Louis Leakey - Knowledge

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Leakey, and his first wife, Elizabeth. ... in 1926, when Elizabeth died ... She married a South African colleague, Bremer Hofmeyr, in 1946. ... in ... 1954 ... Mau Mau fighters ... attacked her father's farm, killed her stepmother and abducted her father. ... buried alive, in a shallow grave on Mount Kenya. ... she lost her eldest brother, Nigel Leakey, in 1941 at Colito, where he won the Victoria Cross. Three years after Bremer's death, in 1993, their elder son, Murray, was killed in a car accident in Johannesburg.

5028: 991:... I sought a personal interview with the governor, hoping to make him appreciate that it was no longer possible to continue along the lines of the old colonial regime. ... Colonial governors and senior civil servants are not easy people to argue with; and, of course, I was not popular, because of my criticism of the colonial service ... Had it been possible to make the government open its eyes to the realities of the situation, I believe that the whole miserable episode of what is frequently spoken of as ' 4992: 4199: 787: 4942: 4637: 589: 4968: 5004: 5016: 1020:, governor of the colony, that nocturnal meetings and forced oaths were not Kikuyu customs and foreboded violence, but was ignored. Now he found himself pulled away from anthropology to investigate the Mau Mau. During this period his life was threatened and a reward placed on his head. The Leakeys began to pack pistols, termed "European National Dress." The government placed him under 24-hour guard. 753:

report of March 1935, Louis accused Boswell of reneging on his word, but Boswell asserted he had made no such promise, and now having public opinion on his side, warned Louis to withdraw the claim. Louis was not only forced to retract the accusation in his final field report in June 1935 but also to recant his support of Reck. Louis was through at Cambridge. Even his mentors turned on him.

4980: 428:), Miss Higgenbotham (another missionary), and Mariamu (a Kikuyu nurse). Louis grew up, played, and learned to hunt with the native Kikuyus. He also learned to walk with the distinctive gait of the Kikuyu and speak their language fluently, as did his siblings. He was initiated into the Kikuyu ethnic group, an event of which he never spoke, as he was sworn to secrecy. 1031:. Louis was summoned to be a court interpreter, but withdrew after an accusation of mistranslation because of prejudice against the defendant. He returned on request to translate documents only. Because of lack of evidence linking Kenyatta to the Mau Mau, although convicted, he did not receive the death penalty, but was sentenced to several years of hard labour. 646:. Early dates for human evolution were not widely accepted by the general public at the time. Reck became involved in a media uproar. He was barred from going back to settle the question by the war and then the terms of the transfer of Tanganyika from Germany to Britain. In 1929, Louis visited Berlin to talk to the now skeptical Reck. Noting an 810:." They lived without heat, electricity, or plumbing, fetching water from a well and writing by oil lantern. They lived in poverty for 18 months at this low point of their fortunes, visited at first only by Mary's relatives. Louis gardened for subsistence and exercise and improved the house and grounds. He appealed at last to the 686:. While he was gone, the opposition worked up some "evidence" of the intrusion of Olduvai Man into an earlier layer, evidence that seemed convincing at the time, but is missing and unverifiable now. On his return, Louis' finds were carefully examined by a committee of 26 scientists and were tentatively accepted as valid. 600:, by two women on a holiday, one of whom was Frida Avern (1902–1993). Avern had done some coursework in archaeology. Louis and Frida began a relationship, which continued upon his return to Cambridge. In 1928, they married and continued work near Lake Elmenteita. Finds from Gamble's Cave were donated by Leakey to the 762:

associates did the groundwork for future excavation at Olduvai, uncovering dozens of sites for a broad sampling, as was his method. They were named after the excavator: SHK (Sam Howard's karongo), BK (Peter Bell's), SWK (Sam White's), MNK (Mary Nicol's). Louis and Mary conducted a temporary clinic for the

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Agnes Leakey, worker for reconciliation: born Limuru, Kenya 8 May 1917; married 1946 Bremer Hofmeyr (died 1993; one son, and one son deceased); died Johannesburg 1 December 2006. ... Agnes Leakey was born in Limuru, Kenya, in 1917, the youngest child of Gray Leakey, cousin of the anthropologist Louis

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In January 1947 Louis conducted the first Pan-African Congress of Prehistory at Nairobi. Sixty scientists from 26 countries attended, delivering papers and visiting the Leakey sites. The conference restored Louis to the scientific fold and made him a major figure in it. With the money that now poured

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From 1925 on Louis lectured and wrote on African archaeological and palaeontological topics. On graduation he was such a respected figure that Cambridge sent him to East Africa to study prehistoric African humans. He excavated dozens of sites, undertaking for the first time a systematic study of the

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was going to send a fossil-hunting expedition led by William E. Cutler to the site. Louis applied and was hired to locate the site and manage the administrative details. In 1924 they departed for Africa. They never found a complete dinosaur skeleton, and Louis was recalled from the site by Cambridge

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style, at the end of the garden. It was home to his personal collection of natural objects, such as birds' eggs and skulls. All the children developed a keen interest in and appreciation of the pristine natural surroundings in which they found themselves. They raised baby animals, later turning them

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that I had as pets in my childhood days—and that eventually I had to house in large cages—it makes me sad. It makes me sadder still, however, and also very angry, when I think of the innumerable adult animals and birds deliberately caught and locked up for the so-called 'pleasure' and 'education' of

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Non-humanoid fossils and tools were extracted from the ground in large numbers. Frida delayed joining her husband and was less enthusiastic about him on behalf of Priscilla. She did arrive eventually, however, and Louis put her to work. Frida's site became FLK, for Frida Leakey's Karongo ("gully").

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In 1942, the Italian menace ended, but the Japanese began to reconnoiter with a view toward landing in force. Louis found himself in counter-intelligence work, which he performed with zest and imagination. In the same year, their daughter Deborah was born, but died at the age of three months. They

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tribe for use as harpoons and the sites could not now be located. To make matters worse, all the photos Louis took were ruined by a light leak in the camera. After an irritating and fruitless two-month search, Boswell left for England, promising, as Louis understood it, not to publish a word until

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In November 1931, Louis led an expedition to Olduvai whose members included Reck, whom Louis allowed to enter the gorge first. Leakey had bet Reck that Leakey would find Acheulean tools within the first 24 hours, which he did. These verified the provenance of the 1913 find, now called Olduvai Man.

