457:, an Italian town still holding against Roman siege, where he appeared before the army stationed there in consular regalia. He addressed them as a mistreated consul who had been unjustly deprived of a gift of the people by the senate, who thereby made a mockery of popular sovereignty. The army raised him up and declared their support. Cinna then administered an oath of loyalty for the officers and men. Following this, he travelled around Italian towns saying that he needed their support and that he had been attacked for his pro-Italian advocacy. Octavius and Merula acted to fortify the city.
487:, Cinna and Marius' forces moved to storm the city; they were stopped by six cohorts from Strabo's army. Strabo, seeking to leverage his military forces into a second consulship, initiated secret negotiations with Cinna but soon died of plague. Extending the siege, Cinna's forces fanned out across the countryside and cut Rome's food supply. The Senate then sent envoys to Cinna to negotiate a truce. Initially put off by Cinna's demand that they address him as consul, the Senate acquiesced on this point after Merula abdicated his consulship.
669:, "assessment is rendered painfully difficult by the way in which our scrappy sources are pervaded by the insidious influence of Sulla's own version of events, diffused without competition after his victory" in the civil war. Cinna and his faction, however, were the first to transform force into political domination. Their methods did not accord with republican principles, setting a precedent later followed by Sulla,
636:, in the northern Adriatic, meaning that Cinna was not intending to challenge Sulla in Greece. When transiting the Adriatic, the first set of ships transited safely. But the second set encountered a storm. Some of the ships sank and many men deserted, saying they were unwilling to fight fellow citizens. The remaining men waiting to depart at
617:
letter by dispatching an embassy to Sulla to try to reconcile him with his political opponents. The Senate also instructed Cinna and Carbo stop military preparations; they agreed to do so but ignored the Senate and continued recruiting. Cinna's strategy seems to have been to force their way east into Greece and fight Sulla there.
589:. Although Cinna supported the registration of the Italians as citizens, the number counted in that year – just 463,000 – indicates most of the newly enfranchised Italians were yet unregistered. Flaccus, Cinna's co-consul, also brought and passed legislation reducing all outstanding debts by three quarters.
467:– a commander in the northern theatre of the Social war – to return to Rome and defend the city with his army. Encamped outside the city, he was not prepared to commit for either side before treating with both of them. Cinna's forces then arrived and besieged the city. He led the main force opposite the
645:; this story, however, is not credible. After his death, his co-consul Carbo was recalled to Rome hold elections for his replacement, but after two attempts to hold elections received bad omens, the elections were indefinitely postponed and Carbo held office without colleague for the rest of the year.
698:
was relatively traditional though the consul and the Senate acted largely independently and were also largely willing to ignore the other. While there must have been resentment over Cinna's monopolisation of the consulship, the political class in Rome during his consulships was largely not personally
207:
While his domination was not complete – he largely contented himself with securing the consulship for himself and allies – his political rule set a "crucial precedent" for later strongmen in the republic. Through 85 and 84 BC, he prepared for civil war with Sulla, who was soon to return from the
336:
in exchange for Marius' support for
Italian enrolment. But after he passed the legislation transferring Sulla's command to Marius, Sulla suborned his army into marching on Rome to overturn Sulpicius' actions. After doing so, he invalidated Sulpicius' laws and banished twelve men, Sulpicus and Marius
616:
and complaining against the regime in Rome. He then promised that he would avenge himself upon those enemies in the name of his murdered friends, his exiled family and Rome. Against Cinna's claims, he also asserted he had no intention to overturn
Italian enfranchisement. The Senate responded to the
399:
According to Appian, Cinna accepted bribes to support the equal enrolment of the new
Italian citizens into the thirty-five tribes. Bribed or not, Cinna declared publicly his support for such enrolment, which brought him immediately into conflict with his co-consul Octavius. Both Cinna and Octavius'
648:
The Senate's envoys brought news of Cinna's death to Sulla. Sulla then rejected the Senate's offers, refused to disband his army, and demanded that the Senate restore his legal status, property, and offices. Sulla's rejection of terms was met poorly. Eventually, Sulla invaded Italy in 83 BC,
608:
