Lyndon B. Johnson - Knowledge

3890:, that further escalation of troop levels would not help bring an end to the war. Johnson was initially reluctant to follow this advice, but ultimately agreed to allow a partial bombing halt and to signal his willingness to engage in peace talks. On March 31, 1968, Johnson announced that he would halt the bombing in North Vietnam, while at the same time announcing that he would not seek re-election. He also escalated U.S. military operations in South Vietnam in order to consolidate control of as much of the countryside as possible before the onset of serious peace talks. Talks began in Paris in May, but failed to yield any results. Two of the major obstacles in negotiations were the unwillingness of the United States to allow the Viet Cong to take part in the South Vietnamese government, and the unwillingness of North Vietnam to recognize the legitimacy of South Vietnam. In October 1968, when the parties came close to an agreement on a bombing halt, Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon intervened with the South Vietnamese, promising better terms so as to delay a settlement on the issue until after the election. Johnson sought a continuation of talks after the 1968 election, but the North Vietnamese argued about procedural matters until after Nixon took office. 2136: 3504: 3043: 3705: 4500: 2985: 2748: 3103: 1429: 2120: 2266: 26405: 3591: 2809:, precluding the possibility of a Senate filibuster defeating the bill. In August 1965, the House approved the bill by a vote of 333 to 85, and Senate passed the bill by a vote of 79 to 18. The landmark legislation outlawed discrimination in voting, thus allowing millions of Southern blacks to vote for the first time. The results were significant; between the years of 1968 and 1980, the number of Southern black elected state and federal officeholders nearly doubled. In Mississippi, the voter registration rate of African Americans rose from 6.7 percent to 59.8 percent between 1964 and 1967, a reflection of a broader increase in African-American voter registration rates. 4653:

used it to his advantage in securing votes. Another Johnson biographer noted, "He could get up every day and learn what their fears, their desires, their wishes, their wants were and he could then manipulate, dominate, persuade and cajole them." As president, Johnson vetoed 30 bills; no other president in history vetoed so many bills and never had a single one overridden by Congress. He was often seen as an ambitious, tireless, and imposing figure who was ruthlessly effective at getting legislation passed. He typically worked 18- to 20-hour days without a break and had no regular leisure activities. He stood 6 feet 3.5 inches (1.918 m) tall.

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could be supplication, accusation, cajolery, exuberance, scorn, tears, complaint, and the hint of threat. It was all of these together. It ran the gamut of human emotions. Its velocity was breathtaking and it was all in one direction. Interjections from the target were rare. Johnson anticipated them before they could be spoken. He moved in close, his face a scant millimeter from his target, his eyes widening and narrowing, his eyebrows rising and falling. From his pockets poured clippings, memos, statistics. Mimicry, humor, and the genius of analogy made The Treatment an almost hypnotic experience and rendered the target stunned and helpless.

3818:. They unanimously opposed leaving Vietnam, and encouraged Johnson to "stay the course." Afterward, on November 17, in a nationally televised address, the president assured the American public, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress." Less than two weeks later, Robert McNamara announced his resignation as Defense Secretary. Behind closed doors, he had begun regularly expressing doubts over Johnson's war strategy, angering the president. He joined a growing list of Johnson's top aides who resigned over the war, including Bill Moyers, McGeorge Bundy, and George Ball. In October, with ever-increasing 2002:, and the favors owed by Democratic senators to him and by Democratic representatives to his close ally Sam Rayburn, the Speaker of the House. In July 1960, Johnson finally entered the campaign. Johnson's late entry, coupled with his reluctance to leave Washington, D.C., allowed rival John F. Kennedy to secure a substantial early lead in securing support from Democratic state party officials. Johnson underestimated Kennedy's endearing charm and intelligence in comparison to his perceived crude and wheeling-dealing "Landslide Lyndon" style. Caro suggests that Johnson's hesitancy to enter the race resulted from his fear of losing. 2453: 1503:

urgently needed a higher priority and a larger share of war supplies. Warplanes that were sent there were "far inferior" to Japanese planes, and U.S. Navy morale there was poor. Johnson told Forrestal that the Pacific Fleet had a "critical" need for 6,800 additional experienced men. Johnson prepared a twelve-point program to upgrade the effort in the region, stressing "greater cooperation and coordination within the various commands and between the different war theaters". Congress responded by making Johnson chairman of a high-powered subcommittee of the Naval Affairs Committee, with a mission similar to that of the

3346: 4028: 1956:. Johnson negotiated a middle course between Northern liberal senators and the Southern bloc of senators who had opposed such legislation by removing key enforcement provisions, such as Title III, which authorized the attorney general to initiate civil action for preventive relief in a wide range of civil rights matters. Being a Southerner was seen as an impossible barrier for a presidential candidate and towards the end of his Senate career as well as not signing the Southern Manifesto, he distanced himself further from the Southern Caucus in 1959 by joining the Democrat's Western regional conference. 1827: 19026: 18353: 4133:

Dallek says that Johnson had no further domestic goals, and realized that his personality had eroded his popularity. His health was not good, and he was preoccupied with the Kennedy campaign; his wife was pressing for his retirement and his base of support continued to shrink. Leaving the race would allow him to pose as a peacemaker. Bennett, however, says Johnson "had been forced out of a reelection race in 1968 by outrage over his policy in Southeast Asia." Johnson may also have hoped that the convention would ultimately choose to draft him back into the race.

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and never came under fire, an account that is supported by the aircraft's official flight records. Other airplanes that continued came under fire near the target about the same time Johnson's plane was recorded as having landed back at the original airbase. Johnson's biographer Robert Caro was quoted as saying "I think that the weight of the evidence at this moment is that the plane was attacked by Zeroes and that he was cool under fire", but also "The fact is, LBJ never got within sight of Japanese forces. His combat experience was a myth."

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Rarely are we met with a challenge, not to our growth or abundance, or our welfare or our security, but rather to the values and the purposes and the meaning of our beloved nation. The issue of equal rights for American Negroes is such an issue. And should we defeat every enemy, and should we double our wealth and conquer the stars, and still be unequal to this issue, then we will have failed as a people and as a nation. For, with a country as with a person, 'what is a man profited if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?'

1241:, which enabled him to create government-funded education and job opportunities for young people. He resigned two years later to run for Congress. A notoriously tough boss, Johnson often demanded long workdays and work on weekends. He was described by friends, fellow politicians, and historians as motivated by lust for power and control. As Caro observes, "Johnson's ambition was uncommon – in the degree to which it was unencumbered by even the slightest excess weight of ideology, of philosophy, of principles, of beliefs." 18657: 4101: 2886: 4724:

on his saintly wife, exposing his stitched-up belly, using profanity, picking up dogs by their ears, swimming naked with advisers in the White House pool, and emptying his bowels while conducting official business. Of all those issues, Johnson's reputation suffers the most from his management of the Vietnam War, something that has overshadowed his civil rights and domestic policy accomplishments and caused Johnson himself to regret his handling of "the woman I really loved ‍—‌ the Great Society."

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that prevented the passage of civil rights bills in the past: Southern congressmen and senators used congressional procedure to prevent it from coming to a vote. In particular, they held up all of the major bills Kennedy had proposed and that were considered urgent, especially the tax reform bill, to force the bill's supporters to pull it. For Johnson's civil rights bill to reach the House floor for a vote, the president needed to find a way to circumvent Representative

4300: 2684: 3921:. On the advice of Abe Fortas, Johnson dispatched over 20,000 Marines to the Dominican Republic. Their role was not take sides but to evacuate American citizens and restore order. The U.S. also helped arrange an agreement providing for new elections. Johnson's use of force in ending the civil war alienated many in Latin America, and the region's importance to the administration receded as Johnson's foreign policy became increasingly dominated by the Vietnam War. 28474: 3936: 55: 28462: 17887: 14705: 13466: 28414: 4202: 2676:

in the delegation be seated as observers and agreed to "bar future delegations from states where any citizens are deprived of the right to vote because of their race or color". The MFDP rejected the committee's ruling. The convention became the apparent personal triumph that Johnson craved, but a sense of betrayal caused by the marginalization of the MFDP would trigger disaffection with Johnson and the Democratic Party from the left; SNCC chairman

2430:. The act cut individual income tax rates across the board by approximately 20 percent, cut the top marginal tax rate from 91 to 70 percent, and slightly reduced corporate tax rates. Passage of the long-stalled tax cut facilitated efforts to move ahead on civil rights legislation. Despite a period of strong economic growth, heavy spending on the Vietnam War and on domestic programs contributed to a rising budget deficit, as well as a period of 4451:. After the procedure, Johnson's doctors reported that the president had come through the surgery "beautifully as expected." He was able to resume his duties the following day, and he met with reporters a couple of days later to reassure the nation that he was recovering well. Although Johnson was incapacitated during surgery, there was no transfer of presidential power to Vice President Humphrey. In March 1970, Johnson suffered an attack of 2712:, followed by a countdown and explosion of a nuclear bomb. The message conveyed was that electing Goldwater risked a nuclear war. Goldwater's campaign message was best symbolized by the bumper sticker displayed by supporters claiming "In your heart, you know he's right". Opponents captured the spirit of Johnson's campaign with bumper stickers that said "In your heart, you know he might" and "In your guts, you know he's nuts". CIA Director 28560: 17907: 14715: 28543: 4682: 28486: 3625:. By the time Johnson took office, there were 16,700 American military personnel in South Vietnam. Despite some misgivings, Johnson ultimately came to support escalation of the U.S. role in Vietnam. Like the vast majority of American leaders in the mid-1960s, he was determined to prevent the spread of Communism. Johnson's decision to escalate was also influenced heavily by reputation. Under pressure from pro-war politicians like 3741:

the cause. By the end of 1966, it was clear that the air campaign and the pacification effort had both failed, and Johnson agreed to McNamara's new recommendation to add 70,000 troops in 1967 and the CIA's recommendations to increased bombings against North Vietnam. The bombing escalation ended secret talks being held with North Vietnam, but U.S. leaders did not consider North Vietnamese intentions in those talks to be genuine.