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and persuaded Senior Chief Koinange, who designated a committee of chiefs, to help him describe the Kikuyu the way they had been. Mary excavated at Waterfall Cave. She fell ill with double pneumonia and was near death for two weeks in the hospital in Nairobi, during which time her mother was sent

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dated 9 March 1935, destroying Reck's and Louis's dates of the fossils and questioning Louis's competence. Despite the searches for the iron markers, Boswell averred that "the earlier expedition (of 1931–32) neither marked the localities on the ground nor recorded the sites on a map." In a field

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The government brought in British troops and formed a home guard of 20,000 Kikuyu. During this time, Louis played a difficult and contradictory role. He sided with the settlers, serving as their spokesman and intelligence officer, helping to ferret out bands of guerrillas. On the other hand, he

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is in many physical respects still very unspecialized ... But in one thing man, as we know him today, is over-specialized. His brain power is very over-specialized compared to the rest of his physical make-up, and it may well be that this over-specialization will lead, just as surely, to his

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Meeting Mary in Africa, he proceeded to Olduvai with a small party. Louis' parents continued to urge him to return to Frida, and would pay for everyone in the party but Mary. Mary joined him under a stigma but her skill and competence eventually won over the other participants. Louis and his

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was born. In 1945 the family's income from police work all but vanished. By now Louis was getting plenty of job offers but he chose to stay on in Kenya as Curator of the Coryndon Museum, with an annual salary and a house, but more importantly, to continue palaeoanthropological research.

500:, a private boys' school, when he was 16 years old. In about three years, he did not do well and complained of hazing and rules that he considered an infringement on his freedom. Advised by one teacher to seek employment in a bank, he secured help from an English teacher in applying to 3607:, Chapter 2. Olduvai Man languished through World War II in a Berlin museum and then partially disappeared, but preservative applied to the bones took away any hope of an accurate C-14 date; however, neither can any evidence of intrusion be located. Kanjera Man is ancient, possibly 3654:

that the service was more directly British; in fact, he refers to "my counterpart in military intelligence." However, Louis would not be revealing everything he knew. Morell portrays him as having been in police work before being drafted. She had personal access to the surviving

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and turned over the acting directorship of Coryndon to a subordinate. He created the Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology on the same grounds, moved his collections to it, and appointed himself director. This was his new operations center. He opened another excavation at

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In 1958, Leakey founded the Tigoni Primate Research Center with Cynthia Booth, on her farm north of Nairobi. Later it was the National Primate Research Center, currently the Institute of Primate Research, now in Nairobi. As the Tigoni center, it funded Leakey's

882:, reporting on the talk. In September 1939, when Britain went to war, the Kenyan government drafted Louis into its African intelligence service. Apart from some bumbling around, during which he and some settlers stalked each other as possible saboteurs of the 1008:

While the Leakeys were at Lake Victoria, the Kikuyu struck at the European settlers of the Kenyan highlands, who seemed to have the upper hand and were insisting on a "white" government of a "white" Africa. In 1949 the Kikuyu formed a secret society, the

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In denial, the family did not face the question of a memorial marker for a year. When Richard went to place a stone on the grave he found one already there, courtesy of Louis' former secretary Rosalie Osborn. The inscription was signed with the letters,

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wrote that because of Louis's involvement with the Calico Hills site she had lost academic respect for him and that the Calico excavation project was "catastrophic to his professional career and was largely responsible for the parting of our ways".

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Elizabeth Hubbard Woolmer was born on 20 December 1793. ... On 28 August 1815 she married the artist James Leakey (1775-1865) at St. Sidwell's Church, Exeter (2). They had eleven children. ... Caroline Woolmer Leakey

1377:, respectively. Leakey also encouraged and supported many other PhD candidates, most notably from Cambridge University. Louis believed that women were better at studying primates than men, as shown in the book 642:

The geology of Olduvai was known. In 1913, Reck had extricated a skeleton from Bed II in the gorge wall. He argued that it must have the date of the bed, which was believed to be 600,000 years, in the mid-

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in AnthroQuest Online for Fall, 2003, Louis received the Kikuyu name Wakuruigi, "Son of the Sparrow Hawk." Harry also had a name, apparently not an initiation name, but rather descriptive: Giteru, "Big

518:. When he came to his finals, he asked to be examined in this language, and the authorities agreed. Then one day, he received two letters. One instructed him to report at a certain time and place for a 1084:

Beginning in 1951, Louis and Mary began intensive research at Olduvai Gorge. A trial trench in Bed II at BK in 1951 was followed by a more extensive excavation in 1952. They found what Louis termed an

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for a grant to write a study of the Kikuyu and it was given late in 1936 along with a salary for two years. In January 1937 the Leakeys travelled to Kenya. Colin would not see his father for 20 years.

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and numerous talks and articles. He recommended a multi-racial government, land reform in the highlands, a wage hike for the Kikuyu, and many other reforms, most of which were eventually adopted.

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in Vanne Goodall's apartment in London (Jane Goodall's mother). Vanne sat up all night with him in St. Stephen's Hospital and left at 9:00 a.m. He died 30 minutes later at the age of 69.

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until 1956, when, deprived of its leadership and supplies, it had to disperse. The state of emergency lasted until 1960. In 1963 Kenya became independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister.

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We know from the study of evolution that, again and again, various branches of animal stock have become over-specialized, and that over-specialization has led to their extinction. Present-day

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editors Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, David A. Eberth. Indiana University Press 2010. Chapter 35 "Lost in plain sight: Rediscovery of William E. Cutler's lost Eoceratops" by

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Louis received his PhD in 1930 at the age of 27. His first child, a daughter named Priscilla Muthoni Leakey, was born in 1931. His headaches and epilepsy returned, and he was prescribed

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Louis conducted interrogations, analyzed handwriting, wrote radio broadcasts and took on regular police investigations. He loved a good mystery of any sort. The white leadership of the

4163:– The Leakey Foundation: a non-profit organization committed to increasing scientific knowledge, education, and public understanding of human origins, evolution, behavior and survival. 1046:

and detained the committees. Following Louis' suggestion, thousands of Kikuyu were placed in re-education camps and resettled in new villages. The rebellion continued from bases under

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together for a brief romance, which she broke off. Richard began to assume more and more of his father's responsibilities, which Louis resisted, but in the end was forced to accept.

740:, whom he invited to verify the sites for himself. Arriving at Kanam and Kanjera in 1935, they found that the iron markers Louis had used to mark the sites had been removed by the 3637:, Chapter 6, it was the chief who suggested she excavate. He knew artifacts were being washed from the cave. Louis and Mary had moved into a hut in his compound at his invitation. 460:. This interest may have predisposed him toward a career in archaeology. His father was also a role model: Canon Leakey co-founded East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society. 5138: 732:

A panel at Cambridge investigated his morals. Grants dried up, but his mother raised enough money for another expedition to Olduvai, Kanam, and Kanjera, the latter two on the

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In the last few years Louis' health began to fail more seriously. He had his first heart attacks and spent six months in the hospital. An empathy over health brought him and

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in which he was required to be proficient, even though no one there could test him on it. The university accepted an affidavit from a Kikuyu chief signed with a thumbprint.

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Published posthumously. The manuscript remained in Louis' safe for decades for lack of a publisher. It was 3 volumes. He refused to follow editorial advice and shorten it.