as his consular colleague. Sulla's peace with Pontus, widely regarded as generous so to give Sulla a free hand against his enemies in Italy, and other actions in Asia indicated that he would return in arms. Cinna and Carbo responded by immediately beginning military preparations and a propaganda
576:
and stripped of his priesthood. His property was confiscated, his house demolished, and his legislation repealed. His wife and children fled the city for the protection of Sulla's army in Greece. At elections in late 87 BC, Cinna had himself and Marius elected as consuls – contrary to some
369:
may have, at the time, been friends. Before the results were officially announced, Sulla realised they would be personally unfavourable; seeking not to interfere in the elections directly, he instead tried for a religious solution to protect his actions. Before he declared the winners, he first
482:
When
Metellus negotiated with the Samnites, they demanded citizenship for themselves and all those who had fled to them, release of all war prisoners, and non-reciprocal return of all plunder. Metellus and the Senate refused; Cinna and Marius seized the opportunity and offered the concessions,
463:, one of the Sullan exiles, returned to Italy and pledged his loyalty to Cinna. Cinna acknowledged Marius as proconsul but Marius scrupulously refused the title before drumming up support among the Italians and returning to Cinna's camp with some 6,000 men. The Senate and Octavius had ordered
370:
induced Cinna and
Octavius to swear not to overturn Sulla's arrangements publicly. The consuls-designate did so because Sulla as presiding consul had the power to refuse announcement of the winners and invalidate the results. While Octavius seemed to take the oath seriously, Cinna did not.
693:
His support for
Italian enfranchisement and distribution among the thirty-five tribes was opportunistic and he only haltingly followed through on his Italian promises once entrenched in power. After the initial wave of killings with Marius in 86 BC, there are no signs of extra-legal
684:– Cinna seems only to have wanted to be consul every year – have made it difficult to develop a clear assessment of his politics or character. Previous scholarship and ancient narratives, which painted Cinna as an appendage to Marius, are now largely rejected. He was competent at using
640:
then refused to embark. Appian reports that when Cinna called an assembly, he attempted to impose discipline, which culminated in his men mutinying and killing him. Plutarch delivers a different story centring around soldiers fearing that Cinna had assassinated the then-young
389:
Cinna's first act as consul was to have a plebeian tribune prosecute Sulla, possibly for his killing of
Sulpicius, who when killed had been a serving and sacrosanct plebeian tribune. This was meant to stop Sulla from leaving Italy at the head of an army, strip him of his
609:
campaign. They stockpiled money and provisions from all of Italy while levying men and giving warnings that Sulla would, if victorious, overturn
Italian enfranchisement. The warnings, given Sulla's violent action against Sulpicius in 88 BC, seemed legitimate.
337:
included. Sulla justified his actions by claiming that as consul he had a duty to free the state from dangerous demagogues. He also may have passed legislation in 88 BC to change the Roman constitution by reducing the powers and legislative initiative of the
495:
The envoys secured a promise from Cinna that he would not willingly kill anyone but his ally Marius silently stood behind his chair. Cinna then entered the city and promulgated a law recalling Marius and the Sullan exiles. A squadron of his cavalry, led by
577:
ancient sources, an electoral comitia was likely held, just the two were the only candidates – for 86 BC. Marius, though, died just thirteen days after assuming his seventh consulship, possibly of pneumonia. In Marius' place, Cinna elevated
348:
One of Cinna's goals during his consulship was holding Sulla legally responsible for his march on Rome; he promised that if elected he would have Sulla prosecuted at the expiration of his term. Sulla did not support Cinna and instead put forward
592:
At the close of the year, Flaccus departed for Greece, ostensibly to assume command over a leaderless army – Sulla's command had officially been vacated because he was declared an outlaw – but was soon assassinated by one of his legates,
530:
The killings were not broad across the political class and likely reflected Marius' grudges; nor were the victims then linked to Sulla. There is no evidence that the purge targeted the victim's families. While later sources – including
769:
Cornelia patricienne n'est pas assurée pour trois lignages d'époque républicaine. Si les arguments les plus sérieux recommandent d'accepter le patriciat des
Cornelii Cinnae, les Cornelii Mamullae paraissent en revanche avoir été
555:. Cicero, more contemporaneous and speaking to men who lived during the Cinnan regime, indicates that Cinna and Marius targeted only political enemies and did not threaten all of Rome's inhabitants or otherwise sack the city.
