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204:. Ludwig's mother Caroline Agnes Vogel was seventeen when she married the thirty-four-year-old Gustav. Ludwig von Bertalanffy grew up as an only child educated at home by private tutors until he was ten and his parents divorced, both remarried outside the Catholic Church in civil ceremonies. When he arrived at his
921:(coefficient of catabolism) in his works, and that caused a fair criticism from biologists. But the Bertalanffy equation is a special case of the Tetearing equation, that is a more general equation of the growth of a biological organism. The Tetearing equation determines the physical meaning of the coefficients
351:
Bertalanffy met his wife, Maria, in April 1924 in the
Austrian Alps. They were hardly ever apart for the next forty-eight years. She wanted to finish studying but never did, instead devoting her life to Bertalanffy's career. Later, in Canada, she would work both for him and with him in his career,
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that experience a constant food availability. The inverse of the
Bertalanffy growth rate appears to depend linearly on the ultimate length, when different food levels are compared. The intercept relates to the maintenance costs, the slope to the rate at which reserve is mobilized for use by
1621:
David
Pouvreau (2013). "Une histoire de la 'systémologie générale' de Ludwig von Bertalanffy - Généalogie, genèse, actualisation et postérité d'un projet herméneutique", Doctoral Thesis (1138 pages), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris :
215:
The
Bertalanffy family had roots in the 16th century nobility of Hungary which included several scholars and court officials. His grandfather Charles Joseph von Bertalanffy (1833–1912) had settled in Austria and was a state theatre director in
820:
1465:(Jena: G. Fischer, 1911) and many other notable works. For a translation of his "Studien ūber physiologische Ähnlichkeit. VI. Wachstumsähnlichkeiten" ("Studies on Physiological Similarity. VI. Analogies of Growth") in
301:, which facilitated his promotion to professor at the University of Vienna in 1940. During the Second World War, he linked his "organismic" philosophy of biology to the dominant Nazi ideology, principally that of the
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and after his death she compiled two of
Bertalanffy's last works. They had one child, a son who followed in his father's footsteps by making his profession in the field of cancer research.
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in 1934. The post yielded little income, and
Bertalanffy faced continuing financial difficulties. He applied for promotion to the status of associate professor, but funding from the
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in March 1938. However, his attempts to remain in the US failed, and he returned to Vienna in
October of that year. Within a month of his return, he joined the
1278:. I. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Theorie; mathematische und physiologische Gesetzlichkeiten des Wachstums bei Wassertieren. Arch. Entwicklungsmech., 131:613-652.
208:(a form of grammar school) he was already well habituated in learning by reading, and he continued to study on his own. His neighbour, the famous biologist
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The
Bertalanffy equation is the equation that describes the growth of a biological organism. The equation was offered by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1969.
243:; he chose the latter because, according to him, one could always become a philosopher later, but not a biologist. In 1926 he finished his PhD thesis (
2359:
997:
referred to as the theory of "general systems". However, in the West, Bertalanffy is widely recognized for the development of a theory known as
2379:
1005:. GST defined new foundations and developments as a generalized theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of study, emphasizing
255:. For the next six years he concentrated on a project of "theoretical biology" which focused on the philosophy of biology. He received his
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the ultimate length of the individual. This model was proposed earlier by August
Friedrich Robert PĹ«tter (1879-1929), writing in 1920.
224:
and Vienna, which were important sites in imperial
Austria. Ludwig's father Gustav von Bertalanffy (1861–1919) was a prominent railway
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Today, Bertalanffy is considered to be a founder and one of the principal authors of the interdisciplinary school of thought known as
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372:(1989), he "occupies an important position in the intellectual history of the twentieth century. His contributions went beyond
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404:. Some of his admirers even believe that this theory will one day provide a conceptual framework for all these disciplines".
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Here W is organism weight, t is the time, S is the area of organism surface, and V is a physical volume of the organism.
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published by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1934 is widely used in biological models and exists in a number of permutations.
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228:. On his mother's side Ludwig's grandfather Joseph Vogel was an imperial counsellor and a wealthy Vienna publisher.
