: 8697: 8636: 8618: 8600: 8524: 7965: 5262: 4778:

has had an outsized influence on Japanese Buddhist poetry. Far more poems have been

4770: 4671: 4580:

was and remains widely practiced in Chinese Buddhism. It is often accompanied by the

4339: 4335: 3597: 3566: 3491: 2923: 2861: 2785: 2707:

Chapter 25: The Universal Gateway Or The Universal Door of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva

1962:, "this world and the pure land are not, ultimately, separate places but are in fact 1959: 1794: 1516: 1365: 1350: 1238: 1199: 989: 880: 865: 860: 843: 522: 433: 383: 63: 13230: 12024: 11924: 11506: 11371: 10290: 9234:

Saddharma Pundarîka or the Lotus of the True Law, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXI

8887:"From scholarly object to religious text - the story of the Lotus-sutra in the West" 8850: 8833: 5272: 4797:

According to Gene Reeves, "Japan's greatest twentieth-century storyteller and poet,

2713: 2678: 2122:

A depiction of a hell realm from the “Jigoku-zōshi”, a 12th-century scroll from the

260: 14334: 13934: 13887: 13882: 13738: 13703: 13678: 13673: 13424: 13380: 13293: 12968: 12624: 12617: 12401: 12391: 12277: 11941: 11813: 10820: 10792: 10622: 10285: 10007: 9908: 9835: 9647: 9427: 9320: 9133: 9039: 8948: 8845: 8665: 8550: 4695:"plays a role equivalent to the Bible in Europe or the Qur’an in the Middle East." 4521: 4401: 4150: 3580: 3473: 3116: 3112: 2927: 2511: 2274:

interpreted as a symbol of Buddha-nature. Zimmermann noted the similarity with the

1932: 1494: 1469: 1372: 1223: 1175: 1028: 875: 848: 715: 532: 512: 336: 300: 13013: 11173: 10128:

The Drama of Cosmic Enlightenment: Parables, Myths, and Symbols of the White Lotus

8960: 8711: 8555: 4166: 4018:, "The Dharma Flower Turns the Dharma Flower". The essay uses a dialogue from the 2376: 580: 14298: 14243: 14195: 14123: 13993: 13791: 13771: 13713: 13625: 13288: 13186: 13033: 12769: 12752: 12737: 12715: 12267: 12137: 11971: 11951: 11469: 11071:. Minobu: International Institute for Nichiren Buddhism of Minobusan University. 10970: 10840: 10410:, translated by Nichiren Buddhist International Center, Jain Publishing Company, 10126: 9578: 4887: 4680: 4618:

In Nichiren Buddhism, the central practice is the recitation of the title of the

4553: 4373: 4157:

According to Stone, Soka Gakkai generally follows an exclusivist approach to the

3754:. These esoteric influences also led to the development of the Tendai concept of 3168: 3141: 3085: 3007: 3003: 2830: 1840: 1716: 1618: 1542: 1490: 1390: 1183: 820: 755: 595: 313: 295: 280: 171: 151: 44: 13043: 12197: 12187: 11330: 11305: 11210: 10678: 10096: 9431: 7715: 4107: 3570: 3384: 2667:

is also said to cure diseases. The Buddha uses nine similes to declare that the

2593:

The Buddha tells a story about a previous life when he was a bodhisattva called

2142:) are really just skillful means, and that they are in reality the One Vehicle ( 1939:

affirms the view that the Buddha constantly abides in our present world. As the

615: 14253: 13956: 13806: 13588: 13168: 13148: 13068: 12757: 12747: 12681: 12518: 12004: 11867: 11590: 11575: 11350: 11335: 4963:

arrangement and numbering of chapters in Kumarajiva's translation is different.

4863: 4798: 4267: 4099: 4019: 2949: 2213: 2135: 2111: 2034: 2010: 1893: 1684: 1576: 1254: 1250: 1187: 1018: 1004: 994: 885: 800: 557: 321: 220: 121: 10796: 4595: 3905:

Nichiren held that current Buddhist sects were gravely mistaken and doomed to

2176: 14313: 14023: 13872: 13181: 13083: 12941: 12742: 12720: 12656: 12327: 12122: 12117: 12009: 11678: 11550: 11435: 11416: 11340: 11325: 10963:

The Tathagatagarbhasutra: Its Basic Structure and Relation to the Lotus Sutra

9764:, International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, 4869: 4727: 4469: 4426: 4389: 4309:. He would write "I know of nothing so Christian in all of Asia" and saw the 4306: 3747: 3442:

edition of the Lotus Sutra printed in the 5th year of Jiayou in the Northern

3204: 3172: 2694:

Gadgadasvara ('Wonderful Voice'), a bodhisattva from a distant world, visits

2527: 2466: 2229: 1913: 1828: 1320: 785: 770: 710: 542: 502: 245: 186: 126: 111: 52: 12481: 12471: 11843: 10200: 10011: 4651: 4208: 3935:

in Japan would lead to lasting peace and he identified with the Bodhisattva

3258: 2445: 14113: 14098: 14068: 14018: 14008: 13850: 13645: 13138: 12973: 12851: 12639: 12634: 12461: 12332: 12207: 11668: 11518: 10764: 10744: 10345:

Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism

6244: 4787: 4545: 4413: 4368:

waned in the latter 19th century as Indo-centric scholars focused on older

4244: 4115: 4054: 3797:

and Daoist immortality practices. These figures feature prominently in the

3766: 3654: 3603: 3443: 3404: 3300: 3211: 2989: 2966: 2695: 2682: 2316: 2209: 2167: 2123: 2052: 2030: 1995: 1897: 1865: 1120: 1013: 810: 795: 635: 36: 12896: 12881: 12841: 12538: 12202: 11778: 10325:

Stone, Jacqueline I. (2003a), "Lotus Sutra", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),

9912: 9469:

Discourse and Rhetoric in the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism

4038:

in his room which he named "The Lotus Sutra Hermitage". The Soto Zen monk

3120: 2499: 2284:

that illustrate how the indwelling Buddha in sentient beings is hidden by

1327: 1284:" of reaching Buddhahood. The second is the idea that the lifespan of the 625: 421: 389: 357: 334: 14083: 13912: 13053: 13038: 12821: 12629: 12557: 12337: 12167: 12069: 11916: 11788: 11320: 9689: 9635: 9121: 8795:

Text as Father: Paternal Seductions in Early Mahayana Buddhist Literature

7036: 4875: 4719: 4656: 4581: 4549: 4541: 4200: 4177: 4162: 4154: 4135: 3799: 3738:

As a result of this interpretation, all the provisional Buddhas (such as

3399: 3126: 3089: 2648: 2573: 2312: 2060: 1990: 1902: 1786:

all closely connected with Shakyamuni and they all teach the same thing.

1289: 670: 645: 630: 270: 213: 96: 14073: 12533: 11092:

Buddhism for today: a modern interpretation of the Threefold Lotus sutra

9439: 9024: 8859: 8538: 5248: 5246: 4342:. This chapter was the first English version of any Buddhist scripture. 4282:. Burnouf's French translation of a Nepalese Sanskrit manuscript of the 3739: 1719:" to awakening) are revealed to all be part of the "One Vehicle" (Skt.: 225: 14028: 13986: 13862: 13668: 13593: 13207: 13191: 13153: 13133: 13028: 13003: 12911: 12846: 12826: 12572: 12503: 12374: 12257: 12227: 12162: 12112: 11770: 11760: 11733: 11450: 11428: 10832: 9847: 9659: 9324: 9043: 8952: 4723: 4493: 4130:

scholarship, Lopez focuses on the contributions made by the lay groups

3987: 3854:(1222–1282) founded a new Buddhist school based on his belief that the 3724: 3037: 3022: 3014: 2999: 2979: 2959: 2872:

According to Donald Lopez "the general scholarly consensus is that the

2841: 2099: 1881: 1844: 1817: 1766: 1753: 1277: 1067: 1062: 790: 700: 685: 610: 605: 482: 230: 209: 106: 101: 13048: 12044: 11580: 11205: 11068:

Bibliography of the Studies on the Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra (1844-2020)

10084:

Journal of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies

8677: 8523:, Berkeley, California: Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai America, pp. 83–149, 7274: 6943: 6721: 4492:

An ornate scroll of the Lotūs Sutra, gold, silver, indigo-dyed paper,

3462:

together with two other sutras which serve as a prologue and epilogue

2557: 2233: 1721: 1269: 620: 161: 14003: 13976: 13143: 13018: 12730: 12646: 12523: 12413: 12386: 12379: 12342: 12299: 12262: 12029: 11994: 11961: 11936: 11891: 11535: 11530: 11455: 11440: 11386: 9826:

Ohnuma, Reiko (1998), "The Gift of the Body and the Gift of Dharma",

8934:"Literal means and hidden meanings: a new analysis of skillful means" 7424: 6196: 5252: 5243: 5009:

based on Sanskrit, but one or other of the many Prakrit vernaculars."

4920: 4743: 4735: 4676: 4321:

which contained more historical content and less metaphysical ideas.

4220: 3975: 3923: 3860: 3834: 3743: 3685: 3627: 3380: 3045: 2892:

verses of these chapters which may have been transmitted orally in a

2740:(magical formulas) in order to protect those who keep and recite the 2365: 1951: 1946: 1813: 1317: 1230: 1072: 815: 575: 527: 265: 255: 250: 235: 181: 13776: 12612: 12466: 12232: 12014: 11883: 11875: 11570: 11525: 11496: 11211:

An English translation by 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

11046:

Ikeda, Daisaku; Endo, Takanori; Saito, Katsuji; Sudo, Haruo (2000).

10824: 10233:

Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1: Literature and Languages

9995: 9651: 9460: 9219:, New York/Tōkyō: Weatherhill & Kōsei Publishing, archived from 4837:, who attained enlightenment in the 12th (Devadatta) chapter of the 4834: 4039: 3690: 3615: 2300: 2296: 2005:

The sutra is presented in the form of a drama consisting of several

1799: 745: 675: 14293: 14133: 14088: 14033: 13998: 13902: 13561: 13128: 13123: 13073: 13008: 12926: 12891: 12886: 12547: 12418: 12406: 12317: 11976: 11673: 11623: 11500: 11490: 11381: 11200: 10932:

Eugene Burnouf: The Background to his Research into the Lotus Sutra

10661:

El Sūtra del Loto de la verdadera doctrina: Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra

10626: 9839: 9089:

Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma: The Lotus Sutra)

9071:

Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma: The Lotus Sutra)

9038:, translated by Paul Groner, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 8669: 5591: 4747: 4715: 4639: 4409: 4330: 4298: 4243:

by a westerner can be found in the work of the Catholic missionary

4131: 4122:

to a global scale. While noting the importance of several Japanese

3899: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3811: 3447: 3439: 3227: 3192: 3097: 3064: 3063:, and the Indian translator Surendrabodhi during the reign of King 3060: 2888: 2845: 2674: 2570: 2478: 2315:

and the concept of the immeasurable and inconceivable lifespan and

2063: 2056: 1740:("Great Vehicle"), which is a path that rejects the cutting off of 1737: 1708: 1647: 1342: 1288:

is immeasurable and that therefore, he did not really pass on into

1265: 1241:—complete and sufficient for salvation." The American Buddhologist 1211: 1203: 735: 660: 585: 537: 487: 275: 71: 13118: 13108: 13093: 12916: 12786: 12054: 11585: 10918:

A Bibliography of the Sanskrit-Texts of the Sadharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra

10727:

Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Medieval China

9275:

Tao-Sheng's Commentary on the Lotus Sutra: A Study and Translation

4114:

began forming in the 19th century and the trend accelerated after

4094:

begin with the early 20th century nationalist applications of the

3906: 3234:. This commentary was translated into Tibetan and survives in the 2975: 2903: 1789: 765: 730: 720: 680: 14038: 13981: 13966: 13113: 13103: 13078: 12953: 12948: 12906: 12876: 12808: 12774: 12661: 12602: 12597: 12451: 12354: 12192: 12142: 11929: 11755: 11611: 11375: 10021:

The Lotus Sutra: A Contemporary Translation of a Buddhist Classic

6651: 6649: 4949:

is used in the "limited sense of mantra-dharani" in this chapter.

4739: 4570: 4513: 4118:. Some of these groups have pushed the study and practice of the 4023: 3846:

in 1280. The central characters are the title of the Lotus Sūtra.

3819: 3755: 3728: 3716: 3420: 3391: 3376: 3292: 3215: 3207:

and the idea that even deluded people will attain enlightenment.

3134: 2893: 2857: 2825: 2802:

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

2769: 2735: 2718: 2532: 2368: 2323:

which starts in chapter 10, continues in the remaining chapters.

2172: 2086:, narratives of previous existences and prophecies of awakening. 2083: 2038: 1955: 1704: 1333: 1191: 725: 655: 650: 547: 492: 191: 146: 12725: 12493: 9278:, dissertation, Albany, NY.: McMaster University, archived from 4090:

According to Shields, modernist Japanese interpretations of the

3948: 3641: 3430: 3195:(355–434), wrote the oldest surviving Chinese commentary on the 2383:

and made a vow to make an appearance to verify the truth of the

2351:

The floating jeweled stupa; illustrated Lotus Sutra, Japan 1257.

2118: 14118: 14103: 13939: 13801: 13781: 13556: 13218: 13098: 13088: 13023: 12651: 12607: 12592: 12582: 12552: 12476: 12359: 12127: 11999: 11743: 11738: 11617: 11486: 11206:

An English translation by the Buddhist Text Translation Society

10271:"Medieval Tendai Hongaku Thought and the New Kamakura Buddhism" 9311:

Kotatsu, Fujita; Hurvitz, Leon (1975), "One Vehicle or Three",

8197: 6622: 4786:, a compendium of more than 120 collections of poetry from the 4730:

Buddhas seated together as depicted in the 11th chapter of the

4381: 4181: 4050: 3708: 3681: 3619: 3481: 3295:, who was said to have experienced awakening while reading the 3017:(499–569 CE), there were over fifty Indian commentaries on the 2731: 2519: 2205: 1999: 1502: 1477: 1380: 1354: 1297: 1285: 1195: 1054: 760: 695: 665: 600: 497: 11215: 11010:

Opening the heart of the cosmos: insights from the Lotus Sutra

10447:"Two parables on "The wealthy father and the poor son" in the 8748:"Chinese Tiantai Doctrine on Insentient Things' Buddha-Nature" 7597: 7595: 6646: 3867:

devotionalism. Nichiren taught that chanting the title of the

3723:). According to Jacqueline Stone, in Tendai esotericism, "the 3638:) to Buddhahod which did not require three incalculable eons. 3303:

who was the leading authority of his time on the Lotus Sūtra.

2569:

Cave mural painting of the Buddha surrounded by bodhisattvas,

2552:

The Buddha praises the merits of those who are devoted to the

2375:. The Buddha states that another Buddha resides in the stupa, 2082:). This concept is set forth in detail in chapters 3–9, using 14258: 14093: 13951: 13917: 13897: 13867: 13796: 13213: 13058: 12936: 12931: 12901: 12856: 12703: 12698: 12577: 12282: 12107: 12074: 12064: 11345: 6490: 6136: 5764:, "Detailed Summary of "The White Lotus of the Good Dharma"". 4664: 4660: 4138:

and Stone discusses the contributions of the Soka Gakkai and

3982: 3971: 3887: 3823: 3815: 3712: 3677: 3606:

and some copies of the text are highly elaborate and ornate.

3451: 3288: 3249:

Chinese exegetes also disagreed on whether the Buddha of the

3223: 3101: 3093: 2886:

According to Seishi Karashima, this first layer includes the

2797: 2793: 2581: 2577: 2531:

qualities and attain Buddhahood. This chapter also says that

2361: 2267: 1869: 1749: 1281: 805: 705: 640: 116: 43:" of the Lotus Sutra. Text inscribed by Sugawara Mitsushige, 11064: 8907:

Buddhism and the Transformation of Old Age in Medieval Japan

8433: 7985:

Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2016). "The Life of the Lotus Sutra".

7643: 7400: 7286: 7183: 7181: 7166: 6997: 6973: 5396: 5372: 5360: 2879:

Lopez and Seishi Karashima outline these phases as follows:

14128: 12921: 12587: 12084: 9570:

Two Buddhas Seated Side by Side: A Guide to the Lotus Sūtra

8161: 7667: 7631: 7592: 7520: 7375: 7373: 7144: 7142: 7140: 6889: 6757: 6634: 6097: 5796: 5794: 5630: 5034: 4369: 4297:, "comparisons", "analogies", more accurately described as 3917:) by seeing other teachings as being above or equal to the 2047: 2006: 9821:. Fujinomiya City, Japan: Nichiren Shoshu Overseas Bureau. 8005: 7346: 7240: 7238: 5967: 5965: 5842: 5115: 4982:

variants of the titles of the three "surviving" versions."