400:
partisans quickly armed themselves. Attempts by Cinna to promulgate legislation to distribute the new citizens into the tribes were met by tribunician vetoes backed by
Octavius, leading to a riot against the tribunes. A
423:, and six of the ten tribunes of the plebs. After his departure for Italian towns to raise men and money, the Senate illegally and unconstitutionally stripped Cinna of his consulship and declared him a public enemy (
313:(voting units); in this, he was opposed by politicians who wished to pack the numerous Italians into a limited number of existing – or eight newly-created – tribes. The other question was one of command.
1886:, p. 307 n. 3: Bennett's "more general conclusions do not seem to be consistent with the facts and he seems to misunderstand both Cinna's position in Rome and his importance in Roman politics".
620:
Cinna and Carbo continued in office as consuls for 84 BC; early in that year, Cinna started to embark his men across the Adriatic. Modern sources seem to differ about his final destination.
500:
killed the consul Octavius, who had refused to flee. Censorinus then presented the consul's head to Cinna; this was the first time a consul's head was displayed as a prize to another Roman.
946:, p. 59. "Cinna remains for us a shadowy and elusive figure. His father may have held the consulship, and he himself saw service in the Social War. Beyond this we know nothing".
471:, with two detachments under Sertorius and Marius on the north and south of the city, respectively. Strabo eventually sided with Octavius; the Senate, seeking support, also ordered
396:, and deprive him of his Mithridatic command. It was, however, unenforceable: Sulla ignored the tribunician summons and departed with his army for Greece.
551:– claim that Cinna and Marius butchered and ravaged their way through the city for five days, these claims are likely Sullan propaganda filtered through
552:
2036:
228:
considered the Cornelii Cinnae to be plebeians, but most modern authors view them as patricians. His father may have been consul in 127 BC.
1857:
325:. The commander of the Roman response would have a great opportunity to become wealthy and influential from the plunder and glory of the war.
1348:
claim Cinna and Marius were elected without the assembly being called; elections likely continued in the comitia centuriata through Cinna's
345:. Sulla's reasons and putative reforms notwithstanding, his march on Rome was the subject of deep and broad revulsion at the elections.
204:, the murders of their enemies. In the aftermath, he dominated the republic for the next three years, serving continuously as consul.
2093:
520:
244:
192:'s march on Rome in 88 BC, he was elected to the consulship of 87 BC, during which he engaged in an armed conflict – the
114:
2098:
594:
582:
512:
20:
601:, with generous terms for Pontus by 85 BC. He also suborned Fimbria's army in the east, causing Fimbria to commit suicide.
2022:
1997:
1979:
578:
430:
243:(the dictator and consul of 59 BC), probably during Cinna's second consulship in 86 BC; his younger daughter married
232:
120:
361:, still indignant over Sulla's march and treatment of Sulpicius and Marius, rejected Sulla's candidate and elected Cinna with
2068:
1951:
1782:
1712:
1685:
904:
2083:
2027:
605:
508:
406:
then may have been moved against the rioters; Octavius quickly executed it, taking his hastily armed supporters down the
212:. When trying to ferry his men across the Adriatic at Ancona early in 84 BC, they mutinied and Cinna was killed.
1803:
1761:
1652:
786:
497:
350:
2004:
1958:
2073:
1662:
472:
483:
gaining the Samnites as allies. After one of the military tribunes in Rome defected and opened the gates to the
297:
In 88 BC, there were two major questions in Roman politics. The first was the Italian question. During the
2058:
1993:
1971:
586:
362:
197:
572:
When he returned to the city he dominated public affairs and took measures against Sulla. Sulla was declared
1877:
Cinna and his times: a critical and interpretive study of Roman history during the period 87 – 84 BC
1798:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–207.
504:
278:
during the war in 89 BC. Little is known of Cinna's life or career before his election as consul.