4463:. He had gained more than 25 pounds (11 kg) since leaving the White House; he now weighed around 235 pounds (107 kg) and was urged to lose considerable weight. Johnson had also resumed smoking shortly before Christmas 1971, having not smoked since his near-fatal heart attack in July 1955. The following summer, again gripped by chronic chest pains, he lost 15 pounds (6.8 kg) in less than a month on a crash diet. 1743: 786: 12895: 4410: 4636:. As Johnson died only two days after the inauguration, the remainder of the ceremonies surrounding the inauguration were cancelled to allow for a full state funeral. It also meant that Johnson's casket traveled the entire length of the Capitol, entering through the Senate wing when taken into the Rotunda to lie in state and exiting through the House wing steps due to inauguration construction on the East Front steps. 4648:"Johnson the Son of the Tenant Farmer, Johnson the Great Compromiser, Johnson the All-Knowing, Johnson the Humble, Johnson the Warrior, Johnson the Dove, Johnson the Romantic, Johnson the Hard-Headed Pragmatist, Johnson the Preserver of Traditions, Johnson the Crusader for Social Justice, Johnson the Magnanimous, Johnson the Vindictive or Johnson the Uncouth, LBJ the Hick, Lyndon the Satyr, and Johnson the Usurper". 3465:

programs "had eroded the President's standing, the governor reported. There were bright spots; in January 1967, Johnson boasted that wages were the highest in history, unemployment was at a 13-year low, and corporate profits and farm incomes were greater than ever; a 4.5 percent jump in consumer prices was worrisome, as was the rise in interest rates. Johnson asked for a temporary 6 percent surcharge in

4229:. Johnson anticipated court challenges to his legislative measures in 1965 and thought it advantageous to have a "mole" in the Supreme Court to provide him with inside information, as he was able to get from the legislative branch. Abe Fortas in particular Johnson thought could fill the bill. The opportunity arose when an opening occurred for ambassador to the UN, with Adlai Stevenson's death; Associate Justice 3330: 28526: 17897: 28450: 28438: 21467: 3745: 9320: 9063: 7197: 6672: 5824: 1378:

meaning that Johnson would have to compete against every Democrat — without the chance of facing the frontrunner, Governor W. Lee "Pappy" O’Daniel, in a 1-on-1 runoff election. The first pre-election polls showed Johnson receiving only 5% of the vote, but Johnson ran a fierce campaign, barnstorming the state and emphasizing his close relationship with President Roosevelt.

1250: 1971: 14813: 28426: 1214:, he appointed Johnson as his legislative secretary. This marked Johnson's formal introduction to politics. Johnson secured the position on the recommendation of his father and that of state senator Welly Hopkins, for whom Johnson had campaigned in 1930. Kleberg had little interest in the day-to-day duties of a Congressman, instead delegating them to Johnson. After 2152:

of these assignments". Kennedy's response was to sign a non-binding letter requesting Johnson to "review" national security policies instead. Kennedy similarly turned down early requests from Johnson to be given an office adjacent to the Oval Office and to employ a full-time staff within the White House. In 1961, Kennedy appointed Johnson's friend

11611: 1156:(SWTSTC) in the summer of 1924, where students from unaccredited high schools could take the 12th-grade courses needed for admission to college. He left the school just weeks after his arrival and decided to move to California. He worked at his cousin's legal practice and in odd jobs before returning to Texas, where he worked as a day laborer. 2234:. However, on October 31, 1963, a reporter asked if he intended and expected to retain Johnson on the ticket. Kennedy replied, "Yes to both those questions." There is little doubt that Robert Kennedy and Johnson hated each other, yet John and Robert Kennedy agreed that dropping Johnson from the ticket could produce heavy losses in the South. 4323:; McGovern had long opposed Johnson's foreign and defense policies. Johnson wanted to attend the Democratic National Convention, but was advised not to attend as he would not be welcome. The McGovern nomination and platform dismayed him. Nixon could be defeated, Johnson insisted, "if only the Democrats don't go too far left". Johnson felt 2584:" to describe his domestic program. Johnson's Great Society program encompassed movements of urban renewal, modern transportation, clean environment, anti-poverty, healthcare reform, crime control, and educational reform. To ensure the passage of his programs, Johnson placed an unprecedented emphasis on relations with Congress. 4048:. The White House did not reveal in advance to the press that the President would make the first round-the-world presidential trip. The trip was twenty-six thousand nine hundred fifty-nine miles (43,386.3 km) completed in only 112.5 hours (4.7 days). Air Force One crossed the equator twice, stopped at 2017:, and Hubert Humphrey, but it proved a failure. Despite Johnson having the support of established Democrats and the party leadership, this did not translate into popular approval. Johnson received 409 votes on the only ballot at the Democratic convention to Kennedy's 806, and so the convention nominated Kennedy. 11619: 3126:(ESEA), which would double federal spending on education from $ 4 billion to $ 8 billion. The bill quickly passed both houses of Congress by wide margins. ESEA increased funding to all school districts, but directed more money going to districts that had large proportions of students from poor families. 6396:

To the east in neighboring Jim Wells County – home of the notorious Box 13, which happened to be the only box in the county dominated by Parr's operatives – LBJ managed to acquire, according to the estimates, a four-percentage-point net gain over Stevenson, or about only

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Johnson gave Nixon high grades in foreign policy, but worried that his successor was being pressured into removing U.S. forces from South Vietnam before the South Vietnamese were able to defend themselves. "If the South falls to the Communists, we can have a serious backlash here at home," he warned.

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On Inauguration Day (January 20, 1969), Johnson saw Nixon sworn in, then got on the plane to fly back to Texas. When the front door of the plane closed, Johnson pulled out a cigarette ‍—‌ his first cigarette he had smoked since his heart attack in 1955. One of his daughters pulled it out of his

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entered the race after Johnson's withdrawal, making the 1968 Democratic primaries a three-way contest between Humphrey, Kennedy, and McCarthy. Kennedy cut into McCarthy's liberal and anti-war base, while also winning the support of the poor and working class. He won a series of primary victories, but

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was outclassed and in danger of collapse. In late July, McNamara and Johnson's top advisors recommended an increase in U.S. soldiers from 75,000 to over 200,000. Johnson agreed but felt boxed in by unpalatable choices. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist, and if he

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Asked to explain his diminished popularity, Johnson said, "I am a dominating personality, and when I get things done I don't always please all the people." Johnson also blamed the press, saying they showed "complete irresponsibility and lie and misstate facts and have no one to be answerable to", and

2909:(CAA) charged with dispensing aid to those in poverty. Each CAA was required to have "maximum feasible participation" from local residents, who would design and operate antipoverty programs unique to their communities' needs. This was threatening to local political regimes who saw CAAs as alternative 2675:

Johnson was very concerned about potential political damage from media coverage of racial tensions exposed by a credentials fight between the MFDP and the segregationist delegation, and he assigned Humphrey to manage the problem. The convention's Credentials Committee declared that two MFDP delegates

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Historians Caro and Dallek consider Johnson the most effective Senate majority leader ever. He was unusually proficient at gathering information. One biographer suggests he was "the greatest intelligence gatherer Washington has ever known", discovering exactly where every senator stood on issues, his

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became unpopular during his time in the Senate, and decided to forgo a bid for re-election in 1948, so Johnson began preparing for a close Senate runoff by arranging for his supporters who controlled votes, including Parr, to withhold their final tallies until the statewide results were announced. By

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for his accomplishments regarding domestic policy. His administration passed many major laws that made substantial changes in civil rights, health care, welfare, and education. Conversely, Johnson is heavily criticized for his foreign policy, namely escalating American involvement in the Vietnam War.

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The man who was elected to the White House by one of the widest margins in U.S. history and pushed through as much legislation as any other American politician now seems to be remembered best by the public for succeeding an assassinated hero, steering the country into a quagmire in Vietnam, cheating

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expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26 percent then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam, while 63

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to condemn the American effort. The gap with Hanoi, however, was an unbridgeable demand on both sides for a unilateral end to bombing and withdrawal of forces. Johnson grew more and more anxious about justifying war casualties, and talked of the need for decisive victory, despite the unpopularity of

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Johnson sought to increase his influence within the executive branch. He drafted an executive order for Kennedy's signature, granting Johnson "general supervision" over matters of national security, and requiring all government agencies to "cooperate fully with the vice president in the carrying out

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After the election, Johnson was concerned about the traditionally ineffective nature of his new office and sought authority not allotted to him as vice president. He initially sought a transfer of the authority of Senate majority leader to the vice presidency, since that office made him president of

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for gallantry in action; the citation indicated that the mission came under attack and Johnson's aircraft experienced mechanical problems, forcing it to turn back before reaching its objective. Others claim that the aircraft turned back because of generator trouble before encountering enemy aircraft

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Scholars have viewed Johnson through the lens of both his legislative achievements and his lack of success in the Vietnam War. His overall rating among historians has remained relatively steady, and his average ranking is higher than any of the eight presidents who followed him, although similar to

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on January 22, 1973, Johnson suffered his final heart attack in his bedroom. He managed to telephone the Secret Service agents on the ranch, who found him still holding the telephone receiver, unconscious and "appear to be dead". They attempted resuscitation, and Johnson was airlifted in one of his

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Historians have debated the factors that led to Johnson's surprise decision. Shesol says Johnson wanted out of the White House but also wanted vindication; when the indicators turned negative he decided to leave. Woods writes that Johnson realized he needed to leave in order for the nation to heal.

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from the target list. Later that month McNamara told a Senate subcommittee that an expanded air campaign would not bring Hanoi to the peace table. The Joint Chiefs were astounded, and threatened mass resignation; McNamara was summoned to the White House for a three-hour dressing down. Nevertheless,

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of Los Angeles in 1965. The momentum for the advancement of civil rights came to a sudden halt in with the riots in Watts. After 34 people were killed and $ 35 million (equivalent to $ 338.39 million in 2023) in property was damaged, the public feared an expansion of the violence to other

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and effectively allowed many African Americans to move to the suburbs. Johnson submitted a bill to Congress in April 1966 that barred house owners from refusing to enter into agreements on the basis of race; the bill immediately garnered opposition from many of the Northerners who had supported the

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Early in the 1964 presidential campaign, Barry Goldwater appeared to be a strong contender, with strong support from the South, which threatened Johnson's position as he had predicted in reaction to the passage of the Civil Rights Act. However, Goldwater lost momentum as his campaign progressed. On

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to Congress, saying that "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the Civil Rights Bill for which he fought so long." The wave of national grief following the assassination gave enormous momentum to Johnson's promise

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for alleged bribery and financial malfeasance. One witness alleged that Baker arranged for the witness to give kickbacks for the Vice President. Baker resigned in October, and the investigation did not expand to Johnson. The negative publicity, however, fed rumors in Washington circles that Kennedy

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in the Senate. He probed the peacetime "business as usual" inefficiencies that permeated the naval war and demanded that admirals get the job done. Johnson went too far when he proposed a bill that would crack down on the draft exemptions of shipyard workers if they were absent from work too often;

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Johnson used a movie camera to record conditions, and reported to Roosevelt, Navy leaders, and Congress that conditions were deplorable and unacceptable. Some historians have suggested this was in exchange for MacArthur's recommendation to award the Silver Star. He argued that the southwest Pacific

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The opposition then ‍—‌ Governor O'Daniel and his people ‍—‌ knew exactly how many votes they had to have to take the lead... They kept changing the results, and our lead got smaller and smaller and smaller. Finally, on Wednesday afternoon, we wound up on the short side of the stick and

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On Election Day, Johnson held a strong lead in the returns throughout the whole night, and with 96 percent of the ballots counted, Johnson held a 5,000-vote lead. According to John Connally, future Governor and Johnson's campaign manager, local election officials began calling Connally's office and

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for a vacant Senate seat must be held within a few months of the vacancy, meaning that the election would not be held during a normal November election, giving Johnson the chance to run without forfeiting his seat in the House. The election would be held without party primaries, and with no runoff,

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Johnson had his particular brand of persuasion, known as "The Johnson Treatment". "There was no more powerful majority leader in American history," biographer Robert Dallek writes. Dallek stated that Johnson had biographies on all the senators, knew what their ambitions, hopes, and tastes were and

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for election to a second full term in the 1968 presidential election. Despite Johnson's growing unpopularity, conventional wisdom held that it would be impossible to deny re-nomination to a sitting president. In September 1967 Johnson openly admitted he was considering dropping out of the race for

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By the middle of 1967 nearly 70,000 Americans had been killed or wounded in the war, which was being commonly described in the news media and elsewhere as a "stalemate." In January and February, probes were made to assess North Vietnamese's willingness to discuss peace, but they fell on deaf ears.