4196:

through publications, academic symposia, and exhibitions.

3954:. For Nichiren, these trials and tribulations were termed 3529:

The combination of these three Sutras is often called the

13786: 12322: 11029:

Peaceful action, open heart: lessons from the Lotus Sutra

10842:

Mahāyāna Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations, 2nd Edition

10372:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 209–236, 10254:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 132–150. 10097:"The Mahāyāna Sūtra "The White Lotus of the Good Dharma"" 9383:, translated by Edna B. Crawford, Tokyo: Kōsei Pub. Co., 9155:

A Glossary of Kumarajiva's Translation of the Lotus Sutra

8373: 8313: 7919: 7907: 7859: 7823: 7811: 7799: 7751: 7703: 7412: 7358: 7198: 7196: 7178: 7154: 7086: 6949: 6901: 6865: 6817: 6733: 6709: 6697: 6562: 6405: 6403: 6292: 6280: 6208: 6172: 6049: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5459: 5321: 5309: 4814: 3978: 3423:(711–778) wrote sub-commentaries to Zhiyi's works on the 3341:) which explains the main principles of the text and the 3242:". One topic of debate among Chinese commentators to the 2655:

Chapter 23: "Former Affairs of Bodhisattva Medicine King"

1855: 1219: 507: 10892:(Repr. ed.), Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 9399:"The Buddhist "Prodigal Son": A Story of Misconceptions" 8268: 8266: 8251: 8209: 8029: 7993: 7895: 7763: 7370: 7262: 7137: 6877: 6745: 6586: 6526: 6430: 6073: 5791: 4790:, there are more than 1360 poems with references to the 3283:

Perhaps the most influential Chinese commentator on the

1760:, all while working towards complete Buddhahood. In the 1182:) is one of the most influential and venerated Buddhist 10107:"The Lotus Sutra in Japanese literature: A spring rain" 10059:

Le Sûtra du Lotus: suivi du Livre des sens innombrables

9440:"Dogen's Appropriation of Lotus Sutra Ground and Space" 8995:

Saicho: The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School

8694:

Lotos-Sutra – Das große Erleuchtungsbuch des Buddhismus

8301: 7787: 7568: 7532: 7508: 7460: 7436: 7334: 7322: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7127: 7125: 7074: 6853: 6841: 6793: 6769: 6685: 6673: 6466: 6420: 6418: 6328: 6268: 6232: 6148: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6001: 5977: 5962: 5926: 5854: 5818: 5435: 5423: 5299: 5297: 5284: 5282: 5219: 5207: 5127: 4392:" translations were published by Richard and Soothill. 3931:. He believed that establishing the true Dharma of the 3769:

Tendai temples, there also arose groups of independent

2760:

A bodhisattva called "Universal Virtue" or "All Good" (

10910:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 86–123 10645:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 1–61, 10368:, in Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline I. (eds.), 10230: 10043:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs

9107:"Introduction to the Sanskrit Lotus Sutra Manuscripts" 9091:(Rev. ed.), New York: Columbia University Press, 8493: 8445: 8385: 7739: 7472: 7448: 7280: 7193: 7050: 6913: 6727: 6574: 6538: 6454: 6400: 6316: 6202: 6184: 6037: 5779: 5620: 5618: 5543: 5471: 5413: 5411: 5338: 5336: 5046: 4813:

According to Jacqueline Stone and Stephen Teiser "the

4501:

reading, reciting, explaining, and copying the sūtra.

4418:

The Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma,

4188:, which culminated in a 1987 summit. He also used the 2970:(23 citations) and in the Great Compendium of Sūtras ( 2900:

The composition of the prose sections of chapters 2–9.

2748:

Chapter 27: Former Affairs of King Wonderful Adornment

1530: 11119: 9980:

The World Religions & Spirituality Project (WRSP)

9758:

A guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations

9073:(1st ed.), New York: Columbia University Press, 8409: 8397: 8263: 8041: 7883: 7847: 7835: 7679: 7655: 7619: 7607: 7580: 7556: 7544: 7496: 7484: 6961: 6610: 6502: 6478: 6388: 6085: 5890: 5348: 5105: 5103: 4966: 4843:

Complete Tale of Avalokiteśvara and the Southern Seas

4293:

Burnouf really appreciated the "parables" (Sanskrit:

3781:). Many of them were mountain ascetics, or recluses ( 3383:(the primordial Buddha) is seen as the "bliss body" ( 1650:(1222–1282) regarded the title as the summary of the 11132:

Tanabe, George J.; Tanabe, Willa Jane, eds. (1989).

10985:, Sinica Leidensia (Book 11) (3rd ed.), Brill, 9748:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Bibliographical Notes

9619:"How Did the Indian Masters Read the Lotus Sutra? -" 8813:"The Final Word: An Interview with Jacqueline Stone" 8481: 8469: 8278: 8101: 8089: 8053: 7871: 7310: 7298: 7220: 7208: 7122: 7098: 6829: 6805: 6781: 6514: 6415: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6304: 6256: 6220: 6109: 6061: 5938: 5914: 5866: 5806: 5767: 5678: 5666: 5642: 5579: 5384: 5294: 5279: 5231: 5090: 5088: 4338:, and had been translated from French to English by 4145:

According to Jacqueline Stone, several of these new

3665:

into two parts, the trace or provisional teachings (

3506:

Sutra of Meditations of (according to) Samantabhadra

3161:

The Supplemented Lotus Sūtra of the Wonderful Dharma

2601:

Chapter 21: Supernatural Powers of the Thus Come One

1568: 1556: 9996:"Introduction: The Lotus Sutra and Process Thought" 9013:"Editors' Introduction: The "Lotus Sutra" in Japan" 8421: 8349: 8173: 8149: 8137: 8125: 8077: 7931: 7775: 7727: 7250: 7110: 7009: 6985: 6925: 6661: 6598: 6550: 6442: 6376: 6160: 6025: 5989: 5878: 5615: 5603: 5447: 5408: 5333: 5063: 5061: 3673:, Chapters 15–22) of the true and original Buddha. 3446:(1060). Unearthed at Yanta Tower, Shenxian County, 2902:According to Karashima, this layer consists of the 2659:

The Buddha tells the story of the 'Medicine King' (

2311:Chapters ten to twenty two expound the role of the 1974:of and dependent on his being embodied in others." 1674: 1349:, which can be translated as "the Scripture of the 1214:were established. It is also influential for other 11186:public domain scanned book at the Internet Archive 11045: 10766:The Lotus Sutra and Its Opening and Closing Sutras 10518:Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (印度學佛教學研究.) 10507:. Tokyo, Japan: Taisho shinshu daizokyo Kanko-Kai. 10492:Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (印度學佛教學研究.) 10459:Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (印度學佛教學研究.) 10434:Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (印度學佛教學研究.) 10242:The Lotus of the Wonderful Law or The Lotus Gospel 9715:The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law 9374:, San Francisco: Buddhist Text Translation Society 8457: 8361: 5902: 5100: 4355:Saddharma-Pundarîka, or, the Lotus of the True Law 11288:Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma 11152:Buddhist positiveness: studies on the Lotus Sūtra 11048:Wisdom of the Lotus Sutra: A Discussion, Volume 1 10859:Wimbush, Vincent L.; Valantasis, Richard (2002), 10858: 10186:"The place of the Lotus Sutra in Indian Buddhism" 8871:, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 8337: 8185: 8113: 8065: 8017: 7430: 7062: 6013: 5950: 5830: 5654: 5498: 5085: 4524:and could lead to miracles. Stories dealing with 2292:Chapter 9: Prophecies for the Learners and Adepts 2154:(and those who teach it) will be reborn in hell. 1752:) and seeks to heroically remain in the world of 14311: 10306:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 116–166, 8577:Bulletin of the Institute of Oriental Philosophy 5058: 4952: 2114:. Japanese illustration for explaining Chapter 2 1610: 1194:along with its derivative schools, the Japanese 10476:Who Did Not Know the Rigid Distinction between 9583:(in French). École française d'Extrême-Orient. 9568:Lopez, Donald S.; Stone, Jacqueline I. (2019), 9541:(Kindle ed.), Princeton University Press, 9379:Kurata, Bunsaku; Tamura, Yoshirō, eds. (1987), 9241: 9064:, London, New York: Routledge, pp. 181–226 8797:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 6979: 3927:) and directing them to the one vehicle of the 3909:because they "slandered the true Dharma" (Skt. 3565:has also been an extremely influential text in 3548: 3520: 3495: 3375:as referring to all three Buddha bodies of the 2494:Japanese illustration for explaining Chapter 16 2224:The Buddha prophesies the future Buddhahood of 1790:All beings have the potential to become Buddhas 1174:, Sūtra on the White Lotus of the True Dharma, 11124:(in Japanese), Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, p. 10658: 10533:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 37–52, 10170:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 15–36, 10124: 9934:Skilful Means – A concept in Mahayana Buddhism 9875:Paine, Robert Treat; Soper, Alexander (1981), 9819:The Doctrines and Practices of Nichiren Shoshu 9310: 9286: 8167: 6655: 5597: 5366: 5253:English Buddhist Dictionary Committee (2002). 4975: 4926: 4530:Accounts of the Propagation of the Lotus Sūtra 3695:into their interpretation and practice of the 2943:suggests that the text was copied often." The 2548:Chapter 19: Benefits of the Teacher of the Law 2356:Chapter 11: The Emergence of the Jeweled Stupa 2261:Chapter 8: Prophecy for Five Hundred Disciples 2244:Chapter 7: A Past Buddha and the Illusory City 11652: 11231: 9381:Art of the Lotus Sutra: Japanese masterpieces 9242:Kern, Hendrik; Nanjio, B., eds. (1908–1912). 8732:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 4884:, an annotated Japanese version of the sutra. 4272:Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme indien 4219:. Sōka Gakkai was originally affiliated with 3669:, Chapters 1–14) and the essential teaching ( 2589:Chapter 20: The Bodhisattva Never Disparaging 1145: 932: 12434:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 11098:(1st ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 10870:"The Problem of the Buddha's Short Lifespan" 10564: 9378: 9134:"The Saddharmapundarika and Sunyata Thought" 8720: 8597:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism 8439: 8331: 8290: 7292: 6103: 5636: 5121: 5040: 4985: 4909: 4395: 4305:, which reminded him of the parables of the 3044:as a provisional text. Thus, for the Indian 2319:of the Buddha. The theme of propagating the 2165:The Buddha prophesies that in a future eon ( 1622: 1562: 1546: 11184:An 1909 English translation by Hendrik Kern 11150:Tola, Fernando, Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). 10659:Tola, Fernando; Dragonetti, Carmen (1999), 10640: 10547:Tamura, Yoshio (2014), Reeves, Gene (ed.), 9861: 9420:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 9297:, University of Hawaii Press, p. 193, 9032:Hirakawa, Akira (1990), Paul Groner (ed.), 9011:Groner, Paul; Stone, Jacqueline I. (2014), 9010: 8203: 7769: 7757: 7092: 6823: 6763: 6178: 5848: 5800: 5492: 5465: 5402: 5378: 5315: 5202: 5012: 4520:It was said that these practices were very 4061:“One night, after some time, I took up the 3703:as an esoteric text, and the Buddha of the 3614:The Tiantai school was brought to Japan by 3137:language has gained widespread acceptance. 2784:Votive Stela that includes scenes from the 1986:Japanese illustration of the Lotus assembly 11659: 11645: 11238: 11224: 10959: 10565:Tanabe, George Joji; Tanabe, eds. (1989). 9874: 9721: 9567: 8630: 8379: 7793: 7724:, pp. 232, 109–115, 191–195, 201–215. 7418: 7406: 7364: 7187: 7172: 7160: 6739: 6298: 6286: 6142: 6055: 4180:(1900–1999), the 253rd head priest of the 3569:. One of the oldest Japanese texts is the 2978:. It is cited by Indian Buddhists such as 2860:(sometimes called "The Lotus School") and 2756:Chapter 28: Encouragement of Samantabhadra 1683:is known for its extensive instruction on 1152: 1138: 939: 925: 11050:. Santa Monica, CA: World Tribune Press. 10905: 10810: 10585: 10366:"Realizing This World as the Buddha Land" 10289: 10249: 9616: 9502:K-architecture: tradition meets modernity 9499:Lim, Jinyoung; Ryoo, Seong Lyong (2014), 9182: 9151: 8849: 8772: 8554: 8246: 7984: 7649: 7466: 6955: 6883: 6703: 6628: 6496: 4998: 4782:-inspired than other sutras. In the work 4255:), published in 1603, Ricci mentions the 3371:Zhiyi also interpreted the Buddha of the 3222:was "the most important sutra in China". 3115:are extant. It was first translated into 2974:) by the eleventh-century Bengali master 2200:Chapter 5: The Parable of Medicinal Herbs 1393:Chinese translation. The characters mean: 11136:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10908:The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings 10838: 10785:Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 10782: 10502: 10239: 9816: 9745: 9480: 9465:as a Source for Dogen's Discourse Style" 9458: 9437: 9131: 9104: 9059: 9031: 8931: 8658:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8047: 7637: 7613: 7601: 7394: 7379: 7268: 7148: 7003: 6775: 6436: 6274: 6130: 6043: 5983: 5971: 5860: 5441: 5429: 5225: 5052: 4940: 4722:era. In the fifth century, the scene of 4670: 4650: 4646: 4594: 4487: 4443: 4073: 3898:). This was to be recited in front of a 3833: 3640: 3622:tradition and wrote a commentary to the 3434: 3364:with the Buddha nature teachings of the 3329:Zhiyi's philosophical synthesis saw the 3326:is uniquely comprehensive and holistic. 3150: 3079: 2779: 2775: 2690:Chapter 24: The Bodhisattva Gadgadasvara 2673: 2604: 2564: 2556:. He states that their six sense bases ( 2489: 2397: 2346: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2017:of human beings (the bodhisattva way)." 1989: 1981: 1875: 1859: 1793: 1664: 1326: 1307: 39:depicting white lotuses in Chapter 25: " 31: 13621:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 11065:Kaie, Mochizuki; Byungkon, Kim (2020). 10980: 10240:Soothill, William Edward (tr.) (1930), 10165: 10145: 10094: 9953:"The Śamatha and Vipaśyanā in Tian Tai" 9754: 9750:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 9665: 9633: 9597: 9521:Buddhism in Practice (Abridged Edition) 9498: 9369: 9086: 9068: 8983: 8913: 8709: 8648: 8635:, New York: Columbia University Press, 8499: 8487: 8451: 8415: 8391: 8107: 8095: 7877: 7697: 7673: 7454: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6871: 6580: 6409: 6079: 5761: 5537: 5533: 5480: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5079: 5019:The Lotus Sūtra of the Wonderful Dharma 4439: 4436:that range from complex to simplified. 4420:a scholarly English translation of the 4290:", was published posthumously in 1852. 4249:The True Doctrine of the Lord of Heaven 4082:, one of the many Lotus Sūtra centered 3602:The sūtra was also very influential on 3360:Zhiyi also linked the teachings of the 2712:This chapter is devoted to bodhisattva 2486:Chapter 16: The Life Span of Tathagatha 1736:The One Vehicle is associated with the 1331:The Japanese title of the Lotus Sutra ( 14: 14312: 13824:List of Buddhist architecture in China 11088: 10928: 10914: 10887: 10877:World Hongming Philosophical Quarterly 10762: 10742: 10697: 10676: 10546: 10528: 10511: 10469: 10444: 10423: 10405: 10385: 10342: 10324: 10074: 10056: 10036: 10018: 9993: 9970: 9825: 9785: 9712: 9687: 9623:Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 9576: 9554: 8992: 8831: 8810: 8691: 8594: 8475: 8427: 8403: 8307: 8272: 8257: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8215: 8179: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8083: 8011: 7937: 7901: 7781: 7745: 7733: 7685: 7625: 7562: 7478: 7352: 7116: 7056: 7015: 6991: 6967: 6667: 6616: 6592: 6544: 6532: 6508: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6394: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6250: 6238: 6214: 6118: 6091: 6067: 6007: 5932: 5896: 5824: 5812: 5773: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5684: 5648: 5624: 5609: 5585: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5417: 5390: 5354: 5342: 5303: 5288: 5259:The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism 5237: 5213: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5109: 4069: 3269:), or to the manifest, physical body ( 2819:school and may have been written in a 2734:and several bodhisattvas offer sacred 2647:These chapters are focused on various 1888:Another key concept introduced by the 1856:The nature of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas 11640: 11219: 10360: 10297: 10278:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 10268: 10131:. Cambridge: Windhorse Publications. 10104: 9973:"JAPANESE NEW RELIGIONS: AN OVERVIEW" 9894: 9864:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 9555:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (Winter 2016b). 9536: 9518: 9444:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 9403:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 9017:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 8986:Mountain Mandalas: Shugendo in Kyushu 8966: 8904: 8838:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 8567: 8543:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 8516: 8463: 8319: 8284: 7943: 7925: 7913: 7889: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7721: 7709: 7661: 7586: 7574: 7550: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7442: 7340: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7229: 7214: 7131: 7104: 7080: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6715: 6691: 6604: 6424: 6382: 6226: 6190: 6166: 6031: 5995: 5884: 5785: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5672: 5574: 5453: 5133: 5094: 5067: 4993:The Lotus Sūtra of the Correct Dharma 4847:Precious Scroll of Sudhana and Longnü 4675:Hokke Sesso, cast and beaten bronze, 3191:One of Kumārajīva's great disciples, 2934: 2906:verses and the prose of chapters 2–9. 2535:should be built to honor the Buddha. 2459:bodhisattvas spring up from the earth 2379:, who attained awakening through the 1894:the Buddha's lifespan is immeasurable 11031:. Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax Press. 11026: 11007: 10867: 10724: 10220:The Journal of the Pali Text Society 10210: 10183: 9949: 9789:A Guide to the Threefold Lotus Sutra 9602:. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. 9417: 9396: 9338: 9230: 9209: 8967:Ganga, Jessica (22 September 2016). 8884: 8866: 8792: 8745: 8692:Borsig, Margareta von (tr.) (2009), 8612: 8367: 8355: 8343: 8191: 8119: 8071: 8059: 8035: 8023: 7999: 7949: 7281:Silk, Hinüber & Eltschinger 2016 7256: 7244: 7202: 6751: 6728:Silk, Hinüber & Eltschinger 2016 6640: 6568: 6520: 6448: 6203:Silk, Hinüber & Eltschinger 2016 6154: 5908: 5660: 5504: 3829: 3684:also adopted further teachings from 3618:(767–822), who founded the Japanese 3343:Words and Phrases of the Lotus Sutra 3040:school, the Yogācāra school saw the 2867: 2009:scenes. According to British writer 1994:Mañjuśrī and Maitreya bodhisattvas, 1296:), but is still active teaching the 1249:"is arguably the most famous of all 11154:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 11134:The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture 10890:The Lotus Sutra in Japanese culture 10612: 10568:The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture 10531:The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture 10168:The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture 9931: 9722:Murugappan, Revathi (24 May 2014). 9483:Visions of Awakening Space and Time 9271: 8536: 8221: 7068: 6931: 6679: 6556: 6262: 6019: 5956: 5944: 5920: 5872: 5836: 5555: 5510: 5327: 5139: 4851:Miraculous Tales of the Lotus Sutra 4637:), or "revered object of worship" ( 4603:In the Japanese Tendai school, the 4334:, a publication of the New England 3431:The Chinese "Threefold Lotus Sūtra" 3335:Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sūtra 2954:which cites four passages from the 2452:Chapter 15: Emerging from the Earth 2187:Chapter 4: Belief and Understanding 2039:state of deep meditative absorption 1337:) depicted in a stone inscription. 1268:. The first is the doctrine of the 1106:25. Additional Sutra Clarifications 24: 13611:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 11000: 10729:, University of Washington Press, 10700:"Hendrik Kern and the Lotus Sutra" 10095:Roberts, Peter Alan (tr.) (2021). 10045:(Interview). Georgetown University 9982:. Virginia Commonwealth University 9717:, Tokyo: Nichiren Shu Headquarters 5690: 4738:Temple in Japan and, in Korea, at 4416:. In 1976, Leon Hurvitz published 3731:terms as an ever-present, ongoing 2958:), in the Compendium of Training ( 2815:may have had its origin among the 2068:The White Lotus of the Good Dharma 1807:Another important teaching of the 27:Popular sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism 25: 14366: 11167: 10244:, Clarendon Press, pp. 15–36 10235:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 144–157 10152:, London: John Wiley & Sons, 10037:Reeves, Gene (25 November 2009). 9878:The art and architecture of Japan 8969:"Donald Lopez on the Lotus Sutra" 4239:One of the first mentions of the 4026:and a monk who has memorized the 2716:(Skt. “Lord Who Looks Down”, Ch. 2642: 2306: 2059:wonders what this means, and the 2051:) which illuminates thousands of 14292: 14282: 14281: 13839:Thai temple art and architecture 13584:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 11824:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 11690: 11677: 11667: 11304: 11189: 11122:歌よみに与ふる書 (Utayomi ni atauru sho) 10474:Bhaisajyarajapurvayoga-parivarta 9994:Reeves, Gene (1 December 2001). 8914:Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata (1983), 8730:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 8595:Baroni, Helen Josephine (2002), 8563:from the original on 2015-09-07. 7978: 7021: 6937: 4599:Nichiren Shōshū priests chanting 4165:. According to their co-founder 4084:Japanese New Religious Movements 3699:. These figures interpreted the 3676:Post-Saichō Tendai leaders like 3410:Lotus Samādhi Rite of Repentance 2884:The composition of Chapters 2–9. 2423:Chapter 13: Encouraging Devotion 2191:Four senior disciples including 1675:One Vehicle, Many Skillful Means 1459:subtle dharma lotus flower sutra 1364:Translations of this title into 1125:30. Shōwa Treasures of the Faith 961: 80: 14345:Buddhism in the Kamakura period 11691: 11245: 10551:, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 10549:Introduction to the Lotus Sutra 10470:Suzuki, Takayasu (March 2014), 10445:Suzuki, Takayasu (March 2015), 10424:Suzuki, Takayasu (March 2016), 10408:Introduction to the Lotus Sutra 10327:Encyclopedia of Buddhism vol. 1 10320:from the original on 2015-01-04 10291:10.18874/jjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48 10193:The Journal of Oriental Studies 10023:, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 9708:from the original on 2014-08-26 9698:Contemporary Religions in Japan 9454:from the original on 2014-01-09 9413:from the original on 2014-08-10 8973:Princeton University Press Blog 8894:The Journal of Oriental Studies 8851:10.18874/jjrs.41.1.2014.191-217 8590:from the original on 2015-06-01 4483: 4452:According to Gene Reeves, "the 4262: 3961: 3218:(596–667) was writing that the 3186: 3075: 3059:was translated into Tibetan by 2526:than practicing the first five 2327:Chapter 10: The Dharma teachers 2220:Chapter 6: Bestowal of Prophecy 2073: 1264:have been very influential for 1237:contains the final teaching of 13829:Japanese Buddhist architecture 13631:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 12711:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 11902:Places where the Buddha stayed 11461:Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra 11295:Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra 11180:from the Sacred Texts Web site 11120:子規·正岡 (Shiki Masaoka) (1983), 11012:. Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax. 10983:The Buddhist Conquest of China 10571:. University of Hawaii Press. 10347:, University of Hawaii Press, 10343:Stone, Jacqueline I. (2003b), 10304:Re-Visioning Kamakura Buddhism 10302:, in Payne, Richard K. (ed.), 10114:Journal of Oriental Philosophy 9724:"Lotus Sutra's Dance of Peace" 9523:, Princeton University Press, 9370:Kuo-lin, Lethcoe, ed. (1977), 8997:, University of Hawaii Press, 8811:Cooper, Andrew (Spring 2006). 8710:Burnouf, Eugène (tr.) (1852), 8617:, University of Hawaii Press, 8599:, The Rosen Publishing Group, 4899: 4345:An English translation of the 4234: 3826:were trained as Tendai monks. 3543: 3535:Three-Part Dharma Flower Sutra 3515: 3486: 3367:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 3291:(538–597), a patriarch of the 3165:Tiān Pǐn Miào Fǎ Lián Huá Jīng 2435:Chapter 14: Peaceful Practices 1969:According to Gene Reeves, the 1660: 1563: 1547: 1507: 1482: 1385: 1292:(he only appeared to do so as 1280:and so they are all actually " 13: 1: 13844:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 10763:Watson, Burton (tr.) (2009), 10749:, Columbia University Press, 10743:Watson, Burton (tr.) (1993), 10298:Stone, Jacqueline I. (1998), 10000:Journal of Chinese Philosophy 9713:Murano, Senchū (tr.) (1974), 9557:"The Life of the Lotus Sutra" 9519:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2015), 9481:Leighton, Taigen Dan (2007), 9459:Leighton, Taigen Dan (2006), 9438:Leighton, Taigen Dan (2005), 8818:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 8782:Chung Hwa Journal of Buddhism 8716:, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale 8556:10.18874/jjrs.42.1.2015.27-70 7431:Wimbush & Valantasis 2002 5027: 4753: 4528:miracles, such as Huixiang's 4448:Lotus Sūtra in Vietnam, 1730s 4404:, scholarly attention to the 4010:Dogen directly discusses the 3469:Sutra of Innumerable Meanings 3257:referred to the Dharma-body ( 1646:The Japanese Buddhist priest 1260:Two central teachings of the 13601:Buddhism and the Roman world 13577:Decline of Buddhism in India 13572:History of Buddhism in India 11672: Topics in 10960:Zimmermann, Michael (1999), 10813:The Journal of Asian Studies 10725:Wang, Eugene Yuejin (2005), 10329:, Macmillan Reference Lib., 10146:Shields, James Mark (2013), 9971:Reader, Ian (8 March 2015). 9572:, Princeton University Press 9539:The Lotus Sutra: A Biography 9313:Journal of Indian Philosophy 9231:Kern, Hendrik (tr.) (1884), 9120:(6): 165–173, archived from 9035:A History of Indian Buddhism 8909:, University of Hawaii Press 7950:Ford, James Ishmael (2006). 6253:, Everlasting personal life. 4784:Kanwa taisho myoho renge-kyo 4765:The Dream of the Red Chamber 4259:and denounces its teaching. 3882:"Glory to the Dharma of the 3230:, wrote a commentary on the 2671:is the king of all sutras. 2024: 1623: 1589:dam chos padma dkar po'i mdo 1511:("True Dharma Flower Sutra") 7: 12799:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 12539: 11199:public domain audiobook at 11174:An 1884 English translation 10643:Readings of the Lotus Sutra 10503:Takakusa, Watanabe (1926). 10370:Readings of the Lotus Sutra 10252:Readings of the Lotus Sutra 10019:Reeves, Gene (tr.) (2008), 9950:Qing, Fa (30 August 2013). 9895:Peach, Lucinda Joy (2002), 9485:, Oxford University Press, 9141:Journal of Oriental Studies 9114:Journal of Oriental Studies 8832:Covell, Stephen G. (2014). 8633:Readings of the Lotus Sutra 8517:Abbot, Terry (tr.) (2013), 6980:Kern & Nanjio 1908–1912 4919:, the realm of a Buddha, a 4856: 4824: 3549: 3521: 3496: 3121: 3070: 2916:The fourth and final phase. 2204:This parable says that the 1977: 1569: 1557: 1531: 1445: 1434: 1423: 1412: 1401: 1345:title for the sūtra is the 1312:Sanskrit manuscript of the 1222:. According to the British 422: 390: 358: 335: 10: 14371: 13749:The unanswerable questions 11281:Innumerable Meanings Sūtra 10269:Stone, Jacqueline (1995), 10211:Silk, Jonathan A. (2012), 10057:Robert, Jean-Noël (1997), 9668:Onna to otoko no kokkyōsen 9210:Kato, Bunno (tr.) (1975), 9183:Karashima, Seishi (2015), 9152:Karashima, Seishi (2001), 8984:Grapard, Allan G. (2016), 8755:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 8509: 8168:Tola & Dragonetti 1999 7029:"Portable Buddhist Shrine" 6656:Kirchner & Sasaki 2009 5367:Kotatsu & Hurvitz 1975 4808: 4746:Pagodas, built in 751, at 4714:figure prominently in the 3974:, the Japanese founder of 3970:was also a key source for 3419:The later Tiantai scholar 3278: 3159:The third extant version, 3107:Three translations of the 2982:(in his commentary on the 2964:, three passages), in the 1835:) is not mentioned in the 1172:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtram 49:Metropolitan Museum of Art 14277: 14229: 14144: 14059: 13834:Buddhist temples in Korea 13757: 13659: 13542: 13239: 13167: 12994: 12867: 12807: 12442: 12397:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 12308: 12300:Three planes of existence 12248: 12093: 11985: 11915: 11907:Buddha in world religions 11769: 11714: 11686: 11599: 11436:Abundant Treasures Buddha 11359: 11313: 11302: 11264: 11258:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra 11255: 11027:Hanh, Thich Nhat (2009). 11008:Hanh, Thich Nhat (2003). 10863:, Oxford University Press 10797:10.1007/s11712-007-9004-2 10713:: 129–142, archived from 9817:Obayashi, Kotoku (2002). 9746:Nakamura, Hajime (1980), 9432:10.1093/jaarel/XLIX.3.447 9237:, Oxford: Clarendon Press 9198:: 163–196, archived from 9132:Kajiyama, Yuichi (2000), 9023:(1): 1–23, archived from 8905:Drott, Edward R. (2016), 4396:20th century translations 4353:in 1884 and published as 3609: 3538: 3510: 3477: 3055:An Indian version of the 2626:The Buddha transmits the 2387:whenever it is preached. 2090:Chapter 2: Skillful Means 1920:countless aeons ago. The 1580: 1520: 1498: 1473: 1376: 1347:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra 1229:, "For many Buddhists in 1179: 13616:Persecution of Buddhists 12837:Four stages of awakening 12218:Three marks of existence 11804:Physical characteristics 10698:Vetter, Tilmann (1999), 10680:Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtram 10512:Tamura, Yoshiro (1963), 10199:: 87–105, archived from 9901:Philosophy East and West 9795:, Kosei Publishing Co., 9670: 9666:Mulhern, Chieko (1989). 9634:Mulhern, Chieko (1986), 9617:Mochizuki, Kaie (2011). 9598:Metraux, Daniel (2010). 9397:Lai, Whalen W. (1981a), 9339:Kubo, Tsugunari (2007), 8941:Philosophy East and West 8761:: 71–104, archived from 8649:Boucher, Daniel (1998). 8568:Apple, James B. (2012), 8440:Tanabe & Tanabe 1989 8332:Kurata & Tamura 1987 7293:Buswell & Lopez 2013 6104:Buswell & Lopez 2013 5637:Buswell & Lopez 2013 5122:Buswell & Lopez 2013 5041:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4991:Taisho vol.9, pp. 63–134 4893: 4801:, became devoted to the 4364:Western interest in the 4359:Sacred Books of the East 4340:Elizabeth Palmer Peabody 3777:) or "Lotus holy ones" ( 3556: 3226:(632–82), a disciple of 3125:'s team in 286 C. E. in 3029:above all other sutras. 2829:) that was subsequently 2807:According to Lopez, the 2510:The Buddha explains the 2332:teachers of the Dharma ( 1624:Thyo tsye fa se ldwi rye 1581:དམ་ཆོས་པད་མ་དཀར་པོའི་མདོ 1303: 12979:Ten principal disciples 11862:(aunt, adoptive mother) 11089:Niwano, Nikkyō (1976). 10839:Williams, Paul (1989), 10406:Suguro, Shinjo (1998), 10392:, Motilal Banarsidass, 10184:Silk, Jonathan (2001), 10125:Sangharakshita (2014). 10012:10.1111/0301-8121.00053 9786:Niwano, Nikkyo (1981), 9688:Murano, Senchu (1967), 9287:Kirchner, Thomas Yuho; 9105:Jamieson, R.C. (2002), 8988:, Bloomsbury Publishing 8932:Federman, Asaf (2009), 8204:Teiser & Stone 2009 7758:Groner & Stone 2014 7093:Groner & Stone 2014 6824:Groner & Stone 2014 6764:Teiser & Stone 2009 6179:Teiser & Stone 2009 5849:Groner & Stone 2014 5801:Teiser & Stone 2009 5493:Teiser & Stone 2009 5466:Groner & Stone 2014 5403:Groner & Stone 2014 5379:Teiser & Stone 2009 5316:Teiser & Stone 2009 5203:Teiser & Stone 2009 4124:New Religious Movements 3871:in a phrase called the 3408:. He also composed the 3299:Zhiyi was a student of 3263:), to the reward body ( 2995:Madhyamakāvatāra-bhāṣya 2622:Chapter 22: Entrustment 1880:Chapter 16 (printed in 1748:or "extinction" of the 1607:Diệu pháp Liên hoa kinh 1493:Chinese translation is 1486:("Dharma Flower Sutra") 1389:. This is the title of 1368:include the following: 1233:since early times, the 425:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra 13689:Buddhism and democracy 13202:Tibetan Buddhist canon 13197:Chinese Buddhist canon 12429:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 12424:Early Buddhist schools 10981:Zürcher, Erik (2006), 10929:Yuyama, Akira (2000), 10915:Yuyama, Akira (1970), 10769:, Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 10677:Vaidya, P. L. (1960), 10472:"The Compilers of the 10105:Rubio, Carlos (2013), 9673:(in Japanese). 中央公論社. 9640:Asian Folklore Studies 9537:Lopez, Donald (2016), 9272:Kim, Young-Ho (1985), 9087:Hurvitz, Leon (2009), 9069:Hurvitz, Leon (1976), 8773:Chün-fang, Yü (1997), 8615:Burning for the Buddha 8613:Benn, James A (2007), 8380:Paine & Soper 1981 7419:Lopez & Stone 2019 7407:Lopez & Stone 2019 7365:Lopez & Stone 2019 7188:Lopez & Stone 2019 7173:Lopez & Stone 2019 7161:Lopez & Stone 2019 7033:The Walters Art Museum 6944:Taisho vol. 9, no. 262 6643:, pp. 87, 90, 91. 6287:Lopez & Stone 2019 6143:Lopez & Stone 2019 5330:, pp. 29, 36, 37. 5261:. Tōkyō: Soka Gakkai. 4835:Dragon King's daughter 4794:in just their titles. 4758:Tamura refers to the " 4698: 4684: 4668: 4600: 4497: 4449: 4176:In a similar fashion, 4112:Japanese new religions 4087: 4067: 3847: 3838:Calligraphic mandala ( 3756:original enlightenment 3658: 3589:Hokke metsuzai no tera 3575:, a commentary on the 3455: 3416:) based on the sūtra. 3236:Tibetan Buddhist canon 3156: 3104: 2804: 2686: 2610: 2585: 2495: 2448:are to be cultivated. 2403: 2352: 2286:negative mental states 2158:Chapter 3: The Parable 2131: 2115: 2103: 2098:Chapter 2 (printed in 2029:During a gathering at 2002: 1987: 1885: 1873: 1804: 1800:dragon king's daughter 1756:to help others attain 1671: 1611: 1606: 1597:Damchö Pema Karpo'i do 1558:Myobeop Yeonhwa gyeong 1442: 1431: 1420: 1409: 1398: 1338: 1324: 1276:and practices lead to 1272:, which says that all 1100:23. Non-Buddhist Texts 1024:4. Saddharma Pundarika 955:Chinese Buddhist Canon 455:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra 402:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 56: 13699:Eight Consciousnesses 11809:Life of Buddha in art 11556:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī 11503:who becomes a Buddha) 11274:Threefold Lotus Sutra 10595:, Macmillan, p. 10386:Strong, John (2007), 9932:Pye, Michael (2003), 9913:10.1353/pew.2002.0003 9755:Nattier, Jan (2008), 9577:Magnin, Paul (1979). 8993:Groner, Paul (2000), 8746:Chen, Shuman (2011), 7529:, pp. 71–74, 92. 6631:, pp. 1169–1177. 4674: 4654: 4647:In East Asian culture 4598: 4491: 4447: 4434:approaches and styles 4205:Tsunesaburō Makiguchi 4078:Great Sacred Hall of 4077: 4059: 3888:age of Dharma decline 3837: 3765:Apart from the major 3644: 3531:Threefold Lotus Sūtra 3438: 3154: 3083: 2821:middle Indic language 2788:and the Lotus Sutra. 2783: 2776:History and reception 2677: 2608: 2568: 2539:Chapter 18: Rejoicing 2493: 2475:Supratiṣṭhitacāritra‍ 2407:Chapter 12: Devadatta 2401: 2364:(a stylized Buddhist 2350: 2281:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra 2128:Tokyo National Museum 2121: 2109: 2097: 1993: 1985: 1916:, who has taught the 1879: 1863: 1797: 1668: 1456:miào fǎ lián huá jīng 1330: 1311: 416:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 393:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 337:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra 322:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras 37:Japanese illustration 35: 14176:East Asian religions 13606:Buddhism in the West 13177:Early Buddhist texts 12792:Four Right Exertions 12258:Ten spiritual realms 11751:Noble Eightfold Path 11499:(daughter of Sāgara 10868:Xing, Guang (2005), 10694:(Romanized Sanskrit) 10615:History of Religions 10505:Tendai Daishi Zenshu 10389:Relics of the Buddha 10362:Stone, Jacqueline I. 9828:History of Religions 8726:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 8537:Abe, Ryuchi (2015). 6571:, pp. XXI–XXII. 4631:Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō 4576:The chanting of the 4573:(觀音) devotionalism. 4440:Lotus Sūtra practice 3878:Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō 3789:in solitary places ( 2792:(550–577). Found in 2161:of the Burning House 1950:) "is in some sense 1866:Northern Wei Dynasty 1839:, Japanese scholars 1353:Blossom of the Fine 167:Bodhisattva Precepts 127:Transcendent Virtues 14355:Flowers in religion 14299:Religion portal 14046:Temple of the Tooth 13925:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 12964:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 12457:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 12240:Two truths doctrine 12060:Mahapajapati Gotamī 11860:Mahapajapati Gotamī 11446:Majestic Voice King 11422:Never Disrespectful 9690:"An Outline of the 9294:The Record of Linji 9289:Sasaki, Ruth Fuller 8793:Cole, Alan (2005), 8722:Buswell, Robert Jr. 8392:Lim & Ryoo 2014 8322:, pp. 17, 265. 8206:, pp. 237–240. 8038:, pp. 133–153. 8014:, pp. 129–141. 8002:, pp. 125–154. 7958:Wisdom Publications 7928:, pp. 138–143. 7916:, pp. 128–130. 7868:, pp. 133–135. 7832:, pp. 196–204. 7820:, pp. 194–195. 7808:, pp. 191–192. 7712:, pp. 227–230. 7676:, pp. 512–523. 7433:, pp. 436–437. 7355:, pp. 199–200. 7006:, pp. 165–173. 6898:, pp. 285–289. 6754:, pp. 129–141. 6718:, pp. 161–162. 6682:, pp. 173–178. 6499:, pp. 414–415. 6217:, pp. 115–118. 6157:, pp. 459–460. 6145:, pp. 138–141. 5598:Sangharakshita 2014 5136:, pp. 138–154. 4718:caves built in the 4480:with other people. 4461:is being preached. 4388:. Abbreviated and " 4376:translation of the 4070:Modern developments 3993:Taigen Dan Leighton 3911:saddharmapratiksepa 3414:Fahua sanmei chanyi 3210:Already during the 2850:East Asian Buddhism 2800:. Displayed at the 2790:Northern Qi Dynasty 2727:Chapter 26: Dhāraṇī 2477:), ready to teach. 1632:Donald S. Lopez Jr. 1386:Miàofǎ Liánhuá jīng 1341:The earliest known 1243:Donald S. Lopez Jr. 1216:East Asian Buddhist 838:Regional traditions 377:Lalitavistara Sūtra 352:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra 345:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra 241:Prajñāpāramitā Devī 157:Non-abiding Nirvana 122:Transcendent Wisdom 14221:Western philosophy 13819:Dzong architecture 13641:Vipassana movement 13636:Buddhist modernism 13064:Emperor Wen of Sui 12832:Pratyekabuddhayāna 12765:Threefold Training 12567:Vipassana movement 12283:Hungry Ghost realm 12103:Avidyā (Ignorance) 12050:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 11799:Great Renunciation 11794:Eight Great Events 11676: 11566:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 11551:Maha-Maudgalyayana 11417:Unlimited Practice 10587:Tanahashi, Kazuaki 10486:Saddharmapundarika 10449:Saddharmapundarika 10428:Saddharmapundarika 9325:10.1007/BF00157332 9244:Saddharmapuṇḍarīka 8953:10.1353/pew.0.0050 8885:Deeg, Max (2012), 8867:Deeg, Max (2007), 7987:Tricycle Maqgazine 7652:, pp. 86–123. 7640:, pp. 85–105. 7604:, pp. 85–105. 7247:, pp. 71–104. 4685: 4669: 4601: 4498: 4474:the eightfold path 4468:also mentions the 4450: 4336:transcendentalists 4088: 4030:to illustrate the 3892:saddharmavipralopa 3850:The Japanese monk 3848: 3803:, a collection of 3659: 3456: 3157: 3131:Western Jin Period 3105: 2972:Mahāsūtrasamuccaya 2935:Reception in India 2805: 2687: 2611: 2586: 2496: 2404: 2360:A massive jeweled 2353: 2230:Mahāmaudgalyāyana 2132: 2116: 2104: 2003: 1988: 1886: 1874: 1847:), interprets the 1827:Although the term 1805: 1672: 1339: 1325: 1059:12. Sutravyakarana 462:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 448:Golden Light Sutra 361:Vimalakirtinirdeśa 177:Bodhisattva stages 142:Consciousness-only 57: 14330:Nichiren Buddhism 14307: 14306: 13945:Om mani padme hum 13651:Women in Buddhism 13567:Buddhist councils 13437:Western countries 13225:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 12986:Shaolin Monastery 12563:Samatha-vipassanā 12173:Pratītyasamutpāda 11977:Metteyya/Maitreya 11895: 11887: 11879: 11871: 11863: 11855: 11847: 11724:Four Noble Truths 11634: 11633: 11605:Nichiren Buddhism 11412:Superior Practice 11176:from Sanskrit by 11160:978-81-208-3406-4 10736:978-0-295-98462-9 10592:Moon in a Dewdrop 10540:978-0-8248-1198-3 10399:978-81-208-3139-1 10354:978-0-8248-2771-7 10177:978-0-8248-1198-3 10076:Robert, Jean Noël 10061:, Paris: Fayard, 10030:978-0-86171-571-8 9609:978-0-7734-3758-6 9590:978-2-85539-066-6 9561:Tricycle Magazine 9530:978-1-4008-8007-2 9355:978-1-886439-39-9 8703:978-3-451-30156-8 8696:, Verlag Herder, 8606:978-0-8239-2240-6 8530:978-1-886439-45-0 8260:, pp. 17–18. 