420:
402:
298:
267:
236:
145:
103:
341:; however, some scholars have suggested these reforms are retrojections of Sulla's later actions as
2078:
516:
221:
597:, who then assumed command. Sulla eventually drove Mithridates from Asia and secured a peace, the
1890:
Bulst, Christoph Meinhard (1964). ""Cinnanum tempus": A reassessment of the "dominatio Cinnae"".
686:
302:
612:
Late in 85 BC, Sulla sent a letter to the Senate in Rome reciting his achievements in the
464:
329:
314:
2063:
613:
567:
322:
209:
896:
The Social War, 91 to 88 BCE: a history of the Italian insurgency against the Roman republic
523:, were brought up on trial before the people, possibly for usurpation of the consulship and
650:
252:
247:(who died in 81 BC). Cinna's homonymous son escaped Sulla's retribution by fleeing to
156:
8:
1149:
758:
536:
274:
believed Cinna was one of the legates who led the successful Roman offensive against the
2088:
1907:
1851:
1554:
1473:
1465:
1001:
598:
231:
He married a woman named Annia, with whom he had three children: two daughters and one
811:, p. 26 says "some have identified" the consul in 127 BC as Cinna's father;
1899:
1809:
1799:
1778:
1757:
1718:
1708:
1691:
1681:
1648:
1546:
1477:
1457:
993:
900:
782:
416:
379:
318:
301:, the Roman republic had granted basically all the Italian allies Roman citizenship.
248:
193:
150:
690:-style argumentation but had no diagnoses for the republic's more structural flaws.
1830:
1449:
763:. Ausonius éditions (in French). Bordeaux: Diffusion de Boccard. p. 293 n. 5.
544:
338:
306:
271:
415:
Cinna was unharmed and left the city with some of his major supporters, including
1875:
1793:
1772:
1751:
1675:
894:
776:
621:
225:
1834:
328:
Sulpicius attempted to link the two matters by securing transfer of then-consul
2040:
2008:
1962:
342:
185:
309:, sought to curry their favour by enrolling them equally into the thirty-five
292:
2052:
1903:
1722:
1550:
1461:
997:
434:
354:
240:
107:
2017:
1072:, p. 59. The people "vented their indigation on the man responsible".
730:
629:
468:
460:
333:
201:
181:
160:
81:
1926:
1813:
519:. Merula – the recently-abdicated suffect consul – and Marius' old rival,
532:
479:, to make an honourable peace immediately and return to defend the city.
310:
54:
1558:
503:
Cinna and Marius then moved to purge some of their political opponents,
1911:
1005:
981:
1469:
1437:
484:
408:
1359:
259:
and returning to Rome. Afterwards, he became praetor in 44 BC.
1792:
Seager, Robin (1992). "Sulla". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.).
1453:
1087:
842:
674:
633:
548:
476:
392:
1695:
263:
870:
1153:
670:
642:
637:
625:
425:
50:
1930:
1315:, p. 46 n. 72, citing Dio. 35.102; Vell. Pat. 2.22; Liv.
1947:
438:
275:
189:
1645:
Trials in the late Roman republic, 149 BC to 50 BC
1739:
Badian, Ernst (2012b). "Cornelius Sulla Felix, Lucius". In
1669:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
858:
540:
527:, respectively; they committed suicide before the verdict.
454:
1270:
665:
is not well documented. According to Robin Seager, in the
1821:
Smith, Timothy (2021). "Elections in the time of Cinna".
1730:
Badian, Ernst (2012a). "Cornelius Cinna (1), Lucius". In
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653:, in which he was eventually victorious, the next year.
180:(before 130 BC – early 84 BC) was a four-time
1518:
1375:
913:
760:
Les Scipions famille et pouvoir à l'époque républicaine
1647:. Phoenix. Vol. 26. University of Toronto Press.
1103:
1051:
1039:
1012:
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949:
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200:. Emerging victorious, Cinna initiated with his ally,
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437:) in his place. Due to Merula's priestly duties and
830:
713:
332:'s command against Mithridates to the aged general
220:Cinna was born some time before 130 BC into a
19:For other people named Lucius Cornelius Cinna, see
1774:The age of Cinna: crucible of late republican Rome
1148:The Senate did not have power to remove a consul.
1880:(PhD thesis). Menasha, WI: University of Chicago.
2050:
694:persecutions. The nature of politics during his
781:(in Italian). Vol. 3. Jovene. p. 71.
778:Ricerche sulla organizzazione gentilizia romana
581:. During 86 BC, a census was conducted by
1795:The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC
1703:Hornblower, Simon; et al., eds. (2012).
815:, p. 83 makes the connection explicitly.
266:. It is known that he also served during the
262:Before 90 BC, Cinna must have served as
1537:Badian, Ernst (1990). "Review of "Caesar"".
224:family that was not recently distinguished.
1931:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic
680:The short length and partial nature of his
1856:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
281:
1892:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1823:Historia: Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte
1707:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1661:
1642:
1524:
1381:
1369:
1276:
919:
864:
774:
1749:
1438:"Review of "Sulla: the last republican""
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1093:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
982:"Review of "Sulla: the last republican""
979:
967:
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353:, an ally who had recently celebrated a
215:
1873:
1841:
1738:
1729:
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321:, had recently invaded the province of
21:Lucius Cornelius Cinna (disambiguation)
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848:
836:
808:
736:
724:
558:
511:were killed without trial, along with
1889:
1883:
1820:
1667:The magistrates of the Roman republic
1353:
604:For the year 85 BC, Cinna chose
1927:L. Cornelius (106) L. f. L. n. Cinna
1740:
1731:
1702:
892:
286:
255:, before being given amnesty in the
1777:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
1756:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
475:, who was in the field against the
13:
1866:
373:
365:as his colleague instead. The two
14:
2110:
1920:
1846:(in German). Vol. 1. Passau.
793:Th. Mommsen considerava plebei i
351:Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus
251:– one of Cinna's legates – after
2094:Roman consuls who died in office
1663:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
448:
1705:The Oxford classical dictionary
1530:
1429:
1338:
1306:
1282:
1142:
1063:
973:
937:
886:
473:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
2099:Senators of the Roman Republic
1680:. Princeton University Press.
1352:, merely with irregularities.
802:
750:
1:
2037:L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
893:Dart, Christopher J (2016) .
702:
656:
293:Sulla § First consulship
2069:1st-century BC Roman consuls
707:
384:
282:First consulship, 87 BC
7:
2084:Deaths by stabbing in Italy
1882:Negatively commented on by
1835:10.25162/historia-2021-0002
1643:Alexander, Michael (1990).
775:Franciosi, Gennaro (1995).
699:threatened and left alone.
245:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
16:1st century BC Roman consul
10:
2115:
1753:Sulla: the last republican
1750:Keaveney, Arthur (2005) .
1635:
899:. Routledge. p. 153.
632:claim Cinna was going for
565:
377:
290:
18:
2033:
2002:
1990:
1976:
1956:
1944:
1939:
667:Cambridge Ancient History
421:Marcus Marius Gratidianus
412:and killing the rioters.
403:senatus consultum ultimum
171:
138:
133:
129:
96:
88:
77:
69:
61:
43:
35:
28:
1874:Bennett, Harold (1923).
1771:Lovano, Michael (2002).
1674:Flower, Harriet (2010).
1442:Journal of Roman Studies
583:Lucius Marcius Philippus
521:Quintus Lutatius Catulus
513:Publius Licinius Crassus
498:Gaius Marcius Censorinus
115:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
2013:late 87 – 84 BC
1967:87 BC (deposed)
1842:Zmeskal, Klaus (2009).
1344:Sources such as Livy's
757:Etcheto, Henri (2012).
579:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
431:Lucius Cornelius Merula
303:Publius Sulpicius Rufus
2074:Ancient Roman generals
1436:Briscoe, John (1985).
330:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
315:Mithridates VI Eupator
196:– with his co-consul,
178:Lucius Cornelius Cinna
73:Politician and soldier
30:Lucius Cornelius Cinna
2059:2nd-century BC births
1356:, pp. 29 et seq.
980:Stockton, DL (1984).
606:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
595:Gaius Flavius Fimbria
568:First Mithridatic War
441:, Octavius served as
378:Further information:
216:Early life and family
210:First Mithridatic War
765:L'appartenance à la
509:Lucius Julius Caesar
491:Extra-legal killings
2023:L. Valerius Flaccus
1998:L. Cornelius Merula
1980:L. Cornelius Merula
1156:both so commented.
1150:Velleius Paterculus
867:, pp. 551, 26.
241:Gaius Julius Caesar
62:Cause of death
2028:Gn. Papirius Carbo
1948:L. Cornelius Sulla
1940:Political offices
1240:, pp. 177–78.
1228:, pp. 176–77.
1199:, pp. 175–76.
1172:, pp. 174–75.
851:, pp. 26–27;
599:Treaty of Dardanos
419:, Gaius Milonius,
367:consules designati
121:L. Cornelius Cinna
113:Cornelia (wife of
39:Before 130 BC
2047:
2046:
2034:Succeeded by
1977:Succeeded by
1952:Q. Pompeius Rufus
1784:978-3-515-07948-8
1714:978-0-19-954556-8
1687:978-0-691-14043-8
1279:, pp. 60–61.
1036:, pp. 56–57.
906:978-1-4724-1676-6
628:. Others such as
417:Quintus Sertorius
380:Bellum Octavianum
339:plebeian tribunes
287:Electoral context
253:Sulla's civil war
249:Quintus Sertorius
194:Bellum Octavianum
175:
174:
157:Sulla's civil war
151:Bellum Octavianum
2106:
2025:(86 BC, suffect)
1991:Preceded by
1945:Preceded by
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1125:
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1113:
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1101:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
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1025:
1019:
1010:
1009:
986:Classical Review
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
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935:
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923:
917:
911:
910:
890:
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868:
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840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
806:
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772:
754:
748:
734:
728:
722:
663:dominatio Cinnae
307:plebeian tribune
272:T.R.S. Broughton
65:Killed in mutiny
47:Early 84 BC
26:
25:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2079:Cornelii Cinnae
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1982:
1968:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1923:
1918:
1869:
1867:Further reading
1864:
1849:
1848:
1806:
1785:
1764:
1715:
1688:
1677:Roman republics
1655:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
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1577:
1566:
1535:
1531:
1523:
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1511:
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1492:
1485:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:, p. 178;
1364:
1360:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1299:
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1191:
1183:
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1147:
1143:
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1080:
1076:
1068:
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1013:
978:
974:
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795:Cornelii Cinnae
789:
755:
751:
735:
731:
723:
714:
710:
705:
659:
622:T R S Broughton
614:Mithridatic war
587:Marcus Perperna
570:
564:
553:Sulla's memoirs
517:Marcus Antonius
493:
451:
387:
382:
376:
374:War on Octavius
363:Gnaeus Octavius
295:
289:
284:
237:eldest daughter
226:Theodor Mommsen
218:
198:Gnaeus Octavius
167:
134:Military career
125:
84:(87–84 BC)
57:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2032:
2009:Roman Republic
2001:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1975:
1963:Roman Republic
1955:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:External links
1919:
1917:
1916:
1898:(3): 307–337.
1887:
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1686:
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1659:
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1639:
1637:
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1632:
1631:
1619:
1617:, p. 179.
1607:
1605:, p. 187.
1595:
1593:, p. 186.
1583:
1581:, p. 185.
1564:
1529:
1525:Broughton 1952
1517:
1515:, p. 184.
1498:
1496:, p. 183.
1483:
1454:10.2307/300669
1428:
1426:, p. 182.
1413:
1411:, p. 181.
1401:
1399:, p. 180.
1386:
1382:Broughton 1952
1374:
1370:Broughton 1952
1358:
1337:
1325:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1277:Alexander 1990
1269:
1267:, p. 178.
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1216:, p. 176.
1201:
1189:
1187:, p. 175.
1174:
1162:
1141:
1139:, p. 174.
1126:
1114:
1102:
1100:, p. 173.
1096:, p. 60;
1086:
1084:, p. 173.