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as "...the CID... Special Branch, Section 6, concerned with civil intelligence." The drafting authority was the "Kenya government" and there is no indication in the

568:", or high honours, in anthropology and archaeology. He had used some of his preexisting qualifications; for example, Kikuyu was offered and accepted as the second 3285:

Canon Leakey also was a naturalist and must have been a significant model, as Louis wished originally to pattern his life after his father's, according to Louis'

296:." Each went on to become an important scholar in the field of primatology. Leakey also encouraged and supported many other PhD candidates, most notably from the 674:

Back in Cambridge, the sceptics were not impressed. To find supporting evidence of the antiquity of Reck's Olduvai Man, Louis returned to Africa, excavating at

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Leakey's books are listed below. The gaps between books are filled by too many articles to list. It was Louis who began the Leakey tradition of publishing in

1088:"slaughter-house", an ancient bog where animals had been trapped and butchered. Excavations stopped in 1953 but were briefly resumed in 1955 with Jean Brown. 3464: 2690: 5078: 276:

Another of Leakey's legacies stems from his role in fostering field research of primates in their natural habitats, which he saw as key to understanding

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During his final years Louis became famous as a lecturer in the United Kingdom and United States. He did not excavate any longer, as he was impaired by

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Louis and Mary returned to England in 1935 without positions or any place to stay except Mary's mother's apartment. They soon leased Steen Cottage in

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Mary continued to find and excavate sites. In 1940, their son Jonathan Leakey was born. She worked in the Coryndon Memorial Museum (later called the

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used him extensively to clear up many cultural mysteries; for example, he helped an officer remove a curse he had inadvertently put on his men.

725:. Louis convinced Mary to take on the illustration of his book, and a few months later companionship turned into an affair. Frida gave birth to 863:. Louis got an extension of his grant, which he used partially for fossil-hunting. Leakey discoveries began to appear in the newspapers again. 5058: 1537: 911:) where Louis joined her as an unpaid honorary curator in 1941. Their life was a melange of police work and archaeology. They investigated 1468:

In 1968, Leakey assisted with the founding of The Leakey Foundation to ensure the legacy of his life's work in the study of human origins.

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In 1961, Leakey created the Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology on the same grounds as Coryndon Museum, appointing himself director.

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Tensions between the Kikuyu and the settlers increased alarmingly. Louis jumped into the fray as an exponent of the middle ground. In

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He frequently told a story about his final exams. When he had arrived in Britain, he had notified the registrar that he was fluent in

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and returned to Cambridge in 1929 to classify and prepare the finds from Elmenteita. His patron and mentor at Cambridge were now

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Louis had a younger brother, Douglas, and two older sisters, Gladys and Julia. Both sisters married missionaries: Gladys married

374:. The facilities slowly improved over time. The mission, a center of activity, set up a clinic in one of the tents, and later a 4571: 1433:

Mary wanted to cremate Louis and fly the ashes back to Nairobi. Richard intervened. Louis' body was flown home and interred at

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tool in Reck's collection of artifacts from Olduvai, he bet Reck he could find ancient stone tools at Olduvai within 24 hours.

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The guest list is Peter Bell (zoologist), Sam White (surveyor), Peter Kent (geologist), Heselon Mukiri, Thairu Irumbi, Ndekei.

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which were dated 100,000 years or older, suggesting a human presence in North America much earlier than others had estimated.

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inquiry in eastern Africa, he also motivated many future generations to continue this scholarly work. Several members of the

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NIGEL GRAY LEAKEY ... Died 19 May 1941 Age 28 years old ... Son of Arundell Gray A. and Elizabeth Leakey, of Kiganjo, Kenya.

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Neither Harry nor May were of strong constitution. From 1904 to 1906 the entire family lived at May's mother's house in

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Not long afterwards, in 1960, Louis, his son Philip and Ray Pickering discovered a fossil he termed "Chellean Man", (

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had made three visits to the site in 1973 and had claimed that the artifacts found by Leakey were naturally formed

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in December 1933, and the next month Louis left her and his newborn son. She would not sue for divorce until 1936.

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The government offered Louis work as a policeman in intelligence, which he accepted. He traveled the country as a

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whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at

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This account is based on Morell, Chapter 5, "Disaster at Kanam", supplemented with detail from Louis' account in

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examination in Swahili. The other asked if, at the same time and place, he would examine a candidate in Swahili.

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dated Bed I from 1.89 to 1.75 million years ago, confirming the great antiquity of fossil hominids in Africa.

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In 1959, excavations at Bed I were opened. While Louis was sick in camp, Mary discovered the fossilized skull

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with Simpson. Excavations at the site carried out by Leakey and Simpson revealed that they had located stone

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and Morell, Chapter 6, "Olduvai's Bounty", describe the explorations on which these few sentences are based.

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In Britain, the Leakey children attended primary school; in Africa, they had a tutor. The family spent

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at Louis' request, which Tobias translated as "handyman." It was seen as intermediary between gracile

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in Africa. When the sea lanes opened again in 1919, they returned to Boscombe, and Louis was sent to

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O'Donoghue, F. M.; Remington, V. (revised) (2004). "Leakey, James (1775–1865), miniature painter".

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tools. After reconstruction Louis and Mary called it "Pinhead." It was subsequently identified as

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Written in 1972 and published posthumously. Louis finished writing on the day before his death.

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Boswell immediately set out to publish as many words as he was able, beginning with a letter in

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near Cambridge. In November 1932, Frida used an inheritance to purchase a large brick house in

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Olduvai Gorge: the Cranium and Maxillary Dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei

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Robertshaw, Peter (1988). "The elmenteitan: An early food-producing culture in East Africa".

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The government then realized the rebellion was being directed from urban centers, instituted

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Multiple editions with rewrites, the 4th in 1955. Illustrated by Mary Leakey. Book reviews:

1105:" or "Zinj." The question was whether the fossil belonged to a previous genus discovered by 827:

Louis had already involved himself in Kikuyu tribal affairs in 1928, taking a stand against

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artifacts. Some of his names for archaeological cultures are still in use; for example, the

456:, the first curator (1914) of the Natural History Museum in Nairobi, the predecessor of the 5053: 5048: 4493: 4428: 4388: 3568: 3152: 2942: 1149:

In 1960, Louis appointed Mary director of excavation at Olduvai. She brought in a staff of

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extinction. ... if we are to control our future, we must first understand the past better.

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The source for this subsection is Morell, Chapter 3, "Laying Claim to the Earliest Man".

