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952:'Logging emits three times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per acre as wildfire alone. Most of the tree parts unusable for lumber – the branches, tops, bark and sawdust from milling – are burned for energy, sending large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. In contrast, wildfire releases a surprisingly small amount of the carbon in trees, less than 2 percent. Logging in U.S. forests is now responsible for as much annual greenhouse gas emissions as burning coal.' Chad Hanson, Michael Dorsey,
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In
British Columbia, Canada, the BC Forest Safety Council was created in September 2004 as a not-for-profit society dedicated to promoting safety in the forest sector. It works with employers, workers, contractors, and government agencies to implement fundamental changes necessary to make it safer to
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Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes essentially all the standing trees in a selected area. Depending on management objectives, a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration, including wildlife habitat management, mitigation
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and used for the production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of the entire tree including branches and tops. This technique removes both nutrients and soil cover from the site and so can be harmful to the long-term health of the area if no further action is
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to cut the tree down, top, and delimb a tree in the same process. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing. In areas with access to
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In 2008, the logging industry employed 86,000 workers and accounted for 93 deaths. This resulted in a fatality rate of 108.1 deaths per 100,000 workers that year. This rate is over 30 times higher than the overall fatality rate. Forestry/logging-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal) are often
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difficult to track through formal reporting mechanisms. Thus, some programs have begun to monitor injuries through publicly available reports such as news media. The logging industry experiences the highest fatality rate of 23.2 per 100,000
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Logging methods have changed over time, driven by advancements in transporting timber from remote areas to markets. These shifts fall into three main eras: the manual logging era before the 1880s, the railroad logging era from the 1880s to
177:, including the use of corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. It may involve the so-called "
486:, transformed the logging industry, making railroad-based logging obsolete. With the advent of these tools, transporting logs became more efficient as new roads were constructed to access remote forests. However, in protected areas like
204:(or "block cutting") is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value, often diseased or malformed trees, is referred to as
584:" for timber, typically a limb or branch that is no longer attached to a tree, but is still in the canopy either wedged in a crotch, tangled in other limbs, or miraculously balanced on another limb demonstrates another emphasis on
454:, was the cheapest and most common. Some logs, due to high resin content, would sink and were known as deadheads. Logs were also moved with high-wheel loaders, a set of wheels over ten feet tall, initially pulled by oxen.
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212:, the practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees. Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging. Submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create
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Traditionally, the cry of "Timber!" developed as a warning alerting fellow workers in an area that a tree is being felled, so they should be alert to avoid being struck. The term "
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577:. Loggers also deal with severe environmental conditions, such as inclement weather and severe heat or cold. An injured logger is often far from professional emergency treatment.
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taken, however, depending on the species, many of the limbs are often broken off in handling so the result may not be as different from tree-length logging as it might seem.
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In the early days, felled logs were transported using simple methods such as rivers to float tree trunks downstream to sawmills or paper mills. This practice, known as
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The risks experienced in logging operations can be somewhat reduced, where conditions permit, by the use of mechanical tree harvesters, skidders, and forwarders.
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As the logging industry expanded, the 1880s saw the introduction of mechanized equipment like railroads and steam-powered machinery, marking the beginning of the
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Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. There have been advancements to the process which now allows a logger or
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Keifer, Matthew; Casanova, Vanessa; Garland, John; Smidt, Mathew; Struttmann, Tim (2019-04-03). "Foreword by the Editor-in-Chief and Guest
Editors".
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Logging is a dangerous occupation. In the United States, it has consistently been one of the most hazardous industries and was recognized by the
474:. The largest high-wheel loader, the "Bunyan Buggie," was built in 1960 for service in California, featuring wheels 24 feet (7.3 m) high.
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era. Logs were moved more efficiently by railroads built into remote forest areas, often supported by additional methods like high-wheel
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541:(FTE) workers and a non-fatal incident rate of 8.5 per 100 FTE workers. The most common type of injuries or illnesses at work include
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The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which the following three are considered industrial methods:
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Costa, F.; Magnusson, W. (2002). "Selective effects on abundance, diversity, and composition of tropical understory herbs".
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Rodriguez, Anabel; Casanova, Vanessa; Levin, Jeffrey L.; Porras, David Gimeno Ruiz de; Douphrate, David I. (2019-04-03).
