M62 coach bombing - Knowledge

1232:, Cobb repeatedly referred to the physical evidence which he portrayed as conclusive proof Ward had handled explosives, emphasising the insistence of Skuse and others who had delivered forensic testimony on behalf of the prosecution that their findings were conclusive. Ward's confessions were also outlined as her willing admissions of guilt. Ward was described as a ruthless individual with a sole passion for her "political aim" to unite all of Ireland. Acknowledging that others should also be prosecuted for the three bombings, Cobb concluded his speech by stating to the jury: "You are sitting in judgment on the gravest charge, short of 1365:, boot polish and other commodities in common public use by any individual would produce the same positive results presented at Ward's trial as proof of their having handled—or come into contact with—explosive substances, as contended by Skuse and others. This information was known to forensic experts in 1974, but had also never been disclosed at her original trial, or in the intervening years despite her protestations of innocence and subsequent developments with regards to other uncovered miscarriages of justice. 728: 1216:. Referencing the "rambling, incoherent and improbable" statements Ward had made to police, Rankin outlined the numerous inconsistencies and alterations she had made which indicated she had not been telling the truth and stressed to the jury the IRA would be extremely unlikely to accept or to trust an individual of sheer incompetence and who had, prior to 1974, come to the attention of the police and the Army in both Northern Ireland and England on several occasions. 1464: 4734: 8753: 62: 4746: 1197:. A member of the Metropolitan Police Service was also called to testify as to statements Ward had made following her August 1973 arrest for vagrancy in London in which she had claimed to police to have "carried out assignments" for the IRA, but was not a member of the organisation. On 23 October, Ward repeated her disprovable claims to have been married to the deceased Michael McVerry. 1361:, QC, contended there had been a "significant and substantial non-disclosure" of evidence and information which had strongly indicated her innocence, and that of the 63 interviews West Yorkshire Police had conducted with Ward before and after her confession, only 34 had been disclosed at trial. Furthermore, the court also heard that the handling of 667:

travelling immediately behind the coach is known to have ploughed into the scattered debris of the rear of the coach. The coach itself travelled for more than 200 yards (180 m) before the driver, 39-year-old Roland Handley (himself injured by flying glass), was able to steer the coach to a halt upon the

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Ward was released on bail, pending the conclusion of the legal proceedings of her appeal, on 11 May 1992, with Lord Justice Glidewell not immediately dismissing the charges against Ward, but stating a reversal of her sentence was fully expected. She exited the courtroom to a positive public reaction,

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Shortly after Ward's November 1974 convictions, the Irish Republican Publicity Bureau issued a formal statement pertaining to her arrest and conviction. This statement again emphasised that Ward had not been a member of the IRA and that she had taken no role in any of the activities for which she had

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validity of her conviction was independently reviewed on three occasions between 1985 and 1989, and each review uncovered serious flaws with regards to the evidence presented at her trial and the legal conduct of various individuals prior to and following her confessions, she remained incarcerated at

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Police quickly discovered the address on Ward's driving licence was false. She was then asked how she intended to travel to Ireland with very little money in her possession. In response, she claimed to have intended to telephone a friend in Ireland who would send her the money. The same evening, with

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One surviving soldier later described his recollections of having been blown through the emergency doors of the coach, only to find himself lying upon the ground viewing a "mangled wreck". This soldier later assisted a young girl aged approximately 17 with injured legs whom he found lying on her back

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on 3 February. Over a dozen independent witnesses were able to confirm this fact, thus meaning Ward could not have physically placed the bomb upon the coach as she had previously claimed. According to official records, on this date, Ward asked to see a Detective Superintendent Weight, exclaiming: "I

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following the first of their three interviews with Ward on 16 February was that she held "poor knowledge" of the construction of explosive devices and, although discrepancies were noted between the various oral statements Ward made and earlier statements she and others had provided to investigators,