8218:, pp. 16–17. 7904:, pp. 61–77. 7577:, pp. 86–87. 7541:, pp. 83–85. 7517:, pp. 82–83. 7445:, pp. 56–58. 7409:, pp. 20–21. 7343:, pp. 69–70. 7331:, pp. 68–70. 7205:, pp. 30–47. 7175:, pp. 16–18. 7083:, pp. 47–48. 6910:, pp. 57–69. 6874:, pp. 25–26. 6862:, pp. 41–42. 6850:, pp. 37–40. 6802:, pp. 24–27. 6694:, pp. 21–22. 6595:, pp. 81–83. 6535:, pp. 76–78. 6337:, pp. 65–66. 6265:, pp. 51–54. 6241:, pp. 50–52. 6193:, pp. 57–58. 6082:, pp. 31–33. 6010:, pp. 38–39. 5947:, pp. 42–45. 5935:, pp. 34–35. 5923:, pp. 40–42. 5875:, pp. 37–39. 5827:, pp. 34–35. 5788:, pp. 13–14. 5540:, "Introduction". 5405:, pp. 3, 17. 5381:, pp. 20–21. 5268:978-4-412-01205-9 5216:, pp. 11–12. 4849:folkstories. The 4841:, appears in the 4771:The Tale of Genji 4324:A chapter of the 4042:also studied the 3972:Dōgen (1200–1253) 3861:esoteric Buddhism 3830:Nichiren Buddhism 3686:Esoteric Buddhism 3598:The Tale of Genji 3567:Japanese Buddhism 2924:Stephen F. Teiser 2868:Early development 2862:Nichiren Buddhism 2786:Vimalakirti Sutra 2685:no 1, 5th century 2651:and their deeds. 2506:Chapter 17: Merit 2035:Shakyamuni Buddha 1960:Japanese Buddhism 1892:is the idea that 1812:Buddhist villain 1733:of the buddhas." 1643:unstained by it. 1529: 1468:Shortened title: 1266:Mahāyāna Buddhism 1239:Shakyamuni Buddha 1218:schools, such as 1206:, and Vietnamese 1186:. It is the main 1162: 1161: 1121:29. Illustrations 1086:19. Sastravibhasa 1083:18. Vinayavibhasa 1019:3. Prajnaparamita 949: 948: 434:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 409:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 384:Samādhirāja Sūtra 107:Mind of Awakening 73:Mahāyāna Buddhism 41:Universal Gateway 16:(Redirected from 14362: 14297: 14296: 14285: 14284: 14124:Sacred languages 13972:Maya Devi Temple 13935:Mahabodhi Temple 13739:Secular Buddhism 13704:Engaged Buddhism 12544: 12392:Tibetan Buddhism 12343:Vietnamese Thiền 11942:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 11893: 11885: 11877: 11869: 11861: 11853: 11845: 11694: 11693: 11681: 11671: 11661: 11654: 11647: 11638: 11637: 11612:Tiantai Buddhism 11451:Śākyamuni Buddha 11308: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11217: 11216: 11193: 11192: 11147: 11128: 11116: 11114: 11108:. Archived from 11097: 11082: 11061: 11042: 11023: 10995: 10977: 10975: 10968: 10956: 10954: 10948:, archived from 10937: 10925: 10923: 10911: 10902: 10884: 10874: 10864: 10855: 10835: 10807: 10779: 10759: 10739: 10721: 10719: 10704: 10693: 10673: 10655: 10637: 10609: 10582: 10561: 10543: 10525: 10508: 10499: 10466: 10441: 10420: 10402: 10382: 10357: 10339: 10321: 10294: 10293: 10275: 10265: 10245: 10236: 10227: 10217: 10207: 10205: 10190: 10180: 10162: 10142: 10121: 10111: 10100: 10091: 10071: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10033: 10015: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9977: 9967: 9965: 9958: 9946: 9928: 9923:, archived from 9891: 9871: 9858: 9822: 9813: 9811: 9805:, archived from 9794: 9782: 9780: 9774:, archived from 9763: 9751: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9730:. Archived from 9718: 9709: 9684: 9662: 9630: 9613: 9594: 9573: 9564: 9551: 9533: 9515: 9495: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9455: 9434: 9414: 9393: 9375: 9366: 9364: 9358:, archived from 9347: 9335: 9307: 9283: 9247: 9238: 9227: 9225: 9218: 9206: 9204: 9189: 9179: 9177: 9171:, archived from 9160: 9148: 9138: 9128: 9126: 9111: 9101: 9083: 9065: 9056: 9028: 9007: 8989: 8980: 8975:. Archived from 8963: 8938: 8928: 8910: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8863: 8853: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8807: 8789: 8779: 8769: 8767: 8752: 8742: 8717: 8706: 8688: 8686: 8680:. Archived from 8655: 8645: 8627: 8609: 8591: 8589: 8574: 8564: 8558: 8533: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8297:Shields, J. 2011 8294: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8244: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7383: 7377: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7233: 7227: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7191: 7185: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7135: 7129: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7035:. Archived from 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5572: 5553: 5552:, pp. 9–10. 5547: 5541: 5535: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5271:. Archived from 5250: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5200: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4710:Motifs from the 4677:Hase-dera　Temple 4629:This formula is 4554:performance arts 4402:Second World War 4207:(1871–1944) and 4140:Risshō Kōsei Kai 4102:, Nissho Honda, 4080:Risshō Kōsei Kai 3721:sokushin jōbutsu 3647:Hokkekyō Mandala 3552: 3545: 3544:Fǎhuá Sānbù jīng 3540: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3499: 3488: 3479: 3201:Fahua jing yishu 3146:Jean-Noël Robert 3124: 2985:Mahāyānasaṃgraha 2928:Jacqueline Stone 2471:Viśuddhacāritra 1935:writes that the 1933:Jacqueline Stone 1744:(the individual 1656: 1626: 1614: 1582: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1550: 1549: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1509: 1508:Zhèngfǎ huá jīng 1500: 1484: 1475: 1387: 1378: 1361:is more common. 1245:writes that the 1181: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1080:17. Sutravibhasa 1046:9. Sutrasanipata 1043:8. Mahasannipata 965: 951: 950: 941: 934: 927: 716:Hongzhi Zhengjue 533:Tibetan Buddhism 441:Ghanavyūha sūtra 429: 397: 370:Pure Land Sutras 365: 340: 301:Wrathful deities 84: 74: 59: 58: 21: 14370: 14369: 14365: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14325:Vaipulya sutras 14320:Mahayana sutras 14310: 14309: 14308: 14303: 14291: 14273: 14225: 14140: 14055: 13792:Ordination hall 13753: 13655: 13626:Buddhist crisis 13538: 13235: 13187:Mahayana sutras 13163: 13159:Thích Nhất Hạnh 12990: 12863: 12803: 12753:Bodhisattva vow 12438: 12304: 12244: 12203:Taṇhā (Craving) 12138:Five hindrances 12089: 11981: 11911: 11765: 11710: 11682: 11665: 11635: 11630: 11595: 11355: 11309: 11300: 11260: 11251: 11244: 11190: 11170: 11165: 11144: 11131: 11112: 11106: 11095: 11079: 11058: 11039: 11020: 11003: 11001:Further reading 10998: 10993: 10973: 10966: 10952: 10946: 10935: 10921: 10900: 10872: 10853: 10825:10.2307/2053331 10777: 10757: 10746:The Lotus Sutra 10737: 10717: 10702: 10691: 10671: 10653: 10607: 10579: 10559: 10541: 10418: 10400: 10380: 10355: 10337: 10314: 10273: 10262: 10215: 10203: 10188: 10178: 10160: 10139: 10109: 10069: 10048: 10046: 10031: 9985: 9983: 9975: 9963: 9956: 9944: 9889: 9809: 9803: 9792: 9778: 9772: 9761: 9737: 9735: 9728:The Star Online 9681: 9672: 9652:10.2307/1177840 9629:(3): 1169–1177. 9610: 9591: 9549: 9531: 9513: 9493: 9473: 9471: 9391: 9362: 9356: 9345: 9342:The Lotus Sutra 9319:(1/2): 79–166, 9305: 9223: 9216: 9202: 9187: 9175: 9169: 9158: 9136: 9124: 9109: 9099: 9081: 9054: 9005: 8936: 8926: 8889: 8879: 8869:Das Lotos-Sūtra 8823: 8821: 8805: 8777: 8765: 8750: 8740: 8728:, eds. (2013), 8704: 8684: 8653: 8643: 8625: 8607: 8587: 8572: 8531: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8410: 8402: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8310:, p. xxix. 8306: 8302: 8295: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8271: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7953:Zen Master Who? 7948: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7794:Murugappan 2014 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7561: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7537: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7194: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7138: 7130: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7040: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6766:, pp. 7–8. 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6740:Bielefeldt 2009 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6475:, p. 1187. 6471: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6325:, p. 1162. 6321: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6299:Zimmermann 1999 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6056:Zimmermann 1999 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851:, pp. 8–9. 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5269: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5043:, p. 1785. 5039: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4888:Mahayana sutras 4859: 4827: 4811: 4756: 4701: 4649: 4486: 4442: 4398: 4384:sutras and the 4357:as part of the 4301:) found in the 4265: 4237: 4225:Nichiren Shōshū 4072: 4016:Hokke-Ten-Hokke 3964: 3842:) inscribed by 3832: 3612: 3559: 3550:Hokke Sambu kyō 3433: 3308:jimen; shakumon 3281: 3189: 3078: 3073: 3008:Abhayākaragupta 2937: 2931:around 150 CE. 2910:The third phase 2870: 2778: 2645: 2463:Viśiṣṭacāritra 2309: 2214:Pratyekabuddhas 2076: 2027: 1980: 1858: 1841:Hajime Nakamura 1792: 1677: 1663: 1654: 1532:Myōhō Renge Kyō 1463: 1451: 1440: 1429: 1418: 1407: 1366:Asian languages 1306: 1184:Mahāyāna sūtras 1158: 1129: 1128: 1089:20. Sarvasamaya 1010: 978: 945: 916: 915: 839: 831: 830: 826:Thích Nhất Hạnh 821:14th Dalai Lama 756:Abhayākaragupta 571: 563: 562: 478: 468: 467: 316: 314:Mahayana sutras 306: 305: 216: 202: 201: 172:Bodhisattva vow 92: 72: 45:Kamakura period 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14368: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14301: 14289: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14235: 14233: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14166: 14156: 14150: 14148: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14065: 14063: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13856:Greco-Buddhist 13848: 13847: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13810: 13809: 13807:Burmese pagoda 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13763: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13665: 13663: 13657: 13656: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13597: 13596: 13589:Greco-Buddhism 13586: 13581: 13580: 13579: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13548: 13546: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13522:United Kingdom 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13467:Czech Republic 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13427: 13417: 13416: 13415: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13346: 13341: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13245: 13243: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13231:Abhidharmadīpa 13228: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13173: 13171: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13149:B. R. Ambedkar 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13069:Songtsen Gampo 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13000: 12998: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12988: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12873: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12813: 12811: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12784: 12783: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12748:Eight precepts 12745: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12536: 12526: 12521: 12519:Five Strengths 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12459: 12454: 12448: 12446: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12314: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12260: 12254: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12158:Mental factors 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12099: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12010:Mahamoggallāna 12007: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11925:Avalokiteśvara 11921: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11898: 11897: 11889: 11881: 11873: 11865: 11857: 11849: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11726: 11720: 11718: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11664: 11663: 11656: 11649: 11641: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11608: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11546:Mahā-Kātyāyana 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11494: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11372:Avalokiteśvara 11369: 11367: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11351:Ten suchnesses 11348: 11346:Skillful Means 11343: 11338: 11336:Eternal Buddha 11333: 11328: 11323: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11291: 11284: 11268: 11266: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11187: 11181: 11169: 11168:External links 11166: 11164: 11163: 11148: 11142: 11129: 11117: 11115:on 2013-11-26. 11104: 11086: 11083: 11077: 11062: 11057:978-0915678693 11056: 11043: 11038:978-1888375930 11037: 11024: 11018: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10978: 10957: 10944: 10926: 10912: 10903: 10898: 10885: 10865: 10856: 10851: 10836: 10808: 10780: 10776:978-0231081603 10775: 10760: 10755: 10740: 10735: 10722: 10695: 10689: 10674: 10669: 10656: 10651: 10638: 10627:10.1086/462858 10621:(4): 372–377, 10610: 10605: 10583: 10577: 10562: 10557: 10544: 10539: 10526: 10509: 10500: 10498:(3): 1185–1193 10467: 10442: 10440:(3): 1155–1163 10421: 10416: 10403: 10398: 10383: 10379:978-0028657189 10378: 10358: 10353: 10340: 10335: 10322: 10312: 10295: 10266: 10260: 10247: 10237: 10228: 10208: 10181: 10176: 10163: 10158: 10143: 10137: 10122: 10102: 10092: 10072: 10067: 10054: 10034: 10029: 10016: 10006:(4): 355–356. 9991: 9968: 9966:on 2015-05-24. 9947: 9942: 9929: 9892: 9887: 9872: 9859: 9840:10.1086/463513 9834:(4): 323–359, 9823: 9814: 9801: 9783: 9770: 9752: 9743: 9719: 9710: 9685: 9679: 9663: 9646:(1): 131–133, 9631: 9614: 9608: 9595: 9589: 9574: 9565: 9552: 9548:978-0691152202 9547: 9534: 9529: 9516: 9511: 9496: 9491: 9478: 9456: 9435: 9426:(3): 447–469, 9415: 9394: 9389: 9376: 9367: 9354: 9336: 9308: 9303: 9284: 9269: 9239: 9228: 9207: 9180: 9167: 9149: 9129: 9102: 9098:978-0231148955 9097: 9084: 9080:978-0231037891 9079: 9066: 9057: 9052: 9029: 9008: 9003: 8990: 8981: 8979:on 2017-04-21. 8964: 8947:(2): 125–141, 8929: 8925:978-4873350028 8924: 8911: 8902: 8882: 8877: 8864: 8844:(1): 191–217. 8829: 8808: 8803: 8790: 8770: 8743: 8738: 8718: 8707: 8702: 8689: 8687:on 2019-03-27. 8670:10.2307/604783 8664:(4): 471–506. 8646: 8641: 8628: 8624:978-0824823719 8623: 8610: 8605: 8592: 8565: 8534: 8529: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8492: 8480: 8468: 8456: 8444: 8442:, p. 105. 8432: 8420: 8408: 8396: 8384: 8372: 8360: 8348: 8336: 8324: 8312: 8300: 8289: 8277: 8262: 8250: 8247:Stevenson 2009 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8148: 8136: 8124: 8112: 8100: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8062:, p. 146. 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7977: 7970: 7942: 7930: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7892:, p. 156. 7882: 7870: 7858: 7856:, p. 120. 7846: 7844:, p. 206. 7834: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7748:, p. 355. 7738: 7726: 7714: 7702: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7664:, p. 102. 7654: 7650:Yampolsky 1971 7642: 7630: 7618: 7606: 7591: 7589:, p. 101. 7579: 7567: 7555: 7553:, p. 100. 7543: 7531: 7519: 7507: 7505:, p. 138. 7495: 7493:, p. 220. 7483: 7481:, p. 277. 7471: 7467:Tanahashi 1995 7459: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7384: 7382:, p. 443. 7369: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7309: 7297: 7295:, p. 290. 7285: 7283:, p. 216. 7273: 7271:, p. 286. 7261: 7249: 7234: 7219: 7207: 7192: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7151:, p. 162. 7136: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7059:, p. 471. 7049: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6958:, p. VII. 6956:Karashima 2001 6948: 6936: 6934:, p. 374. 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6884:Weinstein 1977 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6730:, p. 152. 6720: 6708: 6706:, p. 163. 6704:Karashima 2015 6696: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 193. 6645: 6633: 6629:Mochizuki 2011 6621: 6609: 6597: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6559:, p. 373. 6549: 6547:, p. 170. 6537: 6525: 6523:, p. 226. 6513: 6501: 6497:Chün-fang 1997 6489: 6477: 6465: 6463:, p. 324. 6453: 6441: 6439:, p. 160. 6429: 6414: 6399: 6397:, p. 813. 6387: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6315: 6303: 6301:, p. 159. 