58:
50:
2579:
42:
1444:
31:
855:
166:
due to a magnetic anomaly. The swirls represent exposed silicate materials whose albedos have been selectively preserved over time from the effects of space weathering via deflection of solar wind ion bombardment. According to this model, optical maturation of exposed silicate surfaces is a result of
87:), and (often) having a sinuous shape. Their curvilinear shape is often accentuated by low albedo regions that wind between the bright swirls. They appear to overlay the lunar surface, superposed on craters and ejecta deposits, but impart no observable topography. Swirls have been identified on the
148:
This model argues that the high albedo of the swirls is the result of an impact with a comet. The impact would cause scouring of the top-most surface regolith by the coma's turbulent flow of gas and dust, which exposed fresh material and redeposited the fine, scoured material in discrete deposits.
107:
with relatively high strength on a planetary body that lacks, and may never have had, an active core dynamo with which to generate its own magnetic field. Every swirl has an associated magnetic anomaly, but not every magnetic anomaly has an identifiable swirl. Orbital magnetic field mapping by the
95:- they are not associated with a specific lithologic composition. Swirls on the maria are characterized by strong albedo contrasts and complex, sinuous morphology, whereas those on highland terrain appear less prominent and exhibit simpler shapes, such as single loops or diffuse bright spots.
153:
through hyper-velocity gas collisions and micro-impacts as the coma impacted the surface. Proponents of the cometary impact model consider the occurrence of many swirls antipodal to the major basins to be coincidental or the result of incomplete mapping of swirl locations.
186:
material is the dominant component of the finest particles of lunar soil. Electrostatic movement of dust lofted above the surface during terminator crossings could cause this material to preferentially accumulate and form the bright, looping swirl patterns.
782:
279:
CP-11 task order. The rover, carrying a multispectral microscope, will determine coarseness and brightness of surface particles and transmit its data to the lander, which will communicate with Earth-based handlers.
132:
There are three leading models for swirl formation. Each model must address two characteristics of lunar swirls formation, namely that a swirl is optically immature, and that it is associated with magnetic anomaly.
2555:
124:
show regions with a local magnetic field. Because the Moon has no currently active global magnetic field, these regional anomalies are regions of remnant magnetism; their origin remains controversial.
182:
This model argues that weak electric fields created by interaction between the crustal magnetic anomalies and the solar wind plasma could attract or repel electrically charged fine dust. High–albedo
2502:
2460:
721:
Bi-Sat
Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere Above Swirls (BOLAS): Tethered SmallSat Investigation of Hydration and Space Weathering Processes at the Moon
369:"Local and regional lunar regolith characteristics at Reiner Gamma Formation: Optical and spectroscopic properties from Clementine and Earth-based data"
2495:
723:. (PDF) Stubbs, T. J.; Malphrus, B. K.; Hoyt, R., etal. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; 19–23 March 2018 at The Woodlands, Texas, USA.
167:
solar wind ion bombardment. This model suggests that swirl formation is a continuing process, which began after creation of the magnetic anomaly.
1178:
136:
Models for creation of the magnetic anomalies associated with lunar swirls point to the observation that several of the magnetic anomalies are
149:
According to this model, the associated strong magnetic anomalies are the result of magnetization of near-surface materials heated above the
805:
1183:
733:
696:
174:
could have become magnetic as they cooled, which would provide a magnetic field consistent with the observations near the lunar swirls.
2488:
2135:
899:
2069:
656:"M spectral analysis of lunar swirls and the link between optical maturation and surface hydroxyl formation at magnetic anomalies"
2609:
268:
2474:
2467:
2604:
259:
NASA intends to send a rover to Reiner Gamma to obtain in-situ observations of the surface materials there. Funding for the
1337:
534:
237:
mission concept is under study at NASA, with the goal of understanding the formation of the lunar swirls. The proposed
552:
Garrick-Bethell, Ian; et al. (2011). "Spectral properties, magnetic fields, and dust transport at lunar swirls".