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1337:"Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org"
330:(and the nutrients it contains) in the cut area, where it must be further treated if wild land fires are of concern.
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in
Nuniong is the only one of its kind in Australia, with donkey engine, spars, and cables still rigged for work.
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disorders (MSDs), which include an extensive list of "inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the
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fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a
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objectives for clearcutting, (for example, healthy regeneration of new trees on the site) and a focus on
533:(NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.
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This article is about cutting, processing, and moving trees. For electronic recording of events, see
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zones, road building has been restricted to minimize environmental impacts such as erosion in
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Pinard, M. A.; Putz, F. E. (1996). "Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damage".
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After World War II, mechanized logging equipment, including chainsaws, diesel trucks, and
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Shukla, J.; Sellers, P.; Nobre, C. (1990). "Amazon deforestation and climate change".
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systems are used to gather logs from steep terrain, while helicopters are used for
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197:. Additionally, there is significant occupational injury risk involved in logging.
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Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting (
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1871:– Logging and Lumber Mining Photographs from the University of Washington Library
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and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is
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1392:"Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Loggers in the Ark-La-Tex Region"
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Animal logging in the US South and its application in the developing countries
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Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States
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Kinsey
Brothers Photography of the Lumber Industry in the Pacific Northwest
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functions, though their efficiency for these purposes has been challenged.
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Logging frequently has negative impacts. The harvesting procedure itself
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181:". Excess logging can lead to irreparable harm to ecosystems, such as
131:. In common usage, however, the term may cover a range of forestry or
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1317:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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to minimize environmental impact. Less common forms of logging, like
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1484:"Forestry: Guide to Managing Risks of Timber Harvesting Operations"
968:
880:
570:
569:." Loggers work with heavy, moving weights, and use tools such as
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574:
393:
143:
124:
100:
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1683:"Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar"
1119:
954:'The Case Against Commercial Logging in Wildfire-Prone Forests,'
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2585:
2323:
2160:
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2007:
1471:
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Putz, Francis E.; Dykstra, Dennis P.; Heinrich, Rudolf (2000).
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477:
159:
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Industries and
Occupation Photographs in the Pacific Northwest
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and heavy equipment on uneven and sometimes steep or unstable
457:
208:. It is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with
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1290:"CDC – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council"
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558:
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Logging is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw
1389:
881:
Society of
American Foresters, 1998. Dictionary of Forestry.
517:
and the use of oxen, still exist but are mostly superseded.
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3002:
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2671:
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1899:
1865:– A visual history from the UBC Library Digital Collections
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1542:
10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0807:SLEOAD]2.0.CO;2
244:
Clearing 150,000 trees at
Cwmcarn Forest, Ebbw Valle, Wales
92:
1588:
Putz, F.; Sist, P.; Frederickson, T.; Dykstra, D. (2008).
901:
876:
874:
438:, and the modern mechanized era that began after the war.
349:
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1870–1930, northern foothills of the
Adirondack Mountains
1276:
1211:"A look back at the history of the Valley's log flumes"
1084:
871:
1590:"Reduced-impact logging: challenges and opportunities"
630:
Log transportation by rail in
British Columbia in 1920
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1810:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
527:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1236:"Huge Logging Tractor Moves on Wheels 24 Feet High."
189:. Infrastructure for logging can also lead to other
1680:
1176:. Sierra Historic Sites Association. April 27, 1980
1142:"Fire-Silviculture Relationships in Sierra Forests"
1015:"Why Poor Logging Practices Persist in the Tropics"
1012:
193:. These negative environmental impacts can lead to
1816:Publications on timber harvesting in Minnesota, US
1681:Sokal, R. R.; Gurevitch, J.; Brown, K. A. (2004).
1623:
1097:Forest Matters: Just Say No to High Grading page 8
158:products. Logging systems are also used to manage
91:is the process of cutting, processing, and moving
1760:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
998:msnbc.com – Guilty pleas in cedar tree theft
3765:
2998:
1881:Man to Machine: Logging in the Pacific Northwest
441:
249:of potential erosion or water quality concerns.