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1011:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
920:Broughton 1952
912:
905:
885:
879:, p. 59;
869:
865:Broughton 1952
857:
841:
829:
817:
801:
787:
749:
743:, p. 83;
739:, p. 26;
729:
711:
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658:
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557:
492:
489:
453:Cinna reached
450:
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372:
288:
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233:homonymous son
217:
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186:Roman republic
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2019:
2011:
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1654:0-8020-5787-X
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1629:, p. 93.
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1604:
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1587:
1580:
1575:
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1569:
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1533:
1527:, p. 60.
1526:
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1398:
1393:
1391:
1384:, p. 53.
1383:
1378:
1372:, p. 53.
1371:
1367:
1362:
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1351:
1347:
1341:
1335:, p. 46.
1334:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1314:
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1303:, p. 49.
1302:
1297:
1291:, p. 178
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
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1259:
1252:, p. 47.
1251:
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1234:
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1222:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1160:, p. 35.
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1124:, p. 32.
1123:
1118:
1112:, p. 61.
1111:
1110:Keaveney 2005
1106:
1099:
1095:
1094:Keaveney 2005
1090:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1070:Keaveney 2005
1066:
1060:, p. 59.
1059:
1058:Keaveney 2005
1054:
1048:, p. 58.
1047:
1046:Keaveney 2005
1042:
1035:
1034:Keaveney 2005
1030:
1024:, p. 55.
1023:
1022:Keaveney 2005
1018:
1016:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
970:, p. 47.
969:
968:Keaveney 2005
964:
958:, p. 46.
957:
956:Keaveney 2005
952:
945:
944:Keaveney 2005
940:
934:, p. 25.
933:
928:
922:, p. 43.
921:
916:
908:
902:
898:
897:
889:
882:
878:
877:Keaveney 2005
873:
866:
861:
855:, p. 84.
854:
850:
845:
839:, p. 26.
838:
833:
827:, p. 83.
826:
821:
814:
810:
805:
798:
796:
790:
788:9788824311212
784:
780:
779:
771:
768:
762:
761:
753:
746:
742:
738:
733:
727:, p. 10.
726:
721:
719:
717:
712:
700:
697:
691:
689:
688:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
654:
652:
649:triggering a
646:
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631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
610:
607:
602:
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596:
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588:
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569:
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510:
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501:
499:
488:
486:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Pompey Strabo
462:
458:
456:
449:March on Rome
446:
445:sole consul.
444:
440:
436:
435:flamen Dialis
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
413:
411:
410:
405:
404:
397:
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371:
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352:
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344:
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331:
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308:
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279:
277:
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265:
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234:
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211:
205:
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137:
132:
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122:
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116:
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109:
105:
102:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
70:Occupation(s)
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
22:
2064:84 BC deaths
2018:Gaius Marius
2016:
2003:
1994:Gn. Octavius
1983:
1972:Gn. Octavius
1970:
1957:
1895:
1891:
1876:
1843:
1829:(1): 29–54.
1826:
1822:
1794:
1773:
1752:
1704:
1676:
1666:
1644:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1542:
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1431:
1404:
1377:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1192:
1165:
1144:
1117:
1105:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
989:
985:
975:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
895:
888:
881:Badian 2012a
872:
860:
853:Zmeskal 2009
844:
832:
825:Zmeskal 2009
820:
813:Zmeskal 2009
804:
794:
792:
777:
766:
764:
759:
752:
745:Badian 2012a
741:Zmeskal 2009
732:
695:
692:
685:
681:
679:
666:
662:
660:
647:
630:Ernst Badian
619:
611:
603:
591:
573:
571:
559:
529:
524:
502:
494:
481:
469:Colline Gate
461:Gaius Marius
459:
452:
442:
429:), electing
424:
414:
407:
401:
398:
391:
388:
366:
358:
347:
334:Gaius Marius
327:
296:
261:
256:
230:
219:
206:
202:Gaius Marius
177:
176:
161:
153:(87 BC)
2041:G. Norbanus
2030:(85–84 BC)
1627:Flower 2010
1615:Seager 1992
1603:Seager 1992
1591:Seager 1992
1579:Seager 1992
1513:Seager 1992
1494:Seager 1992
1424:Seager 1992
1409:Seager 1992
1397:Seager 1992
1366:Seager 1992
1333:Lovano 2002
1313:Lovano 2002
1301:Lovano 2002
1289:Seager 1992
1265:Seager 1992
1250:Lovano 2002
1238:Seager 1992
1226:Seager 1992
1214:Seager 1992
1197:Seager 1992
1185:Seager 1992
1170:Seager 1992
1158:Lovano 2002
1137:Seager 1992
1122:Lovano 2002
1098:Seager 1992
1082:Seager 1992
932:Lovano 2002
849:Lovano 2002
837:Lovano 2002
809:Lovano 2002
737:Lovano 2002
725:Lovano 2002
257:lex Plautia
188:. Opposing
2053:Categories
1884:Bulst 1964
1741:OCD (2012)
1732:OCD (2012)
1696:2009004551
1354:Smith 2021
1319:80; Plut.
992:(2): 349.
770:plébéiens.
703:References
657:Assessment
566:See also:
525:perduellio
433:(also the
317:, king of
299:Social War
291:See also:
268:Social War
146:Social War
2089:Populares
1984:suffectus
1904:0018-2311
1852:cite book
1844:Adfinitas
1723:959667246
1551:0017-1417
1545:(1): 25.
1478:162241387
1462:0075-4358
1350:dominatio
1346:Periochae
998:0009-840X
708:Citations
696:dominatio
687:popularis
682:dominatio
651:civil war
562:and death
560:Dominatio
485:Janiculum
409:via Sacra
385:Expulsion
222:patrician
106:(wife of
1665:(1952).
1559:27690364
675:Octavian
634:Liburnia
549:Plutarch
545:Diodorus
537:Velleius
477:Samnites
443:de facto
393:imperium
343:dictator
239:married
104:Cornelia
97:Children
2020:(86 BC)
2007:of the
1961:of the
1929:in the
1912:4434843
1636:Sources
1448:: 238.
1323:43.5–9.
1006:3062484
359:comitia
355:triumph
264:praetor
184:of the
2015:With:
2005:Consul
1969:With:
1959:Consul
1910:
1902:
1814:121060
1812:
1802:
1781:
1760:
1721:
1711:
1694:
1684:
1651:
1557:
1549:
1539:Gnomon
1476:
1470:300669
1468:
1460:
1154:Cicero
1004:
996:
903:
785:
673:, and
671:Caesar
643:Pompey
638:Ancona
626:Epirus
574:hostis
547:, and
439:taboos
426:hostis
357:. The
319:Pontus
311:tribes
235:. His
182:consul
159:
108:Caesar
89:Spouse
82:Consul
78:Office
55:Italia
51:Ancona
1908:JSTOR
1555:JSTOR
1474:S2CID
1466:JSTOR
1002:JSTOR
624:says
505:Gaius
276:Marsi
190:Sulla
92:Annia
1900:ISSN
1858:link
1810:OCLC
1800:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1719:OCLC
1709:ISBN
1692:LCCN
1682:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1547:ISSN
1458:ISSN
1321:Mar.
1317:Per.
1152:and
994:ISSN
901:ISBN
783:ISBN
767:gens
661:The
585:and
541:Livy
515:and
507:and
455:Nola
323:Asia
305:, a
139:Wars
44:Died
36:Born
1831:doi
1450:doi
773:Cf
533:Dio
2055::
1906:.
1896:13
1894:.
1854:}}
1850:{{
1827:70
1825:.
1808:.
1717:.
1690:.
1567:^
1553:.
1543:62
1541:.
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1486:^
1472:.
1464:.
1456:.
1446:75
1444:.
1440:.
1416:^
1389:^
1257:^
1204:^
1177:^
1129:^
1014:^
1000:.
990:34
988:.
984:.
791:.
715:^
677:.
543:,
539:,
535:,
270:;
53:,
1933:.
1914:.
1860:)
1837:.
1833::
1816:.
1787:.
1766:.
1743:.
1734:.
1725:.
1698:.
1657:.
1561:.
1480:.
1452::
1008:.
909:.
883:.
797:.
747:.
162:X
117:)
110:)
23:.
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