1200:
1129:
276:
457:
2533:
2518:
1195:
1940:
1926:
207:. The results of these observations are inconsistent with the Cometary impact model. Further observations by the
2614:
2092:
2085:
2062:
1372:
316:
L. L. Hood; P. J. Coleman & D. E. Wilhelms (1979). "The Moon: Sources of the crustal magnetic anomalies".
1753:
1558:
1056:
998:
892:
859:
195:
Direct magnetic observations of the lunar swirls have been conducted by several lunar spacecraft, including
2121:
209:
17:
483:
L. L. Hood & G. Schubert (1980). "The Moon: Lunar magnetic anomalies and surface optical properties".
2264:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1769:
1216:
1933:
1581:
1475:
1461:
1409:
1221:
1061:
872:
289:
264:
104:
1776:
1744:
932:
2158:
2018:
1231:
1013:
993:
885:
2481:
2112:
1986:
1726:
1416:
1393:
1241:
1114:
1109:
922:
828:
197:
767:
162:
This model argues that swirls are formed because lighter-colored regolith is protected from the
2025:
1656:
1430:
1386:
1330:
1236:
1226:
1066:
217:
753:
83:, appearing optically immature (i.e. having the optical characteristics of a relatively young
2562:
2078:
2048:
1760:
1691:
1036:
2391:
2377:
2195:
2144:
1698:
1071:
667:
626:
561:
492:
421:
380:
325:
230:, which also supports the hypothesis that solar wind is being deflected in the pale areas.
720:
8:
2174:
2011:
1355:
654:
Kramer, Georgiana Y.; Besse, Sebastien; Dhingra, Deepak; et al. (9 September 2011).
588:
92:
57:
671:
630:
565:
496:
425:
384:
329:
2359:
2211:
1979:
1880:
1627:
1565:
1523:
1124:
516:
439:
349:
239:
613:
Blewett, David T.; Coman, Ecaterina I.; Hawke, B. Ray; et al. (3 February 2011).
298: – Region of a planet's surface which contrasts in brightness to its surroundings
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2301:
2000:
1965:
1958:
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1323:
1156:
1139:
1100:
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963:
508:
341:
150:
520:
292: – Short-lived light, color, or change in appearance on the surface of the Moon
247:
mission would involve two small satellites connected with a 25 km (16 mi)
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2101:
1903:
1719:
1712:
1672:
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1443:
1302:
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1150:
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634:
569:
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443:
429:
388:
367:
P. C. Pinet; V. V. Shevchenko; S. D. Chevrel; Y. Daydou & C. Rosemberg (2000).
353:
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117:
1820:
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2181:
2034:
1797:
1297:
1292:
573:
366:
137:
62:
615:"Lunar swirls: Examining crustal magnetic anomalies and space weathering trends"
504:
337:
2204:
2128:
1993:
1910:
1887:
1251:
1031:
295:
251:. The lower CubeSat would orbit at an altitude of six miles above the surface.
2598:
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1806:
1643:
1620:
1588:
1574:
1551:
1246:
1081:
1076:
988:
983:
908:
806:"Lunar Vertex: Solving mysteries swirling around the Moon's magnetic regions"
222:
783:"A dynamic duo will help demystify the magnetic secrets of the lunar swirls"
2416:
2232:
2151:
1972:
1665:
1505:
1379:
1008:
1003:
978:
512:
345:
248:
35:
1790:
213:
support the model that solar wind is being deflected by a magnetic field.
2525:
2509:
2451:
2423:
2409:
2384:
2275:
2225:
1896:
1634:
1613:
1400:
1282:
1188:
1051:
1041:
768:"NASA Payloads for (CLPS PRISM) CP-11 – Intuitive Machines Nova-C Lander"
680:
655:
639:
614:
393:
368:
272:
49:
2338:
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1783:
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968:
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434:
409:
315:
227:
113:
109:
66:
41:
803:
734:"NASA Selects New Science Investigations for Future Moon Deliveries"
2352:
2310:
2287:
2165:
1530:
183:
84:
877:
1544:
1119:
234:
458:"Crashing Comets May Explain Mysterious Lunar Swirls - SpaceRef"
1173:
1145:
927:
854:
121:
80:
30:
2218:
2041:
1859:
1482:
697:"NASA Studies Tethered CubeSat Mission to Study Lunar Swirls"
612:
226:
confirmed that the lighter-colored regions are deficient in
2250:
1606:
1346:
738:
76:
653:
535:"Lunar Swirls Point to the Moon's Volcanic Magnetic Past"
407:
240:
34:
1315:
170:
Mathematical simulations conducted in 2018 showed that
545:
98:
482:
79:'s surface, which are characterized by having a high
551:
103:
The lunar swirls are coincident with regions of the
140:to the younger, large impact basins on the Moon.
