593:
cold chain is treated, from raw materials to the final product at our home. Refrigeration plays an essential role for perishable products. While the estimated capacity of refrigerated warehouses was over 500 million cubic meters worldwide in 2014, in some countries global food losses due to the lack of a cold chain are still very important and can reach as much as 20% of the global food supply. At the same time, in heavily industrialised countries, the use of commercial and domestic refrigerators accounts for up to 6% of global electricity consumption.
114:
404:
for the cooling of biological specimens and living tissues for preservation or treatment which require implementing cryogenic processes. Section A consists of a panel of multidisciplinary professionals and experts in sciences and technologies such as thermodynamics, condensed matter physics, materials science, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, vacuum and leak-tightness, instrumentation and process control, applied to the low-temperature domain.
27:
516:
cryoprecipitation, partial or total crystallisation). The work focuses on establishing a model for the transfer of heat and matter during refrigeration treatments, on the effects of refrigeration on food products, and on the evolution kinetics of products kept in cold storage. The work deals with the impact of the integrity of the cold chain on the quality of food, including in warm climate countries.
450:
Refrigerating
Equipment covers all kinds of refrigeration technology. Section B is a key player in most of the IIR international conferences; except for the International Conference of Refrigeration (ICR) organised every four years for all 10 IIR Commissions, where approximately 50% of all presentations are related to Section B topics.
1099:
631:
of an air-conditioning plant for longer periods. The demand of heating is nevertheless significant and the most efficient system to provide heating is undoubtedly the heat pump. No other technology can provide net primary energy savings, economic benefits to users and reduced climate impact at the same time.
821:
Their aim is to promote development, provide knowledge and give recommendations in these spheres. In order to achieve these objectives, they hold conferences and workshops, write publications and provide recommendations. Members of WGs are IIR members from industry, academia, national administrations
630:
Air-conditioning is a subject that is now more frequently addressed due to both better comfort in an increasing number of countries and the effects of global warming. Now, even countries where demand for air-conditioning during summer months was limited, due to a cooler climate, require the operation
881:
According to their annual financial contributions to the IIR, these member countries are divided into six category levels and this determines the services they receive and their level of voting power within the IIR. Member
Countries take part in IIR activities via their delegates and their nominated
634:
Also providing a cooling effect, the heat pump is expected to be the most common solution in the future for all year round operations. The combination of these technologies, with heat recovery capable buildings or industrial plants, cooling and heating requirements can be meet in the most efficient,
511:
Commission C1 Cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products is particularly focused on the application of refrigeration technologies on various branches of medicine: cryosurgery and oncology, cryotherapy, blood, organs and tissue preservation, health products (especially vaccines and thermosensitive
499:
Commission B2 Refrigerating
Equipment participates in many IIR activities aimed at promoting knowledge of refrigeration technologies and their applications worldwide. It is a key Commission for most IIR activities synergizing with other Commissions. The Commission is very active in various IIR
403:
Section A also maintains and develops relations with other
Sections of the IIR, mainly Commission B1 Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes in the field of thermodynamics and transfer processes, essential tools of the cryogenic engineer, and Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products
280:
every four years since its inauguration and has now expanded its event portfolio to ten conference series covering a vast variety of refrigeration topics. Working alongside governments, today the IIR remains committed to promoting knowledge on refrigeration for sustainable development, and continues
645:
Commission E1 on Air
Conditioning often collaborates with Commission E2 on Heat pumps and Energy Recovery as they have at least one common aspect, the compressor. Both Commissions frequently work with the same equipment which is adapted according to the seasons, alternating between air conditioners
534:
This commission is truly active and participates in the various workshop series on cryoprocessing of biopharmaceuticals and biomaterials, as well as establishing innovative e-training actions concerning the commission's multidisciplinary needs as well as the interdisciplinary needs of the following
436:
The work of
Commission A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases reflects world-wide activities in the domain of separation of gases and liquefaction. Apart from the personal involvement of Commission members in various projects, the commission is present at conferences, workshops and
592:
Commission D1 on
Refrigerated Storage deals with the storage of all products which require temperature control, such as food and pharmaceuticals. Industrial, commercial and residential storage are also taken into account so that, in cooperation with Commission D2 Refrigerated Transport, the entire
395:
Section A comprises two
Commissions, A1 Cryophysics and Cryoengineering, and A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases. Commission A1 deals with research, development and industrial activities at the lowest temperatures, including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium
649:
The commission is involved in various aspects of air conditioning from equipment to systems. In the last years it developed a particular focus on energy saving and sustainability, whilst maintaining good conditions of thermal comfort ranging from topics such as free cooling, solar cooling or long
653:
The expertise of the
Commission members on the use of new refrigerants in air conditioning systems, annual comparative studies of innovative and renewable energy systems, opportunities of part load operation on air conditioning systems to limit penalties or even to gain efficiency, and on other
611:
Every year, Commission D2 CERTE test engineers meet in a
European country to discuss refrigerated transport technology and testing issues. This group subsequently advises the United Nations working party on transport of perishable foodstuffs held each year in Geneva. Commission D2 is currently
449:
Section B on Thermodynamics, Equipment and Systems of the IIR focuses on the technological and scientific fundamentals of classical refrigeration, excluding cryogenic temperatures. The fundamentals are represented by its Commission B1 Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes whereas Commission B2
668:
The aim of commission E2 on Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery is to promote and enhance scientific and technological knowledge in heat pump and energy recovery fields thanks to various activities such as the organization or co-sponsoring of international conferences, or the publication of books and
556:
Commission C2 on Food Science and Engineering focuses on research and breakthrough technologies related to food science and engineering. The commission is key in hosting the IIR Sustainability and the Cold Chain Conference (ICCC), held internationally since 2010. In addition to the Cold Chain
488:
Active in IIR conferences and congresses, Commission B1 similarly organises workshops in various fields such as refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems. Initiatives and opportunities, such as the phase-down of high-GWP refrigerants, energy-efficient buildings and cars, transport
596:
As a result, the Commission faces important issues in order to promote widespread, energy efficient and environmentally friendly storage systems. New refrigerants, synergies to save or exchange energy with other systems and new technologies are the main focus of its activity. One of the most
480:
The objectives of Commission B1 on Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes are to provide academic and industrial information and data, and to propose any solutions on thermodynamics and transfer processes. The Commission B1 has been extremely active in IIR Working Groups, sub-commissions, IIR
793:
of the IIR is a flagship event that converges industry and research. Covering all fields of refrigeration, the Congress, which takes place every four years, reunites key international stakeholders and provides perspectives on the future of the industry in line with sustainable development.
578:
The Section is involved in warehouse and platform equipment, devices for temperature-controlled transport, coolants or cool packs, small coolers and refrigerated containers, chillers, refrigerated furnishings, refrigerated cabinets, climate chambers, refrigerators and freezers, but also to
515:
Commission C2 food science and engineering is focused more particularly on the application of refrigeration technologies in the area of food sciences: preservation (refrigeration, freezing); hygiene and safety in its microbiological aspect; process (lyophilisation, cryoconcentration,
457:
Refrigeration Technologies; or conferences on Thermodynamic Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature, on Compressors and Coolants, and on Phase Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
697:
The IIR has over 200 publications available on refrigeration technologies and applications: reference documents, guides, technical books, conference and congress papers and proceedings, tables and diagrams comprising the thermophysical properties of refrigerants.
352:
The Science and Technology Council (STC) coordinates the scientific and technical activities of the IIR. The Science and Technology Council includes five distinct Sections that are in turn divided into ten Commissions. The Science and Technology Council includes:
882:
commission members. The delegates and commission members determine IIR priorities and take part in the IIR scientific activities and Working Groups, and develop recommendations. Member countries are entitled to host several IIR conferences and meetings per year.
568:
Section D ON Storage and Transport of the IIR is involved in the controlled-temperature logistics and distribution of temperature-sensitive products, from foodstuffs to health products (medicines, vaccines, blood products, organs ...) from artwork to chemicals.
461:
A number of Working Groups, where emerging topics in refrigeration are discussed by IIR experts with the aim of publishing results in handbooks or other forms publications, are organised within the scope of Section B. Main topics include mitigation of direct
387:
and Liquefied Gases focuses on refrigeration science and technology at low temperatures: the cryogenic domain spans the lower part of the temperature scale, from absolute zero to 120 K, thus encompassing the normal boiling points of air gases as well as of
396:
cryogenics. Commission A2 essentially covers the liquefied gas industry, including air separation and LNG technology, two mature domains with high economic stakes and ongoing developments addressing important societal issues such as energy efficiency and
850:: The main scope of the project is to support the EU farm to fork sustainable strategy by providing technical, financial, and political tools and solutions to reduce GHG emissions (by 2030) and achieve carbon neutrality (by 2050) in the food industry.