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Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science, page: His Life - Bertalanffy's Origins and his First Education
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August Friedrich Robert PĹ«tter (6 April 1879 - 11 March 1929) wrote a textbook on comparative physiology entitled
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are (by Bertalanffy's definition) the "coefficient of anabolism" and "coefficient of catabolism" respectively.
169:(GST). This is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to
1616:
The Relevance of General Systems Theory: Papers Presented to Ludwig Von Bertalanffy on His Seventieth Birthday
140:
Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung (Fechner and the Problem of Higher-Order Integration)
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In 1918, Bertalanffy started his studies at the university level in philosophy and art history, first at the
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1364:"On the Making of a System Theory of Life: Paul A Weiss and Ludwig von Bertalanffy's Conceptual Connection"
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Bertalanffy grew up in Austria and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada, and the United States.
1635:, Center for Systems Research Working Paper No. 89-2. Edmonton AB: University of Alberta, February 1989.
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1944:
1654:
International Society for the Systems Sciences' THE PRIMER PROJECT: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMICS (organismics)
181:
might be applied to closed systems, but not necessarily to "open systems" such as living things. His
1083:, Braunschweig: Vieweg. 2nd rev. ed. by W. Beier and R. Laue, East Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1977
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Foundational to GST are the inter-relationships between elements which all together form the whole.
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and then at the University of Vienna. Ultimately, Bertalanffy had to make a choice between studying
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Passive electrical schematic of the Bertalanffy module together with equivalent expression in the
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metabolism. The ultimate length equals the maximum length at high food availabilities.
365:
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Ludwig von Bertalanffy was born and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf (now
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1952:
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815:{\displaystyle W(t)={\Big (}\eta \,c_{1}-c_{2}\,e^{-{\tfrac {k}{3}}t}{\Big )}^{3}\,,}
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In its simplest version the so-called Bertalanffy growth equation is expressed as a
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working paper by T.E. Weckowicz, University of Alberta Center for Systems Research.
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2017:
1977:
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1951, "General system theory – A new approach to unity of science" (Symposium),
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1587:: The Synergism Hypothesis as a General Theory of Biological and Social Systems
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1001:(GST). The theory attempted to provide alternatives to conventional models of
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1967:
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of an organism's growth over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.
1523:
Nicholas D. Rizzo William Gray (Editor), Nicholas D. Rizzo (Editor), (1973)
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2187:
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2012:
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1074:
Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought
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1104:, Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltorientierung Vol 5. Berlin: LĂĽttke
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377:
174:
54:
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Perspectives on General Systems Theory. Scientific-Philosophical Studies
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1664:
Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory
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Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory
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Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory
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397:
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217:
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Pflūgers Archiv fūr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere
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Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology
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Drack, Manfred; Apfalter, Wilfried; Pouvreau, David (11 March 2017).
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Unity Through Diversity. A Festschrift for Ludwig von Bertalanffy
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To honour Bertalanffy, ecological systems engineer and scientist
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provides a mechanistic explanation of this model in the case of
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1594:
Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy
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Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy
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General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
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Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
1202:, 3/4. (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139-164).
1154:, Heinz Werner lectures, Worcester: Clark University Press.
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Bertalanffy couldn't explain the meaning of the parameters
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1576:, ISSS Luminaries of the Systemics Movement, January 1999.
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The solution of the Bertalanffy equation is the function:
177:
and other fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the classical
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Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Systems Thinking
1670:
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory - Passages
511:{\displaystyle L'(t)=r_{B}\left(L_{\infty }-L(t)\right)}
245:
Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung
1175:, editor Paul A. LaViolette, Boulder: Westview Press,
778:
212:, became a mentor and an example to the young Ludwig.
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Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv Review of World Economics
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Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World
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problematic and left Vienna in 1948. He moved to the
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Bertalanffy was still in the US when he heard of the
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Untersuchungen ĂĽber die Gesetzlichkeit des Wachstums
1224:
1161:, E. Taschdjian (eds.), New York: George Braziller,
1140:, New York: George Braziller, revised edition 1976:
1658:
Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science
249:
Fechner and the Problem of Higher-Order Integration
16:
Austrian biologist and systems theorist (1901–1972)
1093:1955, "An Essay on the Relativity of Categories."