2596:
476:
401:
746:
1331:
893:
826:
410:"Cometary collisions on the Moon and Mercury"
157:
360:
829:"Lunar Vertex - solving a magnetic mystery"
780:
586:
309:
1338:
1324:
900:
886:
804:Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.
726:
679:
638:
433:
392:
190:
408:P. H. Schultz & L. J. Srnka (1980).
254:
143:
75:are enigmatic features found across the
56:
48:
40:
29:
177:
27:Enigmatic features on the lunar surface
14:
2597:
694:
267:, was selected for flight through the
1319:
881:
760:
275:for the mission was included in the
271:call for proposals. Delivery of the
907:
587:Steigerwald, Bill (28 April 2016).
127:
99:Association with magnetic anomalies
45:Another view of Reiner Gamma swirls
24:
25:
2626:
2556:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
1201:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
847:
2578:
2577:
2519:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1442:
853:
1941:Selenographic coordinate system
820:
797:
781:Sam Zlotnik (2 November 2022).
774:
742:(Press release). June 10, 2021.
714:
688:
660:Journal of Geophysical Research
647:
619:Journal of Geophysical Research
373:Journal of Geophysical Research
2610:Unsolved problems in astronomy
2468:Artificial objects on the Moon
695:Jenner, Lynn (8 August 2017).
606:
580:
527:
450:
13:
1:
1559:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
1057:Interplanetary magnetic field
999:Magnetosphere particle motion
866:
302:
216:Spectral observations by the
2605:Surface features of the Moon
2534:Moon is made of green cheese
1828:Permanently shadowed craters
574:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.036
210:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
7:
505:10.1126/science.208.4439.49
338:10.1126/science.204.4388.53
283:
10:
2631:
2461:Craters named after people
1934:Transient lunar phenomenon
1582:Solar eclipses on the Moon
1062:Heliospheric current sheet
873:Transient lunar phenomenon
589:"Lunar Tattoos: New Clues"
290:Transient lunar phenomenon
265:Applied Physics Laboratory
158:Solar wind shielding model
105:magnetic field of the Moon
2572:
2401:
2369:
2274:
2191:
2111:
1950:
1653:
1451:
1440:
1362:
1353:
1260:
1209:
1166:
1090:
1022:
956:
915:
1345:
1014:Van Allen radiation belt
994:Magnetosphere chronology
263:mission, run by the JHU
2482:Moon in science fiction
1987:Giant-impact hypothesis
1835:South Pole–Aitken basin
923:Atmospheric circulation
2503:futuristic exploration
2026:Late Heavy Bombardment
933:Earth's magnetic field
785:. Smithsonian Magazine
218:Moon Mineralogy Mapper
191:Satellite measurements
69:
54:
46:
38:
2615:Unexplained phenomena
2563:Splitting of the Moon
2475:Memorials on the Moon
2079:Lunar sample displays
1761:Peak of eternal light
1037:Coronal mass ejection
957:Earth's magnetosphere
255:Onsite investigations
144:Cometary impact model
60:
52:
44:
33:
1210:Other magnetospheres
1072:Solar particle event
862:at Wikimedia Commons
681:10.1029/2010JE003729
640:10.1029/2010JE003656
394:10.1029/1999JE001086
178:Dust transport model
2063:Lunar laser ranging
827:Johns Hopkins APL.
672:2011JGRE..116.0G18K
631:2011JGRE..116.2002B
566:2011Icar..212..480G
541:. 6 September 2018.
497:1980Sci...208...49H
426:1980Natur.284...22S
385:2000JGR...105.9457P
330:1979Sci...204...53H
2212:Lunisolar calendar
1881:Lunar basalt 70017
1628:Tidal acceleration
1483:Perigee and apogee
1373:Internal structure
70:
55:
47:
39:
2592:
2591:
2542:Natural satellite
2001:Lunar magma ocean
1777:Volcanic features
1313:
1312:
1167:Research projects
1135:
1106:
1047:Geomagnetic storm
964:Birkeland current
858:Media related to
831:. APL Civil Space
808:. APL Civil Space
379:(E4): 9457–9476.
151:Curie temperature
16:(Redirected from
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2412:
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2385:Meridian passage
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2334:
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2320:
2313:
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2207:
2184:
2177:
2168:
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2154:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2104:
2102:Lunar seismology
2095:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2035:Lunar meteorites
2028:
2021:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1913:
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1904:Space weathering
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1547:
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1501:
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1469:Orbital elements
1464:
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1426:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1151:Van Allen Probes
1133:
1104:
916:Submagnetosphere
902:
895:
888:
879:
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841:
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836:
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435:10.1038/284022a0
405:
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204:Lunar Prospector
128:Formation models
118:Lunar Prospector
116:sub-satellites,
21:
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2445:Man in the Moon
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2370:Daily phenomena
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2318:Super and micro
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2300:
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2256:
2249:
2242:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2182:Lunar resources
2180:
2173:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1909:
1902:
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1385:
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1358:
1349:
1344:
1314:
1309:
1256:
1205:
1162:
1086:
1018:
952:
911:
909:Magnetospherics
906:
869:
850:
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652:
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611:
607:
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581:
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546:
533:
532:
528:
491:(4439): 49–51.
481:
477:
467:
465:
456:
455:
451:
420:(5751): 22–26.
406:
402:
365:
361:
324:(4388): 53–57.
314:
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305:
286:
257:
193:
180:
160:
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130:
101:
61:Swirls east of
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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2314:
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2291:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2265:Lunar distance
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2215:
2208:
2205:Lunar calendar
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2148:
2141:
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2132:
2129:Apollo program
2117:
2115:
2109:
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2105:
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2008:
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2005:
2004:
1997:
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1969:
1962:
1954:
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1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1911:Micrometeorite
1900:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:Changesite-(Y)
1884:
1870:
1867:Wrinkle ridges
1863:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1803:
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1801:
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1702:
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1683:
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1669:
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1520:
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1495:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1465:
1462:Lunar distance
1457:
1455:
1449:
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1441:
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1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1420:
1413:
1410:Magnetic field
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1262:
1261:Related topics
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1032:Magnetic cloud
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849:
848:External links
846:
843:
842:
819:
796:
773:
759:
754:"Lunar Vertex"
745:
725:
713:
687:
646:
625:(E2): E02002.
605:
579:
560:(2): 480–492.
544:
526:
475:
449:
400:
359:
307:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:Albedo feature
293:
285:
282:
256:
253:
233:As of 2018, a
220:instrument on
192:
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2549:Double planet
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2439:
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2432:
2431:Moon illusion
2428:
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2421:
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2414:
2411:
2410:Lunar deities
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2259:
2258:Lunar station
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2192:Time-telling
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1644:Lunar station
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1621:Tidal locking
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1589:Eclipse cycle
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1575:Solar eclipse
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1552:Lunar eclipse
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1082:Space weather
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1077:Space climate
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989:Magnetosphere
987:
985:
984:Magnetosheath
982:
980:
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464:. 1 June 2015
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223:Chandrayaan-1
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65:crater, from
64:
59:
51:
43:
37:
32:
19:
2417:Lunar effect
2233:Nodal period
2159:Colonization
1973:Lunar theory
1850:
1666:Selenography
1506:Nodal period
1283:Ring systems
1278:Lunar swirls
1277:
1155:
1138:
1009:Ring current
1004:Plasmasphere
979:Magnetopause
860:Lunar swirls
833:. Retrieved
822:
810:. Retrieved
799:
787:. Retrieved
776:
762:
748:
737:
728:
716:
706:10 September
704:. Retrieved
700:
690:
663:
659:
649:
622:
618:
608:
598:10 September
596:. Retrieved
592:
582:
557:
553:
547:
539:spaceref.com
538:
529:
488:
484:
478:
468:10 September
466:. Retrieved
462:spaceref.com
461:
452:
417:
413:
403:
376:
372:
362:
321:
317:
311:
261:Lunar Vertex
260:
258:
249:space tether
244:
238:
232:
221:
215:
208:
202:
196:
194:
181:
169:
161:
147:
135:
131:
102:
73:Lunar swirls
72:
71:
53:Mare Ingenii
36:Reiner Gamma
18:Lunar Swirls
2526:Moon Treaty
2510:Hollow Moon
2452:Moon rabbit
2424:Earth phase
2226:Lunar month
2113:Exploration
2057:Experiments
1959:Observation
1821:Ray systems
1686:Hemispheres
1654:Surface and
1635:Tidal range
1614:Tidal force
1417:Sodium tail
1401:Hill sphere
1189:Unwin Radar
1115:Double Star
1052:Heliosphere
1042:Solar flare
835:22 November
812:22 November
789:22 November
184:feldspathic
89:lunar maria
2599:Categories
2496:Apollo era
2438:Pareidolia
2196:navigation
1918:Sputtering
1798:Lava tubes
1720:South pole
1713:North pole
1673:Terminator
1515:Precession
1431:Earthshine
1387:Atmosphere
1380:Topography
1365:properties
1237:Ganymedian
1110:Cluster II
1091:Satellites
1067:Heliopause
1024:Solar wind
974:Ionosphere
948:Polar wind
943:Jet stream
666:: E00G18.