1187:
664:
Commission members are proposed by member countries then appointed by the STC following proposals from Presidents of commissions. These commission members comprise industry, university, and research-centre specialists or refrigeration practitioners.
607:
The IIR's Commission D2 on Refrigerated Transport is extremely active. In addition to the IIR's four yearly congress, Commission D2 participates in the IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, held out of synchronisation to the congress.
724:
is the reference journal in the refrigeration field. It is practical for all those wanting to keep abreast of research and industrial news in all fields of refrigeration including air-conditioning, heat-pump, refrigerated storage and transport.
512:
preparations). On the one hand, the work focusses on the biological and biochemical aspects of the effects of refrigeration on organs, tissues and treated products, and on the other hand on the applied refrigeration techniques and technologies.
440:
The commission is close to academia, industry and end users of separated and liquefied gases. Commission members work closely with Commission A1 Cryophysics, Cryoengineering and Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products.
557:
conferences and the IIR Congress, Commission C2 has also co-sponsored four other conferences in Macedonia, Spain, Croatia and Germany, and continues to reinforce its leading role at the heart of developments in food science and engineering.
612:
addressing the “Cold Chain for Pharmaceutical Products” and will add this to regular transport discussion and advisory topics. Commission D2 also helps to produce Informatory Notes to assist in areas of technical or regulatory difficulty.
1111:
Benefactor and corporate members can be companies, universities, national, regional or international organizations, laboratories, associations or any other structure active in or connected to the refrigeration industry or IIR activities.
870:: SophiA enables African countries to pursue sustainable pathways of development through a low-carbon, climate resilient and green growth trajectory, leapfrogging fossil fuels and high global warming potential refrigerant technologies.
484:
As well as being involved in IIR Working Groups on the mitigation of direct emissions of greenhouse gases in refrigeration, the commission is equally involved in the Working Group on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) Evaluation.
324:
The Executive Committee of the IIR handles the administrative and financial aspects of the daily running of the IIR, and meets once per year. It includes one delegate per member country, a president and three to six vice-presidents.
1151:
688:
A large number of the documents referenced in FRIDOC are scientific and technical. FRIDOC also contains many review articles, documents on economic data and statistics, articles dealing with regulations and standardization, etc.
418:
Commission A1 on Cryophysics and Cryoengineering deals with research, development and industrial activities at the lowest temperatures, including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium cryogenics.
272:
The IIR status as an international organisation were defined by an International Agreement signed on December 1, 1954, and General Regulations for the Application of the International Agreements signed on November 20, 1956.
615:
The role of the IIR is well recognized, and in particular, the expertise of the members of Commission D2 makes an important contribution to refrigerated transport issues: reducing food wastage and minimizing emissions.
1120:
Private members include individuals such as researchers, scientists, industrial practitioners, journalists or professors with extensive expertise, passion or active in fields related to the refrigeration sector.
530:
Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products have clearly defined objectives in cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.
1194:
489:
refrigeration, food preservation, the economic importance of the refrigeration sector, the involvement of the younger generation and identifying industrial needs are all at the heart of Commission B1.
313:
The General Conference of the IIR defines the general policy of the IIR and convenes once every four years during its international congress. It includes representatives appointed by member countries.
453:
Independently, and together with other Sections, Section B hosts a multitude of conferences such as the Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids and the Ohrid Conference on Ammonia and CO
1137:
575:
Section D thus covers the issues of storage, transportation by land, air or water, packaging, distribution and delivery of these products to the consumer, and the traceability of the cold chain.
2497:
1159:
733:
The IIR produces an electronic monthly newsletter that features news and updates on the refrigeration sector: regulation, events, economic data, monitoring, technological progress, etc.
276:
Since then, the IIR has been operating at its headquarters based in Paris and is now an international organisation for expertise on refrigeration. The institute has continued to run the
190:
The early 19th century witnessed a sharp increase in the demand for natural ice during the summer months, particularly among breweries producing lager. Thanks to the advent of
466:
in refrigeration, refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems, magnetic cooling, life cycle climate performance evaluation, and refrigerant system safety.