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308:Following the defeat of Nazism, Bertalanffy found
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1033:, Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933
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1646:International Society for the Systems Sciences'
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1118:, New York: George Braziller, 1969 hardcover:
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1492:
1207:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
1205:1950, "An Outline of General System Theory",
977:as the Bertalanffy module (see image right).
2370:Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
1624:http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157
1152:The Organismic Psychology and Systems Theory
2365:Academic staff of the University of Alberta
1475:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/147555.pdf
1090:, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, pp 53–66
1072:, Bern: Europäische Rundschau. In English:
2375:Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
1698:
1684:
1289:Taufbuch Wien-Atzgersdorf, Vol. 15, p. 333
1198:1945, "Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre",
1102:Stammesgeschichte, Umwelt und Menschenbild
985:In the late 1920s, the Soviet philosopher
655:{\displaystyle {\frac {dW}{dt}}=\eta S-kV}
407:
158:(19 September 1901 – 12 June 1972) was an
29:
1387:
1270:
1268:
1086:1953, "Die Evolution der Organismen", in
1063:Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion
808:
768:
744:
980:
588:
2360:Austrian emigrants to the United States
1503:. Moscow: SSO Foundation. p. 607.
1425:"Aleksandr Bogdanov and Systems Theory"
1333:
1331:
1173:A Systems View of Man: Collected Essays
600:
338:State University of New York at Buffalo
2327:
1539:"Um die Allgemeine Organisationslehre"
1536:
1265:
1216:, Dec. 1951, Vol. 23, p. 303-361.
1088:Schöpfungsglaube und Evolutionstheorie
343:In 1972, he died from a heart attack.
251:) on the psychologist and philosopher
1679:
1489:. New York: George Braziller, pp. 136
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
964:
2380:Austrian people of Hungarian descent
2307:
1648:biography of Ludwig von Bertalanffy.
1422:
1418:
1416:
1328:
2249:Systems theory in political science
1705:
1618:, New York: George Braziller, 1972.
1585:Fulfilling von Bertalanffy's Vision
1573:Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972)
1097:, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 243–263.
901:(the coefficient of anabolism) and
547:is the Bertalanffy growth rate and
13:
1564:
1346:
1303:. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher. p.49
1081:Biophysik des Fliessgleichgewichts
559:
483:
259:in 1934 in "theoretical biology".
14:
2436:
1639:
1527:. Gordon & Breach Science Pub
1413:
1027:Kritische Theorie der Formbildung
326:University of Southern California
2425:20th-century Canadian biologists
2345:20th-century Austrian biologists
2306:
2294:
2283:
2282:
1227:
1200:Blätter für deutsche Philosophie
973:named the storage symbol of his
282:. He was also able to visit the
165:known as one of the founders of
1652:http://isss.org/projects/primer
1608:, tripleC 3(2): pp. 20–27.
1530:
1517:
1479:
1368:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1019:
2410:20th-century Austrian nobility
2239:Systems theory in anthropology
1499:Alexandr N. Tetearing (2012).
1455:
1404:
1293:
1281:
1109:Modern Theories of Development
1059:Vom MolekĂĽl zur Organismenwelt
1045:Lebenswissenschaft und Bildung
728:
722:
500:
494:
457:
451:
346:
274:enabled him to make a trip to
35:Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1926
1:
2244:Systems theory in archaeology
1596:, Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.
1485:Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969).
1343:. Working paper Feb 1989. p.2
1274:Bertalanffy, L. von, (1934).
1258:
1243:Bowman–Heidenhain hypothesis
579:dynamic energy budget theory
284:Marine Biological Laboratory
191:
7:
1220:
1029:, Borntraeger. In English:
878:are the certain constants.
567:{\displaystyle L_{\infty }}
156:Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy
10:
2441:
2405:Nobility in the Nazi Party
2385:Austrian untitled nobility
1570:Sabine Brauckmann (1999).
1423:Gare, Arran (2000-11-01).