84:Lumber under snow in Montgomery, Colorado, 1880s
27:Process of cutting, processing, and moving trees
1525:
1334:
1199:, July 1930, pp. 66–70, see p. 67 middle photo
142:for many products societies worldwide use for
103:, on-site processing, and loading of trees or
2984:
1915:
1335:Weichelt, Bryan; Gorucu, Serap (2018-02-17).
1203:
529:(NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the
429:Logging with Belarus MTZ-82-L in Estonia 2021
1858:Naturally:wood Sustainable Forest Management
897:
895:
478:Post-World War II: Modern Mechanized Logging
1853:Pictorial history of logging from 1880–1920
458:1880s to World War II: Railroad Logging Era
2991:
2977:
1922:
1908:
1548:
365:cogeneration facilities, the slash can be
1796:Learn how and when to remove this message
1718:
1708:
1655:
1423:
892:
1139:
980:Virginia Tech: Dealing with Timber Theft
520:
415:
407:
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348:
337:
292:
233:
79:
61:
40:
1863:Logging in North Vancouver in the 1910s
326:and loaded on a truck. This leaves the
14:
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1824:: Investigations into illegal logging.
1510:
2972:
1903:
531:National Occupational Research Agenda
333:
3623:
1740:
1155:. pp. 1167–1176. Archived from
1080:"Environmental hazards from logging"
1074:
1072:
1008:
1006:
403:
356:in French Alps (cable grue Larix 3T)
3645:
2847:
717:Hardwood logs transported down the
51:) being felled using springboards,
24:
1883:– University of Washington Library
1877:– University of Washington Library
1504:
1251:Helicopter logging or Heli-logging
288:
25:
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2196:Global Forest Information Service
1736:
1069:
1003:
690:Bucked old growth wood in Finland
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3600:
3084:
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1818:. Many are applicable elsewhere.
1745:
1446:
1039:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99137.x
768:Deforestation and climate change
726:
710:
695:
683:
657:
635:
623:
603:
412:Timber floating in Vilnius, 1873
2953:
1594:Forest Ecology & Management
1476:
1465:
1440:
1383:
1328:
1307:
1282:
1263:
1244:
1229:
1188:
1166:
1133:
1108:
501:Today, heavy machinery such as
223:
200:Logging can take many formats.
1887:North American forest industry
1511:Bryant, Ralph Clement (1913).
1353:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671
1090:
991:
973:
962:
946:
488:United States National Forests
13:
1:
1648:10.1126/science.247.4948.1322
1449:"Avoiding Widowmakers - Grit"
1408:10.1080/1059924X.2019.1567423
1347:(3): injuryprev–2017–042671.
916:10.1080/1059924X.2019.1596697
864:
806:Lumberjack World Championship
673:
442:Pre-1880s: Pre-Industrial Era
299:Washington Iron Works Skidder
220:, a form of timber recovery.
71:
52:
1929:
1606:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.036
1153:United States Forest Service
823:Logging in the Sierra Nevada
7:
1102:September 26, 2007, at the
741:
592:earn a living in forestry.
10:
3795:
2307:Growth and yield modelling
1140:Weatherspoon, C. Phillip.
811:World Logging Championship
377:
318:Trees are felled and then
227:
29:
3596:
3495:
3393:
3308:
3249:
3183:
3133:Hemispherical photography
3093:
3082:
3013:
2881:Earth sciences portal
2867:Climate change portal
2842:
2719:
2551:
2448:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2393:
2084:
1994:
1937:
1896:online information portal
1840:Life in Logging Camps in
1197:Popular Mechanics Monthly
1174:"Lecture - Hank Johnston"
721:in South America in 1955
191:environmental degradation
3693:Machine and metalworking
3438:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
2453:Great Green Wall (China)
2026:Close to nature forestry
1848:BC Forest Safety Council
1472:BC Forest Safety Council
261:. Other methods include
66:McGiffert Log Loader in
3703:Measuring and alignment
2487:Million Tree Initiative
1710:10.1073/pnas.0401456101
1529:Ecological Applications
1396:Journal of Agromedicine
1241:, June 1960, pp. 96–98.
904:Journal of Agromedicine
858:World Forestry Congress
733:Logs in Mexico in 2018
588:as a safety principle.