252:- The rapidly growing, global industry and scientific quest for absolute zero lead to the 1st International Congress of Refrigeration held in Paris, France, at the
153:
and associated technologies and applications on a global scale that improve quality of life in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner, including:
268:- The association was reorganised and officially titled as the International Institute of Refrigeration – IIR (Institut International du Froid – IIF, in French).
685:
is the most comprehensive database in the world dedicated to refrigeration. It contains over 110,000 references to documents in all domains of refrigeration.
2447:
572:
It addresses all issues of equipment and solutions for a durable cold chain from the production or manufacture, to the consumption or use of these products.
2623:
2477:
2618:
2633:
375:
The scientific activities of the IIR are organised into five Sections, each of which is divided into two Commissions; there are thus 10 Commissions:
535:
commissions: A1 Cryophysics, Cryoengineering, A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases and finally C1 Cryobiology, Cyomedicine and Health Products.
627:
The core activities and interests of both Commissions are strongly connected resulting in tight collaborate and jointly organised conferences.
560:
The commission is involved in various IIR Working Groups and innovative projects linked to the development of the food chain across the globe.
281:
to provide key services to disseminate information on associated technologies to all stakeholders (companies, universities, professionals...).
2492:
736:
It provides a detailed overview of the general developments within the sector worldwide and as acts a regular information tool for readers.
437:
seminars: LNG International Exhibition and Conference, GASTECH, Cryogenics, Cryogen Expos, European Cryogenic Course and others.
198:, natural ice came onto the market. In order to meet demand, suppliers began looking for alternative ways of producing ice artificially.
1985:
1234:
650:
term energy storage. The general importance of the themes addressed by the Commission results in relevant International Conferences.
333:
The Management Committee is responsible for the general management of the IIR in between Executive Committee meetings. It includes:
2419:
654:
up-to-date research fields, is valuable, not only to the scientific community but also to the multitude of air conditioning users.
818:
IIR Working Groups operate on a temporary basis, bringing together specialists, to work on projects arising from current issues.
2628:
2292:
2452:
2414:
262:- From this first Congress, the International Association of Refrigeration was born, formed by delegates from 35 countries.
234:
This absorption machine was later replaced by a much simpler vapour-compression refrigerator, invented by French engineer
182:
Its scientific and technical activities are coordinated by ten commissions which are divided into five distinct sections.
508:
The activities of Section C deal with the application of refrigeration technologies to life sciences and food sciences.
245:
technologies and in view of the economic development potential they represented, the IIR was created in several stages:
2275:
2317:
2030:
1566:
1295:
624:
IIR Section E co-ordinates the work of the both Commissions E1 Air-Conditioning and E2 Heat Pumps and Heat Recovery.
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149:(IIF)), is an independent intergovernmental science and technology-based organization which promotes knowledge of
2467:
2281:
1661:
228:
1225:
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The cold chain involves many temperature ranges, both positive and negative, from -80 °C to + 63 °C.
219:
In 1855, the first compression machines that proved to be successful on an industrial scale were developed by
2429:
2373:
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1945:
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1990:
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2070:
1835:
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253:
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The IIR is a bilingual organization that works in both English and French and operates thanks to:
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2502:
2424:
2353:
2297:
2229:
2125:
2040:
1950:
1915:
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Books in the refrigeration field published by other publishers are also available for purchase.
2567:
2529:
2409:
2120:
1551:
757:
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Today, the IIR has 59 member countries representing over two-thirds of the global population.
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2265:
2224:
1940:
1611:
1431:
1203:
768:
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389:
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The General Conference elects the president and vice-presidents of the executive committee.
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8:
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2005:
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1152:"IIF - Institut International du Froid / IIR - International Institute of Refrigeration"
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2050:
1840:
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224:
2090:
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The IIR holds international conferences and congresses on key themes which include:
2557:
2312:
2307:
1890:
1596:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1401:
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the activities of its international network comprising over 300 Commission members
2552:
2524:
2166:
2080:
2075:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1930:
1870:
1785:
1770:
1591:
1586:
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1426:
1350:
235:
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2199:
1975:
1955:
1920:
1855:
1775:
1616:
1606:
1515:
1365:
1335:
1290:
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803:
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472:
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1571:
1441:
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242:
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150:
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three members elected every four years by the Science and Technology Council
212:, an American working in England, who first patented a machine based on the
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2240:
2140:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2035:
1970:
1850:
1820:
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1330:
775:
545:
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conferences and co-sponsored conferences and commission business meetings.