1040:, G. MĂĽller, MĂĽnchen 1928.
262:Bertalanffy was appointed
2278:
2257:
2231:
1943:
1876:
1828:
1819:
1783:
1740:Coupled human–environment
1713:
1463:Vergleichende Physiologie
1441:10.1080/10855660020020230
1076:, New York: Harper, 1952.
364:, which was pioneered by
149:
133:
119:
112:
98:
88:
69:
40:
28:
21:
1070:Das biologische Weltbild
975:General Systems Language
107:Von Bertalanffy function
2420:Scientists from Ontario
2073:Charles A. S. Hall
1537:Plenge, Johann (1927).
1337:T.E. Weckowicz (1989).
1318:. Retrieved 2009-04-27
595:Energy Systems Language
408:Individual growth model
355:
233:University of Innsbruck
2390:Scientists from Vienna
2355:Theoretical biologists
1993:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1592:Mark Davidson (1983).
1429:Democracy & Nature
1322:July 25, 2011, at the
1299:Mark Davidson (1983).
1235:Systems science portal
1192:general systems theory
1047:, Stenger, Erfurt 1930
955:
935:
915:
895:
872:
845:
816:
701:
681:
656:
597:
568:
541:
512:
362:general systems theory
318:Université de Montréal
272:Rockefeller Foundation
253:Gustav Theodor Fechner
179:laws of thermodynamics
167:general systems theory
103:General systems theory
23:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2270:Principia Cybernetica
1983:Anthony Stafford Beer
1853:Sociotechnical system
1501:Theory of populations
1487:General System Theory
1095:Philosophy of Science
1052:Das GefĂĽge des Lebens
999:general system theory
981:General system theory
956:
936:
934:{\displaystyle \eta }
916:
896:
894:{\displaystyle \eta }
873:
871:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
846:
844:{\displaystyle c_{1}}
817:
702:
682:
680:{\displaystyle \eta }
657:
592:
569:
542:
540:{\displaystyle r_{B}}
513:
424:differential equation
334:University of Alberta
278:in 1937 to work with
237:philosophy of science
2133:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2108:Edward Norton Lorenz
2063:Jay Wright Forrester
1868:World-systems theory
1843:Earth system science
1629:Thaddus E. Weckowicz
1552:: 18–29 – via
1190:from Bertalanffy on
945:
925:
905:
885:
855:
828:
716:
691:
671:
611:
601:Bertalanffy equation
551:
524:
440:
376:, and extended into
330:Menninger Foundation
322:University of Ottawa
314:University of London
268:University of Vienna
247:, translated title:
93:University of Vienna
2395:People from Liesing
2008:Kenneth E. Boulding
1253:Population dynamics
1209:1, p. 114-129.
1054:, Leipzig: Teubner.
1009:over reductionism,
336:(1961–68); and the
2400:Hungarian nobility
2350:Systems biologists
2138:James Grier Miller
2093:Faina M. Kirillova
2053:Heinz von Foerster
2043:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2003:Alexander Bogdanov
1988:Richard E. Bellman
1963:William Ross Ashby
1111:, New York: Harper
987:Alexander Bogdanov
965:Bertalanffy module
951:
931:
911:
891:
868:
841:
812:
787:
697:
677:
652:
598:
564:
537:
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366:Alexander Bogdanov
340:(SUNY) (1969–72).
183:mathematical model
2322:
2321:
2203:Manuela M. Veloso
2118:Humberto Maturana
2058:Stephanie Forrest
2028:C. West Churchman
1953:Russell L. Ackoff
1939:
1938:
1811:Positive feedback
1806:Negative feedback
1510:978-1-365-56080-4
1248:Integrative level
1038:Nikolaus von Kues
954:{\displaystyle k}
914:{\displaystyle k}
786:
700:{\displaystyle k}
667:The coefficients
632:
414:individual growth
280:Nicolas Rashevsky
153:
152:
114:Scientific career
81:Buffalo, New York
51:19 September 1901
2432:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2198:Francisco Varela
1930:Systems thinking
1863:Urban metabolism
1826:
1825:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1660:BCSSS in Vienna.