6291: 6289:, p. 201. 6279: 6277:, p. 157. 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6229:, p. 168. 6219: 6207: 6205:, p. 150. 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6135: 6133:, p. 202. 6123: 6108: 6106:, p. 654. 6096: 6094:, p. 812. 6084: 6072: 6060: 6058:, p. 162. 6048: 6036: 6024: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5986:, p. 132. 5976: 5974:, p. 156. 5961: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5901: 5899:, p. 170. 5889: 5877: 5865: 5863:, p. 155. 5853: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5689: 5677: 5675:, p. 162. 5665: 5653: 5641: 5639:, p. 153. 5629: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5554: 5542: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5483:, p. 239. 5470: 5458: 5446: 5444:, p. 284. 5434: 5432:, p. 190. 5422: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5357:, p. 473. 5347: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5293: 5278: 5275:on 2010-06-19. 5267: 5242: 5230: 5228:, p. 151. 5218: 5206: 5138: 5126: 5124:, p. 208. 5114: 5099: 5084: 5072: 5057: 5055:, p. 149. 5045: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5011: 4997: 4984: 4974: 4965: 4951: 4939: 4925: 4908: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4864:Amitabha Sutra 4858: 4855: 4826: 4823: 4819:sōmoku jōbutsu 4810: 4807: 4799:Kenji Miyazawa 4755: 4752: 4700: 4697: 4648: 4645: 4485: 4482: 4441: 4438: 4397: 4394: 4319:earlier sutras 4268:Eugene Burnouf 4264: 4261: 4236: 4233: 4169:(1906–1999), " 4100:Chigaku Tanaka 4071: 4068: 4020:Platform Sutra 3985:writes in his 3963: 3960: 3937:Viśiṣṭacāritra 3831: 3828: 3611: 3608: 3558: 3555: 3541:; pinyin: 3537:(Chinese: 3527: 3526: 3513:; pinyin: 3509:(Chinese: 3501: 3487:Wúliángyì jīng 3432: 3429: 3396:sizhǒng sānmèi 3293:Tiantai School 3280: 3277: 3188: 3185: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 2961:Śiksāsamuccaya 2950:Sūtrasamuccaya 2936: 2933: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2907: 2897: 2869: 2866: 2777: 2774: 2714:Avalokiteśvara 2679:Avalokiteśvara 2644: 2643:Chapters 23–28 2641: 2308: 2307:Chapters 10–22 2305: 2181:three vehicles 2075: 2072: 2026: 2023: 2011:Sangharakshita 1979: 1976: 1903:apparent death 1857: 1854: 1791: 1788: 1750:Buddhist saint 1717:three vehicles 1685:skillful means 1676: 1673: 1662: 1659: 1628: 1627: 1616: 1600: 1574: 1570:Beophwa gyeong 1540: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1491:Dharmaraksha's 1487: 1441: 1430: 1419: 1408: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1305: 1302: 1282:skillful means 1274:Buddhist paths 1251:Buddhist texts 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1103:24. Catalogues 1101: 1098: 1097:22. Cyclopedia 1095: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1068:14. Madhyamaka 1065: 1063:13. Abhidharma 1060: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1002: 997: 992: 985: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 967: 966: 958: 957: 947: 946: 944: 943: 936: 929: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 852: 851: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 781:Rangjung Dorje 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 751:Ratnākaraśānti 748: 743: 741:Śaṅkaranandana 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 691:Shāntarakshita 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 558:Chung Tai Shan 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 419: 412: 405: 398: 387: 380: 373: 366: 355: 348: 341: 332: 325: 317: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 261:Avalokiteśvara 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 217: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 197:Three Turnings 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 152:Three vehicles 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 117:Skillful Means 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 90: 89: 86: 85: 77: 76: 68: 67: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14367: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14340:Buddha-nature 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14288: 14280: 14279: 14276: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14232: 14228: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14126: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14062: 14061:Miscellaneous 14058: 14052: 14051:Vegetarianism 14049: 14047: 14044: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13964: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13873:Buddha in art 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13852: 13849: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13658: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13595: 13592: 13591: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13527:United States 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13435: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13421: 13418: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13354: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13238: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13209: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13166: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13084:Padmasambhava 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12996:Major figures 12993: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12943: 12942:Western tulku 12940: 12939: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12806: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12785: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12743:Five precepts 12741: 12740: 12739: 12736: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12721:Dhamma vicaya 12719: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12568: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12489:Buddhābhiṣeka 12487: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12307: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12133:Enlightenment 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123:Dhamma theory 12121: 12119: 12118:Buddha-nature 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11957:Samantabhadra 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11888: 11882: 11880: 11874: 11872: 11866: 11864: 11858: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11713: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11689: 11688: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11662: 11657: 11655: 11650: 11648: 11643: 11642: 11639: 11626: 11625: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11602: 11601: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11407:Pure Practice 11405: 11403: 11402:Firm Practice 11400: 11398: 11397:Samantabhadra 11395: 11393: 11392:Medicine King 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11341:Six Pāramitās 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11326:Buddha-nature 11324: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11307: 11297: 11296: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11241: 11236: 11234: 11229: 11227: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11197: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11143:0-8248-1198-4 11139: 11135: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11118: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11094: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11078:9784905331124 11074: 11070: 11069: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11044: 11040: 11034: 11030: 11025: 11021: 11015: 11011: 11006: 11005: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10979: 10976:on 2011-10-08 10972: 10965: 10964: 10958: 10955:on 2007-07-05 10951: 10947: 10945:4-9980622-2-0 10941: 10934: 10933: 10927: 10920: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10871: 10866: 10862: 10857: 10854: 10852:9780415356534 10848: 10845:, Routledge, 10844: 10843: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10778: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10761: 10758: 10752: 10748: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10720:on 2020-01-05 10716: 10712: 10708: 10701: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10682: 10681: 10675: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10654: 10652:9780231142885 10648: 10644: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10611: 10608: 10606:9780865471863 10602: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10578:9780824811983 10574: 10570: 10569: 10563: 10560: 10558:9781614290803 10554: 10550: 10545: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10454: 10453:Mahaberisutra 10450: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10429: 10422: 10419: 10413: 10409: 10404: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10390: 10384: 10381: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10313:0-8248-2078-9 10309: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10261:9780231142885 10257: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10214: 10209: 10206:on 2014-08-26 10202: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10182: 10179: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10161: 10159:9781118324004 10155: 10151: 10150: 10144: 10140: 10138:9781909314344 10134: 10130: 10129: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10055: 10044: 10040: 10035: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9981: 9974: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9954: 9948: 9945: 9939: 9936:, Routledge, 9935: 9930: 9927:on 2014-08-29 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9890: 9888:9780300053333 9884: 9880: 9879: 9873: 9870:(2): 175–178. 9869: 9865: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9824: 9820: 9815: 9812:on 2015-05-14 9808: 9804: 9798: 9791: 9790: 9784: 9781:on 2012-07-12 9777: 9773: 9771:9784904234006 9767: 9760: 9759: 9753: 9749: 9744: 9734:on 2017-05-19 9733: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9693: 9686: 9682: 9680:9784120018060 9676: 9669: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9553: 9550: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9526: 9522: 9517: 9514: 9512:9788973755820 9508: 9504: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9492:9780195320930 9488: 9484: 9479: 9470: 9466: 9464: 9457: 9453: 9450:(1): 85–105, 9449: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9392: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9365:on 2015-05-21 9361: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9343: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9306: 9304:9780824833190 9300: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9282:on 2014-02-03 9281: 9277: 9276: 9270: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9229: 9226:on 2014-04-21 9222: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9205:on 2017-02-10 9201: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9181: 9178:on 2007-07-05 9174: 9170: 9168:4-9980622-3-9 9164: 9157: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9135: 9130: 9127:on 2013-04-02 9123: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9100: 9094: 9090: 9085: 9082: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9055: 9053:0-8248-1203-4 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9030: 9027:on 2014-06-14 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9006: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8930: 8927: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8880: 8878:9783534187539 8874: 8870: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8806: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8768:on 2015-05-24 8764: 8760: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8741: 8739:9780691157863 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8708: 8705: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8644: 8642:9780231142885 8638: 8634: 8629: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8502:, p. 16. 8501: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8454:, p. 16. 8453: 8448: 8441: 8436: 8429: 8424: 8417: 8412: 8406:, p. 56. 8405: 8400: 8394:, p. 33. 8393: 8388: 8382:, p. 41. 8381: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8358:, p. 68. 8357: 8352: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8298: 8293: 8287:, p. 60. 8286: 8281: 8275:, p. 17. 8274: 8269: 8267: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8145: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8048:Soothill 1930 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7988: 7981: 7973: 7971:0-86171-509-8 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7946: 7939: 7934: 7927: 7922: 7915: 7910: 7903: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7879: 7874: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7843: 7838: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7814: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7694: 7688:, p. 16. 7687: 7682: 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7638:Leighton 2007 7634: 7628:, p. 40. 7627: 7622: 7615: 7614:Leighton 2006 7610: 7603: 7602:Leighton 2005 7598: 7596: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7571: 7565:, p. 43. 7564: 7559: 7552: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7528: 7523: 7516: 7511: 7504: 7499: 7492: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7463: 7457:, p. 63. 7456: 7451: 7444: 7439: 7432: 7427: 7421:, p. 21. 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7395:Takakusa 1926 7391: 7389: 7381: 7380:Obayashi 2002 7376: 7374: 7367:, p. 20. 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7319:, p. 67. 7318: 7313: 7307:, p. 66. 7306: 7301: 7294: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7269:Hirakawa 1990 7265: 7259:, p. 59. 7258: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7232:, p. 19. 7231: 7226: 7224: 7217:, p. 59. 7216: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7190:, p. 19. 7189: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7169: 7163:, p. 16. 7162: 7157: 7150: 7149:Williams 1989 7145: 7143: 7141: 7134:, p. 48. 7133: 7128: 7126: 7118: 7113: 7107:, p. 49. 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7039:on 2017-09-01 7038: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7012: 7005: 7004:Jamieson 2002 7000: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6970:, p. 63. 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6922:, p. 22. 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6886:, p. 90. 6885: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6838:, p. 87. 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6814:, p. 28. 6813: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6790:, p. 23. 6789: 6784: 6778:, p. 73. 6777: 6776:Kajiyama 2000 6772: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6742:, p. 72. 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6619:, p. IX. 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6583:, p. 30. 6582: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6511:, p. 15. 6510: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6487:, p. 73. 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6451:, p. 59. 6450: 6445: 6438: 6437:Williams 1989 6433: 6427:, p. 20. 6426: 6421: 6419: 6412:, p. 29. 6411: 6406: 6404: 6396: 6391: 6385:, p. 19. 6384: 6379: 6373:, p. 66. 6372: 6367: 6361:, p. 62. 6360: 6355: 6349:, p. 45. 6348: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6313:, p. 59. 6312: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6275:Williams 1989 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6181:, p. 12. 6180: 6175: 6169:, p. 17. 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6132: 6131:Hirakawa 2005 6127: 6121:, p. 38. 6120: 6115: 6113: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6070:, p. 39. 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6046:, p. 74. 6045: 6044:Wawrytko 2007 6040: 6034:, p. 28. 6033: 6028: 6022:, p. 46. 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5998:, p. 29. 5997: 5992: 5985: 5984:Federman 2009 5980: 5973: 5972:Williams 1989 5968: 5966: 5959:, p. 48. 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5911:, p. 91. 5910: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5887:, p. 14. 5886: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5861:Williams 1989 5857: 5850: 5845: 5839:, p. 23. 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5815:, p. 31. 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5787: 5782: 5776:, p. 14. 5775: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5687:, p. 25. 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5651:, p. 19. 5650: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5588:, p. 18. 5587: 5582: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5501: 5495:, p. 23. 5494: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5468:, p. 17. 5467: 5462: 5456:, p. 88. 5455: 5450: 5443: 5442:Hirakawa 1990 5438: 5431: 5430:Nakamura 1980 5426: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5393:, p. 15. 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5369:, p. 88. 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5329: 5324: 5318:, p. 21. 5317: 5312: 5306:, p. 14. 5305: 5300: 5298: 5291:, p. 13. 