205:
1138:"Working Party on Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs (WP.11) | UNECE"
810:, which lists over 300 international experts in the refrigeration sector.
807:
2572:
2214:
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2145:
2085:
2065:
2060:
1935:
1895:
1880:
1825:
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549:
522:
410:
858:
Funded by the European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
597:
important themes in these days for this commission is energy efficiency
2328:
2250:
2181:
2150:
2025:
1995:
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384:
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59 member countries, over 300 experts in all fields of refrigeration
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1305:
1280:
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714:
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201:
Thus, entrepreneurs begin research on the means of producing ice.
1780:
1452:
340:
three members elected every four years by the Executive Committee
2457:
2209:
2015:
1765:
682:
227:
invented the absorption device in 1859, then came the model of
90:
1233:
2472:
1905:
838:
he European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
806:, which lists more than 300 laboratories in 55 countries; an
500:
Working Groups on Magnetic Cooling and Refrigeration Safety.
84:
378:
1980:
1900:
635:
reliable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
620:
Section E: Air Conditioning, Heat pumps and Energy Recovery
26:
784:
1174:"Elsevier page on International Journal of Refrigeration"
704:
503:
128:
166:
Low temperature technology and liquefied gas technology
299:
the annual contributions from its 59 member countries.
774:
thermophysical properties and transfer processes of
1106:
563:
802:The IIR publishes two professional Directories: a
347:
2600:
890:The following countries are members of the IIR:
445:Section B: Thermodynamics, Equipment and Systems
59:Air conditioning, heat pumps and energy recovery
48:All refrigeration technologies and applications
1219:
739:
659:Commission E2: Heat pumps and Energy Recovery
296:its benefactor, corporate and private members
157:Food quality and safety from farm to consumer
208:was the first to document the cycle, it was
2624:International organizations based in France
797:
2619:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1986:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1235:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1226:
1212:
672:
40:Independent intergovernmental organization
25:
379:Section A: Cryogenics and Liquefied Gases
256:, which welcomed over 5,000 participants.
160:Comfort in homes and commercial buildings
2634:Scientific organizations based in France
2420:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1166:
1097:
579:thermometers and temperature recorders.
337:the President of the Executive Committee
143:International Institute of Refrigeration
112:
20:International Institute of Refrigeration
791:International Congress of Refrigeration
785:International Congress of Refrigeration
328:
278:International Congress of Refrigeration
241:In order to support the development of
2601:
864:4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
844:4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
722:International Journal of Refrigeration
711:International Journal of Refrigeration
705:International Journal of Refrigeration
504:Section C: Biology and Food Technology
494:Commission B2: Refrigerating Equipment
319:
2293:Programmable communicating thermostat
1207:
602:Commission D2: Refrigerated Transport
308:
145:(IIR) (also known, in French, as the
52:Thermodynamics, equipment and systems
2415:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
825:
366:one congress liaison contact person.
885:
587:Commission D1: Refrigerated Storage
303:
238:in 1885, that is still used today.
174:Use of non-ozone-depleting and low
13:
2276:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1115:
677:
525:, Cryomedicine and Health Products
82:177 boulevard Malesherbes, 75017,
14:
2650:
2318:Standard temperature and pressure
2031:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1567:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1296:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
813:
709:The Institute produces a monthly
1387:Absorption-compression heat pump
1107:Benefactor and corporate members
564:Section D: Storage and Transport
2282:Normal temperature and pressure
1662:Vapor-compression refrigeration
692:
284:
147:Institut International du Froid
1180:
1144:
1130:
873:
640:Commission E1 Air Conditioning
370:
348:Science and Technology Council
229:vapor compression refrigerator
178:refrigerants in a safe manner.
50:Cryogenics and liquefied gases
1:
2430:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2374:Building information modeling
2369:Building services engineering
1946:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1474:Demand controlled ventilation
1422:Building insulation materials
1124:
728:
464:emissions of greenhouse gases
2629:Organizations based in Paris
1991:High-pressure cut-off switch
1542:Ice storage air conditioning
1463:Dedicated outdoor air system
163:Health products and services
7:
2334:Thermostatic radiator valve
2136:Thermostatic radiator valve
1647:Underfloor air distribution
1582:Radiant heating and cooling
1500:Energy recovery ventilation
1412:Automobile air conditioning
1276:Domestic energy consumption
54:Biology and food technology
10:
2655:
2483:Institute of Refrigeration
2364:Architectural technologist
1836:Electrostatic precipitator
740:Conferences and Congresses
185:
2545:
2536:Volatile organic compound
2511:
2438:
2395:Environmental engineering
2359:Architectural engineering
2342:
2190:
2161:Ultra-low particulate air
1746:Automatic balancing valve
1693:
1674:Variable refrigerant flow
1526:Heat recovery ventilation
1469:Deep water source cooling
1379:
1241:
1188:"Chargement en cours ..."