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to collect returning service personnel and their families prior to travelling towards Catterick Garrison, a possibility existed the device could have been placed in the vehicle in any of these three locations, although the timing of the explosion indicated the device would unlikely have been placed

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The jury deliberated for five hours and forty minutes before reaching their verdicts. On 4 November 1974, Ward was found guilty of all charges. She was sentenced to serve five years' imprisonment in relation to the Euston railway station bombing, twenty years' imprisonment in relation to the coach

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and returned to Dundalk, where she briefly became engaged to a young man named Sean McKeowan. Although McKeowan himself was disinterested in any form of politics, Ward is known to have frequently drunk in Dundalk pubs where, according to acquaintances, she frequently socialised with men affiliated

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According to Ward's confessions, she was an "IRA volunteer" who had planted the M62 coach bomb in the luggage compartment of the coach while the vehicle was parked at Manchester Chorlton Street coach station. The luggage compartment had already been open when she, "shaking like a leaf", placed the

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One of the first motorists to offer assistance after Handley had navigated the coach to a halt was John Clark, who later recollected seeing a young man lying upon the motorway with one leg partially severed and the body of a child, stating: "It was just absolutely ... unbelievable. It was dark, so

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A memorial to those killed in the M62 coach bombing was later erected at Hartshead Moor service station, where many of the casualties had received impromptu first aid following the explosion. Following a campaign by relatives of the deceased, a larger memorial was later erected several yards away

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with no recommended minimum term of imprisonment in relation to each of the fatalities of the coach bombing, plus ten years' consecutive imprisonment in relation to the Latimer bombing, thus meaning she would have to serve a minimum sentence of thirty years' imprisonment before being eligible for

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Although a police spokesman initially emphasised that investigators were keeping an "open mind" as to the cause of the explosion, in the days immediately following the bombing, suspicion quickly fell upon the IRA, which had extended its campaign to England the previous year and had recently begun

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in the late evening of Sunday 3 February and was travelling at approximately 60 mph (100 km/h) along the M62 motorway en route to Catterick Garrison. Shortly after midnight, as most of those aboard were sleeping and when the bus was travelling between junctions 26 and 27 of the M62, the

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Rankin again disputed the sourcing of the traces of explosive material, insisting Ward had inadvertently become cross-contaminated and reiterating his client's ineptitude, vivid fantasy life, and the numerous inconsistencies within her repeatedly altered statements. Rankin then asked the jury to

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which carried out the relevant investigations ... we may say the failure to disclose was limited to the West Yorkshire Police; (2) the staff of the Director of Public Prosecutions and counsel who advised them; (3) the psychiatrists who prepared medical reports on Miss Ward at the request of the

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Ward's trial began before Mr Justice Waller at Wakefield Crown Court on 3 October 1974. She was charged with fifteen separate offences consisting of twelve charges of murder relating to the fatalities of the bombing, causing an explosion likely to endanger life and property with regards to this

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was challenged over the choice of target, the lack of the official IRA protocol of a given advance warning, and the resulting deaths of civilians, including children. Ó Conaill replied that the coach was selected as a legitimate target because IRA intelligence had indicated that the vehicle was

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Ward remained impassive as the verdict was read aloud, although members of her family—who remained steadfast in their belief of her innocence—burst into tears. She did not appeal her conviction, although she repeatedly protested her innocence throughout her years of incarceration. Although the

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The following month, Ward was shown a written copy of the statement she had provided on 16 February. She emphatically denied sections of the statement, insisting several claims she had supposedly made had been fabricated by investigators, although she did concede she had made some false claims

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The Court of Appeal unanimously ruled that Ward's conviction was "a grave miscarriage of justice" and conceded that her confession had ultimately been obtained by law enforcement personnel "under pressure to a confession" from an individual regarding his or her culpability in the atrocities.