5290: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5255:"Lotus Sutra" 5249: 5247: 5240:, p. 12. 5239: 5234: 5227: 5226:Williams 1989 5222: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5054: 5053:Williams 1989 5049: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4978: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4933:out [ 4929: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4902: 4898: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4870:Flower Sermon 4868: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4728:Prabhutaratna 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4622:, called the 4621: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556:based on the 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470:six paramitas 4467: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4427:Burton Watson 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4390:Christianized 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307:New Testament 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253:Tianzhu shiyi 4250: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4167:Niwano Nikkyō 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014:in the essay 4013: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3760:hongaku hōmon 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725:cosmic buddha 3722: 3718: 3714: 3711:, performing 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3518: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3398:) in Zhiyi's 3397: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3205:Buddha nature 3202: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013:According to 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:Samantabhadra 2758: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661:Bhaiṣajyarāja 2657: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2595:Sadāparibhūta 2591: 2590: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Anantacāritra 2464: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2429:Bhaiṣajyarāja 2425: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:Prabhūtaratna 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334:dharmabhāṇaka 2329: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2276:nine parables 2271: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2238:Mahākātyāyana 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055:in the east. 2054: 2053:buddha-fields 2050: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914:Prabhūtaratna 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:buddha-nature 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:upāyakauśalya 1686: 1682: 1667: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630:According to 1625: 1621:(romanized): 1620: 1617: 1613: 1612:Pháp hoa kinh 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1559: 1554: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1489:The title of 1488: 1485: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1321:Brahmi script 1319: 1315: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:final Nirvana 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Paul Williams 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190:on which the 1189: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:21. Histories 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1073:15. Yogachara 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1029:5. Avatamsaka 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 987: 986: 984: 981: 980: 974: 973: 969: 968: 964: 960: 959: 956: 953: 952: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 922: 920: 919: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 850: 847: 846: 845: 842: 841: 835: 834: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 771:Sakya Pandita 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 711:Dahui Zonggao 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 567: 566: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Fo Guang Shan 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476:Major schools 472: 471: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456: 452: 450: 449: 445: 443: 442: 438: 436: 435: 431: 428: 427: 426: 420: 418: 417: 413: 411: 410: 406: 404: 403: 399: 396: 395: 394: 388: 386: 385: 381: 379: 378: 374: 372: 371: 367: 364: 363: 362: 356: 354: 353: 349: 347: 346: 342: 339: 338: 333: 331: 330: 326: 324: 323: 319: 318: 315: 310: 309: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 291:Samantabhadra 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246:Bhaiṣajyaguru 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 215: 211: 206: 205: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 187:Luminous mind 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 112:Buddha-nature 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 88: 87: 83: 79: 78: 75: 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 14239:Bodhisattvas 14159:Christianity 14154:Baháʼí Faith 14019:Dharmachakra 14009:Prayer wheel 13999:Prayer beads 13767:Architecture 13646:969 Movement 13430:Saudi Arabia 13408:Central Asia 13401:South Africa 13223: 13206: 13139:Panchen Lama 13044:Buddhapālita 12640:Satipatthana 12635:Mindful Yoga 12548:Recollection 12462:Brahmavihara 12333:Japanese Zen 12328:Chinese Chan 12288:Animal realm 12095:Key concepts 11917:Bodhisattvas 11729:Three Jewels 11622: 11616: 11610: 11603: 11541:Mahā-Kāśyapa 11460: 11366:Bodhisattvas 11294: 11287: 11286: 11280: 11272: 11271: 11257: 11247: 11246: 11195: 11151: 11133: 11121: 11110:the original 11091: 11067: 11047: 11028: 11009: 10982: 10971:the original 10962: 10950:the original 10931: 10917: 10907: 10889: 10880: 10876: 10860: 10841: 10819:(1): 89–90, 10816: 10812: 10791:(1): 63–81, 10788: 10784: 10765: 10745: 10726: 10715:the original 10710: 10706: 10679: 10660: 10642: 10618: 10614: 10591: 10567: 10548: 10530: 10524:(2): 816–810 10521: 10517: 10504: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10465:(3): 169–176 10462: 10458: 10452: 10448: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10407: 10388: 10369: 10344: 10326: 10303: 10281: 10277: 10251: 10241: 10232: 10223: 10219: 10201:the original 10196: 10192: 10167: 10148: 10127: 10117: 10113: 10087: 10083: 10058: 10047:. Retrieved 10042: 10020: 10003: 9999: 9984:. Retrieved 9979: 9961:the original 9952: 9933: 9925:the original 9907:(1): 50–74, 9904: 9900: 9877: 9867: 9863: 9831: 9827: 9818: 9807:the original 9788: 9776:the original 9757: 9747: 9736:. Retrieved 9732:the original 9727: 9714: 9704:(1): 16–84, 9701: 9697: 9691: 9667: 9643: 9639: 9626: 9622: 9599: 9579: 9569: 9560: 9538: 9520: 9501: 9482: 9472:, retrieved 9468: 9462: 9447: 9443: 9423: 9419: 9409:(2): 91–98, 9406: 9402: 9380: 9371: 9360:the original 9341: 9316: 9312: 9293: 9280:the original 9274: 9248:(In Nāgarī) 9243: 9233: 9221:the original 9212: 9200:the original 9195: 9191: 9173:the original 9154: 9144: 9140: 9122:the original 9117: 9113: 9088: 9070: 9061: 9034: 9025:the original 9020: 9016: 8994: 8985: 8977:the original 8972: 8944: 8940: 8915: 8906: 8897: 8893: 8868: 8841: 8837: 8822:. Retrieved 8816: 8794: 8785: 8781: 8763:the original 8758: 8754: 8729: 8712: 8693: 8682:the original 8661: 8657: 8632: 8614: 8596: 8580: 8576: 8549:(1): 27–70. 8546: 8542: 8519: 8500:Mulhern 1989 8495: 8488:Dykstra 1983 8483: 8478:, p. 7. 8471: 8459: 8452:Shioiri 1989 8447: 8435: 8423: 8418:, p. 5. 8416:Hurvitz 2009 8411: 8399: 8387: 8375: 8370:, p. 5. 8363: 8351: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8292: 8280: 8253: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8127: 8115: 8108:Kuo-lin 1977 8103: 8096:Hurvitz 2009 8091: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7986: 7980: 7952: 7945: 7933: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7878:Burnouf 1852 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7777: 7770:O'Leary 2003 7765: 7760:, p. 2. 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7700:, p. . 7698:Metraux 2010 7693: 7681: 7674:Shields 2013 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7582: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7510: 7498: 7486: 7474: 7469:, p. 4. 7462: 7455:Grapard 2016 7450: 7438: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7210: 7168: 7156: 7112: 7100: 7095:, p. 1. 7088: 7076: 7071:, p. 3. 7064: 7052: 7041:. Retrieved 7037:the original 7023: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6920:Nattier 2008 6915: 6908:Zürcher 2006 6903: 6896:Boucher 1998 6891: 6879: 6872:Shioiri 1989 6867: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6826:, p. 5. 6819: 6807: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6607:, p. 7. 6600: 6588: 6581:Shioiri 1989 6576: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6410:Shioiri 1989 6390: 6378: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6099: 6087: 6080:Shioiri 1989 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5808: 5803:, p. 8. 5781: 5769: 5762:Roberts 2021 5680: 5668: 5663:, p. 7. 5656: 5644: 5632: 5627:, p. 2. 5612:, p. 3. 5605: 5600:, chapter 1. 5593: 5581: 5545: 5538:Roberts 2021 5507:, p. 2. 5500: 5488: 5481:Hurvitz 1976 5461: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5420:, p. 6. 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5345:, p. 5. 5323: 5311: 5273:the original 5258: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5129: 5117: 5112:, p. 1. 5097:, p. 5. 5080:Hurvitz 1976 5075: 5048: 5036: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5000: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4917:buddhaksetra 4916: 4911: 4901: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4828: 4818: 4812: 4802: 4796: 4791: 4788:Heian period 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4757: 4731: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4613:Lotus Sūtra. 4612: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4550:calligraphic 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4484:In East Asia 4477: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4431: 4421: 4417: 4414:Gansu, China 4405: 4399: 4385: 4377: 4374:Kumārajīva's 4365: 4363: 4354: 4351:Hendrik Kern 4346: 4344: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4280:Introduction 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4263:19th century 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245:Matteo Ricci 4240: 4238: 4228: 4216: 4213:genze riyaku 4212: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4119: 4116:World War II 4108:Nisshō Inoue 4095: 4091: 4089: 4062: 4060: 4055:Hakuin Ekaku 4048: 4043: 4035: 4027: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3967: 3965: 3962:Zen Buddhism 3955: 3949: 3945:daisan hōmon 3944: 3941: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3855: 3849: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3779:hokke hijiri 3778: 3774: 3770: 3767:Heian period 3764: 3759: 3751: 3737: 3732: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3655:Heian period 3650: 3646: 3645:An esoteric 3635: 3631: 3623: 3613: 3604:Japanese art 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3562: 3560: 3547:; Japanese: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3519:; Japanese: 3514: 3504: 3485: 3467: 3459: 3457: 3444:Song Dynasty 3424: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405:Mohe Zhiguan 3403: 3395: 3385: 3372: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3347:Fahua Wenzhu 3346: 3342: 3339:Fahua xuanyi 3338: 3334: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3301:Nanyue Huisi 3297:Lotus Sūtra. 3296: 3284: 3282: 3270: 3266:sambhogakaya 3265: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3219: 3212:Tang Dynasty 3209: 3200: 3199:(titled the 3196: 3190: 3187:Commentaries 3180: 3179:The Chinese 3178: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3139: 3108: 3106: 3088:in front of 3076:Translations 3056: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3012: 2993: 2983: 2971: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2853: 2837: 2835: 2831:Sanskritized 2824: 2817:Mahāsāṃghika 2812: 2808: 2806: 2766:Trāyastriṃśa 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2696:Vulture Peak 2693: 2689: 2688: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2649:bodhisattvas 2646: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2523: 2515: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2498:The Buddha ( 2497: 2485: 2484: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2369:burial mound 2359: 2355: 2354: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2317:omnipresence 2310: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2124:Heian period 2089: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2074:Chapters 2–9 2067: 2046: 2042: 2037:goes into a 2031:Vulture Peak 2028: 2019: 2015: 2007:mythological 2004: 1996:Saspol Caves 1970: 1968: 1947:buddhakṣetra 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1889: 1887: 1848: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1808: 1806: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1712: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1678: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1596: 1588: 1536: 1506: 1481: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1437: 1426: 1415: 1404: 1391:Kumarajiva's 1384: 1363: 1358: 1346: 1340: 1332: 1313: 1293: 1261: 1259: 1246: 1234: 1224:Buddhologist 1171: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1117:28. Doubtful 1034:6. Ratnakuta 1023: 811:D. T. Suzuki 616:Buddhapālita 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 423: 414: 407: 400: 392: 382: 375: 368: 359: 350: 343: 328: 327: 320: 214:Bodhisattvas 147:Three bodies 40: 29: 14350:Lotus Sutra 14084:Dharma talk 13913:Asalha Puja 13709:Eschatology 13512:Switzerland 13492:New Zealand 13420:Middle East 13329:Philippines 13249:Afghanistan 13054:Bodhidharma 13039:Buddhaghosa 12959:Householder 12869:Monasticism 12822:Bodhisattva 12677:Prostration 12630:Mindfulness 12558:Anapanasati 12541:Kammaṭṭhāna 12338:Korean Seon 12278:Asura realm 12273:Human realm 12213:Ten Fetters 12168:Parinirvana 12070:Uppalavanna 12035:Mahākaccana 12020:Mahākassapa 11952:Kṣitigarbha 11947:Ākāśagarbha 11844:Suddhodāna 11789:Four sights 11716:Foundations 11512:Dhṛtarāṣṭra 11360:Key figures 11321:Bodhisattva 11248:Lotus Sūtra 11196:Lotus Sutra 9692:Lotus Sūtra 9463:Lotus Sutra 9044:10125/23030 8583:: 155–174, 8476:Reeves 2008 8428:Yamada 1989 8404:Tamura 2014 8334:, p. . 8308:Watson 2009 8273:Reeves 2008 8258:Reeves 2008 8216:Reeves 2008 8180:Borsig 2009 8156:Robert 1997 8144:Reeves 2008 8132:Watson 2009 8084:Murano 1974 8012:Vetter 1999 7938:Lopez 2016b 7902:Yuyama 2000 7782:Reeves 2009 7746:Reeves 2001 7734:Covell 2014 7686:Reader 2015 7626:Tamura 1989 7563:Tamura 1989 7479:Stone 2003a 7397:, p. . 7353:Groner 2000 7117:Magnin 1979 7057:Stone 2003a 7016:Yuyama 1970 6992:Vaidya 1960 6968:Robert 2011 6668:Cooper 2006 6617:Watson 1993 6593:Murano 1967 6545:Suguro 1998 6533:Murano 1967 6509:Baroni 2002 6485:Murano 1967 6473:Suzuki 2015 6461:Ohnuma 1998 6395:Tamura 1963 6371:Murano 1967 6359:Niwano 1981 6347:Tamura 1989 6335:Murano 1967 6323:Suzuki 2016 6311:Niwano 1981 6251:Tamura 2014 6239:Murano 1967 6215:Suguro 1998 6119:Strong 2007 6092:Tamura 1963 6068:Murano 1967 6008:Murano 1967 5933:Murano 1967 5897:Suzuki 2015 5825:Suguro 1998 5813:Suguro 1998 5774:Niwano 1981 5685:Murano 1967 5649:Suguro 1998 5625:Reeves 2008 5610:Reeves 2008 5586:Murano 1967 5550:Reeves 2008 5418:Reeves 2008 5391:Reeves 2008 5355:Stone 2003a 5343:Reeves 2008 5304:Reeves 2008 5289:Reeves 2008 5238:Reeves 2008 5214:Reeves 2008 5110:Reeves 2008 5082:, p. . 4960:Lotus Sūtra 4882:Hokke Gisho 4876:Heart Sutra 4839:Lotus Sūtra 4831:Lotus Sūtra 4803:Lotus Sūtra 4792:Lotus Sūtra 4780:Lotus Sūtra 4776:Lotus Sūtra 4760:Lotus Sūtra 4732:Lotus Sūtra 4712:Lotus Sūtra 4705:Lotus Sūtra 4693:Lotus Sūtra 4689:Lotus Sūtra 4679:, Sakurai, 4657:Yulin Caves 4620:Lotus Sūtra 4605:Lotus Sūtra 4590:Lotus Sūtra 4586:Lotus Sūtra 4582:wooden fish 4562:Lotus Sūtra 4558:Lotus Sūtra 4534:Lotus Sūtra 4526:Lotus Sūtra 4522:meritorious 4512:related to 4506:Lotus Sūtra 4466:Lotus Sūtra 4459:Lotus Sūtra 4454:Lotus Sūtra 4422:Lotus Sūtra 4406:Lotus Sūtra 4386:Lotus Sutra 4378:Lotus Sūtra 4366:Lotus Sūtra 4347:Lotus Sūtra 4326:Lotus Sūtra 4315:Lotus Sūtra 4284:Lotus Sūtra 4276:Lotus Sūtra 4257:Lotus Sūtra 4241:Lotus Sūtra 4235:In the West 4229:Lotus Sūtra 4201:Sōka Gakkai 4194:Lotus Sūtra 4190:Lotus Sūtra 4186:Lotus Sūtra 4178:Etai Yamada 4171:Lotus Sūtra 4163:world peace 4159:Lotus Sūtra 4155:peace work. 4151:relief work 4136:Soka Gakkai 4128:Lotus Sūtra 4120:Lotus Sūtra 4096:Lotus Sūtra 4092:Lotus Sūtra 4063:Lotus Sūtra 4053:Zen master 4044:Lotus Sūtra 4036:Lotus Sūtra 4028:Lotus Sūtra 4012:Lotus Sūtra 4008:Shōbōgenzō, 4001:Lotus Sūtra 3997:Lotus Sūtra 3968:Lotus Sūtra 3919:Lotus Sūtra 3884:Lotus Sūtra 3869:Lotus Sūtra 3856:Lotus Sūtra 3805:Lotus Sūtra 3800:Hokke Genki 3787:Lotus Sūtra 3771:Lotus Sūtra 3752:Lotus Sūtra 3735:assembly." 