3183: 631:, a German national, whom Louis had met in 1925 in Germany while on business for Keith. 4784: 4766: 4403: 4361: 4341: 4223: 3586: 3265: 2649: 957: 924: 870:, he angered the settlers by proclaiming Kenya could never be a "white man's country." 836: 709:

most of the time, and was unable to work on the illustrations for Louis's second book,

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At "Jonny's site", FLK-NN, Jonathan Leakey discovered two skull fragments without the

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On the strength of his work there, he obtained a post-graduate research fellowship at

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Louis Leakey's Legacy: Celebrating the Centennial of His Extraordinary Life and Finds

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in their natural habitats, which he understood as key to unraveling the mysteries of

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New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium

839:, who was lecturing on the topic. R. Copeland at Oxford recommended he apply to the 4607: 4377: 4203: 4089: 3590: 3576: 3469: 3344: 2850: 2695: 1259: 1239:

In 1962 Louis was visiting Olduvai when Ndibo Mbuika discovered the first tooth of

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Louis's parents, Harry (1868–1940) and Mary (May) Bazett Leakey (died 1948), were

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Louis described it as a "pot-boiler" written in 1936 for Hodder & Stoughton.

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at MNK. Louis and Mary thought it was female and named her Cinderella, or Cindy.

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In 1952, after a Mau Mau massacre of pro-British chiefs, the government arrested

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Ten chapters consisting of the ten Munro Lectures delivered in 1936 by Louis to

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Recent Research into Oldowan Hominin Activities at Kanjera South, Western Kenya

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Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings

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Morell, Virginia, "Called "'Trimates,' Three Bold Women Shaped Their Field".

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Olduvai Gorge: A Report on the Evolution of the Hand-Axe Culture in Beds I–IV

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Morell, Virginia, "Called 'Trimates,' Three Bold Women Shaped Their Field",

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for. Contrary to expectation, she recovered and began another excavation at

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One of Louis's legacies stems from his role in fostering field research of

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These few paragraphs rely on Morell, Chapter 16, "The Human with Ability".

1411:. Mary accepted one, and they thereafter led separate professional lives. 802:

and had an unusual name which Louis, with his sense of humor noted in his

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Louis requested and was given permission to build and move into a hut,

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This subsection is based on Morell's chapter 11, "Louis and Kenyatta".

1177:. When mailed photographs, Le Gros Clark retorted casually "Shades of 978:

was born in 1949. In 1950, Louis was awarded an honorary doctorate by

814:, who relented with a small grant to continue work on his collection. 588: 4802: 4751: 4732: 4683: 4592: 4335: 3581: 3556: 3052:

Olduvai Gorge: A Preliminary Report on the Geology and Fauna, 1951–61

1404: 1389: 1374: 647: 628: 605: 596:

In 1927, Louis received a visit at a site called Gamble's Cave, near

564:, head of the Cambridge department. In 1926, Louis graduated with a " 545: 520: 476: 437: 425: 367: 966:

donated money for a boat to be used for transport on Lake Victoria,

713:

At a dinner party given in his honor, after a lecture of his at the

560:

Louis switched his focus to anthropology, and found a new mentor in

5003: 4967: 4850: 4741: 4704: 4681: 4561: 4160: 3915:"Congresses and Presidents – PanAfrican Archaeological Association" 1486: 1316: 928: 541: 472: 418: 1458:

congress, held in Nairobi. From 1955 to 1959 he was its president.

4812: 4716: 4556: 4539: 4306: 3206: 3204: 2997: 1482: 1370: 1342: 1189: 1085: 879: 851: 847: 767: 371: 370:, rodents and insects, and no heating system except for charcoal 363: 4017: 948:

in Louis undertook the famous expeditions of 1948 and beyond at

4872: 4710: 4698: 4373: 4283: 3700:

This section is based on Morell, Chapter 8, "Cloak-and-Dagger".

2945:

and intended by him as a textbook. Illustrated by Mary Leakey.

1434: 1233: 883: 771: 359: 320: 316: 60: 3201: 527: 4911: 4622: 4612: 4264: 3523:

This account is based on Morell, Chapter 4, "Louis and Mary".

1454:

In 1947, Leakey was central to the organisation of the first

4068:"Mau Mau and the Kikuyu – 1952, Page iii by L. S. B. Leakey" 3137:

Campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya

1481:, who made the noteworthy discovery of fossil footprints at 4896: 4617: 4258: 3027: 1092: 694:

Following their marriage in 1928, Louis and Frida lived in

1013:, which attacked settlers and especially loyalist Kikuyu. 831:. He got into a shouting match in Kikuyu one evening with 350:. Harry Leakey was assigned to an established post of the 4979: 4239: 4002: 1293:

from a site in the Calico Hills and showed it to Leakey.

3433:. Spring, Texas: Lulu.com (self-published). p. 11. 2766:"Serjeant Nigel Gray Leakey | War Casualty Details" 2760: 2758: 2756: 4208: 4086:"Defeating Mau Mau – 1954, Page iii by L. S. B. Leakey" 2687: 1205:

In 1961 Louis got a salary as well as a grant from the

5139:

Presidents of the South African Archaeological Society

2898:

Adam's Ancestors: The Evolution of Man and His Culture

1399:

In 1968, Louis refused an honorary doctorate from the

1035:

continued to advocate for the Kikuyu in his 1954 book

705:

The following year, Frida was pregnant, suffered from

249:(7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan-British 4956: 3847:

After the Ice: a global human history, 20,000–5000 BC

3298:

The facts for this section were gathered mainly from

2753: 536:

as part of the settlement of World War I. Within the

386:. He had a distinguished career in the CMS, becoming 280:. He personally focused on three female researchers, 3557:"Human Remains from Kanam and Kanjera, Kenya Colony" 2937:

Stone Age Africa: an Outline of Prehistory in Africa

2809:"Agnes Hofmeyr, Worker for reconciliation in Africa" 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 1214:

on Lake Victoria. Shortly after, Heselon discovered

721:

introduced her own illustrator, the twenty-year-old

5119:

People educated at Weymouth College (public school)

4041:

Most of them have many publishers in many editions.

3646:Louis describes this authority in Chapter 8 of his 1173:. The problem with it was its contemporaneity with 1167:, which Mary connected with Broom's and Robinson's 970:. Its skipper, Hassan Salimu, was later to deliver 448:(1907), a juvenile fictional work illustrating the 424:The Leakey household came to contain Miss Oakes (a 3468:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 3457: 923:lived in a rundown and bug-infested Nairobi home, 770:, and ended by studying the rock paintings at the 3780:Smithsonian Institution, Human Origins Initiative 2791: 5040: 4749: 3886:Morell Chapter 23, "Mining Hominids at Olduvai". 3804:tells a different story about the name. See the 3734: 1489:, they are the earliest record of bipedal gait. 1349:. He personally chose three female researchers, 822: 16:British archaeologist and naturalist (1903–1972) 1228:with "Leakey Safari Specials", a drink made of 1135:and a large grant to continue work at Olduvai. 682:. He easily found more fossils, which he named 2889:Written in 1929. Illustrated by Frida Leakey. 4667: 4224: 3904:Morell, Chapter 30, "An End and a Beginning". 3800:Morell Chapter 16, "The Human with Ability." 2727:"Eliza Hubbard Woolmer, wife of James Leakey" 1531: 1053: 3834:Historical Dictionary of Early North America 3740: 2694:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 736:. His previous work there was questioned by 204:Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal 3969: 3741:Taylor, R. E.; Aitken, M. J., eds. (1997). 3507:, by L. C. Bishop et al., published in the 1472: 1123:, but one which attracted the attention of 528:Archaeological and paleontological research 261:with his wife, fellow palaeoanthropologist 4674: 4660: 4231: 4217: 3743:Chronometric Dating in Archaeology, Vol. 2 3334: 1538: 1524: 1448: 956:, where Mary discovered the most complete 790:Steen Cottage, Nasty, Great Munden in 2011 657:, which he took for the rest of his life. 540:the Germans had discovered a site rich in 487: 31: 3932: 3745:. Springer-Verlag New York. p. 110. 3580: 3541:Head of the Department of Geology at the 3519: 3517: 3413:Arthur Tindell Hopwood, Donald MacInnes, 1224:, who happened to be present, aboard the 1131:. That contact resulted in an article in 817: 467:, in England, while Harry recovered from 5069:Archaeological history of Eastern Africa 3459:"Leakey, Henrietta Wilfrida (1902–1993)" 3452: 3450: 3382:For an account of the incident refer to 3211:Galdikas, Birute Mary (6 January 2007). 3210: 1296:In 1963, Leakey obtained funds from the 785: 756: 633: 604:in 1931. At that time he discovered the 587: 5079:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge 3877:, Vol. 260, 16 April 1993, pp. 420–425. 3554: 3465:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3242:, Vol. 260, 16 April 1993, pp. 420–425. 2721: 2719: 2717: 2691:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 889:, his first task was to supply and arm 660: 37:Louis Leakey with his wife Mary in 1962 5134:Kenyan emigrants to the United Kingdom 5064:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge 5041: 4051:"Prehistory and Physical Anthropology" 3970:Dale, Peterson; Goodall, Jane (2008). 3514: 3426: 3078:Animals of East Africa: The Wild realm 2819:from the original on 22 September 2012 2772:. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 1403:in Johannesburg, primarily because of 702:, which the family named "The Close". 532:In 1922, the British had been awarded 273:became prominent scholars themselves. 4655: 4567:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor 4212: 3941:"A national primate centre for Kenya" 3447: 3363:"Collection search: You searched for" 3324:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 2967:The Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa 2954:White African: an Early Autobiography 2885:The Stone Age Culture of Kenya Colony 2661: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2512: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2448: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2348: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2258: 2256: 2237: 2235: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2149: 2147: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1485:. Found preserved in volcanic ash in 1456:PanAfrican Archaeological Association 1249:identified Jonny's Child with it and 766:, made preliminary investigations of 4577:Orangutan–human last common ancestor 3938: 3385:Hans Reck and the Discovery of O.H.1 2806: 2714: 781: 265:. Having established a programme of 5059:20th-century British archaeologists 3395:at the "Always Something New" site. 3102:By the Evidence: Memoirs, 1932–1951 1421: 934: 552:, a friend of the family, that the 13: 5124:People from Girton, Cambridgeshire 4572:Gorilla–human last common ancestor 4504:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes 3611:; Homo kanamensis is an intrusion. 3555:Boswell, P. G. H. (9 March 1935). 3161:List of hominina (hominid) fossils 1437:, near the graves of his parents. 665: 583: 482: 14: 5150: 4582:Gibbon–human last common ancestor 4154: 3939:Else, James G. (1 January 1983). 3765:Morell, Chapter 14, "Mary's Dig". 3213:"The Vanishing Man of the Forest" 2776:from the original on 8 April 2022 2737:from the original on 6 April 2022 1285:in London, received a visit from 1283:British Museum of Natural History 985: 554:British Museum of Natural History 405:from 1960 to 1970; Julia married 5099:Kenyan people of British descent 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4941: 4940: 4636: 4635: 4387: 3729:Finding the World's Earliest Man 1058: 873: 806:, Chapter 5, as "the village of 132: 4514:Great Apes Survival Partnership 4464:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary 4113: 4096: 4078: 4060: 4044: 4035: 4010: 3990: 3963: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3865: 3852: 3839: 3826: 3817: 3794: 3768: 3759: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3640: 3627: 3614: 3597: 3548: 3535: 3526: 3495: 3420: 3407: 3398: 3376: 3355: 3115:The Southern Kikuyu before 1903 2681: 1426:On 1 October 1972, Louis had a 1330: 1270: 715:Royal Anthropological Institute 152: 128: 4200:Works by or about Louis Leakey 4185:, in CD Groliers Encyclopedia. 4144:"The Old Man of Olduvai Gorge" 3718:Morell, Chapter 12, "Our Man". 3328: 3309: 3292: 3279: 3258: 3245: 3230: 3176: 3043:With Peter Schmidt. Online at 2807:Lean, Mary (26 January 2007). 2612:Lt. Gen. Arundell David Leakey 995:' need never have taken place. 612:, which he excavated in 1928. 592:St. John's College, Cambridge. 1: 3976:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3509:African Archaeological Review 3349:10.1080/00438243.1988.9980056 3169: 2924:Kenya: Contrasts and Problems 2497:Jonathan Harry Erskine Leakey 2450:Maj. Gen. Arundell Rea Leakey 2199:Arundell Gray Arundell Leakey 1383: 1281:In 1959 Leakey, while at the 868:Kenya: Contrasts and Problems 823:Return to British East Africa 413:from 1964 to 1966; their son 303: 3489:UK public library membership 3264:According to Blake Edgar in 2911:The Stone Age races of Kenya 2708:UK public library membership 2484:Richard Erskine Frere Leakey 1477:Louis Leakey was married to 1016:Louis had attempted to warn 502:St John's College, Cambridge 411:Bishop of Rwanda and Burundi 362:, in the highlands north of 315:When I think back... of the 7: 4178:, the leakey.com biography. 