2909:Environment portal
2341:Sustainable management
2236:Trillion Tree Campaign
1315:"NIOSH Logging Safety"
1195:"Wanted An-Inventor!"
1162:on September 26, 2006.
618:Horse Logging in Wales
430:
413:
357:
346:
314:/ stem-only harvesting
302:
245:
195:environmental conflict
85:
77:
59:
34:. For other uses, see
2834:Wood process engineer
2538:Urban forest inequity
664:Log transport in the
586:situational awareness
521:Safety considerations
428:
411:
390:Mechanical harvesters
380:Cut-to-length logging
374:Cut-to-length logging
352:
341:
296:
243:
162:, reduce the risk of
83:
65:
44:
3779:Forestry occupations
3668:Cutting and abrasive
3650:WikiProject Forestry
2497:Shifting cultivation
2438:Forest fragmentation
2408:Carbon sequestration
2278:Woodland Carbon Code
2243:Forest certification
2151:Even-aged management
2066:Sustainable forestry
1766:improve this article
1217:. Fresno, California
1019:Conservation Biology
969:Illegal Logging.Info
703:Mechanical harvester
539:full-time equivalent
484:Caterpillar tractors
257:distinguish it from
36:Log (disambiguation)
3193:Aerial firefighting
2302:Formally designated
2146:Ecological thinning
2056:Plantation forestry
1964:Research institutes
1778:footnote references
1701:2004PNAS..101.6045B
1640:1990Sci...247.1322S
1565:1996Biotr..28..278P
1519:J. Wiley & Sons
1149:Redding, California
1031:2000ConBi..14..951P
1000:September 23, 2008
777:or logging railroad
311:Tree-length logging
263:shelterwood cutting
32:Logging (computing)
3533:Hydraulic debarker
3508:Firewood processor
2895:Ecology portal
2428:Forest degradation
2423:Ecosystem services
2031:Community forestry
1892:2016-01-23 at the
1822:EIA forest reports
1256:2009-06-04 at the
985:2008-10-17 at the
886:2011-07-25 at the
652:, Finland, in 2009
431:
414:
358:
347:
334:Whole-tree logging
303:
246:
218:underwater logging
99:. It may include
95:to a location for
86:
78:
60:
3727:
3726:
3538:Log house moulder
3064:Tree planting bar
3039:Groasis Waterboxx
2966:
2965:
2923:Plants portal
2709:green woodworking
1830:Reports and info.
1806:
1805:
1798:
1695:(16): 6045–6049.
1341:Injury Prevention
666:Dutch East Indies
613:
565:, and supporting
563:peripheral nerves
426:
404:Transporting logs
283:retention cutting
275:seed-tree cutting
241:
210:selection cutting
187:biodiversity loss
16:(Redirected from
3786:
3756:
3755:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3648:
3647:
3626:
3625:
3604:
3603:
3583:Wood-drying kiln
3518:Forestry mulcher
3468:Washington Winch
3370:Portable sawmill
3185:Fire suppression
3088:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2937:Trees portal
2935:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2571:Forest gardening
2528:Timber recycling
2475:Invasive species
2363:Tree measurement
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1812:– Logging safety
1801:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1677:
1659:
1634:(7): 1322–1325.
1620:
1618:
1617:
1608:. Archived from
1600:(7): 1427–1433.