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The accuracy of the forensic testimony of the experts who testified that Ward's hands and possessions had tested positive for traces of nitroglycerin was seldom challenged by Ward's defence counsel, who contended she and her possessions may have become cross-contaminated via contact with an

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girl", both of whom she later claimed to have first met in London on 8 February. Four days later, she and Mayall travelled by bus to Cardiff, with Ward leaving the duffel bags she had purchased in Chipping Norton inside a freight container. The following day, Ward hitchhiked from Cardiff to

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The explosion reduced the rear of the coach to a "tangle of twisted metal", trapping several casualties within the debris and throwing individuals and severed limbs up to 250 yards (230 m) upon and around the motorway. No other vehicle was damaged in the explosion, although the vehicle

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also heard that although Ward was insistent she had not been subjected to physical violence by interrogators, at the time of her false confessions, she suffered from a severe personality disorder which had arisen from acute loneliness, insecurity and sexual identity conflicts, and that her

1028:—Oldfield again questioned Ward. The records of these interviews were removed from police files and transferred to the Metropolitan Police Service for security reasons. Early the following month, Ward attempted suicide by cutting her wrist shortly after being diagnosed with severe 680:

approximately 200 yards (180 m) "back up the ". According to this individual, the girl had repeatedly hysterically screamed: "My God! The floor just opened up and I fell through!" as he provided medical assistance. Another survivor, nine-year-old David Dendeck, regained

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and prosecutors had withheld multiple documents from the prosecution counsel at her original trial, that of the evidence the prosecution team had been provided access to, the prosecution had themselves withheld much of their own evidence from Ward's own defence counsel.

1044:, England, on 10 January 1949. She was the second of five children born to an English mother and an Irish father. Contemporary records indicate she was a lonely child who was raised in a broken home. Upon leaving school in 1965, Ward trained as a riding instructor and 1136:, arriving at Chipping Norton at approximately 2:30 a.m. on 3 February. That evening, Ward and several colleagues visited the local Blue Boar pub on nearby Goddards Lane, remaining at this venue for several hours. The following day, Ward quit her employment. 985:

want to see you about that statement I made to the other officers. I want to change it. I didn't put the bomb on that bus." The records further state Weight replied, "Yes, I know that." Ward then changed her statement to claim she had transported the bomb from

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and was not used in any capacity by the organisation. She had nothing to do whatsoever with the , the bombing of Euston station and the attack on Latimer Military College. Those acts were authorised operations carried out by units of the Irish Republican

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from the WRAC shortly thereafter. She briefly worked in a restaurant before returning to Dundalk to again work as a riding instructor in August 1972. She returned to England the following summer; initially residing with family in Stanbury Place,

944:. This investigation would prove to be rushed, careless and ultimately forged, but culminated in Ward claiming culpability for the M62 coach bombing and two separate, non-fatal explosions. Initially, Ward was questioned by two members of the 1398:

having wrongly served over seventeen years' imprisonment. Although Ward was the first of eighteen innocent English and Irish nationals known to have been falsely convicted of IRA atrocities, she was the last to be released from custody.

1410:"It looks as though there's a whole family who lost their lives there, including two children. There's one aged two and one aged five ... Twenty-eight is the oldest on there, going right down to the two children, which is quite sad." 4983: 1172:

Although Ward's confessions had been coerced and distorted by some members of the investigating team prior to her trial, all the content within her confessions was presented by the prosecution as being "backed up by overwhelming

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Although mainland Britain had seen several IRA attacks—successful or otherwise—within the previous year, the M62 coach bombing was the most severe attack upon the mainland to date. Press and public alike were incensed, with the

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and that, as the circus was to travel to Chipping Norton on the intended date of the bombing, she informed the two occupants of the house they would "have to do" the bombing. Ward then volunteered she " something about the

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Clifford Haughton, whose entire family, consisting of his wife, Linda (also 23), and sons Lee, aged 5, and Robert, aged 2, were also killed. All four had been sitting directly above the bomb, and all were killed instantly.

