879:
524:
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metallurgically significant about ambient temperature. The cryogenic process continues this action from ambient temperature down to −320 °F (140 °R; 78 K; −196 °C). In most instances the cryogenic cycle is followed by a heat tempering procedure. As all alloys do not have the same chemical constituents, the tempering procedure varies according to the material's chemical composition, thermal history and/or a tool's particular service application.
536:
60:
77:
973:
705:
466:
49:
851:(NMR) is one of the most common methods to determine the physical and chemical properties of atoms by detecting the radio frequency absorbed and subsequent relaxation of nuclei in a magnetic field. This is one of the most commonly used characterization techniques and has applications in numerous fields. Primarily, the strong magnetic fields are generated by supercooling electromagnets, although there are
583:, which are double-walled containers with a high vacuum between the walls to reduce heat transfer into the liquid. Typical laboratory Dewar flasks are spherical, made of glass and protected in a metal outer container. Dewar flasks for extremely cold liquids such as liquid helium have another double-walled container filled with liquid nitrogen. Dewar flasks are named after their inventor,
107:'s (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to distinguish these terms from the conventional refrigeration. This is a logical dividing line, since the normal
154:
materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of nitrogen has provided new interest in reliable, low-cost methods of producing high-temperature cryogenic refrigeration. The term "high temperature cryogenic" describes temperatures ranging from above the boiling point of
869:
by overhead cables, so underground cables are used. But underground cables get heated and the resistance of the wire increases, leading to waste of power. Superconductors could be used to increase power throughput, although they would require cryogenic liquids such as nitrogen or helium to cool
687:
Cryogenic processing is not a substitute for heat treatment, but rather an extension of the heating–quenching–tempering cycle. Normally, when an item is quenched, the final temperature is ambient. The only reason for this is that most heat treaters do not have cooling equipment. There is nothing
855:
that do not require cryogens. In traditional superconducting solenoids, liquid helium is used to cool the inner coils because it has a boiling point of around 4 K at ambient pressure. Cheap metallic superconductors can be used for the coil wiring. So-called high-temperature superconducting
862:(MRI) is a complex application of NMR where the geometry of the resonances is deconvoluted and used to image objects by detecting the relaxation of protons that have been perturbed by a radio-frequency pulse in the strong magnetic field. This is most commonly used in health applications.
894:. When very large quantities of food must be transported to regions like war zones, earthquake hit regions, etc., they must be stored for a long time, so cryogenic food freezing is used. Cryogenic food freezing is also helpful for large scale food processing industries.
63:
This is a diagram of an infrared space telescope, that needs a cold mirror and instruments. One instrument needs to be even colder, and it has a cryocooler. The instrument is in region 1 and its cryocooler is in region 3 in a warmer region of the spacecraft (see
1053:
are in wide use with selection based on required base temperature and cooling capacity. The most recent development in cryogenics is the use of magnets as regenerators as well as refrigerators. These devices work on the principle known as the
572:, are used in many cryogenic applications. Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world. Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the
226:
The conservation of genetic material with the intention of conserving a breed. The conservation of genetic material is not limited to non-humans. Many services provide genetic storage or the preservation of
1160:"Cryogenics is usually defined as the science and technology dealing with temperatures less than about 120 K , although this review does not adhere to a strict 120 K definition." K.D. Timmerhaus, R. Reed.
645:
called CryoTech in 1966. Busch originally experimented with the possibility of increasing the life of metal tools to anywhere between 200% and 400% of the original life expectancy using
159:
on July 10, 1908. The discovery came after the ability to reach a temperature of 2 K. These first superconductive properties were observed in mercury at a temperature of 4.2 K.
194:
The branches of engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures (ultra low temperature i.e. below 123 K), how to produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures.
1356:
940:
By freezing the automobile or truck tire in liquid nitrogen, the rubber is made brittle and can be crushed into small particles. These particles can be used again for other items.
155:
liquid nitrogen, −195.79 °C (77.36 K; −320.42 °F), up to −50 °C (223 K; −58 °F). The discovery of superconductive properties is first attributed to
1218:
J. M. Nash, 1991, "Vortex
Expansion Devices for High Temperature Cryogenics", Proc. of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 521–525.
629:
The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear. Based on this theory of
943:
Experimental research on certain physics phenomena, such as spintronics and magnetotransport properties, requires cryogenic temperatures for the effects to be observable.
870:
special alloy-containing cables to increase power transmission. Several feasibility studies have been performed and the field is the subject of an agreement within the
660:, are further used for specialty chilling and freezing applications. Some chemical reactions, like those used to produce the active ingredients for the popular
1191:
221:
245:
The branch of surgery applying cryogenic temperatures to destroy and kill tissue, e.g. cancer cells. Commonly referred to as
Cryoablation.
1595:
602:
Cryogenic barcode labels are used to mark Dewar flasks containing these liquids, and will not frost over down to −195 degrees
Celsius.
668:
are used to remove reaction heat and provide a low temperature environment. The freezing of foods and biotechnology products, like
104:
1228:
Radebaugh, R. (2007), Timmerhaus, Klaus D.; Reed, Richard P. (eds.), "Historical
Summary of Cryogenic Activity Prior to 1950",
1534:
1255:
1095:
951:
276:
humans and animals with the intention of future revival. "Cryogenics" is sometimes erroneously used to mean "Cryonics" in
556:
1078:
926:. It increases the tool life. Oxygen is used to perform several important functions in the steel manufacturing process.
672:, requires nitrogen in blast freezing or immersion freezing systems. Certain soft or elastic materials become hard and
1524:
1633:
1133:
1020:
752:
505:
31:
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1179:
In terms of the Kelvin scale the cryogenic region is often considered to be that below approximately 120 K (−153 C).
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17:
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216:). Other applications include Lyophilization (freeze-drying) of pharmaceutical components and medicine.
69:
1050:
664:
drugs, must occur at low temperatures of approximately −100 °C (−148 °F). Special cryogenic
1659:
937:
use cryogenic gases as propellants. These include liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and liquid methane.
919:
effect systems to create a chilling effect and white fog that can be illuminated with colored lights.
852:
878:
1484:
983:
898:
856:
compounds can be made to super conduct with the use of liquid nitrogen, which boils at around 77 K.
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81:
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1164:. Springer Science+Business Media LLC (2007), chapter: 1.2 The Beginning of Cryogenics, p. 7
1233:
837:
798:
8:
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Certain rare blood groups are stored at low temperatures, such as −165°C, at blood banks.
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232:
1596:"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccination Storage & Dry Ice Safety Handling"
1574:
1331:
1232:, International Cryogenics Monograph Series, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 3–27,
684:) an option for some materials that cannot easily be milled at higher temperatures.
182:
which measures from the freezing point of a particular brine solution at sea level.
1401:
1393:
1241:
665:
618:
273:
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42:
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must be stored at temperatures of −90 to −60 °C (−130 to −76 °F). (See
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52:
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used cryogenic hydrogen/oxygen propellant as its primary means of getting into
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The study of electronic phenomena at cryogenic temperatures. Examples include
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1038:
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Cryogenic cooling of devices and material is usually achieved via the use of
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https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/free-resources/ashrae-terminology
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kerosene, a non-cryogenic hydrocarbon, such as in the rockets built for the
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industry was founded in 1966 by Bill and Ed Busch. With a background in the
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934:
922:
Cryogenic cooling is used to cool the tool tip at the time of machining in
596:
27:
Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures
1130:
890:
Cryogenic gases are used in transportation and storage of large masses of
1382:"Cryopreservation of Human Stem Cells for Clinical Application: A Review"
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1110:
891:
681:
614:
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580:
240:
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97:
1529:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 227.
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at birth. They may be used to study the generation of cell lines or for
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is being filled with liquid nitrogen by a larger cryogenic storage tank.
59:
1077:, are used. For temperatures lower than 30 K, it is necessary to use a
1042:
535:
490: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
179:
76:
1397:
1045:(which uses high-pressure helium lines). Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers,
147:, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above 120 K.
1306:
1073:
For cryogenic temperature measurement down to 30 K, Pt100 sensors, a
916:
228:
1575:"ESO Signs Technology Transfer Licence Agreement for Cooling System"
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704:
653:. This evolved in the late 1990s into the treatment of other parts.
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which measures from the freezing point of water at sea level or
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661:
313:
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116:
30:"Low temperature physics" redirects here. For the journal, see
1271:"Observationer om twänne beständiga grader på en thermometer"
901:) cameras require their detectors to be cryogenically cooled.
790:
140:
950:
must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. For example, the
794:
782:
124:
1273:(Observations about two stable degrees on a thermometer),
208:
involving the study of the effects of low temperatures on
136:
112:
96:
is the production and behaviour of materials at very low
1277:(Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences),
1332:"Fahrenheit: Facts, History & Conversion Formulas"
1588:
1321:, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 September 2015
840:are equipped with continuous-flow cooling systems.
641:industry, the Busch brothers founded a company in
882:Cryogenic gases delivery truck at a supermarket,
1641:
1275:Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
676:at very low temperatures, which makes cryogenic
605:Cryogenic transfer pumps are the pumps used on
185:
1162:Cryogenic Engineering: Fifty Years of Progress
541:Cryogenic valves in situ, heavily frozen from
170:temperature scale, both of which measure from
312:Cryogenic fluids with their boiling point in
222:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
1129:International Dictionary of Refrigeration,
1001:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
824:or LNG, and made its first flight in 1989.
816:with a cryogenic fuel system, known as the
733:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
812:developed a version of its popular design
455:
1405:
1245:
1227:
1021:Learn how and when to remove this message
777:(LOX) is even more widely used but as an
753:Learn how and when to remove this message
506:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:(most often for the purpose of achieving
1455:"Cryonics is NOT the Same as Cryogenics"
877:
831:
820:. The plane uses a fuel referred to as
174:, rather than more usual scales such as
105:International Institute of Refrigeration
75:
58:
47:
1131:http://dictionary.iifiir.org/search.php
624:
14:
1642:
1522:
1287:
1075:resistance temperature detector (RTD)
827:
1483:CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS BY RANDALL BARRON
1386:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
1379:
1192:"DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE at Pubchem"
1096:Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
1070:which are used to detect particles.
999:adding citations to reliable sources
966:
865:In large cities, it is difficult to
731:adding citations to reliable sources
698:
529:Catalogue image of a cryogenic valve
488:adding citations to reliable sources
459:
55:under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).
37:For cryopreservation of humans, see
1496:
691:The entire process takes 3–4 days.
557:Low-temperature technology timeline
307:
24:
1618:
1312:
139:) lie below 120 K, while the
25:
1671:
1598:. Pfizer-BioNTech. Archived from
1354:
844:Some applications of cryogenics:
773:as the most widely used example.
32:Low Temperature Physics (journal)
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952:Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
836:Astronomical instruments on the
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534:
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1516:
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1447:
1422:
1380:Hunt, Charles (April 3, 2011).
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793:. LOX is also widely used with
599:fitted in a protective casing.
579:These liquids may be stored in
475:needs additional citations for
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1221:
1212:
1198:
1184:
1167:
1154:
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808:Russian aircraft manufacturer
587:, the man who first liquefied
574:lowest attainable temperatures
66:MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)
13:
1:
1430:"Cryosurgery to Treat Cancer"
1361:www.societyforcryobiology.org
1116:
962:
765:Another use of cryogenics is
1628:, Academic Press, New York,
1459:Cryogenic Society of America
1319:Fahrenheit temperature scale
1061:
907:Cryogenics technology using
284:
186:Definitions and distinctions
7:
1296:; Ronald A. Bailey (2005):
1084:
872:International Energy Agency
621:, as are cryogenic valves.
111:of the so-called permanent
10:
1676:
1299:Encyclopedia of Chemistry.
860:Magnetic resonance imaging
849:Nuclear magnetic resonance
554:
70:James Webb Space Telescope
36:
29:
656:Cryogens, such as liquid
1624:Haselden, G. G. (1971),
1526:Refrigeration: A History
1485:McGraw-Hill Book Company
899:forward looking infrared
694:
1523:Gantz, Carroll (2015).
1309:, New York City. p. 43.
1269:Celsius, Anders (1742)
1247:10.1007/0-387-46896-x_1
456:Industrial applications
157:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1626:Cryogenic fundamentals
1555:www.globalsecurity.org
1357:"What is Cryobiology?"
1047:pulse tube cryocoolers
886:
841:
261:variable-range hopping
162:Cryogenicists use the
85:
73:
56:
1230:Cryogenic Engineering
1043:mechanical cryocooler
924:manufacturing process
881:
835:
822:liquefied natural gas
611:liquefied natural gas
555:Further information:
79:
62:
51:
1206:"PROPANE at Pubchem"
1148:ASHRAE Terminology,
1051:Stirling cryocoolers
995:improve this section
915:has been built into
838:Very Large Telescope
799:Soviet space program
727:improve this section
635:cryogenic processing
625:Cryogenic processing
595:bottles are smaller
484:improve this article
316:and degree Celsius.
53:Nitrogen is a liquid
41:. For the band, see
1238:2007cren.book....3R
1068:cryogenic detectors
884:Ypsilanti, Michigan
647:cryogenic tempering
631:cryogenic hardening
328:Boiling point (°C)
1655:Cooling technology
1602:on 24 January 2021
1499:"Cryogenic Labels"
1465:on 2 December 2018
1175:"About Cryogenics"
1136:2019-10-01 at the
1101:Cryogenic grinding
1066:There are various
887:
842:
828:Other applications
86:
74:
57:
1551:"Tu-155 / Tu-156"
1536:978-0-7864-7687-9
1398:10.1159/000326623
1257:978-0-387-46896-9
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1030:
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769:for rockets with
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666:chemical reactors
633:, the commercial
619:LNG storage tanks
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325:Boiling point (K)
257:superconductivity
233:stem-cell therapy
16:(Redirected from
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308:Cryogenic fluids
304:– "generating".
214:cryopreservation
43:Cryogenic (band)
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18:Low temperatures
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1035:liquid nitrogen
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909:liquid nitrogen
897:Many infrared (
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771:liquid hydrogen
767:cryogenic fuels
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576:to be reached.
566:liquid nitrogen
562:Liquefied gases
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1281:: 171–180 and
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1106:Flash freezing
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867:transmit power
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803:Sergei Korolev
781:, not a fuel.
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274:Cryopreserving
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204:The branch of
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1303:Facts On File
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1079:silicon diode
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1040:
1039:liquid helium
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980:This section
978:
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787:Space Shuttle
785:'s workhorse
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775:Liquid oxygen
772:
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712:This section
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597:vacuum flasks
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570:liquid helium
567:
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473:This section
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302:γενής (genis)
299:
298:κρύος (cryos)
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172:absolute zero
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150:Discovery of
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135:, and normal
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1625:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1525:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1492:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1458:
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1336:Live Science
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993:Please help
981:
843:
807:
764:
749:
740:
725:Please help
713:
690:
686:
655:
628:
615:LNG carriers
609:to transfer
604:
601:
581:Dewar flasks
578:
560:
545:atmospheric
502:
493:
482:Please help
477:verification
474:
311:
301:
297:
290:
288:
161:
149:
145:hydrocarbons
102:
98:temperatures
93:
87:
1606:17 December
1294:Don Rittner
1111:Frozen food
892:frozen food
682:cryomilling
649:instead of
585:James Dewar
300:– "cold" +
293:stems from
241:Cryosurgery
200:Cryobiology
1650:Cryogenics
1644:Categories
1560:2023-11-27
1503:MidcomData
1440:2023-11-27
1366:2023-11-27
1341:2018-02-09
1117:References
1011:March 2023
963:Production
956:cold chain
743:March 2023
564:, such as
496:March 2018
291:cryogenics
229:stem cells
191:Cryogenics
180:Fahrenheit
94:cryogenics
1508:11 August
1307:Manhattan
1062:Detectors
982:does not
917:nightclub
714:does not
607:LNG piers
543:condensed
449:−153.415
350:−268.936
289:The word
285:Etymology
210:organisms
115:(such as
103:The 13th
1416:21566712
1134:Archived
1085:See also
1058:effect.
948:vaccines
946:Certain
779:oxidizer
670:vaccines
658:nitrogen
589:hydrogen
547:humidity
438:−161.45
427:−182.97
416:−185.91
405:−187.91
399:Fluorine
394:−194.35
383:−196.06
377:Nitrogen
372:−246.06
361:−252.88
355:Hydrogen
344:Helium-4
339:−269.96
333:Helium-3
269:Cryonics
129:nitrogen
121:hydrogen
39:Cryonics
1580:11 June
1469:5 March
1407:3088734
1283:Fig. 1.
1234:Bibcode
1041:, or a
1003:removed
988:sources
931:rockets
810:Tupolev
735:removed
720:sources
678:milling
674:brittle
643:Detroit
593:Thermos
443:Krypton
432:Methane
206:biology
176:Celsius
168:Rankine
90:physics
1632:
1533:
1414:
1404:
1254:
911:and CO
818:Tu-155
814:Tu-154
662:statin
446:119.93
421:Oxygen
314:Kelvin
164:Kelvin
133:oxygen
117:helium
929:Many
791:orbit
695:Fuels
613:from
435:111.7
424:90.18
413:87.24
410:Argon
402:85.24
380:77.09
369:27.09
358:20.27
347:4.214
322:Fluid
295:Greek
141:Freon
113:gases
82:dewar
1630:ISBN
1608:2020
1582:2015
1531:ISBN
1510:2014
1471:2013
1412:PMID
1252:ISBN
1049:and
986:any
984:cite
933:and
795:RP-1
783:NASA
718:any
716:cite
568:and
391:78.8
366:Neon
336:3.19
259:and
125:neon
1434:NCI
1402:PMC
1394:doi
1242:doi
997:by
801:by
729:by
617:to
591:.
486:by
388:Air
166:or
137:air
88:In
68:or
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