3973:The Woman Who Redefined Man 3543:Imperial College of Science 3501:Read about these events in 3430:Adam, Apes and Anthropology 3125: 3069:With Vanne Morris Goodall. 2996:Started in 1935. Names the 2221:Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey 1401:University of Witwatersrand 1298:National Geographic Society 1207:National Geographic Society 1129:National Geographic Society 927:. Jonathan was attacked by 436:over to zoos. Louis read a 247:Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey 10: 5155: 4587:List of fictional primates 4439:Neanderthal genome project 2915:Proposes Homo kanamensis. 1334: 1302:archaeological excavations 1274: 1202:at 1.4 million years old. 1101:, famously identified as " 1054:Work in palaeoanthropology 689: 507:Louis matriculated at the 307: 47:Louis Seymour Bazet Leakey 4936: 4894: 4858: 4849: 4810: 4801: 4740: 4731: 4693: 4682:Extant species of family 4631: 4532: 4519:International Primate Day 4482: 4469:Borneo Orangutan Survival 4424:Chimpanzee genome project 4396: 4385: 4246: 4132:, Greenwood Press, 2005. 3998:"The Leakey family - PBS" 3427:Morton, Glenn R. (1997). 2975:. Volume I of the series 2731:Artsandculture.google.com 2665: 2646: 2576: 2574: 2546: 2544: 2520: 2489: 2480: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2306: 2302: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2226: 2217: 2196: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1871: 1869: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1726: 1662: 1660: 1595: 1507:, was a recipient of the 1492:He is also the father of 909:National Museums of Kenya 895:invaders of their country 798:. This settlement was in 403:Archbishop of East Africa 378:. Harry was working on a 324:thoughtless human beings. 240: 222: 215: 194: 165: 107: 95: 87: 71: 42: 30: 23: 5074:Archaeologists of Africa 4238: 4129:The Leakeys: a Biography 3620:The initial chapters of 3090:Olduvai Gorge, 1965–1967 2977:Fossil Mammals of Africa 2843: 2466:Colin Louis Avern Leakey 2212:Henrietta Wilfrida Avern 1473:Prominent family members 1119:, a decision opposed by 960:fossil up to that time. 417:was later the Bishop of 380:translation of the Bible 99:Pioneering the study of 65:East Africa Protectorate 4545:List of individual apes 4524:Nonhuman Rights Project 4055:American Anthropologist 4018:"The Leakey Foundation" 3919:www.panafprehistory.org 3895:Morell, Chapters 27-30. 3390:3 February 2007 at the 3271:7 February 2007 at the 3065:Unveiling Man's Origins 1819:Caroline Woolmer Leakey 1449:Prominent organizations 1196:, contemporaneous with 1138:In 1960, geophysicists 1125:Melville Bell Grosvenor 719:Gertrude Caton-Thompson 509:University of Cambridge 488:Attendance at Cambridge 298:University of Cambridge 4434:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka 3945:Kenya Past and Present 3474:10.1093/ref:odnb/52219 3009:Mau Mau and the Kikuyu 2981:Natural History Museum 2861:First publication date 2700:10.1093/ref:odnb/16244 1322:In her autobiography, 1253:came up with the name 1222:George Gaylord Simpson 1153:assistants, including 1082: 1006: 925:provided by the museum 829:female genital cutting 818:In British East Africa 791: 639: 593: 352:Church Mission Society 336: 5089:Kenyan archaeologists 4449:Lone Drøscher Nielsen 4022:The Leakey Foundation 3633:According to Louis's 3251:Louis reports in his 3188:The Leakey Foundation 3156:(with link directory) 3132:Calico Early Man Site 2973:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark 2458:Agnes Florence Leakey 1598:Eliza Hubbard Woolmer 1511:during World War II. 1277:Calico Early Man Site 1217:Kenyapithecus wickeri 1121:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark 1079:, 4th ed., final page 1062: 993:the Mau Mau rebellion 989: 902:King's African Rifles 789: 757:On the road in Africa 637: 591: 450:prehistory of Britain 313: 267:palaeoanthropological 5114:Paleoanthropologists 4785:Tapanuli orangutan ( 4767:Sumatran orangutan ( 4429:Human Genome Project 4176:"Louis S. B. Leakey" 4161:LeakeyFoundation.org 4148:Smithsonian Magazine 3862:, 1984, pp. 142–144. 3153:List of fossil sites 2943:Edinburgh University 2030:Rev. Arundell Leakey 1811:James Shirley Leakey 1396:system for fossils. 964:Charles Watson Boise 893:against the Italian 891:Ethiopian guerrillas 661:Reversals of fortune 548:. Louis was told by 538:Tanganyika Territory 251:palaeoanthropologist 131: 1928; 5129:White Kenyan people 5109:People from Nairobi 4776:Bornean orangutan ( 4474:Primate archaeology 4171:TalkOrigins Archive 4126:Mary Bowman-Kruhm, 4102:The second volume, 3860:Disclosing the past 3832:Cameron B. Wesson, 3573:1935Natur.135..371B 3184:"The Leakey Family" 2877: 1494:paleoanthropologist 1287:Ruth DeEtte Simpson 1188:), in context with 1133:National Geographic 1127:, president of the 1098:Paranthropus boisei 1029:Kenya African Union 1027:, president of the 1018:Sir Philip Mitchell 638:Olduvai Gorge 2011. 442:Days Before History 344:British East Africa 4404:Great ape language 4362:Tapanuli orangutan 4342:Sumatran orangutan 4092:on 18 August 2009. 4074:on 22 August 2009. 3300:Ancestral Passions 3217:The New York Times 2876: 2441:Robert Dove Leakey 2230:Mary Douglas Nicol 1546:Leakey family tree 1503:. Louis's cousin, 846:Louis returned to 837:president of Kenya 792: 640: 617:St. John's College 594: 562:Alfred Cort Haddon 534:German East Africa 465:Reading, Berkshire 5094:Kenyan Christians 4954: 4953: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4905: 4866: 4837:Western gorilla ( 4828:Eastern gorilla ( 4821: 4797: 4796: 4760: 4687: 4649: 4648: 4509:Great Ape Project 4352:Bornean orangutan 4194:Books and Writers 4188:Petri Liukkonen. 4119:Virginia Morell, 3983:978-0-395-85405-1 3782:. 7 February 2010 3752:978-0-306-45715-9 3487:(Subscription or 3337:World Archaeology 3123: 3122: 3039:Defeating Mau Mau 3022:Animals in Africa 2979:published by the 2928:Written in 1935. 2875: 2841: 2840: 2706:(Subscription or 2669: 2668: 2432:Nigel Gray Leakey 2055:Rev. Harry Leakey 1505:Nigel Gray Leakey 1499:and the botanist 1394:East African Rift 1186:Olduvai Hominid 9 1162:Australopithecine 1037:Defeating Mau Mau 980:Oxford University 782:Return to England 711:Adam's Ancestors. 399:Bishop of Mombasa 340:Church of England 244: 243: 231:paleoanthropology 217:Scientific career 5146: 5084:Kenyan Anglicans 5031: 5030: 5029: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5007: 5006: 4995: 4994: 4983: 4982: 4971: 4970: 4962: 4944: 4943: 4904: 4901: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4820: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4787:P. tapanuliensis 4759: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4737: 4685: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4608:Mythic humanoids 4391: 4366:P. tapanuliensis 4233: 4226: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4204:Internet Archive 4181:Brian M. Fagan, 4107: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4088:. Archived from 4082: 4076: 4075: 4070:. Archived from 4064: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3869: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3738: 3732: 3727:September 1960, 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3582:10.1038/135371a0 3552: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3512: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3461: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3332: 3326: 3313: 3307: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3180: 2878: 2857: 2856: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2804: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2762: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2723: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2685: 2652:Prince de Mérode 2492:Margaret Cropper 1558: 1557: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1422:Death and legacy 1260:Australopithecus 1080: 1077:Adam's Ancestors 1004: 968:The Miocene Lady 935:Turn of the tide 861:Njoro River Cave 745:Louis returned. 738:P. G. H. Boswell 707:morning sickness 498:Weymouth College 454:Arthur Loveridge 390:of the station. 342:missionaries in 334: 292:, calling them " 156: 154: 136: 134: 130: 78: 56: 54: 35: 21: 20: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4920: 4902: 4900: 4890: 4864: 4845: 4818: 4816: 4793: 4757: 4755: 4727: 4689: 4680: 4650: 4645: 4627: 4598:Human evolution 4528: 4485: 4478: 4414:Birutė Galdikas 4392: 4383: 4323:Western gorilla 4313:Eastern gorilla 4249: 4242: 4237: 4157: 4150:, October 2002. 4116: 4111: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3849:, 2006, p. 540. 3845:Steven Mithen, 3844: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3622:By the Evidence 3619: 3615: 3605:By the Evidence 3602: 3598: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3392:Wayback Machine 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3333: 3329: 3314: 3310: 3304:By the Evidence 3297: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3273:Wayback Machine 3263: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3209: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3128: 3026:Photographs by 2846: 2837: 2836: 2822: 2820: 2813:The Independent 2805: 2792: 2779: 2777: 2764: 2763: 2754: 2740: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2715: 2705: 2686: 2682: 2670: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2614: 2507: 2498: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2200: 2193: 2192:Elizabeth Laing 2056: 2031: 1821: 1812: 1599: 1592: 1547: 1544: 1514: 1475: 1451: 1424: 1386: 1361:, calling them 1359:Birutė Galdikas 1347:human evolution 1339: 1333: 1279: 1273: 1081: 1075: 1061: 1056: 1005: 1001:By the Evidence 999: 988: 937: 876: 825: 820: 784: 759: 692: 684:Homo kanamensis 668: 666:Defense of Reck 663: 598:Lake Elmenteita 586: 584:Research Fellow 570:modern language 530: 490: 485: 483:Formative years 458:Coryndon Museum 407:Lawrence Barham 395:Leonard Beecher 384:Gikuyu language 335: 331:By the Evidence 328: 312: 306: 290:Birutė Galdikas 278:human evolution 209:Prestwich Medal 207: 202: 190: 161: 158: 155: 1936) 150: 146: 138: 135: 1936) 126: 122: 119: 101:human evolution 91:Kenyan, British 83: 82:London, England 80: 76: 67: 58: 52: 50: 49: 48: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5036: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4884:P. troglodytes 4879: 4869: 4867: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4744: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4679: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4380:: Hylobatidae) 4371: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4349: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4320: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4298:P. troglodytes 4291: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4197: 4190:"Louis Leakey" 4186: 4183:"Louis Leakey" 4179: 4173: 4167:"Louis Leakey" 4164: 4156: 4155:External links 4153: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4124: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4095: 4077: 4059: 4043: 4034: 4009: 3989: 3982: 3962: 3931: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3864: 3851: 3838: 3836:, 2005, p. 35. 3825: 3816: 3802:Richard Leakey 3793: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3733: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3639: 3626: 3613: 3596: 3547: 3534: 3525: 3513: 3494: 3446: 3439: 3419: 3406: 3397: 3375: 3354: 3327: 3308: 3291: 3278: 3257: 3244: 3229: 3200: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2790: 2752: 2713: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2638: 2636: 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1542: 1535: 1528: 1520: 1509:Victoria Cross 1497:Richard Leakey 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1450: 1447: 1423: 1420: 1385: 1382: 1335:Main article: 1332: 1329: 1311:The geologist 1300:and commenced 1275:Main article: 1272: 1269: 1247:Phillip Tobias 1230:condensed milk 1165:sagittal crest 1144:Garniss Curtis 1073: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 997: 987: 986:Kenyan affairs 984: 950:Rusinga Island 941:Richard Leakey 936: 933: 913:Rusinga Island 887:Railway Bridge 875: 872: 824: 821: 819: 816: 783: 780: 758: 755: 691: 688: 667: 664: 662: 659: 602:British Museum 585: 582: 529: 526: 489: 486: 484: 481: 329:Louis Leakey, 326: 305: 302: 242: 241: 238: 237: 224: 220: 219: 213: 212: 196: 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 181:Richard Leakey 178: 173: 169: 167: 163: 162: 160: 159: 148: 142: 141: 139: 124: 120: 115: 114: 111: 109: 105: 104: 97: 96:Known for 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 79:(aged 69) 75:1 October 1972 73: 69: 68: 59: 46: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5151: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104:Leakey family 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4551:Apes in space 4549: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4486:social status 4481: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397:Study of apes 4395: 4390: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4142:Roger Lewin, 4141: 4139: 4138:0-313-32985-0 4135: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4105: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3858:Mary Leakey, 3855: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3691:, Chapter 12. 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567:(3410): 371. 