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and what would later be described as "demonstrably wrong" scientific evidence delivered by four witnesses who testified on behalf of the prosecution, which had sourced from the Griess tests conducted by Skuse and others.

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described Ward as an IRA agent, active in "major operations" on mainland Britain. The prosecution's case was almost completely based on her own claims of culpability (which Ward had retracted prior to her trial), weak

1060:. In the years between leaving school and her arrest, she had frequently divided her time between Ravensdale, Wiltshire, and her home town of Stockport, which she had first returned to from Dundalk in October 1970. 207: 8856: 1504:, detailing her life, conviction, exoneration, and subsequent experiences following her release from prison. She later became a campaigner for prisoners' rights with the Britain and Ireland Human Rights Centre. 684:

to find himself trapped in the wreckage of the coach listening to his 14-year-old sister, Catherine, shouting his name as he observed other survivors "screaming and running up the verge" alongside the coach.

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as she used the alias Teresa O'Connell. Other than this activity and some possible—though unproven—weaponry transportation unconnected to the M62 coach bombing, she had not assisted with any IRA activities.

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to temporarily sleep at the house of an acquaintance. Less than two weeks prior to her arrest, Ward obtained employment as a groom with Chipperfields Circus. She commenced her employment with the circus in

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Politicians from all three major parties called for "swift justice" against the perpetrator or perpetrators and the IRA in general. Within twenty-four hours of the explosion, demands had been heard in the

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Ward initially struggled with life as a free woman following the overturning of her conviction, in part because of the lack of a support structure she received from society after she had been formally

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The service station itself is the venue for annual memorial services commemorating those killed, injured and bereaved by the atrocity. These annual services are regularly attended by the Mayors of

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question why, had Ward been active within the IRA, did she not attempt to flee the country following the M62 coach bomb rather than travelling to London, making no attempt to conceal her identity.

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A search of Ward's rucksack following this arrest uncovered several documents pertaining to IRA activities but no weaponry, explosives, or other possessions indicating IRA membership or activity.

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job" she also wished to confess. The following day, in the presence of George Oldfield, Ward wrote a confession claiming culpability for transporting the explosives used in the September 1973

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prosecution; and (4) the forensic scientists who gave evidence at the trial. The responsibilities of the individuals involved in each of these four categories must be considered separately."

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documentary which strongly questioned his competency. Within a year of his retirement, all 350 cases in which Skuse had provided forensic evidence throughout his career had been reassessed.

1084:. She is also known to have briefly lived under the alias Teresa O'Connell, on one occasion listing her age when briefly detained by the Royal Ulster Constabulary as 14 years, eight months. 1529: 969:

bag containing the bomb between "a few army issue bags" in the luggage compartment. She had then turned and "legged it" out of the station, expecting the bomb to explode in twenty minutes.

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A South East Fermanagh Foundation article detailing personal stories relating to the victims and survivors of global terrorism, including those killed, wounded and bereaved in the Troubles

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for up to seven days without charge, and to deport these individuals to Northern Ireland to face trial, where special courts with specific rules applying to terrorism suspects were based.

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upon one of her nails. A subsequent forensic examination by Skuse of a caravan in which Ward had recently lived prior to her arrest also revealed what he concluded to be traces of

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According to Ward's later testimony, she had formed friendships with several IRA members—one of whom she claimed to have smuggled letters to while he had been incarcerated at

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and likely knowing several individuals involved in IRA activity, she had no firm connections with the IRA. The IRA would subsequently issue a statement confirming this fact.

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pending the conclusion of the legal hearings. Shortly thereafter, on 4 June, her conviction was formally overturned. Ward was later compensated for her wrongful conviction.

542: 925:—made a verbal statement claiming to have been a member of the IRA since 1971, but that "after I just want out". The following day, she was transferred to the custody of 4712: 1474:

A memorial plaque engraved with the names and ages of the fatalities of the M62 coach bomb was also unveiled in Oldham, the home town of two of the fatalities, in 2010.

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relevant evidence to her defence team, as they had been legally obliged to do. Ward's appeal specifically listed 43 items of evidence "consisting of, or contained in

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had deliberately withheld information from her defence counsel at her October 1974 trial which strongly indicated her innocence. As such, her conviction was declared

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The explosion killed eleven people outright and wounded over thirty others, one of whom died four days later. Amongst the dead were nine soldiers – two from the

2052: 1481:. In 1996, Ward recollected to a reporter that, immediately prior to her release from prison, she was simply "given £35 and a hand-written note to produce at 8866: 8836: 844:

recovered at the scene of the explosion revealed the device may have been set to detonate up to one hour before the explosion. As the vehicle had stopped in

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personnel and their family members exploded, killing twelve people (nine soldiers and three civilians) and injuring thirty-eight others aboard the vehicle.

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Over a dozen independent witnesses were able to confirm that Ward had been drinking in the Blue Boar pub at the time of the planting of the M62 coach bomb.

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To support the prosecution's contentions, several witnesses testified as to verbal statements Ward had made indicating her sympathies with the concept of

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Upon exiting the court, Ward shouted to all present, "Eighteen years! Freedom! After eighteen years, it's brilliant!" before being driven to a secret,

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On 11 and 18 June—after Ward had been formally charged with various atrocities including the M62 coach bombing and without the knowledge of her

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Jenny Berry, employee of Hartshead Moor service station, referencing the names and ages of the fatalities of the M62 coach bomb. October 2014.

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Section of the transcript of Ward's 1992 appeal hearing, illustrating the collective failure to disclose evidence at her trial. May-June 1992.

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by 7:45 p.m., Ward had provided a written confession claiming culpability for the M62 coach bombing. She would initially be charged with

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and on 24 August, a night orderly officer observed her attempting to injure her wrists by incessantly rubbing them against her bed straps.

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planted in 2009 in memory of the deceased. This memorial stone also bears a plaque inscribed with the names and ages of those who died.

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Prior to Ward's trial, McVerry's parents issued a statement via a solicitor confirming their son and Ward had never met nor married.

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acquaintance who had been the original source of the traces of explosive materials. The prosecution witnesses refuted these claims.

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regarding transporting what she believed to be explosives in a direct response to pressure from a Detective Superintendent Moffatt.

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By 25 February, West Yorkshire investigators had established that Ward's employment with a travelling circus had taken her to the

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was fighting for, but of her belief that their objectives could be achieved politically. She would later admit to have briefly "

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Handley's actions in steering the bombed coach to safety were later commended. He died at the age of 76 in January 2012.

1067:(WRAC). Her basic training saw Ward spend approximately four months at Catterick Garrison before she was transferred to 8607: 8600: 6457: 6442: 6422: 2628: 2410: 2103: 1891: 7619: 8821: 8781: 8037: 7939: 7563: 6707: 6682: 6392: 6282: 5754: 5594: 5341: 5257: 5143: 4618: 4610: 4481: 4052: 3425: 2954: 1723:

The flawed scientific evidence presented against Ward at her trial was similar to that presented in the cases of the

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Ward's appeals state that in the days prior to her arrest, she had most often slept rough around Euston station and

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you couldn't see how bad the injuries really were, but it was the smell of it. It was absolutely total carnage."

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Liverpool, arriving in Liverpool at approximately 11:30 p.m. on 13 February. She was planning to travel to

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and Batley General Hospital were also contacted and encouraged to report for duty in response to the emergency.