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study indicated that the bombing campaign was having minimal impact on North Vietnam. By late 1966, multiple sources began to report progress was being made against the North Vietnamese logistics and infrastructure; Johnson was urged to begin peace discussions. English philosopher Bertrand Russell

3684:, killing eight Americans. The U.S. would continue to bomb North Vietnam until late 1968. In March 1965, McGeorge Bundy called for American ground operations; Johnson agreed and also quietly changed the mission from defensive to offensive operations. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 troops went ashore near 3464:

of Missouri warned that Johnson would lose the state by 100,000 votes, despite winning by a margin of 500,000 in 1964. "Frustration over Vietnam; too much federal spending and ... taxation; no great public support for your Great Society programs; and ... public disenchantment with the civil rights

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as their only remaining tool. Overcoming the filibuster required the support of at least 20 Republicans, who were growing less supportive because their party was about to nominate for president a candidate who opposed the bill. According to Caro, Johnson ultimately could convince Republican leader

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Johnson asked Robert Kennedy to spearhead the undertaking on Capitol Hill. This provided adequate political cover for Johnson should the effort fail, but if it were successful, Johnson would receive ample credit. Biographer Caro notes that the bill Kennedy had submitted was facing the same tactics

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themes Johnson learned from childhood allowed him to transform social problems into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, and explicitly inspired his foreign-policy approach to Christian internationalism and nation-building. For example, in a 1966 speech he

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commencement address on June 4, 1965, he said that both the government and the nation needed to help achieve these goals: "To shatter forever not only the barriers of law and public practice but the walls which bound the condition of many by the color of his skin. To dissolve, as best we can, the

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into the crowd and trampled protesters. Televised footage of the scene, which became known as "Bloody Sunday", generated outrage across the country. In response to the rapidly increasing political pressure upon him, Johnson decided to immediately send voting rights legislation to Congress, and to

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I shall never forget the faces of the boys and the girls in that little Welhausen Mexican School, and I remember even yet the pain of realizing and knowing then that college was closed to practically every one of those children because they were too poor. And I think it was then that I made up my

3024:, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. To reduce Republican opposition, Mills suggested that Medicare be fashioned as three layers: hospital insurance under Social Security; a voluntary insurance program for doctor visits; and an expanded medical welfare program for the poor, known as 2174:

Kennedy made efforts to keep Johnson busy and informed, telling aides, "I can't afford to have my vice president, who knows every reporter in Washington, going around saying we're all screwed up, so we're going to keep him happy." Kennedy appointed him to jobs such as the head of the President's

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The Treatment could last ten minutes or four hours. It came, enveloping its target, at the Johnson Ranch swimming pool, in one of Johnson's offices, in the Senate cloakroom, on the floor of the Senate itself – wherever Johnson might find a fellow Senator within his reach. Its tone

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poll in July 1967 showed that 52 percent of Americans disapproved of the president's handling of the war, and only 34 percent thought progress was being made. Nonetheless, Johnson agreed to an increase of 55,000 troops, bringing the total to 525,000. In August, Johnson, with the Joint

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I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy. I urge every member of both parties, Americans of all religions and of all colors, from every section of this country, to join me in that cause. ... Rarely in any time does an issue lay bare the secret heart of America itself.

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running mate but Johnson and Kennedy had never liked each other, and Johnson, afraid that Kennedy would be credited with his election as president, consistently opposed the idea. Kennedy was undecided about accepting an offer as Johnson's running mate, knowing that the prospect rankled Johnson.

1714:. The added names were in alphabetical order and written with the same pen and handwriting, at the end of the list of voters. Some on this part of the list insisted that they had not voted that day. Election judge Luis Salas said in 1977 that he had certified 202 fraudulent ballots for Johnson. 1399:

In addition to O'Daniel's allies, state business interests aligned with former impeached and convicted Texas Governor "Pa" Ferguson had been concerned with O'Daniel's support of prohibition as Governor; they believed that he could do much less damage to their cause in the Senate. The lieutenant

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and Rebekah Baines. Johnson wasn't given a name until he was three months old, as his parents couldn't agree on a name that both liked. Finally, he was named after "criminal lawyer—a county lawyer" W. C. Linden, who his father liked; his mother agreed on the condition of spelling it as Lyndon.

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Though actively engaged in containment in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, Johnson made it a priority to seek arms control deals with Moscow. The Soviet Union also sought closer relations to the United States during the mid-to-late 1960s, partly due to the increasingly worse

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Johnson won an election for both the vice presidency of the United States, on the Kennedy–Johnson ticket, and for a third term as senator (he had Texas law changed to allow him to run for both offices). When he won the vice presidency, he made arrangements to resign from the Senate, as he was

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platform and was effectively aided by his wife. He served as a U.S. Representative from April 10, 1937, to January 3, 1949. President Roosevelt found Johnson to be a political ally and conduit for information, particularly regarding the internal politics of Texas and the machinations of Vice

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The runoff vote count, handled by the Democratic State Central Committee, took a week. Johnson was announced the winner by 87 votes out of 988,295, an extremely narrow margin. However, Johnson's victory was based on 200 "patently fraudulent" ballots reported six days after the election from

2637:. Knowing the degree of frustration inherent in the office of vice president, Johnson put Humphrey through a gauntlet of interviews to guarantee his loyalty. Having made the decision, he kept the announcement from the press until the last moment to maximize media speculation and coverage. 973:

in 1951, Senate Democratic leader in 1953 and majority leader in 1954. Senator Kennedy bested Johnson and his other rivals for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination before surprising many by offering to make Johnson his vice presidential running mate. The Kennedy–Johnson ticket won

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while in office. His October 1966 visit to Australia sparked demonstrations from anti-war protesters. One of the most unusual international trips in presidential history occurred before Christmas 1967. The President began the trip by going to the memorial for Australian Prime Minister

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and make a substantial impact on the development of its entire city". Johnson requested an investment of $ 400 million per year totaling $ 2.4 billion. In late 1966, Congress passed a substantially reduced program costing $ 900 million, which Johnson later called the

2733:, Johnson defeated Goldwater by a margin of 486 to 52. Johnson won 44 states, compared to Goldwater's six. Voters also gave Johnson the largest majorities in Congress since FDR's election in 1936 ‍—‌ a Senate with a 68–32 majority and a House with a 295–140 Democratic margin. 3129:

Although ESEA solidified Johnson's support among K–12 teachers' unions, neither the Higher Education Act nor the new endowments mollified the college professors and students growing increasingly uneasy with the war in Vietnam. Johnson's second major education program was the

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In April 1972, Johnson had another major heart attack while visiting his daughter, Lynda, in Virginia. "I'm hurting real bad", he confided to friends. The chest pains returned nearly every afternoon ‍—‌ jolting pains that left him frightened and breathless. A portable

4172:, Johnson announced to the nation on October 31, 1968, that he had ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam", effective November 1, should the North Vietnamese government be willing to negotiate and citing progress with the 2613:. Johnson emphasized to the parties the potential impact upon the economy of a strike. After considerable horse-trading, especially with the carriers who won promises from the president for greater freedom in setting rights and more liberal depreciation allowances from the 2025:

at that time, and he recalled that Johnson approached him at the convention and said, "Tip, I know you have to support Kennedy at the start, but I'd like to have you with me on the second ballot." O'Neill replied, "Senator, there's not going to be any second ballot."

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live at the moment Johnson reached him, which enabled him to report on President Johnson's death as he received direct information. Nixon mentioned Johnson's death in a speech he gave the day after Johnson died, announcing the peace agreement to end the Vietnam War.

2213:

in April 1961, and Kennedy gave Johnson the task of evaluating the U.S. space program and recommending a project that would allow the United States to catch up or beat the Soviets. Johnson recommended that the United States gain the leadership role by committing to

1420:

waiting until the statewide result was reported, Johnson was able to know the figure he had to surpass and so could add as many votes as necessary to his total. It would prove consequential, as Johnson would win the Democratic primary in 1948 by just 87 votes.

843: 1226:. Johnson was elected speaker of the "Little Congress", a group of Congressional aides, where he cultivated Congressmen, newspapermen, and lobbyists. Johnson's friends soon included aides to President Roosevelt as well as fellow Texans such as vice president 2608:

In Spring 1964, Johnson was not optimistic about his prospects of being elected president. A pivotal change took place in April when he assumed personal management of negotiations between the railroad brotherhood and the railroad industry over the issue of

2497:

to force it onto the House floor. Facing a growing threat that they would be bypassed, the Rules Committee approved the bill and moved it to the floor of the full House, which soon passed it by a vote of 290–110. Johnson convinced Senate Majority Leader

989:

was aimed at expanding civil rights, public broadcasting, access to health care, aid to education and the arts, urban and rural development, and public services. He sought to create better living conditions for low-income Americans by spearheading the

3437:. The commission's 1968 report suggested legislative measures to promote racial integration and alleviate poverty and concluded that the nation was "moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal." According to Press Secretary 3869:

against South Vietnam's five largest cities, including Saigon. While the Tet Offensive failed militarily, it was a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. In February 1968, influential news anchor

3629:, Johnson feared that if he made the decision to not stand firm in Vietnam he would lose domestic political credibility as well as contribute to a decline in the international reputation of the U.S. On October 11, 1963, President Kennedy had signed 3292:'s press secretary Liz Carpenter, in a memo to the president, worried that the country had been "brainwashed by high drama," and that Johnson "need some quick dramatic actions" that addressed "the issue of violence." In October, Johnson signed the 4327:

would be more likely to defeat Nixon; however, he declined to try to stop McGovern receiving the nomination as he felt his unpopularity within the Democratic Party was such that anything he said was more likely to help McGovern. Johnson's protégé

3963:

ended hopes of a greater rapprochement. Johnson was concerned with averting the possibility of nuclear war, and he sought to reduce tensions in Europe. The Johnson administration pursued arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, signing the

3722:

In early 1966, Senator Robert F. Kennedy harshly criticized Johnson's bombing campaign, stating that the U.S. may be headed "on a road from which there is no turning back, a road that leads to catastrophe for all mankind." Soon thereafter, the

3469:

to cover the mounting deficit caused by increased spending. Johnson's approval ratings stayed below 50 percent; by January 1967, the number of his strong supporters had plunged to 16 percent, from 25 percent four months before.

2820:

men implicated in her death. He angrily denounced the Klan as a "hooded society of bigots," and warned them to "return to a decent society before it's too late". Johnson was the first President to arrest and prosecute members of the Klan since

2629:'s poor polling numbers was perceived as reducing the political significance of Johnson's selection of a running mate. Hubert Humphrey's selection as vice president then became a foregone conclusion and was thought to strengthen Johnson in the 4656:

Johnson's cowboy hat and boots reflected his Texas roots and love of the rural hill country. From 250 acres (100 ha) of land that he was given by an aunt in 1951, he created a 2,700-acre (1,100 ha) working ranch with 400 cattle. The

2720:

instructed the CIA to spy on the Goldwater campaign and the Republican National Committee to provide information to Johnson's campaign. Johnson won the presidency by a landslide with 61.05 percent of the vote, making it the highest ever

1512:

concludes, "The mission was a temporary exposure to danger calculated to satisfy Johnson's personal and political wishes, but it also represented a genuine effort on his part, however misplaced, to improve the lot of America's fighting men."