1584:
1545:
1522:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1261:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1118:. Archived from
1116:"Triton Logging"
1112:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1010:
1001:
995:
989:
977:
971:
966:
960:
950:
944:
943:
899:
890:
878:
749:Ark (river boat)
730:
714:
699:
687:
678:
675:
661:
639:
627:
615:
614:
464:railroad logging
427:
313:
312:
271:single selective
242:
76:
73:
57:
56: 1884–1917
54:
21:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3592:
3491:
3389:
3338:safety features
3333:safety clothing
3304:
3245:
3179:
3143:Increment borer
3089:
3080:
3018:
3009:
2997:
2967:
2962:
2929:
2915:
2901:
2889:
2887:
2875:
2873:
2861:
2859:
2838:
2715:
2692:spruce-pine-fir
2665:Christmas trees
2547:
2463:Illegal logging
2395:
2389:
2104:Controlled burn
2089:
2080:
2061:Social forestry
2041:Energy forestry
2021:Bamboo forestry
2016:Analog forestry
1990:
1933:
1928:
1894:Wayback Machine
1835:Reynoldston, NY
1802:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1763:
1754:This section's
1750:
1746:
1739:
1615:
1613:
1573:10.2307/2389193
1507:
1505:Further reading
1502:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1441:
1388:
1384:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1258:Wayback Machine
1249:
1245:
1239:Popular Science
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:Wayback Machine
1095:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
987:Wayback Machine
978:
974:
967:
963:
951:
947:
900:
893:
888:Wayback Machine
879:
872:
867:
862:
828:Salvage logging
758:Skyline logging
744:
739:
738:
737:
734:
731:
722:
715:
706:
700:
691:
688:
679:
676:
662:
653:
640:
631:
628:
619:
616:
604:
543:musculoskeletal
523:
490:and designated
480:
470:, tractors and
460:
444:
416:
406:
382:
376:
336:
316:
310:
309:
291:
289:Logging methods
267:group selective
234:
232:
226:
154:, and consumer
74:
55:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Types of tools
3654:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:Forest railway
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Feller buncher
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3300:Splitting maul
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3225:Fire retardant
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Biltmore stick
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3011:
3010:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2926:
2912:
2898:
2884:
2870:
2856:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Timber cruiser
2821:
2819:Shingle weaver
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2655:Rail transport
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2596:pulp and paper
2593:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Forest farming
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2514:slash-and-char
2511:
2509:slash-and-burn
2506:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Forest dieback
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2076:Urban forestry
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1842:Reynoldston NY
1838:
1831:
1828:EIA in the USA
1825:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1758:external links
1753:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1737:External links
1735:
1734:
1733:
1678:
1621:
1585:
1559:(3): 278–295.
1546:
1536:(3): 807–819.
1523:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1475:
1464:
1447:Love, Joseph.
1439:
1402:(2): 167–176.
1382:
1327:
1306:
1281:
1262:
1260:, Forestry.com
1243:
1228:
1202:
1187:
1165:
1132:
1107:
1089:
1068:
1025:(4): 951–956.
1002:
990:
972:
961:
959:30 July 2022.
957:New York Times
945:
910:(2): 119–120.
891:
869:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Timber rafting
840:
835:
833:Shovel logging
830:
825:
820:
819:
818:
813:
808:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
775:Forest railway
772:
771:
770:
760:
751:
745:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
725:
723:
719:Suriname River
716:
709:
707:
701:
694:
692:
689:
682:
680:
663:
656:
654:
643:Timber rafting
641:
634:
632:
629:
622:
620:
617:
602:
599:
598:
597:
522:
519:
496:riparian zones
479:
476:
459:
456:
452:timber rafting
443:
440:
405:
402:
378:Main article:
375:
372:
335:
332:
315:
307:
290:
287:
228:Main article:
225:
222:
175:may be illegal
166:, and restore
45:A Eucalyptus (
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3791:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Whoopie sling
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Chainsaw mill
3561:
3559:
3558:Stump grinder
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
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3459:
3456:
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3446:
3444:
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3439:
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3434:
3431:
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3406:
3404:
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3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
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3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Diameter tape
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:afforestation
3016:
3015:Tree planting
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Rubber tapper
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Choker setter
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:Manufacturing
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
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2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
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2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
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2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Deforestation
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:Environmental
2392:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
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2364:
2361:
2357:
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2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:reforestation
2293:
2291:
2290:afforestation
2288:
2287:
2286:
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2099:Arboriculture
2097:
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2064:
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2051:Permaforestry
2049:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
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2019:
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1774:inappropriate
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1612:on 2021-01-26
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1215:ABC 30 (KFSN)
1212:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1180:September 29,
1175:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1122:on 2011-02-08
1121:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1086:. 2020-10-04.
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
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849:
848:Wood industry
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
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821:
817:
814:
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802:
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797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
766:
765:
764:
763:Deforestation
761:
759:
755:
754:Cable logging
752:
750:
747:
746:
729:
724:
720:
713:
708:
704:
698:
693:
686:
681:
671:
667:
660:
655:
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633:
626:
621:
601:
600:
596:
593:
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
567:blood vessels
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
532:
528:
518:
516:
515:horse logging
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
439:
437:
410:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
381:
371:
368:
363:
355:
354:Cable logging
351:
344:
343:Horse logging
340:
331:
329:
325:
321:
306:
300:
295:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:deforestation
256:
252:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:deforestation
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:skeleton cars
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
82:
69:
64:
50:
49:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3627:
3605:
3523:Hand compass
3475:Steam donkey
3394:
3360:Lumber edger
3345:Crosscut saw
3290:Log splitter
3215:Fire flapper
3170:Tree caliper
3138:Inclinometer
3123:Cruising rod
3072:(Tuley tube)
3070:Tree shelter
3066:(dibble bar)
3054:Root trainer
2928:
2914:
2900:
2886:
2872:
2858:
2851:
2829:Tree planter
2809:Resin tapper
2789:Truck driver
2784:River driver
2575:
2533:Tree hugging
2518:
2501:
2468:timber mafia
2458:High grading
2443:Ghost forest
2413:Clearcutting
2336:Silviculture
2312:Horticulture
2156:Fire ecology
2071:Urban forest
2046:Mycoforestry
2006:
2002:Agroforestry
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1950:Forest areas
1948:
1941:
1792:
1783:
1768:by removing
1755:
1692:
1686:
1631:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1597:
1593:
1556:
1550:
1533:
1527:
1517:. New York:
1513:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1453:www.grit.com
1452:
1442:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1296:. 2019-02-10
1293:
1284:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1221:November 19,
1219:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1168:
1157:the original
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1110:
1092:
1083:
1022:
1018:
993:
975:
964:
948:
907:
903:
853:Wood economy
838:Silviculture
816:Logging camp
786:Heli-logging
781:Logging road
594:
590:
579:
535:
524:
511:heli-logging
500:
481:
461:
445:
436:World War II
432:
383:
359:
317:
304:
251:Silviculture
247:
230:Clearcutting
224:Clearcutting
206:high grading
202:Clearcutting
199:
179:timber mafia
172:
148:construction
137:
135:activities.
133:silviculture
123:, usually a
88:
87:
46:
3718:Woodworking
3588:Woodchipper
3380:Two-man saw
3295:Marking axe
3276:(shake axe)
3175:Wedge prism
3148:Rangefinder
3108:Angle gauge
3095:Mensuration
3028:Caulk boots
2853:WikiProject
2777:smokejumper
2757:Firefighter
2720:Occupations
2704:Woodworking
2285:Forestation
2216:restoration
2171:informatics
2036:Ecoforestry
1833:Logging in
1294:www.cdc.gov
791:Log driving
677: 1870
448:log driving
129:lumber yard
75: 1907
58:, Australia
3768:Categories
3606:Categories
3428:Helicopter
3269:Brush hook
3103:3D scanner
3076:Tree spade
3049:Pottiputki
2799:Lumberjack
2794:Log scaler
2677:engineered
2628:non-timber
2601:sawmilling
2553:Industries
2520:svedjebruk
2231:transition
2211:protection
2201:old-growth
2186:governance