1558:
1557:
1554:Internet Archive
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1013:over mechanism.
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18:
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2318:
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2227:
2168:Anatol Rapoport
2153:Talcott Parsons
2128:Donella Meadows
2103:Allenna Leonard
2023:Mary Cartwright
2018:Kathleen Carley
1978:Gregory Bateson
1973:Béla H. Bánáthy
1935:
1872:
1821:
1815:
1801:Limiting factor
1796:Leverage points
1779:
1717:
1709:
1707:Systems science
1704:
1642:
1567:
1565:Further reading
1562:
1561:
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1535:
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1484:
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1473:: 298-340, see
1460:
1456:
1421:
1414:
1410:Davidson, p. 51
1409:
1405:
1360:
1347:
1336:
1329:
1324:Wayback Machine
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906:
903:
902:
886:
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862:
858:
856:
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852:
835:
831:
829:
826:
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802:
796:
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773:
769:
762:
758:
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735:
734:
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689:
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672:
669:
668:
624:
616:
614:
612:
609:
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558:
554:
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531:
527:
525:
522:
521:
482:
478:
477:
473:
467:
463:
443:
441:
438:
437:
410:
368:. According to
358:
349:
332:(1958–60); the
328:(1955–58); the
324:(1950–54); the
316:(1948–49); the
194:
143:
105:
89:Alma mater
84:
78:
74:
65:
63:Austria-Hungary
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2438:
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2255:
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2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2223:Anthony Wilden
2220:
2218:Jennifer Wilby
2215:
2213:Norbert Wiener
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Claude Shannon
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Ilya Prigogine
2155:
2150:
2148:Howard T. Odum
2145:
2143:Radhika Nagpal
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Niklas Luhmann
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:George Dantzig
2035:
2033:Manfred Clynes
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:Margaret Boden
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Victor Aladjev
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
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1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
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1888:
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1877:
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1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Living systems
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:Control theory
1829:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
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1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
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1711:
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1667:
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1655:
1649:
1641:
1640:External links
1638:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1619:
1609:
1600:Debora Hammond
1597:
1590:
1577:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1529:
1516:
1509:
1491:
1478:
1454:
1435:(3): 341–359.
1412:
1403:
1380:10.1086/522810
1374:(4): 349–373.
1345:
1327:
1305:
1292:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
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1245:
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1210:
1203:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1155:
1148:
1134:
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1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1066:
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1048:
1041:
1034:
1021:
1018:
982:
979:
971:Howard T. Odum
966:
963:
950:
930:
910:
890:
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861:
838:
834:
811:
805:
799:
791:
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357:
354:
348:
345:
310:denazification
193:
190:
151:
150:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
128:systems theory
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
100:
99:Known for
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
79:
77:(aged 70)
71:
67:
66:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2258:Organizations
2256:
2250:
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2240:
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2221:
2219:
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2209:
2208:Kevin Warwick
2206:
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2179:
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2169:
2166:
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2159:
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2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Margaret Mead
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Lydia Kavraki
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Barbara Grosz
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
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2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Ruzena Bajcsy
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
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1914:
1912:
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1824:
1818:
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1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Doubling time
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
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1758:
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1627:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:eds. (1972).
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:Peter Corning
1578:
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1419:
1417:
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1390:
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1373:
1369:
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1352:
1350:
1342:
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1334:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1290:
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1264:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1215:
1214:Human Biology
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1181:0-86531-094-7
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:0-8076-0797-5
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:0-8076-0453-4
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:0-8076-0530-1
1129:
1126:, paperback:
1125:
1124:0-8076-0428-3
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Johann Plenge
992:
988:
978:
976:
972:
962:
948:
928:
908:
888:
879:
863:
859:
836:
832:
822:
809:
803:
789:
783:
780:
774:
770:
763:
759:
755:
750:
746:
741:
731:
725:
719:
711:
708:
694:
674:
665:
662:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
628:
625:
620:
617:
606:
596:
591:
587:
584:
580:
575:
555:
532:
528:
518:
504:
497:
491:
488:
479:
474:
468:
464:
460:
454:
447:
444:
435:
433:
430:) over time (
429:
425:
420:
418:
415:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
353:
344:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
303:FĂĽhrerprinzip
300:
296:
291:
289:
288:Massachusetts
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
226:administrator
223:
219:
213:
211:
210:Paul Kammerer
207:
203:
199:
189:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
148:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2232:Applications
2188:Katia Sycara
2088:James J. Kay
2078:Mike Jackson
2013:Murray Bowen
1992:
1911:Pharmacology
1906:Neuroscience
1615:
1612:Ervin László
1604:
1593:
1589:, ISCS 2001.