3441:, Johnson was unsurprised by the riots, saying: "What did you expect? ... When you put your foot on a man's neck and hold him down for three hundred years, and then you let him up, what's he going to do? He's going to knock your block off." 1404:, was not in favor of prohibition, making his possible promotion to Governor a key selling point for the state's business interests in manipulating the election results. In the final vote tally, Johnson fell short by just 0.23% of the vote. 3300:

has argued was motivated by Johnson's longstanding contempt for Robert. The measure prohibited convicted felons, drug users, and the mentally ill from purchasing handguns and raised record-keeping and licensing requirements. It also banned

2952:

During the Johnson administration, national poverty declined significantly, with the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line dropping from 23 to 12 percent. Johnson took an additional step in the War on Poverty with an

2321:

and is to date the only President in U.S. history to be sworn in by a woman. Johnson was convinced of the need to make an immediate show of transition of power after the assassination to provide stability to a grieving nation. He and the

3562:, were completed by the end of Johnson's term. He congratulated the Apollo 8 crew, saying, "You've taken ... all of us, all over the world, into a new era." On July 16, 1969, Johnson attended the launch of the first Moon landing mission 8554: 1177:. The job helped him to save money to complete his education, and he graduated in 1930 with a Bachelor of Science in history and his certificate of qualification as a high school teacher. He briefly taught at Pearsall High School in 28655: 2156:

to a federal judgeship. Johnson tried but failed to have Hughes nominated at the beginning of his vice presidency. House Speaker Sam Rayburn wrangled the appointment from Kennedy in exchange for support of an administration bill.

3701:

did not, he thought he risked being impeached. By October 1965, there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam. Throughout 1965, few members of Congress or the administration openly criticized Johnson's handling of the war.

1813:

began in 1950, he called for more troops and for improved weapons. Johnson ensured that every report was endorsed unanimously by his committee. He used his political influence in the Senate to receive broadcast licenses from the

1770:

that dominated the Senate. With Russell's support, Johnson won election as Democratic whip in 1951, serving in this capacity until 1953. While serving as whip, Johnson increased his ability to persuade people to reach agreement.

4523:

at his ranch on January 12, 1973, in which he discussed his legacy, particularly about the civil rights movement. He was still smoking heavily, and told Cronkite that it was better for his heart "to smoke than to be nervous".

3028:. The bill passed the house by a margin of 110 votes on April 8. The effort in the Senate was considerably more complicated, but the Medicare bill passed Congress on July 28. Medicare now covers tens of millions of Americans. 2949:, inadequate housing, and poor health. By the end of 1965, 2,000 volunteers had signed on. The act reflected Johnson's belief that the government could best help the impoverished by providing them with economic opportunities. 3122:, especially for minorities. He made education the top priority of the Great Society agenda, with an emphasis on helping poor children. Buoyed by his landslide victory in the 1964 election, in early 1965 Johnson proposed the 2361:

When Johnson assumed office, he asked the existing Cabinet to remain in place. Despite his notoriously poor relationship with Johnson, Robert F. Kennedy stayed on as Attorney General until September 1964, when he resigned to

2913:

in their own communities, funded and encouraged by the OEO. In 1967, the Green Amendment gave city governments the right to decide which entity would be the official CAA for their community. The net result was a halt to the

8738:," audio recording Jun 02, 1966: conversation excerpt (President Johnson and Georgia Sen. Richard Russell express dislike and distrust of Community Action Program), Conversation Number: WH6606.01 #10205, The Miller Center 3770:

Johnson had received reports from the CIA confirming McNamara's analysis at least in part. In the meantime an election establishing a constitutional government in the South was concluded and provided hope for peace talks.

1722:. The Democratic State Central Committee voted to certify Johnson's nomination by a majority of one (29–28). The state Democratic convention upheld Johnson. Stevenson went to court, eventually taking his case before the 965:, Johnson worked as a teacher and a congressional aide before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937. In 1948, he was controversially declared the winner in the Democratic Party's primary for the 2857:

last two major civil rights bills. Though a version of the bill passed the House, it failed to win Senate approval, marking Johnson's first major legislative defeat. The law gained new impetus after the April 4, 1968,

3070:, which had restricted emigration from countries outside of Western Europe and the Western Hemisphere. The annual rate of inflow doubled between 1965 and 1970, and doubled again by 1990, with dramatic increases from 2334:, felt compelled to return rapidly to Washington, D.C.; this was greeted by some with assertions that he was in too much haste to assume power. In response to the public demand for answers and the growing number of 7186: 6257: 5813: 3988:, in which each signatory agreed not to help other countries develop or acquire nuclear weapons. A planned nuclear disarmament summit between the United States and the Soviet Union was scuttled after Soviet forces 17519: 17514: 13246: 4499: 4126: 1054: 841: 4022: 4012:

authorized by the Kennedy administration under Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. Johnson also authorized the tapping of phone conversations of others, including the Vietnamese friends of a Nixon associate.

1494:. On June 9, 1942, Johnson volunteered as an observer for an airstrike on New Guinea. Reports vary on what happened to the aircraft carrying Johnson during that mission. MacArthur recommended Johnson for the 3012:

Johnson's initial effort to improve healthcare was the creation of The Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Strokes (HDCS). These diseases accounted for 71 percent of the nation's deaths in 1962.

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With the war arguably in a stalemate and in light of the widespread disapproval of the conflict, Johnson convened a group of veteran government foreign policy experts, informally known as "the Wise Men":

3428:

Johnson's popularity plummeted as a massive white political backlash took shape, reinforcing the sense Johnson had lost control of the streets of major cities and his own party. The president created the

1718:

made the case in his 1990 book that Johnson had stolen the election in Jim Wells County, and that there were thousands of fraudulent votes in other counties as well, including 10,000 votes switched in

1698:(curbing union power). Stevenson came in first in the primary but lacked a majority, so a runoff election was held; Johnson campaigned harder, while Stevenson's efforts slumped due to a lack of funds. 9585:. Source: United States. Kerner Commission, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968). American Social History Productions 3649:. Although Johnson very much wanted to keep discussions about Vietnam out of the 1964 election campaign, he felt forced to respond to the supposed Communist aggression. He obtained from Congress the 1045:

Johnson began his presidency with near-universal support, but his approval declined throughout his presidency as the public became frustrated with both the Vietnam War and domestic unrest, including

3731:, held televised hearings examining the administration's Vietnam policy. In July, polling results indicated that Americans favored the bombing campaign by a five-to-one margin; however, in August a 2044:

on July 14, the morning after Kennedy was nominated, and Johnson accepted. From that point to the actual nomination that evening, several facts are in dispute, including whether convention chairman

1846:; he became the most junior senator ever elected to this position. He reformed the seniority system so that every Democratic senator, including freshmen, was guaranteed a good committee assignment. 2725:. At the time, this was also the widest popular margin in the 20th century ‍—‌ more than 15.95 million votes ‍—‌ this was later surpassed by incumbent President Nixon's victory in 842: 8731: 3485:, which made it more difficult for Johnson to pass additional Great Society legislation. However, Congress ultimately passed almost 96 percent of the administration's Great Society programs. 2672:(CORE). From beginning to end, the squad's assignment was carefully couched in terms of the monitoring of disruptive activities that might endanger the president and other high-ranking officials. 2317:'s iconic photograph of Johnson taking the oath of office as Mrs. Kennedy looks on is the most famous photo ever taken aboard a presidential aircraft. Johnson was sworn in by District Court judge 26123: 1018:, which laid the groundwork for U.S. immigration policy today. Johnson's stance on civil rights put him at odds with other white, Southern Democrats. His civil rights legacy was shaped by the 3547:

was killed in a cabin fire during a spacecraft test on the launch pad, stopping Apollo in its tracks. Rather than appointing another Warren-style commission, Johnson accepted Administrator

2048:' had the two-thirds majority required to begin the convention's proceedings. Kennedy's choice of Johnson as his running mate was intended to attract Southern votes. Kennedy was a liberal 28690: 28650: 3191:. The bill passed the Senate after some negotiation over navigation projects; in the House, passage required negotiation over maritime interests and the bill was signed October 15, 1965. 28760: 28755: 28750: 2722: 4168:

Humphrey's polling numbers improved after a September 30 speech in which he broke with Johnson's war policy, calling for an end to the bombing of North Vietnam. In what was termed the

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accepted Johnson's offer to transfer to the UN position. Johnson insisted on Fortas assuming Goldberg's seat, over Fortas's wife's objection that it was too early in his career. When

1694:

helicopter, dubbed "The Johnson City Windmill". He raised money to flood the state with campaign circulars and won over conservatives by casting doubts on Stevenson's support for the

982:, winning the largest share of the popular vote for the Democratic Party in history, and the highest for any candidate since the advent of widespread popular elections in the 1820s. 13861: 1926: 3641:

which reaffirmed the Kennedy administration withdrawal approval and continued support for South Vietnam. In August 1964, ambiguous evidence suggested two U.S. destroyers had been

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While Johnson's loss in the 1941 Senate race was a stinging defeat, he did not have to give up his seat in the House, which permitted him to maintain numerous allies, including

9548:"Troops Battle Detroit Snipers, Firing Machine Guns From Tanks; Lindsay Appeals To East Harlem; Detroit Toll Is 31 Rioters Rout Police-- Guardsmen Released To Aid Other Cities" 8715: 28665: 28625: 26636: 17489: 16292: 15142: 5027: 24178: 17002: 12083: 1122:; Samuel Jr. also joined the Christadelphian Church toward the end of his life. Johnson was influenced in his positive attitude toward Jews by the religious beliefs that 28660: 17943: 16285: 16232: 16228: 15272: 13693: 13660: 12876: 2035: 9352: 28600: 15206: 3819: 2202:

meetings. Kennedy gave Johnson control over all presidential appointments involving Texas, and appointed him chairman of the President's Ad Hoc Committee for Science.

1471:, and wanted a trusted political ally to obtain it. Forrestal suggested Johnson. Roosevelt assigned Johnson to a three-man survey team covering the Southwest Pacific. 28815: 21220: 19500: 11484: 4117: 1734:

in the general election in November and went to Washington, permanently dubbed "Landslide Lyndon". Johnson, dismissive of his critics, happily adopted the nickname.