853:
830:
363:ten Commission Presidents
254:Paris-Sorbonne University
123:
107:
97:
78:
63:
44:
36:
24:
2583:Template:Home automation
2405:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2101:Solar-assisted heat pump
1701:Air conditioner inverter
1480:Displacement ventilation
1371:Vapour pressure of water
1356:Thermal destratification
798:Professional Directories
789:First held in 1908, the
214:vapour-compression cycle
2578:World Refrigeration Day
2425:Refrigerant reclamation
2354:Architectural acoustics
2298:Programmable thermostat
2230:Clean air delivery rate
2126:Thermal expansion valve
2041:Pressurisation ductwork
1951:Ground source heat pump
1392:Absorption refrigerator
673:Activities and Services
2568:Glossary of HVAC terms
2530:Sick building syndrome
2410:Mechanical engineering
2121:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1552:Mixed-mode ventilation
1103:
769:phase-change materials
758:magnetic refrigeration
475:and Transfer Processes
118:
2588:Template:Solar energy
2266:Intelligent buildings
2225:Carbon dioxide sensor
1612:Room air distribution
1432:Central solar heating
1101:
1078:United Arab Emirates
713:that is published by
116:
56:Storage and transport
2390:Duct leakage testing
2380:Deep energy retrofit
2324:Thermographic camera
2261:Infrared thermometer
1736:Air source heat pump
1685:Water heat recycling
1251:Air changes per hour
1102:IIR Member Countries
804:Laboratory Directory
748:natural refrigerants
398:carbon sequestration
329:Management Committee
117:IIR Member Countries
2256:HVAC control system
2246:Home energy monitor
2220:Building automation
2006:Inverter compressor
1668:Variable air volume
1577:Passive ventilation
1547:Kitchen ventilation
1447:Constant air volume
1417:Autonomous building
894:
808:Expertise Directory
669:Informatory Notes.
430:Separation of Gases
413:and Cryoengineering
360:six Vice-presidents
320:Executive committee
21:
2609:Cooling technology
2519:Indoor air quality
2463:ASTM International
2400:Hydronic balancing
2177:Wood-burning stove
2056:Radiator reflector
1841:Evaporative cooler
1652:Underfloor heating
1637:Thermal insulation
1104:
893:
390:liquid natural gas
309:General Conference
250:October 5–10, 1908
119:
31:IIR corporate logo
19:
2614:Food preservation
2596:
2595:
2512:Health and safety
2091:Scroll compressor
2046:Process duct work
1801:Convection heater
1796:Condensing boiler
1726:Air-mixing plenum
1622:Solar combisystem
1458:Cross ventilation
1261:Building envelope
1096:
1095:
826:Research Projects
170:Energy efficiency
139:
138:
2646:
2558:Building science
2313:Smart thermostat
2308:Room temperature
1891:Fireplace insert
1597:Radon mitigation
1495:Electric heating
1490:District heating
1485:District cooling
1402:Air conditioning
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1193:. Archived from
1184:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1158:. Archived from
1148:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1047:Slovak Republic
1021:North Macedonia
895:
892:
886:Member Countries
780:new technologies
646:and heat pumps.