1584:
1572:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1432:
1428:
1406:
1371:
1367:
1338:
1300:
1295:
1283:
1275:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1158:
1151:
1137:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1020:Publications
1015:
1003:organization
990:
984:
968:
880:
823:
712:
709:
666:
663:
607:
604:
576:
519:
436:
431:
427:
421:
411:
359:
350:
342:
320:(1949); the
307:
292:
264:Privatdozent
261:
257:habilitation
248:
244:
230:
214:
195:
187:
155:
154:
139:
113:
75:(1972-06-12)
73:12 June 1972
2340:1972 deaths
2335:1901 births
2178:Peter Senge
2173:John Seddon
2163:Qian Xuesen
2098:George Klir
1901:Engineering
1838:Cybernetics
1820:Theoretical
1770:Recommender
1760:Multi-agent
1755:Information
1061:, Potsdam:
989:pioneered "
426:of length (
378:cybernetics
347:Family life
175:cybernetics
55:Atzgersdorf
2329:Categories
2193:Eric Trist
2048:Fred Emery
1945:Scientists
1921:Psychology
1916:Philosophy
1745:Ecological
1730:Biological
1259:References
1186:The first
398:psychology
394:psychiatry
390:philosophy
299:Nazi Party
218:Klagenfurt
47:1901-09-19
1858:Systemics
1449:1085-5661
991:Tektology
929:η
889:η
775:−
756:−
742:η
675:η
644:−
638:η
583:isomorphs
560:∞
489:−
484:∞
402:sociology
382:education
370:Weckowicz
295:Anschluss
206:Gymnasium
192:Biography
163:biologist
2289:Category
1891:Dynamics
1881:Analysis
1784:Concepts
1750:Economic
1631:(1989).
1602:(2005).
1582:(2001).
1398:18217527
1320:Archived
1221:See also
1188:articles
1011:organism
993:", whom
448:′
160:Austrian
2313:Commons
1896:Ecology
1886:Biology
1765:Nervous
1735:Complex
1389:2874664
386:history
374:biology
276:Chicago
266:at the
241:biology
200:) near
198:Liesing
171:biology
124:Biology
2301:Portal
1926:Theory
1822:fields
1775:Social
1715:System
1672:(1968)
1507:
1447:
1396:
1386:
1179:
1171:1981,
1165:
1157:1975,
1150:1968,
1144:
1136:1968,
1130:
1122:
1114:1967,
1107:1962,
1100:1959,
1079:1953,
1068:1949,
1057:1940,
1050:1937,
1043:1930,
1036:1928,
1025:1928,
1007:holism
824:where
202:Vienna
144:(1926)
142:
135:Thesis
120:Fields
59:Vienna
1718:types
1542:(PDF)
1287:(de)
520:when
417:model
57:near
2265:List
1505:ISBN
1445:ISSN
1394:PMID
1177:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1120:ISBN
941:and
851:and
687:and
577:The
412:The
400:and
356:Work
239:and
222:Graz
126:and
83:, US
70:Died
41:Born
1725:Art
1471:180
1437:doi
1384:PMC
1376:doi
434:):
286:in
2331::
1550:25
1548:.
1544:.
1469:,
1443:.
1431:.
1427:.
1415:^
1392:.
1382:.
1372:82
1370:.
1366:.
1348:^
1330:^
1308:^
1267:^
1194::
961:.
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
305:.
290:.
220:,
173:,
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1932:)
1928:(
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1513:.
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475:(
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458:)
455:t
452:(
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49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