1382:

asking him about whether they should report the vote tallies. Connally told them to report the votes, which allegedly allowed O'Daniel's political allies among the

1057:. Johnson retired to his Texas ranch and died in 1973. Public opinion and academic assessments of Johnson's legacy have fluctuated greatly. Historians and scholars 28765: 17509: 17504: 15083: 5082: 21200: 28630: 12917: 8760: 834: 4471:

was kept by his bed, and he periodically interrupted what he was doing to lie down and don the mask. He continued to smoke heavily and, although nominally on a

1730:, Johnson prevailed on the basis that jurisdiction over naming a nominee rested with the party, not the federal government. Johnson soundly defeated Republican 25741: 25256: 24746: 24323: 21244: 18571: 15291: 5122: 5048: 4701: 1058: 10008:

Pentagon Papers, IV:B Evolution of the War, Counterinsurgency, The Kennedy Commitments, 1961–1963, 4. Phased Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam, 1962–1964

2830:

antique enmities of the heart which diminish the holder, divide the great democracy, and do wrong ‍—‌ great wrong ‍—‌ to the children of God ..."

2190:

Johnson went on multiple minor diplomatic missions, which gave him some insights into global issues and opportunities for self-promotion. During his visit to

28620: 28610: 26306: 25705: 25225: 24715: 23029: 20998: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 5417: 4605:

in Washington, D.C., where he had often worshiped as president. The service was presided over by President Nixon and attended by foreign dignitaries, led by

4035:

Johnson made eleven international trips to twenty countries during his presidency. He flew five hundred twenty-three thousand miles (841,690 km) aboard

2660:(MFDP) delegation, which sought to displace the white segregationist delegation regularly selected in the state. The squad's activities included wiretaps of 4255:

mouth and said, "Daddy, what are you doing? You're going to kill yourself." He took it back and said, "I've now raised you, girls. I've now been President.

28810: 26596: 22460: 19163: 18905: 18384: 18184: 17179: 15052: 12831: 8636: 8157: 4196: 4162: 2306: 10656: 6062: 5613: 4245:

to succeed Fortas as associate justice. However, Fortas's nomination was filibustered by senators, and neither nominee was voted upon by the full Senate.

21292: 21140: 13151: 8728: 7889: 4780: 4370: 3822:, Johnson engaged the FBI and the CIA to investigate, monitor, and undermine anti-war activists. In mid-October, there was a demonstration of 100,000 at 3724: 2519:

to support the bill that amassed the necessary Republican votes to overcome the filibuster in March 1964; the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 71–29.

2135: 2102: 1775: 1374: 1361: 1262: 1165:. The college years refined his skills of persuasion and political organization. For nine months, from 1928 to 1929, Johnson paused his studies to teach 3554:

Johnson maintained his staunch support of Apollo through Congressional and press controversy, and the program recovered. The first two crewed missions,

27612: 26682: 22508: 21452: 18688: 6129: 5207: 4432:

Johnson likely suffered a second heart attack following President Kennedy's assassination, but the diagnosis released to the public was that he had an

4122: 3985: 3969: 2546:, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The following evening, Johnson told aide 2543: 12755:

Catsam, Derek (2007). "The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment".

8637:"The Unmaking of the President: Lyndon Johnson believed that his withdrawal from the 1968 presidential campaign would free him to solidify his legacy" 2550:, "I think we may have lost the South for your lifetime – and mine", anticipating a backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. 28790: 25734: 25249: 24739: 24316: 12322: 12301: 7294: 6865: 2897:

in America. Our aim is not only to relieve the symptoms of poverty but to cure it–and above all, to prevent it." In April 1964, Johnson proposed the

2335: 1395:

lost the election by 1,311 votes. I'm basically responsible for losing that 1941 campaign. We let them know exactly how many votes they had to have.

1159:

In 1926, Johnson enrolled at SWTSTC. He worked his way through school, participated in debate and campus politics, and edited the school newspaper,

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on March 12, but in a March 31 speech, Johnson shocked the nation when he announced he would not run for re-election by concluding with the line:

1754:

During his two terms in the Senate, Johnson drifted rightward. He felt he had to tread carefully lest he offend politically powerful conservative

28675: 22007: 19751: 19637: 19057: 17936: 17484: 17269: 17124: 15281: 15228: 14630: 14339: 11903:"Jimmy Carter, XXXIX President of the United States: 1977–1981, Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, June 9, 1980" 9930: 4620:

Johnson was buried in his family's private cemetery at the house in which he was born. Eulogies were given by former Texas governor Connally and

2503: 1302: 573: 14319: 9547: 28342: 28061: 24249: 21758: 21567: 21297: 17304: 16351: 15199: 14595: 12255: 11814: 8370: 4365:

for one semester. During their first date, Johnson asked her to marry him; many dates later, she finally agreed. The wedding was officiated by

2363: 2171:

recalled that the Kennedy brothers "had a disdain for Johnson that they didn't even try to hide.... They actually took pride in snubbing him."

1882:

trips so they were absent and unable to cast dissenting votes. Central to Johnson's control was "The Treatment", described by two journalists:

1806: 9983:

331. National Security Action Memorandum No. 273 — FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961–1963, VOLUME IV, VIETNAM, AUGUST–DECEMBER 1963

4272:

After leaving the presidency in January 1969, Johnson went home to his ranch in Stonewall, Texas, accompanied by former aide and speechwriter

28770: 27757: 21205: 19538: 19457: 17890: 14590: 13219: 7647: 7627: 3016:

In 1965, Johnson turned his focus to hospital insurance for the aged under Social Security. The key player in initiating this program, named

6779: 2880: 2426:

of Virginia to negotiate a reduction in the budget below $ 100 billion in exchange for what became overwhelming Senate approval of the

1682:, Johnson again ran for the U.S. Senate and won the general election after being declared winner in a highly controversial Democratic Party 28705: 28019: 26005: 25931: 25924: 25792: 25427: 25331: 25307: 24932: 24797: 24432: 24374: 24239: 17910: 17557: 16155: 16135: 16115: 16095: 16075: 16055: 16035: 16015: 15995: 15975: 15955: 15935: 15915: 15895: 15870: 15850: 15830: 15810: 15790: 15770: 15750: 15730: 15710: 15690: 15670: 15650: 15630: 15610: 15590: 14751: 14665: 14640: 14605: 14580: 13241: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13012: 12280: 9779: 5007: 5002: 2593: 1991: 1295: 1050: 12931: 11697: 10791: 2775:(SNCC) began a push for federal action to protect the voting rights of racial minorities. On March 7, 1965, these organizations began the 28710: 24213: 23100: 21175: 21170: 20958: 20940: 19672: 19576: 17900: 17416: 17391: 17279: 14585: 13579: 13575: 13571: 12983: 12842: 9926: 4336:", a group funded by Republicans. It was the first time that Connally and Johnson were on opposite sides of a general election campaign. 3704: 3381:

called it "a revolution of black Americans against white Americans, a violent petition for the redress of long-standing grievances." The

3042: 2793: 2435: 1679: 1556: 1546: 966: 28700: 26316: 26022: 25955: 25715: 25451: 24821: 24203: 19721: 19418: 18564: 17929: 14635: 14625: 14610: 13146: 13131: 7158: 7119: 7080: 6967: 5032: 4895: 4752: 4609:, who had served as Japanese prime minister during Johnson's presidency. Eulogies were given by George Davis, the church's pastor, and 4487:, where he learned his condition was terminal. DeBakey found that despite two of Johnson's coronary arteries being in urgent need of a 4429:, which inspired him to discontinue smoking. Five months later, Johnson's doctors reported he had made "a most satisfactory recovery". 4418: 4293: 3176: 2979: 1468: 563: 1559:

by county. Johnson squeaked out a controversial victory by 87 votes. Johnson counties appear in blue, and Stevenson counties in green.

1133:

described him as being raised "in a land without electricity, where the soil was so rocky that it was hard to earn a living from it."

28615: 28605: 26349: 26086: 24292: 21277: 19828: 19525: 18914: 18697: 18580: 18393: 18193: 17952: 17401: 16534: 15192: 15108: 14675: 14615: 14600: 13822: 13795: 13768: 13722: 13630: 13603: 13204: 13023: 3846: 2772: 2665: 2179:, where Johnson worked with African Americans and other minorities. Kennedy may have intended this to remain a nominal position, but 1457: 9836: 3225:

for stationary emitters of air pollutants and directed federal funding to air quality research. In 1965, the act was amended by the

3134:, which increased federal money given to universities, created scholarships, gave low-interest loans to students, and established a 3118:

Johnson, whose own ticket out of poverty was a public education in Texas, believed that education was an essential component of the

2510:. Since bottling up the civil rights bill in a committee was no longer an option, the anti-civil rights senators were left with the 28805: 28780: 28715: 27985: 25881: 25816: 25766: 25762: 25758: 25281: 25277: 25273: 24956: 24771: 24767: 24763: 24348: 24344: 24340: 24244: 22277: 21312: 21267: 20935: 19818: 19746: 19467: 19347: 18898: 18377: 18177: 17411: 17406: 17386: 14708: 14660: 14645: 13699: 13666: 13273: 13268: 13121: 9381: 5421: 5037: 4685: 4633: 4625: 4312: 4285: 4089: 2957:

effort, the "Demonstration Cities Program". To be eligible, a city was required to demonstrate its readiness to "arrest blight and

2768: 2726: 2688: 2597: 2231: 1979: 1965: 1787: 1182: 979: 978:. Vice President Johnson assumed the presidency in 1963, after President Kennedy was assassinated. The following year, Johnson was 975: 28155: 27904: 8929: 2346:, to investigate Kennedy's assassination. The commission conducted extensive research and hearings and unanimously concluded that 28695: 26514: 26432: 26231: 25644: 25145: 24647: 23680: 22324: 21226: 19609: 19209: 17442: 16167: 14958: 14840: 14718: 14685: 14680: 14670: 14655: 14078: 10167: 5022: 4192: 3638: 3630: 3238: 3226: 3079: 3063: 3047: 3037: 2858: 2254: 2199: 2176: 1842:, Republicans won a majority in both the House and Senate. In January 1953, Johnson was chosen by his fellow Democrats as Senate 1015: 12900: 12087: 3170: 2945:

to low-income at-risk young people. VISTA deployed volunteers on community projects across the nation to address issues such as

28800: 28745: 28725: 28685: 27997: 26675: 26533: 24173: 22445: 19587: 18681: 17289: 14977: 14650: 13520: 13498: 13174: 13166: 13108: 13035: 6229: 4997: 4734: 3989: 3536: 3503: 3123: 3091: 3078:, including Mexico. Scholars give Johnson little credit for the law, which was not one of his priorities; he had supported the 2511: 2490: 2187:

that Johnson pushed the Kennedy administration's actions further and faster for civil rights than Kennedy originally intended.

2148:

the Senate, but faced vehement opposition from the Democratic Caucus, including members whom he had counted as his supporters.

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in 1947. Johnson gave his children names with the LBJ initials; his dog was named Little Beagle Johnson, and his home was the

2084:

At the same time as his vice presidential run, Johnson also sought a third term in the U.S. Senate. According to Robert Caro:

1986:

repeatedly urged Johnson to launch a campaign in early 1959, but Johnson thought it was better to wait, thinking that Senator

1152:. At 15, Johnson was the youngest in his class. Pressured by his parents to attend college, he enrolled at a "sub college" of 28233: 24168: 22103: 21790: 21768: 20963: 19078: 18557: 17494: 17159: 12690: 12659: 12622: 12576: 12550: 12510: 12472: 12449: 12428: 12400: 12377: 12331: 12310: 12289: 12268: 12188: 11764: 11194: 11141: 10991: 10934:

Nelson, Justin A. (December 2000). "Drafting Lyndon Johnson: The President's Secret Role in the 1968 Democratic Convention".