304:Statutory bodies
260:January 25, 1909
135:
132:
130:
74:
72:
29:
22:
18:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2553:ASHRAE Handbook
2541:
2525:Passive smoking
2507:
2440:
2434:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2192:
2186:
2167:Whole-house fan
2081:Run-around coil
2076:Reversing valve
2021:Mechanical room
2011:Kerosene heater
2001:Infrared heater
1931:Gasoline heater
1871:Fan filter unit
1786:Condensate pump
1771:Centrifugal fan
1689:
1592:Radiant heating
1587:Radiant cooling
1562:Passive cooling
1557:Microgeneration
1427:Central heating
1375:
1351:Thermal comfort
1243:
1237:
1232:
1202:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:Private members
1109:
1081:United Kingdom
944:Czech Republic
933:Congo Republic
888:
876:
856:
833:
828:
816:
800:
787:
742:
731:
707:
695:
680:
678:FRIDOC Database
675:
622:
566:
543:
521:Commission C1:
506:
471:Commission B1:
456:
447:
424:Commission A2:
409:Commission A1:
381:
373:
350:
331:
322:
311:
306:
287:
236:Charles Tellier
225:Ferdinand Carré
188:
127:
100:
93:
87:
70:
68:
57:
55:
53:
51:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2639:Thermodynamics
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Psychrometrics
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:Air flow meter
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Heating system
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Heat exchanger
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Gas compressor
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Expansion tank
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Ceramic heater
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Solar air heat
1614:
1609:
1607:Renewable heat
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1516:Forced-air gas
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1366:Thermodynamics
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Psychrometrics
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:Gas compressor
1288:
1286:Fluid dynamics
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1197:on 2011-07-13.
1191:www.iifiir.org
1179:
1165:
1162:on 2011-10-06.
1156:www.iifiir.org
1143:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:United States
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
935:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
887:
884:
875:
872:
855:
852:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:and research.
815:
814:Working Groups
812:
799:
796:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
772:
766:
763:
760:
755:
749:
741:
738:
730:
727:
706:
703:
694:
691:
679:
676:
674:
671:
662:
661:
643:
642:
621:
618:
605:
604:
590:
589:
565:
562:
554:
553:
541:
528:
527:
505:
502:
497:
496:
478:
477:
473:Thermodynamics
454:
446:
443:
434:
433:
416:
415:
380:
377:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
338:
330:
327:
321:
318:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
294:
286:
283:
270:
269:
263:
257:
221:James Harrison
187:
184:
180:
179:
176:global warming
172:
167:
164:
161:
158:
137:
136:
125:
121:
120:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
83:
80:
76:
75:
65:
61:
60:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:organizations
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Duct cleaning
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Control valve
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Turning vanes
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Thermal wheel
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Solar chimney
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Fan coil unit
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Cooling tower
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Vapor barrier
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Solar heating
1630:
1628:
1627:Solar cooling
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Refrigeration
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Passive house
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Chilled water
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Sensible heat
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Noise control
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Heat transfer
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:Saudi Arabia
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
918:Burkina Faso
917:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
891:
883:
879:
871:
869:
865:
863:
859:
851:
849:
845:
843:
839:
837:
823:
819:
811:
809:
805:
795:
792:
779:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
737:
734:
726:
723:
718:
716:
712:
702:
699:
690:
686:
684:
670:
666:
660:
657:
656:
655:
651:
647:
641:
638:
637:
636:
632:
628:
625:
617:
613:
609:
603:
600:
599:
598:
594:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
561:
558:
552:
551:
547:
538:
537:
536:
532:
526:
524:
519:
518:
517:
513:
509:
501:
495:
492:
491:
490:
486:
482:
476:
474:
469:
468:
467:
465:
459:
451:
442:
438:
432:
431:
427:
422:
421:
420:
414:
412:
407:
406:
405:
401:
399:
393:
391:
386:
383:Section A on
376:
365:
362:
359:
357:one President
356:
355:
354:
342:
339:
336:
335:
334:
326:
317:
314:
298:
295:
292:
291:
290:
282:
279:
274:
267:
266:June 21, 1920
264:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
244:
243:refrigeration
239:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
210:Jacob Perkins
207:
202:
199:
197:
193:
183:
177:
173:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
154:
152:
151:refrigeration
148:
144:
134:
126:
122:
115:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
86:
81:
77:
66:
62:
58:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2563:Fireproofing
2487:
2347:and services
2343:Professions,
2241:Gas detector
2141:Trickle vent
2116:Smoke damper
2111:Smoke canopy
2106:Space heater
2036:Plenum space
1971:Heating film
1851:Exhaust hood
1821:Dehumidifier
1761:Blast damper
1756:Barrier pipe
1731:Air purifier
1642:Thermosiphon
1521:Free cooling
1437:Chilled beam
1361:Thermal mass
1346:Stack effect
1331:Particulates
1311:Infiltration
1242:Fundamental
1195:the original
1190:
1182:
1168:
1160:the original
1155:
1146:
1132:
1119:
1110:
1053:South Korea
1013:New Zealand
1010:Netherlands
984:Ivory Coast
889:
880:
877:
867:
866:
861:
860:
857:
847:
846:
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840:
835:
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820:
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788:
776:refrigerants
771:and slurries
743:
735:
732:
721:
719:
710:
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693:Publications
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546:Food Science
540:Commission C
539:
533:
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520:
514:
510:
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426:Liquefaction
423:
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332:
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315:
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288:
285:Organization
275:
271:
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259:
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218:
206:Oliver Evans
203:
200:
189:
181:
146:
142:
140:
79:Headquarters
49:
37:Company type
2573:Warm Spaces
2215:Blower door
2193:and control
2191:Measurement
2172:Windcatcher
2146:Trombe wall
2086:Sail switch
2066:Refrigerant
2061:Recuperator
1936:Grease duct
1896:Freeze stat
1881:Fire damper
1751:Back boiler
1721:Air ionizer
1716:Air handler
1680:Ventilation
1532:Hybrid heat
1397:Air barrier
1316:Latent heat
1087:Uzbekistan
998:Madagascar
874:IIR Network
836:Funded by t
765:compressors
550:Engineering
523:Cryobiology
411:Cryophysics
371:Commissions
196:steam ships
99:Area served
2603:Categories
2329:Thermostat
2251:Humidistat
2182:Zone valve
2151:TurboSwing
2026:Oil heater
1996:Humidifier
1926:Gas heater
1876:Fan heater
1846:Evaporator
1831:Economizer
1806:Compressor
1711:Air filter
1694:Components
1511:Forced-air
1407:Antifreeze
1380:Technology
1326:Outgassing
1266:Convection
1125:References
901:Australia
762:cryogenics
753:cold chain
729:Newsletter
385:Cryogenics
2439:Industry
2288:OpenTherm
1966:Heat pump
1961:Heat pipe
1911:Fume hood
1886:Fireplace
1791:Condenser
1741:Attic fan
1537:Hydronics
1050:Slovenia
1001:Malaysia
921:Cameroon
913:Bulgaria
868:Objective
862:Duration:
848:Objective
842:Duration:
216:in 1835.
204:Although
103:Worldwide
2546:See also
2271:LonWorks
2205:Aquastat
2071:Register
2051:Radiator
1706:Air door
1506:Firestop
1306:Humidity
1281:Enthalpy
1271:Dilution
1256:Bake-out
1244:concepts
1090:Vietnam
1070:Tunisia
1033:Romania
1007:Morocco
993:Lebanon
973:Ireland
967:Hungary
961:Germany
950:Finland
938:Croatia
907:Belgium
904:Austria
898:Algeria
715:Elsevier
192:railways
45:Industry
2345:trades,
1916:Furnace
1781:Chiller
1453:Coolant
1073:Turkey
1064:Sweden
1044:Serbia
1038:Russia
1027:Poland
1024:Norway
990:Jordan
978:Israel
964:Guinea
953:France
924:Canada
392:(LNG).
186:History
131:.iifiir
124:Website
108:Members
69: (
64:Founded
16:Company
2498:SMACNA
2458:ASHRAE
2278:(MERV)
2232:(CADR)
2210:BACnet
2163:(ULPA)
2016:Louver
1941:Grille
1816:Damper
1766:Boiler
1664:(VCRS)
1465:(DOAS)
1061:Sudan
1058:Spain
1030:Qatar
1018:Niger
987:Japan
981:Italy
970:India
958:Gabon
947:Egypt
930:China
910:Benin
854:SophiA
831:ENOUGH
683:FRIDOC
91:France
2538:(VOC)
2532:(SBS)
2521:(IAQ)
2478:CIBSE
2473:BSRIA
2376:(BIM)
2320:(STP)
2284:(NTP)
1906:Freon
1676:(VRF)
1670:(VAV)
1528:(HRV)
1502:(ERV)
1476:(DCV)
1449:(CAV)
1067:Togo
1004:Mali
941:Cuba
927:Chad
85:Paris
2493:LEED
2453:AMCA
2448:AHRI
1981:HEPA
1901:Flue
1826:Duct
751:the
720:The
548:and
428:and
194:and
141:The
133:.org
71:1908
67:1908
2503:UMC
2488:IIR
2468:BRE
1861:Fan
129:www
2605::
1154:.
717:.
544::
400:.
231:.
223:.
88:,
1227:e
1220:t
1213:v
1176:.
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542:2
455:2
73:)
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