303:References
198:Clementine
172:lava tubes
164:solar wind
2244:Fortnight
2136:Explorers
2093:Apollo 17
2086:Apollo 11
2049:Volcanism
2019:Timescale
1966:Libration
1754:Mountains
1692:Near side
1598:Supermoon
1538:Full moon
1492:Libration
1424:Moonlight
1273:Gas torus
1268:Flux tube
1252:Neptunian
1242:Saturnian
1196:SuperDARN
1097:Full list
969:Bow shock
938:Geosphere
756:. JHUAPL.
228:hydroxide
138:antipodal
110:Apollo 15
93:highlands
67:Apollo 10
2583:Category
2378:Moonrise
2311:Crescent
2251:Sennight
2166:Moonbase
2122:Missions
1791:Calderas
1699:Far side
1657:features
1545:Eclipses
1531:New moon
1476:Distance
1363:Physical
867:See also
521:42500916
513:17731569
346:17816737
284:See also
85:regolith
2402:Related
2392:Moonset
2175:Tourism
2152:Landing
2012:Geology
1951:Science
1807:Craters
1770:Valleys
1356:Outline
1303:Neptune
1288:Jupiter
1247:Uranian
1227:Martian
1217:Hermian
1120:Geotail
770:. NASA.
668:Bibcode
627:Bibcode
562:Bibcode
493:Bibcode
485:Science
444:4241425
422:Bibcode
381:Bibcode
354:9385779
326:Bibcode
318:Science
235:CubeSat
91:and on
2360:Tetrad
2276:Phases
2145:Probes
1980:Origin
1927:Quakes
1860:Rilles
1851:swirls
1566:Tetrad
1524:Syzygy
1298:Uranus
1293:Saturn
1232:Jovian
1174:EISCAT
1146:THEMIS
1134:(2015)
1132:
1105:(2016)
1103:
928:Aurora
554:Icarus
519:
511:
442:
414:Nature
352:
344:
122:Kaguya
120:, and
81:albedo
63:Firsov
2339:Black
2325:Blood
2302:Names
2280:names
2219:Month
2070:ALSEP
2042:KREEP
1994:Theia
1897:Water
1874:Rocks
1784:Domes
1738:Maria
1707:Poles
1499:Nodes
1453:Orbit
1222:Lunar
1184:SHARE
1179:HAARP
1140:Polar
1125:IMAGE
1101:Arase
517:S2CID
440:S2CID
350:S2CID
273:rover
269:PRISM
245:BOLAS
243:, or
2489:list
2346:Dark
2332:Blue
2295:Full
2194:and
1844:Soil
1814:List
1745:List
1727:Face
1680:Limb
1607:Tide
1347:Moon
1157:Wind
837:2022
814:2022
791:2022
739:NASA
708:2018
701:NASA
600:2018
593:NASA
509:PMID
470:2018
342:PMID
277:CLPS
201:and
112:and
77:Moon
2353:Wet
2288:New
2278:and
1130:MMS
676:doi
664:116
635:doi
623:116
570:doi
558:212
501:doi
489:208
430:doi
418:284
389:doi
377:105
334:doi
322:204
2601::
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699:.
674:.
662:.
658:.
633:.
621:.
617:.
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387:.
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371:.
348:.
340:.
332:.
320:.
114:16
2536:"
2532:"
1339:e
1332:t
1325:v
901:e
894:t
887:v
839:.
816:.
793:.
710:.
684:.
678::
670::
643:.
637::
629::
602:.
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572::
564::
523:.
503::
495::
472:.
446:.
432::
424::
397:.
391::
383::
356:.
336::
328::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