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of Johnson and the presidents who succeeded him Johnson tends to appear more toward the bottom of lists, typically excepting

4483:. His heart condition rapidly worsened and surgery was recommended. Johnson flew to Houston to consult with heart specialist 4009: 3886:

The Tet Offensive convinced senior leaders of the Johnson administration, including the "Wise Men" and new Defense Secretary

3200: 3154: 2161: 1390:

party bosses to know the exact number of fraudulent votes needed for O'Daniel to catch up to Johnson. According to Connally,

350: 17: 23191: 19025: 18352: 9757: 9652: 1261:(center), and Johnson (right) in 1937; Johnson later used an edited version of this photo with Allred airbrushed out in his 28795: 28680: 28280: 23010: 22935: 22595: 22195: 21349: 19813: 19761: 19707: 19104: 15395: 14690: 13291: 13126: 7214: 6661: 5043: 4901: 4756: 4629: 3276:

along Interstate or primary highways to be removed or screened and encouraged scenic enhancement and roadside development.

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In his 1964 State of the Union Address Johnson stated, "this administration today, here and now, declares an unconditional

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were convinced that foreign communist sources were behind the demonstration, but that was refuted in the CIA's findings.

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program to help prepare children from disadvantaged families for success in public schools. In 1967, Johnson signed the

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Dale Baum and James L. Hailey (Autumn 1994). "Lyndon Johnson's Victory in the 1948 Texas Senate Race: A Reappraisal".

6104: 1990:'s candidacy would create a division in the ranks that could then be exploited. Johnson's strategy was to sit out the 1136:

In school, Johnson was a talkative youth who was elected president of his 11th-grade class. He graduated in 1924 from

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After much discussion with party leaders and others, Kennedy offered Johnson the vice presidential nomination at the

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on June 21, 1940. While serving as a U.S. representative, he was called to active duty three days after the Japanese

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Gilbert, Robert E. (December 1995). "The Political Effects of Presidential Illness: The Case of Lyndon B. Johnson".

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in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.

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across the country that followed. The bill passed Congress on April 10 and was quickly signed into law by Johnson.

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The new president thought it advantageous to quickly pursue one of Kennedy's primary legislative goals ‍—‌ a

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Johnson attempted in vain to capitalize on Kennedy's youth, poor health, and failure to take a position regarding

1528:. He was discharged from active duty on July 17, 1942, but remained in the Navy Reserve, where he was promoted to 1330: 28785: 23805: 23186: 23115: 23015: 22893: 22665: 22655: 22242: 21629: 21334: 21322: 19798: 19736: 17596: 17264: 17209: 17174: 17044: 16250: 14509: 14459: 14389: 14329: 14309: 14189: 14159: 14109: 13004: 12976: 12921: 11341: 10688: 5595: 5470: 4907: 3973: 3697: 3389:

resulted in 43 deaths, 2250 injuries, 4,000 arrests, and millions of dollars' worth of property damage. Governor

3296:, but did not invoke the memory of Robert Kennedy as he had so often done with his brother–an omission historian 3158: 3147: 2825:. He turned to themes of Christian redemption to push for civil rights, mobilizing support from churches. At the 2747: 2692: 2649: 2243: 2225:, the Secretary to the Majority Leader of the Senate and a protégé of Johnson's, came under investigation by the 2218:. Kennedy assigned priority to the space program, but Johnson's appointment provided cover in case of a failure. 2119: 1903:. Along with much of the rest of the nation, Johnson was appalled by the threat of possible Soviet domination of 1464: 1345: 1219: 22580: 22467: 22455: 18066: 12819: 9806: 7844: 7504: 6028: 5795: 2160:

Many members of the Kennedy White House were openly contemptuous of Johnson, including the president's brother,

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William O. Walker III, "The Struggle for the Americas: The Johnson Administration and Cuba," H.W. Brands, ed.

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Alan McPherson, "Misled by himself: What the Johnson tapes reveal about the Dominican intervention of 1965."

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Chiefs' support, decided to expand the air campaign and exempted only Hanoi, Haiphong and a buffer zone with

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on August 7, 1964, giving blanket congressional approval for use of military force to repel future attacks.

3633:

ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year following recommendations of the

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with their grievances. On the first march, demonstrators were stopped by state and county police, who shot

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on October 19, 1949, effective June 2, 1948. He resigned from the Navy Reserve effective January 18, 1964.

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Claffey, Charles (January 25, 1973). "Johnson lies in state at Capitol; burial is today at Texas ranch".

11361:"Presidential Disability and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment: The Difficulties Posed By Psychological Illness" 9959: 6370: 4992: 4871: 4491:, the former president's heart was in such poor condition that he likely would have died during surgery. 4479:, kept to it only intermittently. Meanwhile, he began to experience severe abdominal pains, diagnosed as 3981: 3944: 3634: 3161:, to support the study of literature, history, and law, and arts such as music, painting, and sculpture. 2934: 2776: 2669: 2531: 2395: 1858:, Johnson was re-elected to the Senate and, with Democrats winning the majority in the Senate, he became 1445: 1433: 1329:, and expanded credit for loans to farmers. He steered the projects towards contractors he knew, such as 1123: 6002: 5643: 4127:"I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president" 3433:

to study the causes behind the recurring outbreaks of urban civil disorder, headed by Illinois Governor

3217:

measures into law, forming the legal basis of the modern environmental movement. He signed into law the

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that would continue into the 1970s. To counter this, Johnson reluctantly signed a second tax bill, the

2382:—served until the end of Johnson's presidency. Other Kennedy holdovers, including Secretary of Defense 2290: 1525: 1467:. In the spring of 1942, President Roosevelt decided he needed better information on conditions in the 1031: 770: 14219: 10496: 9912:

Logevall, Frederick (1998), "Vietnam and the Question of What Might Have Been," in Mark J. White, ed.

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posthumously in 1980. Texas created a state holiday on August 27 to mark Johnson's birthday, known as

3175:

In March 1966, Johnson sent to Congress a transportation message which included the creation of a new

27227: 25023: 24531: 24499: 24254: 24130: 24075: 23895: 22883: 22590: 22151: 21763: 21680: 20983: 20814: 20784: 20719: 20204: 19843: 19823: 19793: 19702: 19631: 19604: 19570: 19313: 19094: 18883: 17524: 17452: 17189: 17144: 17134: 17119: 17109: 17094: 17049: 17039: 15442: 14729: 14479: 13141: 12911: 11544: 9418:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 4877: 4791: 4624:, the minister who officiated at the burial rites. The state funeral, the last for a president until 3673: 3665: 3650: 3607: 3334: 3265: 3184: 2906: 2806: 2742: 2645: 2041: 1529: 1463:

for a job in Washington, D.C. He was instead sent to inspect shipyard facilities in Texas and on the

1023: 807: 789: 9982: 8842: 7435: 7259: 6179: 3417:

warned that untrained and undisciplined local police forces and National Guardsmen might trigger a "

1870:

of California. Particularly on foreign policy, Johnson offered bipartisan support to the president.

1551: 1452:

in December 1941. His first orders were to report to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in

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The Race for the White House from Reagan to Clinton: Reforming Old Systems, Building New Coalitions

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mind that this nation could never rest while the door to knowledge remained closed to any American.

1137: 1104: 1027: 1019: 999: 850: 656: 23620: 12651: 11595:

Foley, Thomas (January 25, 1973). "Thousands in Washington Brave Cold to Say Goodbye to Johnson".

7644: 7624: 6787: 4296:, with the provision that it "remain a working ranch and not become a sterile relic of the past". 28170: 26691: 26178: 26160: 25683: 25202: 23110: 23055: 23040: 22980: 22788: 22768: 22528: 22205: 21810: 21354: 21234: 20649: 20419: 20084: 20064: 19979: 19934: 19505: 19462: 19445: 19283: 19252: 19204: 19125: 17338: 17149: 17089: 17019: 16409: 16299: 16274: 14559: 13982: 13952: 13405: 13393: 13381: 13340: 12568: 12235: 9986: 9783: 6287: 4931: 4919: 4440: 4027: 3918: 3728: 3642: 3372: 3293: 3180: 3179:, comprising the Commerce Department's Office of Transportation, the Bureau of Public Roads, the 2194:

on August 19–20, 1961, Johnson sought to calm Berliners who were outraged by the building of the

1758:, and in part to curry favor with the chamber's powerful southern chairmen, most notably Senator 1707: 1517: 1412: 1111: 1091: 639: 618: 538: 22013: 12947: 12926: 11756: 11037:"Harry J. Middleton Curriculum Vitae". LBJ Presidential Library Reading Room. February 25, 1971. 8608:

Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the laws that changed America

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nationalist. With Johnson's support, Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the tumultuous

1099:, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia. Through his mother, he was a great-grandson of 28532: 28348: 28311: 28211: 28045: 27177: 27071: 26260: 26120: 25673: 25529: 25178: 25014: 24676: 24522: 23900: 23404: 22798: 22472: 21948: 21708: 21703: 21496: 20689: 20424: 20409: 20404: 20279: 20134: 19974: 19919: 19484: 19334: 19257: 19228: 19190: 18121: 17626: 17368: 17363: 17224: 17104: 17069: 16735: 15568: 15542: 15529: 15481: 15477: 15364: 15325: 15162: 14185: 14064: 13945: 11075: 10795: 10091: 9624:

Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the laws that changed America

6903: 4838: 4772: 4023:

List of international trips made by the President of the United States § Lyndon B. Johnson

3783: 3661: 3482: 2853: 2752: 2573: 2457: 2226: 2206: 2057: 1995: 1767: 1449: 679: 302: 248: 24110: 12366: 11247: 11133: 11127: 10901: 10851: 10029: 9627: 9619: 8956: 8611: 8603: 8433: 8427: 7767: 6851: 5366: 5360: 4393:. His initials were on his cufflinks, ashtrays, and clothes. During his marriage, Johnson had 1982:, Johnson's success in the Senate rendered him a potential Democratic presidential candidate. 28255: 27046: 26825: 26765: 26749: 26610: 25481: 25336: 25112: 24981: 24965: 24135: 23419: 23414: 23181: 23070: 23025: 22985: 22920: 22864: 22783: 22565: 22379: 22257: 22175: 22083: 22048: 21958: 21903: 21800: 21641: 21282: 20819: 20634: 20264: 20169: 20149: 20119: 19808: 19803: 19545: 19510: 19408: 19372: 19066: 17971: 17966: 17229: 17184: 17084: 16800: 15741: 15721: 15701: 15681: 15625: 15168: 15060: 14415: 13556: 13296: 12839: 10590: 10548: 6601: 5935: 5777: 5564: 5245: 4658: 4598: 4594: 4426: 4095: 4049: 3862: 3807: 3214: 2938: 2915: 2539: 2331: 2327: 1826: 1254: 1215: 11455: 8804: 3696:

reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective and that the

3606:

in August 1965 as Johnson was preparing to commence a systematic bombing campaign, known as

2652:

send 30 agents to cover convention activities; the objective of the squad was to inform the

1074:

A seven-year-old Johnson, wearing his trademark cowboy hat, at his childhood farmhouse near

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A female demonstrator offers a flower to a soldier during a 1967 anti-war demonstration at

3599: 3481:, the Republicans gained three seats in the Senate and 47 in the House, reinvigorating the 3139: 3111: 2963: 2942: 2617:, Johnson obtained an agreement. This substantially boosted his self-confidence and image. 1874:

philosophy and prejudices, his strengths and weaknesses, and what it took to get his vote.