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3440:0-9648227-2-5 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3164:(with images) 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3148:Leakey family 3146: 3144:Louis' cousin 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2831: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2642: 2641:Louise Leakey 2613: 2591: 2589: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2505:Philip Leakey 2485: 2476: 2467: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2416: 2414: 2398: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2362: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2316: 2314: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2288: 2276: 2274: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2180: 2177: 2163: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2129: 2107: 2099: 2076: 2074: 2010: 2007: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1955: 1939: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1904: 1902: 1838: 1836: 1820: 1781: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1742: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1691: 1689: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1591: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1175:Zinjanthropus 1172: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140:Jack Evernden 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Zinjanthropus 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1103:Zinjanthropus 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1059:Olduvai Gorge 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1025:Jomo Kenyatta 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1002: 996: 994: 983: 981: 977: 976:Philip Leakey 973: 969: 965: 961: 959: 955: 954:Lake Victoria 951: 945: 942: 932: 931:in his crib. 930: 926: 920: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 885: 881: 874:Fossil police 871: 869: 864: 862: 858: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 833:Jomo Kenyatta 830: 815: 813: 812:Royal Society 809: 805: 801: 800:Hertfordshire 797: 788: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 754: 751: 746: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 687: 685: 681: 677: 672: 658: 656: 651: 649: 645: 636: 632: 630: 627:by Professor 626: 625:Olduvai Gorge 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 590: 581: 579: 573: 571: 567: 563: 558: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 525: 523: 522: 517: 512: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 429: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 409:, the second 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:girls' school 373: 369: 368:thatched roof 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 332: 325: 322: 318: 311: 310:Leakey family 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 271:Leakey family 268: 264: 260: 259:Olduvai Gorge 256: 255:archaeologist 252: 248: 239: 236: 232: 228: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 205: 200: 199:Hubbard Medal 197: 193: 187: 186:Philip Leakey 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 145: 140: 118: 113: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57:7 August 1903 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 5033:Paleontology 4913: 4895: 4883: 4882:Chimpanzee ( 4874: 4859: 4838: 4829: 4811: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4758:(Orangutans) 4750: 4686:(great apes) 4499:Research ban 4459:Elgin Center 4444:Willie Smits 4419:Jane Goodall 4365: 4355: 4345: 4334: 4326: 4316: 4305: 4297: 4287: 4276: 4268: 4257: 4193: 4147: 4128: 4120: 4114:Bibliography 4103: 4098: 4090:the original 4080: 4072:the original 4062: 4054: 4046: 4037: 4025:. 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R. Hall 415:Ken Barham 354:among the 319:cat and a 308:See also: 304:Background 53:1903-08-07 4803:Homininae 4769:P. abelii 4733:Hominidae 4697:Kingdom: 4484:Legal and 4346:P. abelii 4336:Orangutan 3955:6 January 3545:, London. 3000:Culture. 2654:(b. 1970) 2650:Emmanuel, 2644:(b. 1972) 2615:(b. 1952) 2508:(b. 1949) 2478:(b. 1942) 1405:apartheid 1390:arthritis 1379:Primates. 1306:artifacts 958:Proconsul 929:army ants 859:and then 648:Acheulean 629:Hans Reck 606:Acheulean 557:in 1925. 546:Tendaguru 544:fossils, 521:viva voce 477:Hampshire 438:gift book 426:governess 401:and then 382:into the 103:in Africa 4973:Primates 4946:Category 4903:(Humans) 4873:Bonobo ( 4851:Hominini 4742:Ponginae 4717:Primates 4711:Mammalia 4705:Chordata 4703:Phylum: 4699:Animalia 4641:Category 4562:Bushmeat 3655:Leakeys. 3388:Archived 3368:14 March 3269:Archived 3126:See also 2817:Archived 2774:Archived 2770:cwgc.org 2735:Archived 2238:3 others 2206:5 others 1827:9 others 1487:Tanzania 1371:gorillas 1343:primates 1317:geofacts 1291:scrapers 1179:Piltdown 1095:at FLK, 1074:— 998:— 939:In 1944 778:region. 608:site of 542:dinosaur 473:Boscombe 419:Cyangugu 372:braziers 327:— 166:Children 5021:History 5009:Biology 4997:Animals 4985:Mammals 4959:Portals 4912:Human ( 4813:Gorilla 4715:Order: 4709:Class: 4557:Bigfoot 4540:Primate 4533:Related 4307:Gorilla 4202:at the 4123:, 1995. 3874:Science 3689:Memoirs 3677:Memoirs 3665:Memoirs 3652:Memoirs 3648:Memoirs 3635:Memoirs 3591:4079483 3569:Bibcode 3322:of the 3287:Memoirs 3276:beard". 3253:Memoirs 3239:Science 2998:Olduwan 2823:8 April 2780:8 April 2741:6 April 1483:Laetoli 1462:Angels. 1190:Oldowan 1086:Oldowan 1011:Mau Mau 852:Nairobi 848:Kiambaa 804:Memoirs 768:Laetoli 690:Scandal 680:Kanjera 655:Luminal 516:Swahili 364:Nairobi 157: 149: 137: 125: 121: 108:Spouses 4378:family 4374:Gibbon 4284:Bonobo 4248:Extant 4136: 3980: 3786:17 May 3776:"OH 9" 3749: 3589: 3561:Nature 3485: 3437: 2851:Nature 2704: 2676:Notes: 1435:Limuru 1357:, and 1234:cognac 884:Sagana 880:pedlar 772:Kisese 764:Maasai 750:Nature 700:Girton 696:Foxton 433:Kikuyu 360:Kabete 356:Kikuyu 321:baboon 317:serval 288:, and 223:Fields 211:(1969) 206:(1968) 201:(1962) 195:Awards 61:Kabete 4752:Pongo 4623:Yowie 4613:Yeren 4265:Human 3806:Notes 3587:S2CID 3111:1977 3098:1974 3086:1970 3074:1969 3061:1969 3048:1965 3035:1954 3018:1953 3005:1952 2988:1951 2971:With 2963:1951 2950:1937 2933:1936 2920:1936 2907:1935 2894:1934 2881:1931 2871:Notes 2866:Title 2844:Books 1443:ILYUA 1151:Kamba 850:near 808:Nasty 776:Cheke 727:Colin 676:Kanam 444:, by 388:canon 151:( 147: 127:( 123: 4897:Homo 4618:Yeti 4259:Homo 4240:Apes 4134:ISBN 4029:2022 3978:ISBN 3957:2024 3926:2021 3788:2016 3747:ISBN 3481:2020 3435:ISBN 3370:2017 3224:2013 3195:2022 3028:Ylla 2825:2022 2782:2022 2743:2022 1373:and 1265:Homo 1263:and 1232:and 1142:and 1093:OH 5 915:and 678:and 253:and 133:div. 72:Died 43:Born 4861:Pan 4278:Pan 4003:PBS 3577:doi 3565:135 3470:doi 3345:doi 2696:doi 1407:in 952:in 742:Luo 358:at 5045:: 4192:. 4169:, 4146:, 4053:, 4020:. 4000:. 3949:15 3947:. 3943:. 3917:. 3778:. 3585:. 3575:. 3563:. 3559:. 3516:^ 3462:. 3449:^ 3341:20 3339:. 3215:. 3203:^ 3186:. 3030:. 2854:. 2827:. 2815:. 2811:. 2793:^ 2784:. 2768:. 2755:^ 2745:. 2733:. 2729:. 2716:^ 1369:, 1353:, 1267:. 1236:. 1109:, 982:. 717:, 580:. 479:. 475:, 440:, 284:, 233:, 229:, 153:m. 129:m. 63:, 4961:: 4916:) 4886:) 4877:) 4841:) 4832:) 4789:) 4780:) 4771:) 4675:e 4668:t 4661:v 4376:( 4368:) 4364:( 4358:) 4354:( 4348:) 4344:( 4329:) 4325:( 4319:) 4315:( 4300:) 4296:( 4290:) 4286:( 4271:) 4267:( 4232:e 4225:t 4218:v 4196:. 4057:. 4031:. 4006:. 3986:. 3959:. 3928:. 3814:. 3790:. 3755:. 3731:. 3593:. 3579:: 3571:: 3511:. 3483:. 3472:: 3443:. 3372:. 3351:. 3347:: 3306:. 3226:. 3197:. 2702:. 2698:: 1539:e 1532:t 1525:v 774:/ 55:) 51:(

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