3733:Lotus Sūtra 3705:Lotus Sūtra 3663:Lotus Sūtra 3651:Hokkekyō-Hō 3632:Lotus Sūtra 3624:Lotus Sūtra 3593:Lotus Sūtra 3577:Lotus Sūtra 3572:Hokke Gisho 3563:Lotus Sūtra 3516:Pǔxián jīng 3497:Muryōgi kyō 3460:Lotus Sūtra 3400:magnum opus 3386:sambhogakāy 3373:Lotus Sūtra 3362:Lotus Sūtra 3351:Lotus Sūtra 3331:Lotus Sūtra 3285:Lotus Sūtra 3272:nirmanakaya 3251:Lotus Sūtra 3220:Lotus Sūtra 3197:Lotus Sūtra 3181:Lotus Sūtra 3173:Dharmagupta 3129:during the 3122:Dharmarakṣa 3109:Lotus Sūtra 3090:Kizil Caves 3057:Lotus Sūtra 3042:Lotus Sūtra 3034:Lotus Sūtra 2990:Candrakīrti 2967:Dazhidu lun 2945:Lotus Sūtra 2941:Lotus Sūtra 2874:Lotus Sūtra 2854:Lotus Sūtra 2838:Lotus Sūtra 2813:Lotus Sūtra 2742:Lotus Sūtra 2701:Lotus Sūtra 2683:Ajanta cave 2669:Lotus Sūtra 2665:Lotus Sūtra 2633:Lotus Sūtra 2628:Lotus Sūtra 2574:Mogao Caves 2554:Lotus Sūtra 2528:perfections 2524:Lotus Sūtra 2413:Lotus Sūtra 2385:Lotus Sūtra 2381:Lotus Sūtra 2373:Lotus Sūtra 2321:Lotus Sūtra 2313:bodhisattva 2251:Lotus Sūtra 2226:Mahākāśyapa 2193:Mahākāśyapa 2152:Lotus Sūtra 2110:Buddha and 2061:bodhisattva 1971:Lotus Sūtra 1937:Lotus Sūtra 1927:Lotus Sūtra 1922:Lotus Sūtra 1907:paranirvana 1890:Lotus Sūtra 1849:Lotus Sūtra 1837:Lotus Sūtra 1833:buddhadhatu 1809:Lotus Sūtra 1803:handscroll. 1779:Lotus Sūtra 1772:Lotus Sūtra 1762:Lotus Sūtra 1713:Lotus Sūtra 1687:(Sanskrit: 1681:Lotus Sūtra 1661:Main themes 1652:Lotus Sūtra 1640:Lotus Sūtra 1555:: 1548:묘법연화경/妙法蓮華經 1545:: 1359:Lotus Sūtra 1314:Lotus Sūtra 1270:One Vehicle 1262:Lotus Sūtra 1247:Lotus Sūtra 1235:Lotus Sūtra 1210:schools of 1170:(Sanskrit: 1167:Lotus Sūtra 1114:27. Ancient 1110:26. Siddham 849:Han Chinese 671:Amoghavajra 646:Bodhidharma 636:Candrakīrti 631:Dharmakīrti 626:Bhāvaviveka 581:Ashvaghosha 570:Key figures 329:Lotus Sūtra 286:Ākāśagarbha 281:Kṣitigarbha 271:Vajrasattva 162:One Vehicle 97:Bodhisattva 47:, c. 1257, 18:Lotus Sūtra 14314:Categories 14201:Psychology 14181:Gnosticism 14169:Comparison 14164:Influences 14146:Comparison 14029:Bhavacakra 13987:Kushinagar 13962:Pilgrimage 13908:Māgha Pūjā 13863:Bodhi Tree 13679:Buddhology 13669:Abhidharma 13661:Philosophy 13594:Menander I 13462:Costa Rica 13413:Uzbekistan 13254:Bangladesh 13208:Dhammapada 13192:Pali Canon 13154:Ajahn Chah 13134:Dalai Lama 13034:Kumārajīva 13029:Vasubandhu 13004:The Buddha 12912:Zen master 12847:Sakadagami 12827:Buddhahood 12758:Pratimokṣa 12573:Shikantaza 12529:Meditation 12504:Deity yoga 12375:Madhyamaka 12268:Deva realm 12163:Mindstream 12113:Bodhicitta 12025:Aṅgulimāla 11892:Devadatta 11868:Yaśodharā 11771:The Buddha 11761:Middle Way 11507:Vaiśravaṇa 11493:daughters) 11489:(with ten 11265:Components 11105:4333002702 11019:1888375337 10992:9004156046 10899:0824811984 10861:Asceticism 10756:023108160X 10690:968120915X 10670:968120915X 10417:0875730787 10336:0028657187 10246:(Abridged) 10068:2213598576 10049:2017-04-13 9986:2017-04-13 9943:0203503791 9802:433301025X 9738:2017-04-23 9474:2021-11-14 9390:4333010969 9004:0824823710 8824:2013-04-27 8804:0520242769 8464:Rubio 2013 8320:Lopez 2016 8285:Lopez 2016 7960:. p. 7926:Lopez 2016 7914:Lopez 2016 7890:Lopez 2016 7866:Lopez 2016 7854:Lopez 2016 7842:Lopez 2016 7830:Lopez 2016 7818:Lopez 2016 7806:Lopez 2016 7722:Lopez 2016 7710:Stone 2009 7662:Lopez 2016 7587:Lopez 2016 7575:Lopez 2016 7551:Lopez 2016 7539:Lopez 2016 7527:Lopez 2016 7515:Lopez 2016 7503:Stone 1998 7491:Stone 2009 7443:Drott 2016 7341:Lopez 2016 7329:Lopez 2016 7317:Lopez 2016 7305:Lopez 2016 7230:Stone 1995 7215:Lopez 2016 7132:Lopez 2016 7105:Lopez 2016 7081:Lopez 2016 7043:2012-11-27 6860:Lopez 2016 6848:Lopez 2016 6836:Abbot 2013 6812:Lopez 2016 6800:Lopez 2016 6788:Lopez 2016 6716:Apple 2012 6692:Lopez 2016 6605:Lopez 2016 6425:Lopez 2016 6383:Lopez 2016 6227:Apple 2012 6191:Peach 2002 6167:Lopez 2016 6032:Lopez 2015 5996:Lopez 2015 5885:Lopez 2016 5786:Lopez 2016 5673:Apple 2012 5575:Stone 2009 5454:Abbot 2013 5134:Stone 1998 5095:Lopez 2016 5068:Ganga 2016 5028:References 4754:Literature 4724:Shakyamuni 4635:daimandara 4496:, c. 1667. 4494:Edo period 4400:After the 4299:allegories 4286:, titled " 4209:Toda Jōsei 3988:Shōbōgenzō 3981:Buddhism. 3907:Avīci hell 3773:devotees ( 3715:and using 3260:dharmakaya 3169:Jñānagupta 3163:(Chinese: 3142:Kumārajīva 3086:Kumārajīva 3084:Statue of 3038:Madhyamaka 3023:Vasubandhu 3015:Paramārtha 3004:Kamalaśīla 2980:Vasubandhu 2842:Madhyamaka 2500:Tathagatha 2446:compassion 2100:Edo period 2080:buddhayāna 1882:Edo period 1845:Vasubandhu 1818:Buddhahood 1767:bodhicitta 1725:, Ch.:一乘; 1709:allegories 1603:Vietnamese 1483:Fǎhuá jīng 1278:Buddhahood 1208:Thiên Thai 1077:16. Sastra 1055:11. Vinaya 1050:10. Tantra 1039:7. Nirvana 791:Longchenpa 786:Tsongkhapa 701:Mazu Daoyi 686:Shāntideva 611:Sthiramati 606:Vasubandhu 596:Kumārajīva 553:Fa Gu Shan 483:Mādhyamaka 231:Adi-Buddha 221:Shakyamuni 182:Pure Lands 137:Two truths 102:Buddhahood 14269:Festivals 14249:Buddhists 14211:Theosophy 14014:Symbolism 14004:Hama yumi 13977:Bodh Gaya 13744:Socialism 13719:Evolution 13694:Economics 13532:Venezuela 13447:Australia 13442:Argentina 13366:Sri Lanka 13361:Singapore 13279:Indonesia 13241:Countries 13182:Tripiṭaka 13144:Ajahn Mun 13019:Nagarjuna 13014:Aśvaghoṣa 12897:Anagārika 12892:Śrāmaṇerī 12887:Śrāmaṇera 12882:Bhikkhunī 12842:Sotāpanna 12731:Passaddhi 12672:Offerings 12647:Nekkhamma 12524:Iddhipada 12444:Practices 12414:Theravada 12387:Vajrayana 12380:Yogachara 12350:Pure Land 12263:Six Paths 12250:Cosmology 12030:Anuruddha 12005:Sāriputta 11995:Kaundinya 11987:Disciples 11962:Vajrapāṇi 11814:Footprint 11779:Tathāgata 11591:Yaśodharā 11576:Śāriputra 11536:Kauṇḍinya 11531:Aniruddha 11497:Nāgakanya 11456:Vairocana 11441:Akshobhya 11331:Emptiness 10805:170439615 10635:162741638 10226:: 125–154 10120:: 120–140 9921:146337273 9856:161648919 9333:170267103 8900:: 133–153 8788:: 409–463 8368:Wang 2005 8356:Wang 2005 8344:Wang 2005 8192:Deeg 2007 8120:Kubo 2007 8072:Kato 1975 8060:Deeg 2012 8036:Deeg 2012 8024:Kern 1884 8000:Silk 2012 7989:(Winter). 7257:Cole 2005 7245:Chen 2011 7203:Qing 2013 6752:Kern 1884 6641:Silk 2001 6569:Wang 2005 6521:Wang 2005 6449:Benn 2007 6155:Lai 1981b 5909:Lai 1981a 5661:Kern 1884 5505:Xing 2005 4921:pure land 4915:Sanskrit 4815:Noh drama 4744:Seokgatap 4736:Hase-dera 4361:project. 4247:. In his 4221:Taisekiji 3956:shikidoku 3924:shakubuku 3865:Pure Land 3667:shaku-mon 3628:Pure Land 3522:Fugen kyō 3381:Vairocana 3065:Ralpachen 3000:Śāntideva 2366:reliquary 2136:Śāriputra 2112:Śāriputra 2025:Chapter 1 1814:Devadatta 1758:awakening 1754:suffering 1711:. In the 1636:puṇḍarīka 1526:romanized 1453:妙法蓮華經 1318:Turkestan 1316:in South 1231:East Asia 1202:, Korean 1188:scripture 1014:2. Jataka 906:Indonesia 816:Sheng-yen 591:Lokakṣema 576:Nāgārjuna 528:Vajrayāna 518:Pure Land 266:Vajrapāṇi 251:Vairocana 236:Akshobhya 132:Emptiness 91:Teachings 14287:Category 14216:Violence 14186:Hinduism 14134:Sanskrit 14089:Hinayana 14074:Amitābha 14034:Swastika 13903:Uposatha 13893:Holidays 13878:Calendar 13724:Humanism 13562:Kanishka 13552:Timeline 13376:Thailand 13344:Kalmykia 13339:Buryatia 13324:Pakistan 13309:Mongolia 13304:Maldives 13299:Malaysia 13264:Cambodia 13129:Shamarpa 13124:Nichiren 13074:Xuanzang 13009:Nagasena 12927:Rinpoche 12657:Pāramitā 12499:Devotion 12419:Navayana 12407:Dzogchen 12370:Nichiren 12318:Mahayana 12310:Branches 12188:Saṅkhāra 11937:Mañjuśrī 11894:(cousin) 11886:(cousin) 11854:(mother) 11846:(father) 11834:Miracles 11784:Birthday 11701:Glossary 11674:Buddhism 11624:Cheontae 11519:Śrāvakas 11501:Nāgaraja 11387:Mañjuśrī 11382:Maitreya 11314:Concepts 11201:LibriVox 10589:(1995), 10451:and the 10364:(2009), 10318:archived 10078:(2011), 9706:archived 9452:archived 9411:archived 9291:(2009), 8860:23784405 8585:archived 8561:Archived 7069:Kim 1985 6932:Tay 1980 6680:Pye 2003 6557:Tay 1980 6263:Pye 2003 6020:Pye 2003 5957:Pye 2003 5945:Pye 2003 5921:Pye 2003 5873:Pye 2003 5837:Pye 2003 5328:Abe 2015 4857:See also 4845:and the 4825:Folklore 4750:Temple. 4748:Bulguksa 4716:Dunhuang 4683:, Japan. 4640:gohonzon 4609:Hokke ho 4410:Dunhuang 4331:The Dial 4132:Reiyukai 4032:non-dual 4022:between 3900:gohonzon 3852:Nichiren 3844:Nichiren 3840:Gohonzon 3812:Nichiren 3795:taimitsu 3775:jikyōsha 3744:Dainichi 3729:mandalic 3717:mandalas 3653:), late 3492:Japanese 3448:Shandong 3440:Hangzhou 3392:samādhis 3228:Xuanzang 3193:Daosheng 3127:Chang'an 3098:Xinjiang 3071:In China 3061:Yeshé Dé 3050:neyārtha 3046:Yogācāra 2919:version. 2896:dialect. 2889:tristubh 2846:Yogacara 2844:and the 2571:Dunhuang 2559:ayatanas 2479:Maitreya 2461:(led by 2210:Śrāvakas 2084:parables 2064:Mañjuśrī 2057:Maitreya 2048:ūrṇākośa 1978:Overview 1964:non dual 1952:immanent 1738:Mahāyāna 1705:parables 1697:fangbian 1648:Nichiren 1609:(short: 1561:(short: 1537:Hoke-kyō 1535:(short: 1517:Japanese 1343:Sanskrit 1212:Buddhism 1204:Cheontae 1200:Nichiren 1005:Ekottara 1000:Samyukta 995:Madhyama 983:1. Agama 977:Sections 970:Sections 901:Malaysia 896:Mongolia 736:Nichiren 661:Xuanzang 586:Āryadeva 538:Dzogchen 523:Nichiren 488:Yogācāra 276:Maitreya 256:Mañjuśrī 226:Amitabha 64:a series 62:Part of 53:New York 14335:Tiantai 14264:Temples 14244:Buddhas 14206:Science 14196:Judaism 14191:Jainism 14109:Lineage 14069:Abhijñā 14039:Thangka 13982:Sarnath 13967:Lumbini 13888:Funeral 13883:Cuisine 13759:Culture 13734:Reality 13684:Creator 13674:Atomism 13544:History 13517:Ukraine 13477:Germany 13396:Senegal 13386:Vietnam 13314:Myanmar 13114:Shinran 13104:Karmapa 13079:Shandao 13049:Dignāga 12974:Śrāvaka 12954:Donchee 12949:Kappiya 12907:Sayadaw 12877:Bhikkhu 12852:Anāgāmi 12809:Nirvana 12775:Samadhi 12662:Paritta 12603:Tonglen 12598:Mandala 12553:Smarana 12534:Mantras 12482:Upekkha 12452:Bhavana 12402:Shingon 12355:Tiantai 12208:Tathātā 12198:Śūnyatā 12193:Skandha 12183:Saṃsāra 12178:Rebirth 12153:Kleshas 12143:Indriya 12045:Subhūti 11930:Guanyin 11884:Ānanda 11876:Rāhula 11756:Nirvana 11696:Outline 11581:Subhūti 11491:rākṣasī 11429:Buddhas 11376:Guanyin 10833:2053331 10484:in the 10284:(1–2), 9848:3176401 9671:女と男の国境線 9660:1177840 9147:: 72–96 8510:Sources 6946:, CBETA 4947:Dhāraṇī 4809:Theater 4740:Dabotap 4625:daimoku 4571:Guanyin 4546:plastic 4514:dharani 4295:aupamya 4024:Huineng 4006:In his 3873:daimoku 3820:Shinran 3748:Yakushi 3709:mantras 3671:hon-mon 3581:emperor 3474:Chinese 3421:Zhanran 3377:Trikaya 3320:panjiao 3312:benmen; 3279:Tiantai 3216:Daoxuan 3135:Prakrit 3117:Chinese 3113:Chinese 2894:Prakrit 2858:Tiantai 2826:prakrit 2737:dhāraṇī 2719:Guanyin 2533:Caityas 2393:nirvāna 2278:in the 2234:Subhūti 2177:samsara 2173:parable 2144:ekayāna 2043:samadhi 1956:Tiantai 1746:nirvana 1742:rebirth 1727:yīchéng 1722:ekayāna 1699:, Jp.: 1695:, Ch.: 1577:Tibetan 1528:: 1495:Chinese 1470:Chinese 1373:Chinese 1334:daimoku 1192:Tiantai 1176:Chinese 876:Tibetan 871:Vietnam 801:Hanshan 776:Dolpopa 726:Shinran 656:Shandao 651:Huineng 621:Dignāga 548:Tzu Chi 513:Shingon 493:Tiantai 210:Buddhas 192:Dharani 14259:Sutras 14254:Suttas 14119:Siddhi 14104:Koliya 14079:Brahmā 13994:Poetry 13940:Mantra 13930:Kasaya 13802:Pagoda 13782:Kyaung 13777:Vihāra 13772:Temple 13714:Ethics 13557:Ashoka 13507:Sweden 13502:Poland 13497:Norway 13487:Mexico 13472:France 13457:Canada 13452:Brazil 13391:Africa 13371:Taiwan 13334:Russia 13259:Bhutan 13219:Vinaya 13099:Naropa 13089:Saraha 13024:Asanga 12780:Prajñā 12689:Refuge 12652:Nianfo 12613:Tertön 12608:Tantra 12593:Ganana 12583:Tukdam 12509:Dhyāna 12477:Mudita 12472:Karuṇā 12365:Risshū 12360:Huayan 12293:Naraka 12233:Anattā 12228:Dukkha 12223:Anicca 12128:Dharma 12080:Channa 12015:Ānanda 12000:Assaji 11967:Skanda 11870:(wife) 11839:Family 11819:Relics 11744:Sangha 11739:Dharma 11734:Buddha 11618:Tendai 11571:Rāhula 11526:Ānanda 11487:Hārītī 11482:Brahmā 11178:H.Kern 11158: 11140: 11102: 11075: 11054: 11035: 11016: 10989: 10942: 10896: 10883:: 1–12 10849: 10831: 10803: 10773: 10753: 10733: 10687: 10667: 10649: 10633: 10603: 10575: 10555: 10537: 10482:Caitya 10414: 10396: 10376: 10351: 10333: 10310: 10258: 10174: 10156: 10135: 10065: 10027: 9940: 9919: 9885: 9854: 9846: 9799: 9768: 9677: 9658: 9606: 9587: 9545: 9527: 9509: 9489: 9387: 9352: 9331: 9301: 9266:Vol. 5 9262:Vol. 4 9258:Vol. 3 9254:Vol. 2 9250:Vol. 1 9165: 9095: 9077: 9050: 9001: 8961:574336 8959: 8922: 8875: 8858: 8801: 8736: 8700: 8678:604783 8676: 8639: 8621: 8603: 8527: 7968: 5265: 4774:. The 4542:visual 4382:Nikaya 4182:Tendai 4106:, and 4104:Seno'o 4051:Rinzai 4040:Ryōkan 3913:; Jp. 3894:, Jp. 3890:(Skt. 3791:bessho 3783:tonsei 3746:, and 3713:mudras 3691:mikkyō 3682:Enchin 3636:jikidō 3620:Tendai 3616:Saichō 3610:Tendai 3500:); and 3484:: 3482:pinyin 3476:: 3402:, the 3345:(法華文句 3316:honmon 2770:Tuṣita 2732:Hariti 2709:(普門品) 2520:Ganges 2473:, and 2442:wisdom 2301:Rāhula 2297:Ānanda 2268:arhats 2236:, and 2206:Dharma 2000:Ladakh 1731:upāyas 1655:'s 1634:, the 1619:Tangut 1567:; 1551:; 1543:Korean 1505:: 1503:pinyin 1497:: 1480:: 1478:pinyin 1472:: 1438:flower 1416:dharma 1405:subtle 1383:: 1381:pinyin 1375:: 1355:Dharma 1298:Dharma 1286:Buddha 1255:Buddha 1196:Tendai 1178:: 990:Dirgha 891:Bhutan 856:Taiwan 796:Hakuin 766:Atisha 761:Nāropā 746:Virūpa 696:Wohnyo 676:Saichō 666:Fazang 601:Asanga 503:Huayan 498:Tendai 14231:Lists 14099:Kalpa 14094:Iddhi 13957:Music 13952:Mudra 13918:Vassa 13898:Vesak 13868:Budai 13814:Candi 13797:Stupa 13729:Logic 13482:Italy 13381:Tibet 13319:Nepal 13289:Korea 13284:Japan 13274:India 13269:China 13214:Sutra 13169:Texts 13119:Dōgen 13109:Hōnen 13094:Atiśa 13059:Zhiyi 12969:Achar 12937:Tulku 12932:Geshe 12917:Rōshi 12902:Ajahn 12857:Arhat 12817:Bodhi 12787:Vīrya 12704:Sacca 12699:Satya 12694:Sādhu 12682:Music 12625:Merit 12618:Terma 12578:Zazen 12514:Faith 12467:Mettā 12148:Karma 12108:Bardo 12075:Asita 12065:Khema 12055:Upāli 12040:Nanda 11878:(son) 11852:Māyā 11829:Films 11706:Index 11621:, K. 11586:Upāli 11561:Nanda 11477:Śakra 11470:Devas 11113:(PDF) 11096:(PDF) 10974:(PDF) 10967:(PDF) 10953:(PDF) 10936:(PDF) 10922:(PDF) 10873:(PDF) 10829:JSTOR 10801:S2CID 10718:(PDF) 10703:(PDF) 10631:S2CID 10478:Stupa 10426:"The 10274:(PDF) 10216:(PDF) 10204:(PDF) 10189:(PDF) 10110:(PDF) 9976:(PDF) 9964:(PDF) 9957:(PDF) 9917:S2CID 9852:S2CID 9844:JSTOR 9810:(PDF) 9793:(PDF) 9779:(PDF) 9762:(PDF) 9656:JSTOR 9461:"The 9363:(PDF) 9346:(PDF) 9329:S2CID 9224:(PDF) 9217:(PDF) 9203:(PDF) 9188:(PDF) 9176:(PDF) 9159:(PDF) 9137:(PDF) 9125:(PDF) 9110:(PDF) 8957:S2CID 8937:(PDF) 8890:(PDF) 8856:JSTOR 8778:(PDF) 8766:(PDF) 8751:(PDF) 8685:(PDF) 8674:JSTOR 8654:(PDF) 8588:(PDF) 8573:(PDF) 4894:Notes 4665:China 4661:Gansu 4578:Lotus 4478:Lotus 4311:Lotus 4303:Lotus 4217:Lotus 4147:Lotus 3983:Dōgen 3952:world 3933:Lotus 3929:Lotus 3896:mappo 3824:Dogen 3816:Honen 3740:Amida 3701:Lotus 3697:Lotus 3678:Ennin 3585:Lotus 3557:Japan 3539:法華三部経 3452:China 3425:Lotus 3355:Lotus 3324:Lotus 3289:Zhiyi 3255:Lotus 3244:Lotus 3240:Lotus 3232:Lotus 3224:Kuiji 3111:into 3102:China 3094:Kucha 3027:Lotus 3019:Lotus 2976:Atiśa 2956:Lotus 2904:śloka 2809:Lotus 2798:China 2794:Hebei 2637:Lotus 2616:Lotus 2582:China 2578:Gansu 2516:punya 2512:merit 2362:stupa 2342:Lotus 2338:Lotus 2168:kalpa 2140:yānas 1941:Lotus 1918:Lotus 1870:China 1701:hōben 1693:upāya 1670:cart. 1585:Wylie 1521:妙法蓮華経 1449:sutra 1427:lotus 1377:妙法蓮華經 1351:Lotus 1304:Title 1294:upāya 1180:妙法蓮華經 886:Newar 881:Nepal 866:Korea 861:Japan 844:China 806:Taixu 731:Dōgen 721:Hōnen 706:Jinul 681:Kūkai 641:Zhiyi 14129:Pāḷi 14114:Māra 14024:Flag 13425:Iran 13349:Tuva 13294:Laos 12922:Lama 12770:Śīla 12738:Śīla 12726:Pīti 12716:Sati 12667:Puja 12588:Koan 12494:Dāna 12085:Yasa 11972:Tārā 11615:(J. 11458:(in 11156:ISBN 11138:ISBN 11100:ISBN 11073:ISBN 11052:ISBN 11033:ISBN 11014:ISBN 10987:ISBN 10940:ISBN 10894:ISBN 10847:ISBN 10771:ISBN 10751:ISBN 10731:ISBN 10685:ISBN 10665:ISBN 10647:ISBN 10601:ISBN 10573:ISBN 10553:ISBN 10535:ISBN 10480:and 10412:ISBN 10394:ISBN 10374:ISBN 10349:ISBN 10331:ISBN 10308:ISBN 10256:ISBN 10224:XXXI 10172:ISBN 10154:ISBN 10133:ISBN 10090:: 63 10063:ISBN 10025:ISBN 9938:ISBN 9883:ISBN 9797:ISBN 9766:ISBN 9675:ISBN 9604:ISBN 9585:ISBN 9543:ISBN 9525:ISBN 9507:ISBN 9487:ISBN 9385:ISBN 9350:ISBN 9299:ISBN 9163:ISBN 9093:ISBN 9075:ISBN 9048:ISBN 8999:ISBN 8920:ISBN 8873:ISBN 8799:ISBN 8734:ISBN 8698:ISBN 8637:ISBN 8619:ISBN 8601:ISBN 8525:ISBN 7966:ISBN 5263:ISBN 4829:The 4821:)." 4768:and 4742:and 4726:and 4687:The 4681:Nara 4510:dhr, 4472:and 4464:The 4370:Pali 4223:, a 4153:and 4134:and 4049:The 3976:Sōtō 3966:The 3950:sahā 3915:hōbō 3863:and 3822:and 3680:and 3561:The 3503:The 3478:無量義經 3466:The 3314:Jp. 3287:was 3171:and 3032:The 3006:and 2926:and 2836:The 2768:and 2444:and 1958:and 1898:eons 1798:The 1777:The 1679:The 1499:正法華經 1446:jīng 1424:lián 1402:miào 1198:and 1164:The 911:West 296:Tara 212:and 13851:Art 13787:Wat 12323:Zen 10821:doi 10793:doi 10623:doi 10286:doi 10008:doi 9909:doi 9836:doi 9648:doi 9428:doi 9321:doi 9040:hdl 8949:doi 8846:doi 8666:doi 8662:118 8551:doi 5007:not 4935:sic 4720:Sui 4699:Art 4412:in 4270:'s 4126:to 4098:by 3979:Zen 3587:" ( 3553:). 3533:or 3511:普賢經 3394:" ( 3275:). 3119:by 2998:), 2988:), 2823:(a 2395:." 1966:." 1707:or 1691:or 1593:THL 1564:법화경 1474:法華經 1435:huá 1257:." 1220:Zen 508:Zen 14316:: 13353:ru 11278:: 11126:17 10881:12 10879:, 10875:, 10827:, 10817:37 10815:, 10799:, 10787:, 10709:, 10705:, 10629:, 10619:19 10617:, 10599:, 10522:11 10520:, 10516:, 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