1863: 1747: 1695: 1367: 970: 955: 433: 390: 186: 35: 28549: 27765: 9653:"Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference – 93 years young!" 9195:(1). Washington, D.C.: Columbus School of Law, The Catholic University of America: 157–170 7560: 7554: 4425:

On July 2, 1955, at age 46, Johnson, a 60-cigarette-per-day smoker, suffered a near-fatal

3345: 1049:

and increasing crime. Johnson initially sought to run for re-election; however, following

8: 28339: 28180: 28058: 27886: 27710: 26131: 25207: 24484: 24120: 24035: 24030: 23930: 23793: 23590: 23474: 23389: 23277: 23130: 23125: 23105: 23090: 23000: 22995: 22900: 22833: 22823: 22735: 22730: 22720: 22620: 22560: 22533: 22359: 22344: 22314: 22292: 22078: 22068: 21795: 21718: 21688: 21672: 21065: 21026: 20574: 20534: 20484: 20394: 20354: 20329: 20284: 20089: 20044: 19889: 19869: 19838: 19833: 19776: 19687: 19477: 19430: 19380: 19341: 17698: 17447: 16740: 16730: 16564: 16469: 16457: 16427: 16421: 15494: 15468: 15429: 15425: 15403: 15243: 15233: 14910: 14365: 14285: 13815: 13805: 13399: 13387: 12940: 12420: 11973: 11686:

pp. 639, 644–645., quoted in Germany, "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons." p. 1007.

9357: 8559: 8555:"Great Society at 50: Prince George's illustrates domestic programs' impact — and limits" 7032: 7028: 6993: 6989: 4865: 4859: 4689: 4476: 4382: 4366: 4333: 4332:

had served as President Nixon's Secretary of the Treasury and then stepped down to head "

4303:

Johnson with longer hair during an interview in August 1972, five months before his death

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LBJ: From Mastermind to the "colossus" : The Lies, Treachery, and Treasons Continue

9503:

From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America

8933: 7981: 7793: 6883: 5889: 5640:"Remarks at Southwest Texas State College Upon Signing the Higher Education Act of 1965" 5267: 2386:, left office during Johnson's tenure. Although Johnson had no official chief of staff, 28113: 26940: 26916: 26873: 26841: 26644: 26284: 25866: 25662: 25491: 24991: 24891: 24693: 24686: 24636: 24541: 24450: 24274: 24070: 24055: 23980: 23960: 23955: 23940: 23787: 23535: 23287: 23171: 22925: 22828: 22813: 22725: 22715: 22690: 22685: 22450: 22404: 22319: 22304: 22247: 22063: 21986: 21862: 21753: 21743: 21387: 21150: 21134: 21127: 21106: 21098: 21092: 21055: 20889: 20799: 20779: 20704: 20684: 20674: 20654: 20569: 20454: 20399: 20344: 20249: 20029: 19944: 19598: 19582: 19562: 19328: 19293: 19220: 18631: 18596: 18409: 18297: 18219: 18136: 18126: 18091: 18031: 17818: 17740: 17722: 17686: 17608: 17535: 17348: 16840: 16795: 16790: 16770: 16690: 16648: 16600: 16558: 16415: 16379: 16369: 16357: 16327: 15801: 15781: 15665: 15605: 15585: 15415: 15399: 15253: 15248: 15238: 15150: 14355: 13751: 13739: 13715: 13586: 13545: 13336: 13059: 12905: 12785: 12701: 12499: 12414: 12389: 12343: 11749: 11489: 11437: 11223: 10951: 6932: 6924: 6702: 6387: 4764: 4511: 4390: 4378: 4273: 3965: 3914: 3854: 3205: 2661: 2494: 2438:, which included a mix of tax increases and spending cuts, producing a budget surplus. 2375: 2098: 2010: 1999: 1953: 1933: 1711: 1479: 1416: 1408: 1282: 1207: 750: 226: 214: 23970: 23799: 18666: 11568: 10171: 3984:

in 1967, and in July 1968 the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union signed the

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Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism

12707: 12686: 12680: 12655: 12618: 12572: 12546: 12539: 12516: 12506: 12468: 12445: 12439: 12424: 12396: 12373: 12350: 12327: 12306: 12285: 12264: 12239: 12228: 12194: 12184: 12152: 12120: 11760: 11548: 11395: 11200: 11190: 11137: 11049: 10947: 10907: 10855: 10844: 10822: 10661: 10594: 10583: 10552: 10541: 9893: 9700: 9675: 9631: 9598: 9481: 9442: 9309: 9091:"Public Broadcasting: Will political attacks and new technologies force big changes?" 8962: 8615: 8437: 8337: 8327: 7799: 7771: 7564: 7475: 7359: 7299: 6936: 6844: 6438: 6432: 6036: 5855:

Faustian Bargains Lyndon Johnson and Mac Wallace in the Robber Baron Culture of Texas

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legislation like almost all other Southern Democrat legislators; voting against anti-

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Germany, Kent B. (2009). "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons: A Review Essay".

11027:, vol. 1, 38:18–47. Dir. Gerald Rafshoon. Camera Planet/Discovery Productions, 2004. 9566:

Law And Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s

7760: 6810:"The New York Times, The Johnson Treatment: Lyndon B. Johnson and Theodore F. Green" 4100: 3566:, becoming the first former or incumbent U.S. president to witness a rocket launch. 3405:, and attacks on businesses and police. Johnson finally sent in federal troops with 2502:

to put the House bill directly into consideration by the full Senate, bypassing the

2093:

Johnson was re-elected senator with 1,306,605 votes (58 percent) to Republican

1797:, and became increasingly concerned with the country's military preparedness in the 28430: 28371: 28303: 28239: 27894: 27855: 27827: 27351: 27291: 27219: 27030: 27006: 27002: 26604: 26585: 26560: 26170: 26149: 26049: 25876: 25841: 25496: 25391: 25371: 24901: 24886: 24876: 24871: 24050: 23975: 23905: 23890: 23870: 23817: 23600: 23595: 23575: 23525: 23515: 23342: 23307: 23292: 23241: 22970: 22910: 22750: 22409: 22389: 22098: 22040: 22034: 22001: 21981: 21971: 21820: 21621: 21613: 21432: 21417: 21407: 21377: 21113: 21060: 20909: 20894: 20859: 20724: 20669: 20659: 20554: 20429: 20364: 20239: 20154: 20114: 20104: 20094: 20079: 20074: 20049: 19939: 19318: 19233: 19196: 18960: 18748: 18656: 18611: 18601: 18454: 18434: 18429: 18249: 18239: 18229: 18224: 18106: 18036: 17782: 17770: 17752: 17734: 17644: 17638: 17620: 17584: 17437: 17294: 16910: 16890: 16880: 16870: 16850: 16666: 16654: 16630: 16618: 16594: 16576: 16445: 16397: 16309: 15765: 15725: 15645: 15516: 15507: 15503: 15490: 15464: 15351: 15334: 15321: 15312: 15091: 15041: 15004: 14947: 14941: 14345: 14335: 14315: 14275: 14225: 14175: 14125: 13788: 13761: 13743: 13623: 13596: 13530: 12880: 12764: 12647: 12602:

The Foreign Policy of Lyndon B. Johnson: The United States and the World, 1963–1969

12223: 11429: 11163: 10943: 10846:

Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade

7894: 7353: 6916: 6379: 5017: 4610: 4561: 4472: 4362: 4242: 4169: 3803: 3737: 3453:

between what Johnson was saying in press conferences and what was happening in the

3390: 2926: 2845: 2822: 2379: 2014: 1945: 1683: 1504: 1453: 1087: 1083: 1075: 962: 876: 506: 421: 373: 14056: 9273: 9113:"National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965, 20 US Code § 952" 7706:

Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy and the Feud that Defined a Decade

6813: 6729: 4555:

Shortly after the former president was pronounced dead, Johnson's press secretary

3368:

cities, and so the appetite for additional programs in Johnson's agenda was lost.

2167:, and they ridiculed his comparatively brusque and crude manner. Then Congressman 2076:

asserted Kennedy had "made chumps out of leaders of the American labor movement".

1486:

base, which was assigned the high-risk mission of bombing the Japanese airbase at

28656:

Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas

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Making sense of the Vietnam wars: local, national, and transnational perspectives

9765: 9656: 9112: 8735: 7789: 7651: 7631: 7411:"Johnson is Nominated for Vice President; Kennedy Picks Him to Placate the South" 6999: 5074: 4575: 4549: 4520: 4488: 4484: 4316: 4230: 4137: 3871: 3681: 3626: 3595: 3450: 3434: 3143: 3005: 2989: 2910: 2885: 2696: 2626: 2535: 2516: 2486: 2477: 2399: 2383: 2318: 2314: 2153: 2124: 1987: 1900: 1859: 1843: 1763: 1460: 1370: 1178: 1160: 1141: 1119: 935: 120: 104: 27026: 22232: 10637: 9732: 5102:

counties, sent in troops, and prosecuted the Klan in the federal district court.

4628:'s in 1994, was part of an unexpectedly busy week in Washington, beginning with 30:"Lyndon Johnson" and "LBJ" redirect here. For the American football player, see 28454: 28437: 28329: 28316: 28219: 27926: 27899: 27832: 27793: 27771: 27767: 27682: 27645: 27555: 27520: 27466: 27401: 27397: 27335: 27231: 27215: 27116: 26948: 26793: 26781: 26773: 26733: 26199: 26080: 25985: 25888: 25596: 25506: 25386: 25101: 24986: 24856: 24479: 24474: 24469: 24458: 24095: 24020: 24010: 24005: 23865: 23605: 23394: 23317: 23045: 22950: 22700: 22640: 22272: 22190: 22093: 22053: 22023: 21923: 21878: 21466: 21447: 21031: 20879: 20864: 20794: 20744: 20709: 20694: 20679: 20639: 20619: 20609: 20564: 20549: 20529: 20299: 20269: 20259: 20229: 20219: 20129: 20099: 19899: 19520: 19472: 19362: 18975: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18930: 18768: 18763: 18738: 18733: 18723: 18713: 18621: 18606: 18444: 18259: 18244: 18234: 18209: 18101: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17986: 17824: 17758: 17704: 17668: 17602: 16992: 16915: 16885: 16820: 16815: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16760: 16745: 16678: 16660: 16612: 16588: 16493: 16439: 15946: 15930: 15910: 15805: 15601: 15581: 15559: 15455: 15451: 15386: 15308: 15295: 15010: 14885: 14860: 14525: 14405: 14375: 14265: 14245: 14215: 14165: 14014: 13871: 13832: 13650: 13640: 13091: 12112:

National Aeronautics and Space Act: A Study of the Development of Public Policy

11910: 11875: 11645: 11641: 11282: 9733:"The Impact of the Great Society Upon The Lives of Families and Young Children" 8333: 8323: 6901:

Badger, Tony (1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto".