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and detained for questioning. Shortly thereafter, she obtained employment as a chambermaid at a hotel near the

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The construction of the explosive device was typical of those used by the IRA. An analysis of fragments of the

796: 324: 8226: 8009: 7185: 6787: 6562: 6502: 6100: 5997: 5945: 5704: 5452: 3491: 1162: 1107:. This employment lasted until she was dismissed on 10 November. The same day, Ward travelled to Ireland via 724:. Twelve others upon the coach suffered severe injuries, including a six-year-old boy, who was badly burned. 439: 3998:

Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles

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Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles

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Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles

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committed in September 1973 and February 1974 respectively. Ward pleaded not guilty to all charges. Initial

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describing the bombing as "one of the IRA's worst mainland terror attacks" and national newspapers such as

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particular incident, and two separate, non-fatal IRA attacks at Euston railway station and the Latimer

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Investigators initially remained open-minded as to whether the perpetrator was a member of a UK-based

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entering Britain be required to carry passports and other forms of identification at all times. The

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bomb—concealed within a suitcase or similar parcel inside the coach's luggage compartment—exploded.

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The actual perpetrator or perpetrators of the M62 coach bombing were never arrested or convicted.

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to transfer four IRA members serving life imprisonment in English jails and currently engaging in

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lifestyle; alternately sleeping rough around Euston station and hitchhiking to locations such as

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would continue unabated "until the IRA ceased bombing in England". Within days of the bombings,

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Ward's defence attorney, Andrew Rankin, QC, refuted the prosecution contentions, insisting the

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confessions had been obtained under extreme duress and her desire to simply "be left alone".

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was used as an impromptu first aid station for those wounded in the blast. Off-duty staff at

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The evidence presented at Ward's appeal also heard that although police, forensic experts,

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on 5 August 1971 to serve as a communications centre operator. Two months later, Ward went

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and mainland Britain in 1973 and 1974, to have been married to a deceased IRA member named

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Ward also claimed to have conducted a string of operational activities for the IRA in both

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had shot and killed three Catholic civilians and wounded a further eight, some critically.

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The Woman Who Stole Vermeer: The True Story of Rose Dugdale and the Russborough Art Heist

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The Woman Who Stole Vermeer: The True Story of Rose Dugdale and the Russborough Art Heist

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The most enduring consequence of the M62 coach bombing was the adoption of much stricter

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Ward was released from prison in May 1992, having served over 17 years of a sentence of

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Early in her interrogation, Ward had admitted to investigators her belief in the cause

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to retire on the grounds of "limited efficiency" just days after the broadcasting of a

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with a man named Ernest Mayall and a woman referred to in her appeal transcripts as a "

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One member of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers killed in the explosion was 23-year-old

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A subsequent ruling as a result of these hearings would mandate an absolute rule of

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According to police, shortly thereafter, Ward—who is known to have suffered from a

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and Northern Ireland. These laws enabled police to hold individuals suspected of

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is seen as one of the worst miscarriages of justice in British legal history.

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with the sentence relating to the Euston bombing, twelve concurrent terms of

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The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence

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In the words of her barrister Andrew Rankin QC, p. 242 Williams & Head

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On 26 August 1973, Ward was discovered sleeping rough on the concourse of

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A History of Policing in England and Wales from 1974: A Turbulent Journey

1773:"Memorial Service Remembers the Victims of M62 Coach Bombing 45 Years On" 1508: 1478: 1463: 1166: 973: 907: 903: 899: 573:(IRA) bomb hidden inside the luggage locker of a coach carrying off-duty 1389:

stated: "Our law does not permit a conviction to be secured by ambush."

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In the weeks prior to her arrest, Ward had lived a somewhat nomadic and

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describing the atrocity as an "IRA outrage on the British mainland". In

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Military actions and engagements during the Troubles (Northern Ireland)

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Terror Attacks: The Violent Expression of Desperation – IRA Coach Bomb

4210:"M62 Coach Bombing Victims Remembered 41 Years On At Memorial Service" 1382:

Delivering final judgment at the conclusion of these appeal hearings,

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In May 1992, Ward's lawyers illustrated the fundamental flaws in the

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was also found in her possession, Ward was detained for questioning.

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Details of Ward's background and her subsequent confession to police

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personnel—on weekend leave with their families—to and from bases at

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Ten days after the bombing, 25-year-old Judith Ward was arrested in

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