2141:Dendrology
2091:management
1957:Ministries
1657:10535/2838
1616:2018-04-29
1552:Biotropica
1493:2023-04-20
1458:2024-02-27
1321:2010-04-19
1300:2019-03-14
1126:2011-04-25
865:References
801:Lumberjack
796:Log scaler
582:widowmaker
492:wilderness
472:log flumes
214:reservoirs
68:East Texas
48:Eucalyptus
3638:equipment
3616:equipment
3568:Tree tyer
3548:Log flume
3528:Hand hook
3458:Skid cone
3453:Pike pole
3448:Pickaroon
3433:Log truck
3423:Harvester
3413:Forwarder
3403:Cant hook
3237:(rakehoe)
3220:Fire rake
3210:Driptorch
3165:Relascope
3160:Microtome
3059:Seed trap
3007:equipment
2747:Ecologist
2660:Tree farm
2561:Coppicing
2503:chitemene
2403:Acid rain
2351:allometry
2273:SmartWood
2221:secondary
2206:pathology
2181:inventory
2119:driftwood
1985:Arbor Day
1844:1870–1930
1770:excessive
1416:1059-924X
1361:1353-8047
1047:0888-8892
940:150081506
924:1059-924X
670:Indonesia
571:chainsaws
555:ligaments
398:forwarder
362:harvester
345:in Poland
279:patch cut
168:ecosystem
164:wildfires
97:transport
18:Lumberman
3758:Business
3673:Forestry
3663:Cleaning
3543:Log pond
3503:Denailer
3418:Go-devil
3355:Head saw
3328:Chainsaw
3264:Broadaxe
3259:Billhook
3230:Helitack
3035:(hoedag)
3000:Forestry
2948:Category
2762:handcrew
2732:Arborist
2727:Forester
2687:mahogany
2633:palm oil
2623:charcoal
2608:Products
2543:Wildfire
2356:breeding
2317:GM trees
2166:dynamics
1978:Journals
1971:Colleges
1931:Forestry
1890:Archived
1786:May 2018
1729:15067121
1666:17843795
1434:30624156
1369:29386372
1254:Archived
1100:Archived
1063:40156577
983:Archived
932:30890041
884:Archived
742:See also
386:pulpwood
320:delimbed
255:forestry
140:material
117:forestry
101:skidding
3774:Logging
3732:Portals
3698:Masonry
3688:Kitchen
3628:Commons
3553:Machete
3463:Skidder
3395:Logging
3385:Whipsaw
3365:Polesaw
3350:Dragsaw
3323:Bucksaw
3318:Bow saw
3280:Hatchet
3241:Pulaski
3044:Mattock
2958:Outline
2772:lookout
2767:hotshot
2648:tanbark
2618:biomass
2613:biochar
2591:plywood
2576:Logging
2480:wilding
2129:log jam
2086:Ecology
1764:Please
1756:use of
1697:Bibcode
1674:8361418
1636:Bibcode
1627:Science
1581:2389193
1561:Bibcode
1425:7008449
1377:3371442
1055:2641994
1027:Bibcode
705:at work
647:Joensuu
575:terrain
551:tendons
547:muscles
507:skyline
503:yarders
468:loaders
394:skidder
367:chipped
160:forests
144:housing
125:sawmill
89:Logging
3708:Mining
3678:Garden
3573:Tsakat
3480:Yarder
3443:Peavey
3285:Labrys
3235:McLeod
3033:Hoedad
2804:Ranger
2752:Feller
2737:Bucker
2643:rubber
2586:lumber
2396:topics
2383:volume
2378:height
2324:i-Tree
2161:Forest
2114:coarse
2109:Debris
2008:dehesa
1727:
1720:395920
1717:
1672:
1664:
1579:
1432:
1422:
1414:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1061:
1053:
1045:
938:
930:
922:
559:joints
324:bucked
281:, and
152:energy
121:forest
109:trucks
70:, US,
3746:Trees
3713:Power
3633:tools
3611:tools
3496:Other
3485:swing
3375:Resaw
3198:DC-10
3153:laser
3118:Chain
3003:tools
2638:rayon
2373:girth
2368:crown
2329:urban
2226:stand
2134:slash
2124:large
1995:Types
1943:Index
1670:S2CID
1577:JSTOR
1488:Trove
1373:S2CID
1160:(PDF)
1145:(PDF)
1059:S2CID
1051:JSTOR
936:S2CID
668:(now
650:canal
328:slash
156:paper
127:or a
115:. In
107:onto
93:trees
3683:Hand
3310:Saws
3274:Froe
3251:Axes
3203:UAVs
3005:and
2697:teak
2682:fuel
2672:Wood
2492:REDD
2346:Tree
2263:PEFC
2248:ATFS
1725:PMID
1688:PNAS
1662:PMID
1430:PMID
1412:ISSN
1365:PMID
1357:ISSN
1223:2022
1182:2024
1043:ISSN
928:PMID
920:ISSN
505:and
297:The
185:and
105:logs
2268:SFI
2258:FSC
2253:CFS
2191:law
2176:IPM
2088:and
1772:or
1715:PMC
1705:doi
1693:101
1652:hdl
1644:doi
1632:247
1602:doi
1598:256
1569:doi
1538:doi
1420:PMC
1404:doi
1349:doi
1277:FAO
1035:doi
912:doi
645:in
450:or
396:or
111:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