6866:"The Future Foretold: Lyndon Baines Johnson's Congressional Support for Israel" 5390: 5099: 4987: 4829: 4705: 4480: 4354: 3997: 3977: 3940: 3887: 3850: 3787: 3646: 3540: 3528: 3234: 3119: 3051: 2894: 2874: 2784: 2610: 2527: 2507: 2499: 2387: 2215: 2168: 2140: 2053: 2018: 1755: 1731: 1703: 1687: 1322: 1314: 1170: 1129:

Johnson grew up poor, with his father losing a great deal of money. Biographer

1007: 991: 662: 333: 273: 25756: 25271: 24761: 24338: 12644:

Beyond the Cold War: Lyndon Johnson and the New Global Challenges of the 1960s

11503: 8541:

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965.

6920: 5182:"Presidency: How Do Historians Evaluate the Administration of Lyndon Johnson?" 4644:

According to biographer Randall Woods, Johnson posed in many different roles:

4606: 4129:. The next day, his approval ratings increased from 36 percent to 49 percent. 4116:

As he had served less than two years of President Kennedy's term, Johnson was

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paying his last tributes to his predecessor, former president Johnson in 1973

4504: 4401:, who was considered, outside his marriage, his most important relationship. 4329: 4324: 4237:

announced his retirement in 1968, Johnson nominated Fortas to succeed him as

4180: 4146: 4105: 4036: 3993: 3866: 3688:, the first time U.S. combat forces had been sent to mainland Asia since the 3656: 3622: 3548: 3543:

flights. On January 27, 1967, the nation was stunned when the entire crew of

3418: 3135: 3075: 2997: 2954: 2805:

Johnson and Dirksen established a strong bipartisan alliance in favor of the

2713: 2581: 2569: 2559: 2461: 2423: 2371: 2310: 2274: 2180: 2064:. Nevertheless, labor leaders were unanimous in their opposition to Johnson. 2045: 2022: 1983: 1944:

to passage ‍—‌ the first civil rights bills to pass Congress since the

1726:, but with timely help from his friend and future U.S. Supreme Court Justice 1691: 1509: 1310: 1278: 986: 132: 14043: 12520: 10743:

Moore, William (November 24, 1963). "Law Permits 2 Full Terms for Johnson".

10170:. Santa Barbara, California: The American Presidency Project. Archived from 9533:"Newark Riot Deaths at 21 As Negro Sniping Widens; Hughes May Seek U.S. Aid" 8158:"'We may have lost the south': what LBJ really said about Democrats in 1964" 3150:

to create educational television programs to supplement broadcast networks.

2353: 2089:

required to do under federal law, as soon as it convened on January 3, 1961.

922:; August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as 28490: 28418: 28165: 27868: 27837: 27722: 27637: 27616: 27603: 27595: 27571: 27563: 27446: 27438: 27383: 27251: 27195: 27141: 27120: 27095: 26924: 26801: 26741: 26660: 26270: 26095: 26034: 25851: 25604: 25575: 25068: 25058: 24841: 24045: 23995: 23925: 23915: 23769: 23757: 23744: 23550: 23377: 22878: 22126: 21976: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21531: 21402: 21382: 20899: 20854: 20849: 20809: 20644: 20624: 20579: 20514: 20449: 20434: 20349: 20339: 20294: 20244: 20234: 20224: 20194: 20189: 20179: 20164: 20124: 20059: 20039: 20034: 20014: 20009: 19999: 19959: 19914: 19884: 19262: 19005: 18813: 18469: 18282: 18269: 18096: 18026: 18021: 17680: 16920: 16825: 16810: 16755: 16624: 16582: 16517: 16086: 16066: 16050: 16006: 15986: 15926: 15906: 15621: 15572: 15116: 14916: 14545: 14535: 14515: 14485: 14145: 13735: 13731: 13481: 13346: 13304: 12682:

Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism: A Brief Biography with Documents

12560: 11834:

Kent B. Germany, "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons: A Review Essay"

11668:

Elsen, William A. (January 25, 1973). "Ceremonial Group Had Busy 5 Weeks".

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Soderstrom, Carl; Soderstrom, Robert; Stevens, Chris; Burt, Andrew (2018).

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from new motor vehicles and engines. In September 1964, Johnson signed the

3021: 2817: 2813: 2717: 2709: 2620:

Robert F. Kennedy was widely considered an impeccable choice for Johnson's

2465: 2403: 2391: 2366:. Four of the Kennedy cabinet members Johnson inherited—Secretary of State 2069: 1802: 1337: 1326: 802: 9927:

National Security Action Memoranda [NSAM]: NSAM 263, South Vietnam

9518:

In the Heat of the Summer: The New York Riots of 1964 and the War on Crime

5870:"What LBJ can teach new Congress members about gaining power in the House" 3457:, which led to less favorable coverage of Johnson and his administration. 3264:, including removal of certain types of signs, along the nation's growing 3229:, which directed the federal government to establish and enforce national 1809:, and conducted investigations of defense costs and efficiency. After the 1317:

near Austin. Johnson also sponsored projects that gave his Texas district

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and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the

9837:"Column One: 50 years after Apollo 11, the moon's allure still resonates" 9758:"James E. Webb – NASA Administrator, February 14, 1961 – October 7, 1968" 8822: 7289: 6615: 5541: 4713: 4468: 4460: 4444: 4398: 4374: 4299: 4234: 4109: 4041: 3842: 3757: 3618: 3611: 3575: 3508: 3454: 3364: 3338: 3297: 3285: 2993: 2958: 2930: 2653: 2547: 2469: 2407: 2339: 2222: 2195: 2191: 2128: 2006: 1892: 1875: 1783: 1742: 1719: 1715: 1508:

organized labor blocked the bill and denounced him. Johnson's biographer

1495: 1383: 1298: 1231: 1174: 1130: 1039: 1035: 822: 28473: 18579: 12789: 12461: 11839: 10955: 9578: 9274:"Anniversary of the Wilderness Act and Land and Water Conservation Bill" 6706: 6690: 4661:

keeps a herd descended from Johnson's and maintains the ranch property.

3935: 3672:

Johnson decided on a systematic bombing campaign, which became known as

2656:

staff of any disruptive activities. The squad's focus narrowed upon the

2538:, national origin, religion, or sex. It prohibits racial segregation in 54: 28160: 28035: 28025: 27810: 27714: 27534: 27458: 27375: 27203: 27124: 26897: 25861: 25846: 25486: 25471: 23849: 23560: 23530: 23484: 23399: 23367: 23359: 23302: 22990: 22705: 22394: 22282: 21888: 21041: 20699: 20629: 20599: 20469: 20444: 20389: 20289: 19904: 19874: 19010: 18858: 18838: 18828: 18818: 18641: 18519: 18509: 18499: 18489: 18464: 18332: 18327: 18317: 18307: 18146: 18141: 17864: 17836: 17632: 17590: 17578: 16962: 16958: 16940: 16702: 16499: 16046: 15360: 14195: 14115: 13423: 12952: 12565:

The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power

11441: 10524: 9223: 7556:

Man of the House: The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill

6928: 6560: 6428: 6391: 5492:

Greenbaum, Patty; Lewis, Lisa; Drake, Anne; Loven, Zazel, eds. (1990).

4755:

at the University of Texas at Austin was named in his honor, as is the

4414: 4394: 4218: 3883:

cards, and chanted, "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"

3799: 3689: 3494: 3466: 3302: 3242: 2946: 2756: 2683: 2677: 2094: 2072:

called Johnson "the arch-foe of labor", and Illinois AFL-CIO President

1810: 1727: 1491: 1387: 22503: 18913: 14759: 12851: 10778:

The Last Campaign: Robert F. Kennedy and 82 Days That Inspired America

9185:"Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions: State or Federal Responsibility?" 8389: 7240: 5600:

The Educational Views of Lyndon Baines Johnson Prior to His Presidency

4559:(no relation) telephoned Cronkite to tell him. Cronkite was anchoring 4201: 3221:, which had been proposed by President Kennedy. The Clean Air Act set 1456:, for instruction and training. Following his training, Johnson asked 1030:. Due to his domestic agenda, Johnson's presidency marked the peak of 28461: 28203: 28103: 28067: 27702: 27690: 27450: 26421: 25625: 25396: 25361: 25124: 24846: 24599: 24145: 23990: 23839: 23812: 23625: 23580: 23489: 23457: 23437: 23429: 22758: 22548: 21019: 20489: 20474: 17858: 16987: 16977: 16949: 16925: 16505: 16345: 16126: 16110: 16090: 16070: 14829: 14555: 13081: 12588:

Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy 1963–1968

12064:. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project 12042:. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project 12020:. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project 11998:. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project 11954:. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project 11536: 11050:"Taming the wild pecan at Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park" 6027:

Tolchin, Martin; Times, Special To the New York (February 11, 1990).

4590: 4587: 4386: 4065: 4057: 3827: 3677: 3563: 3512: 3474:"the preachers, liberals and professors" who had turned against him. 3273: 2922: 2767:

Soon after the 1964 election, civil rights organizations such as the

2431: 2394:, who was Johnson's second-longest-serving aide, assumed the post of 2367: 2143:

meeting with civil rights leaders at the White House on June 22, 1963

1914: 1909: 26357: 12961: 12885: 11433: 8702:

The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s

8686:

The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s

7467:

Forty Gavels: The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL-CIO

6383: 3760:

declared that the only solution was a unilateral U.S. withdrawal. A

3507:

Former President Lyndon B. Johnson (center left) and Vice President

3249:, which aids the purchase of land used for federal and state parks. 3187:, the Maritime Administration, the Civil Aeronautics Board, and the 1932:

During his tenure as Majority Leader, Johnson did not sign the 1956

1014:, which established federally insured student loans; and signed the 28030: 27512: 27430: 27112: 25197: 23724: 23565: 23462: 23337: 23156: 23060: 22200: 22058: 21512: 20379: 18479: 18302: 18287: 18056: 16463: 16150: 15661: 15184: 13996: 12889: 10336: 8699: 8683: 7890:"'I Rely On You. I Need You.' How LBJ Begged JFK's Cabinet To Stay" 6397:

387 votes (of which at least two hundred were patently fraudulent).

4681: 4292:. He donated his Texas ranch in his will to the public to form the 4061: 4053: 3930: 3879:

percent disapproved. College students and others protested, burned

3875: 3559: 3555: 3544: 3532: 3025: 2788: 2230:

was planning on dropping Johnson from the Democratic ticket in the

2210: 1798: 1286: 1223: 1149: 1100: 1003: 22844:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

11853:"Houston Space Center Is Rededicated to Johnson: New Stamp Issued" 8721: 7173: 6274: 5185: 4259:" From that point on, he went into a very self-destructive spiral. 2970:

wrote 22 years later that the program was largely a failure.

2779:

in which Selma residents proceeded to march to Alabama's capital,

1866:

found Johnson more cooperative than the Senate Republican leader,

27663: 27587: 23670: 23555: 23545: 23494: 23035: 21780: 20968: 17842: 16026: 16010: 15990: 9323: