MPEG-1 - Knowledge

2270: 3288:. MP3 uses pre-echo detection routines, and VBR encoding, which allows it to temporarily increase the bitrate during difficult passages, in an attempt to reduce this effect. It is also able to switch between the normal 36 sample quantization window, and instead using 3× short 12 sample windows instead, to reduce the temporal (time) length of quantization artifacts. And yet in choosing a fairly small window size to make MP3's temporal response adequate enough to avoid the most serious artifacts, MP3 becomes much less efficient in frequency domain compression of stationary, tonal components. 1868: 2697: 1910: 1412: 10641: 10631: 3136:(AAC) (mostly within the margin of error—and substantially superior in some cases, such as audience applause). This is one reason that MP2 audio continues to be used extensively. The MPEG-2 AAC Stereo verification tests reached a vastly different conclusion, however, showing AAC to provide superior performance to MP2 at half the bitrate. The reason for this disparity with both earlier and later tests is not clear, but strangely, a sample of applause is notably absent from the latter test. 2304: 2806:(GOP) should be selected based on these factors. I-frame only sequences give least compression, but are useful for random access, FF/FR and editability. I- and P-frame sequences give moderate compression but add a certain degree of random access, FF/FR functionality. I-, P- and B-frame sequences give very high compression but also increase the coding/decoding delay significantly. Such configurations are therefore not suited for video-telephony or video-conferencing applications. 2265:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}} 1019: 3178: 1863:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-415&-30&-61&27&56&-20&-2&0\\4&-22&-61&10&13&-7&-9&5\\-47&7&77&-25&-29&10&5&-6\\-49&12&34&-15&-10&6&2&2\\12&-7&-13&-4&-2&2&-3&3\\-8&3&2&-6&-2&1&4&2\\-1&0&0&-2&-1&-3&4&-1\\0&0&-1&-4&-1&0&1&2\end{bmatrix}}} 632:

as ISO CD 11172 by December 6, 1991. Neither the July 2008 Kuro5hin article "Patent Status of MPEG-1, H.261 and MPEG-2", nor an August 2008 thread on the gstreamer-devel mailing list were able to list a single unexpired MPEG-1 Video and MPEG-1 Audio Layer I/II patent. A May 2009 discussion on the whatwg mailing list mentioned US 5,214,678 patent as possibly covering MPEG-1 Audio Layer II. Filed in 1990 and published in 1993, this patent is now expired.

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separately. On playback, the single channel is played through left and right speakers, with the intensity information applied to each channel to give the illusion of stereo sound. This perceptual trick is known as "stereo irrelevancy". This can allow further reduction of the audio bitrate without much perceivable loss of fidelity, but is generally not used with higher bitrates as it does not provide very high quality (transparent) audio.

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complete draft standard was produced in September 1990, and from that point on, only minor changes were introduced. The draft standard was publicly available for purchase. The standard was finished with the 6 November 1992 meeting. The Berkeley Plateau Multimedia Research Group developed an MPEG-1 decoder in November 1992. In July 1990, before the first draft of the MPEG-1 standard had even been written, work began on a second standard,

3443: 2692:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-4&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}} 1391:) to reproduce the original values (in the absence of any quantization and rounding errors). In reality, there are some (sometimes large) rounding errors introduced both by quantization in the encoder (as described in the next section) and by IDCT approximation error in the decoder. The minimum allowed accuracy of a decoder IDCT approximation is defined by ISO/IEC 23002-1. (Prior to 2006, it was specified by 3060:, one for each equal-sized frequency band/segment of the audio, which is about 700 Hz wide (depending on the audio's sampling frequency). The encoder then utilizes the psychoacoustic model to determine which sub-bands contain audio information that is less important, and so, where quantization will be inaudible, or at least much less noticeable. 1338:

trade-offs to higher precision, however. Finer MV precision results in using a larger amount of data to represent the MV, as larger numbers must be stored in the frame for every single MV, increased coding complexity as increasing levels of interpolation on the macroblock are required for both the encoder and decoder, and

3075:(FFT). Of the 1152 samples per frame, 64 samples at the top and bottom of the frequency range are ignored for this analysis. They are presumably not significant enough to change the result. The psychoacoustic model uses an empirically determined masking model to determine which sub-bands contribute more to the 3303:

In addition to Layer II's intensity encoded joint stereo, MP3 can use middle/side (mid/side, m/s, MS, matrixed) joint stereo. With mid/side stereo, certain frequency ranges of both channels are merged into a single (middle, mid, L+R) mono channel, while the sound difference between the left and right

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Several steps in the encoding of MPEG-1 video are lossless, meaning they will be reversed upon decoding, to produce exactly the same (original) values. Since these lossless data compression steps don't add noise into, or otherwise change the contents (unlike quantization), it is sometimes referred to

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The frame-level quantizer is a number from 0 to 31 (although encoders will usually omit/disable some of the extreme values) which determines how much information will be removed from a given frame. The frame-level quantizer is typically either dynamically selected by the encoder to maintain a certain

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values. One of these is the (statistically high in variance) "DC coefficient", which represents the average value of the entire 8×8 block. The other 63 coefficients are the statistically smaller "AC coefficients", which have positive or negative values each representing sinusoidal deviations from the

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Given moderately higher-performance decoding equipment, fast preview can be accomplished by decoding I-frames instead of D-frames. This provides higher quality previews, since I-frames contain AC coefficients as well as DC coefficients. If the encoder can assume that rapid I-frame decoding capability

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No other frames are predicted from a B-frame. Because of this, a very low bitrate B-frame can be inserted, where needed, to help control the bitrate. If this was done with a P-frame, future P-frames would be predicted from it and would lower the quality of the entire sequence. However, similarly, the

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System Clock Reference (SCR) is a timing value stored in a 33-bit header of each PES, at a frequency/precision of 90 kHz, with an extra 9-bit extension that stores additional timing data with a precision of 27 MHz. These are inserted by the encoder, derived from the system time clock (STC).

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time domain (filter bank) /frequency domain (MDCT) model to fit in with Layer II simply wastes processing time and compromises quality by introducing aliasing artifacts. MP3 has an aliasing cancellation stage specifically to mask this problem, but which instead produces frequency domain energy which

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Frequency-domain processing imposes some limitations as well, causing a factor of 12 or 36 × worse temporal resolution than Layer II. This causes quantization artifacts, due to transient sounds like percussive events and other high-frequency events that spread over a larger window. This results

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MPEG-1 Audio is divided into 3 layers. Each higher layer is more computationally complex, and generally more efficient at lower bitrates than the previous. The layers are semi backwards compatible as higher layers reuse technologies implemented by the lower layers. A "full" Layer II decoder can also

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I-frames store complete frame info within the frame and are therefore suited for random access. P-frames provide compression using motion vectors relative to the previous frame ( I or P ). B-frames provide maximum compression but require the previous as well as next frame for computation. Therefore,

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To decrease the amount of temporal redundancy in a video, only blocks that change are updated, (up to the maximum GOP size). This is known as conditional replenishment. However, this is not very effective by itself. Movement of the objects, and/or the camera may result in large portions of the frame

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High-speed seeking through an MPEG-1 video is only possible to the nearest I-frame. When cutting a video it is not possible to start playback of a segment of video before the first I-frame in the segment (at least not without computationally intensive re-encoding). For this reason, I-frame-only MPEG

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Due to its age, MPEG-1 is no longer covered by any essential patents and can thus be used without obtaining a licence or paying any fees. The ISO patent database lists one patent for ISO 11172, US 4,472,747, which expired in 2003. The near-complete draft of the MPEG-1 standard was publicly available

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audio (typically MPEG-1 Audio, sometimes MPEG-2 Audio). An MP3 file is typically an uncontained stream of raw audio; the conventional way to tag MP3 files is by writing data to "garbage" segments of each frame, which preserve the media information but are discarded by the player. This is similar in

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If the difference between the left and right channels is small, the side channel will be small, which will offer as much as a 50% bitrate savings, and associated quality improvement. If the difference between left and right is large, standard (discrete, left/right) stereo encoding may be preferred,

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Layer II's 1024 point FFT doesn't entirely cover all samples, and would omit several entire MP3 sub-bands, where quantization factors must be determined. MP3 instead uses two passes of FFT analysis for spectral estimation, to calculate the global and individual masking thresholds. This allows it to

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Less significant sub-bands are reduced in accuracy by quantization. This basically involves compressing the frequency range (amplitude of the coefficient), i.e. raising the noise floor. Then computing an amplification factor, for the decoder to use to re-expand each sub-band to the proper frequency

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is a very popular and relatively simple method of entropy coding, and used in MPEG-1 video to reduce the data size. The data is analyzed to find strings that repeat often. Those strings are then put into a special table, with the most frequently repeating data assigned the shortest code. This keeps

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Partial macroblocks, and black borders/bars encoded into the video that do not fall exactly on a macroblock boundary, cause havoc with motion prediction. The block padding/border information prevents the macroblock from closely matching with any other area of the video, and so, significantly larger

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Presentation time stamps (PTS) exist in PS to correct the inevitable disparity between audio and video SCR values (time-base correction). 90 kHz PTS values in the PS header tell the decoder which video SCR values match which audio SCR values. PTS determines when to display a portion of an MPEG

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These sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined for MPEG-1 Audio. They were introduced to maintain higher quality sound when encoding audio at lower-bitrates. The even-lower bitrates were introduced because tests showed that MPEG-1 Audio could provide higher quality than any

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Most key features of MPEG-1 Audio were directly inherited from MUSICAM, including the filter bank, time-domain processing, audio frame sizes, etc. However, improvements were made, and the actual MUSICAM algorithm was not used in the final MPEG-1 Audio Layer II standard. The widespread usage of the

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MP3's more fine-grained and selective quantization does prove notably superior to MP2 at lower-bitrates. It is able to provide nearly equivalent audio quality to Layer II, at a 15% lower bitrate (approximately). 128 kbit/s is considered the "sweet spot" for MP3; meaning it provides generally

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MP3 works on 1152 samples like MP2, but needs to take multiple frames for analysis before frequency-domain (MDCT) processing and quantization can be effective. It outputs a variable number of samples, using a bit buffer to enable this variable bitrate (VBR) encoding while maintaining 1152 sample

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values of the DCT block, dividing them by the frame-level quantizer, then dividing them by their corresponding values in the quantization matrix. Finally, the result is rounded down. This significantly reduces, or completely eliminates, the information in some frequency components of the picture.

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MPEG-1 operates on video in a series of 8×8 blocks for quantization. However, to reduce the bit rate needed for motion vectors and because chroma (color) is subsampled by a factor of 4, each pair of (red and blue) chroma blocks corresponds to 4 different luma blocks. That is, for 4 luma blocks of

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and causes an increased delay on both decoding and during encoding. This also necessitates the decoding time stamps (DTS) feature in the container/system stream (see above). As such, B-frames have long been subject of much controversy, they are often avoided in videos, and are sometimes not fully

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between two areas on screen based on the number of pixels (also called pels). MPEG-1 video uses a motion vector (MV) precision of one half of one pixel, or half-pel. The finer the precision of the MVs, the more accurate the match is likely to be, and the more efficient the compression. There are

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A predicted macroblock rarely matches the current picture perfectly, however. The differences between the estimated matching area, and the real frame/macroblock is called the prediction error. The larger the amount of prediction error, the more data must be additionally encoded in the frame. For

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MPEG-1 Video exploits perceptual compression methods to significantly reduce the data rate required by a video stream. It reduces or completely discards information in certain frequencies and areas of the picture that the human eye has limited ability to fully perceive. It also exploits temporal

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Determining how much data from each stream should be in each interleaved segment (the size of the interleave) is complicated, yet an important requirement. Improper interleaving will result in buffer underflows or overflows, as the receiver gets more of one stream than it can store (e.g. audio),

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After 20 meetings of the full group in various cities around the world, and 4½ years of development and testing, the final standard (for parts 1–3) was approved in early November 1992 and published a few months later. The reported completion date of the MPEG-1 standard varies greatly: a largely

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coding, a form of joint stereo. This means that the frequencies above 6 kHz of both channels are combined/down-mixed into one single (mono) channel, but the "side channel" information on the relative intensity (volume, amplitude) of each channel is preserved and encoded into the bitstream

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MPEG-1 has a unique frame type not found in later video standards. "D-frames" or DC-pictures are independently coded images (intra-frames) that have been encoded using DC transform coefficients only (AC coefficients are removed when encoding D-frames—see DCT below) and hence are very low

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MP2 remains a favoured lossy audio coding standard due to its particularly high audio coding performances on important audio material such as castanet, symphonic orchestra, male and female voices and particularly complex and high energy transients (impulses) like percussive sounds: triangle,

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MPEG-1 Audio Layer I is a simplified version of MPEG-1 Audio Layer II. Layer I uses a smaller 384-sample frame size for very low delay, and finer resolution. This is advantageous for applications like teleconferencing, studio editing, etc. It has lower complexity than Layer II to facilitate

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Decoding Time Stamps (DTS), additionally, are required because of B-frames. With B-frames in the video stream, adjacent frames have to be encoded and decoded out-of-order (re-ordered frames). DTS is quite similar to PTS, but instead of just handling sequential frames, it contains the proper

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the data as small as possible with this form of compression. Once the table is constructed, those strings in the data are replaced with their (much smaller) codes, which reference the appropriate entry in the table. The decoder simply reverses this process to produce the original data.

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Typically, sub-bands are less important if they contain quieter sounds (smaller coefficient) than a neighboring (i.e. similar frequency) sub-band with louder sounds (larger coefficient). Also, "noise" components typically have a more significant masking effect than "tonal" components.

2768:(RLE) is a simple method of compressing repetition. A sequential string of characters, no matter how long, can be replaced with a few bytes, noting the value that repeats, and how many times. For example, if someone were to say "five nines", you would know they mean the number: 99999. 1368:, where the picture transitions to (typically) black. All the above problems also apply to edge noise. In addition, the added randomness is simply impossible to compress significantly. All of these effects will lower the quality (or increase the bitrate) of the video substantially. 1264:

is available in decoders, it can save bits by not sending D-frames (thus improving compression of the video content). For this reason, D-frames are seldom actually used in MPEG-1 video encoding, and the D-frame feature has not been included in any later video coding standards.

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video. So much so that very high-speed and theoretically lossless (in reality, there are rounding errors) conversion can be made from one format to the other, provided a couple of restrictions (color space and quantization matrix) are followed in the creation of the bitstream.

1235:"B-frame" stands for "bidirectional-frame" or "bipredictive frame". They may also be known as backwards-predicted frames or B-pictures. B-frames are quite similar to P-frames, except they can make predictions using both the previous and future frames (i.e. two anchor frames). 990:(VBV) assists in determining if a multiplexed PS can be decoded by a device with a specified data throughput rate and buffer size. This offers feedback to the multiplexer and the encoder, so that they can change the multiplex size or adjust bitrates as needed for compliance. 1167:

Limits are placed on the maximum number of frames between I-frames due to decoding complexing, decoder buffer size, recovery time after data errors, seeking ability, and accumulation of IDCT errors in low-precision implementations most common in hardware decoders (See:

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future P-frame must still encode all the changes between it and the previous I- or P- anchor frame. B-frames can also be beneficial in videos where the background behind an object is being revealed over several frames, or in fading transitions, such as scene changes.

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A "quantization matrix" is a string of 64 numbers (ranging from 0 to 255) which tells the encoder how relatively important or unimportant each piece of visual information is. Each number in the matrix corresponds to a certain frequency component of the video image.

3064: 1045:, meaning it is reduced to half resolution vertically and half resolution horizontally, i.e., to just one quarter the number of samples used for the luma component of the video. This use of higher resolution for some color components is similar in concept to the 961:

that have been concatenated (joined sequentially). This causes PTS values in the middle of the video to reset to zero, which then begin incrementing again. Such PTS wraparound disparities can cause timing issues that must be specially handled by the decoder.

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using the earliest reference implementation (more recent encoders should presumably perform even better). That (approximately) 1:6 compression ratio for CD audio is particularly impressive because it is quite close to the estimated upper limit of perceptual

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prediction error information must be encoded for every one of the several dozen partial macroblocks along the screen border. DCT encoding and quantization (see below) also isn't nearly as effective when there is large/sharp picture contrast in a block.

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I-frame only compression is very fast, but produces very large file sizes: a factor of 3× (or more) larger than normally encoded MPEG-1 video, depending on how temporally complex a specific video is. I-frame only MPEG-1 video is very similar to

2284:(drastically reduced). MPEG-1 actually uses two separate quantization matrices, one for intra-blocks (I-blocks) and one for inter-block (P- and B- blocks) so quantization of different block types can be done independently, and so, more effectively. 1164:(GOP) size. MPEG-1 most commonly uses a GOP size of 15–18. i.e. 1 I-frame for every 14-17 non-I-frames (some combination of P- and B- frames). With more intelligent encoders, GOP size is dynamically chosen, up to some pre-selected maximum limit. 449:

can drastically vary depending on the encoder used, and generally means that newer encoders perform significantly better than their predecessors. The first three parts (Systems, Video and Audio) of ISO/IEC 11172 were published in August 1993.

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MP3 does not benefit from the 32 sub-band polyphased filter bank, instead just using an 18-point MDCT transformation on each output to split the data into 576 frequency components, and processing it in the frequency domain. This extra

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quality improvements from increasing the bitrate further. MP3 is also regarded as exhibiting artifacts that are less annoying than Layer II, when both are used at bitrates that are too low to possibly provide faithful reproduction.

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pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of digital audio broadcasting. ASPEC was adapted to fit in with the Layer II model (frame size, filter bank, FFT, etc.), to become Layer III.

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Additionally, the frequency conversion performed by applying the DCT provides a statistical decorrelation function to efficiently concentrate the signal into fewer high-amplitude values prior to applying quantization (see below).

938:(PS) are concerned with combining multiple packetized elementary streams (usually just one audio and video PES) into a single stream, ensuring simultaneous delivery, and maintaining synchronization. The PS structure is known as a 226:

Today, MPEG-1 has become the most widely compatible lossy audio/video format in the world, and is used in a large number of products and technologies. Perhaps the best-known part of the MPEG-1 standard is the first version of the

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The coefficients of quantized DCT blocks tend to zero towards the bottom-right. Maximum compression can be achieved by a zig-zag scanning of the DCT block starting from the top left and using Run-length encoding techniques.

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needing to be updated, even though only the position of the previously encoded objects has changed. Through motion estimation, the encoder can compensate for this movement and remove a large amount of redundant information.

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A full MPEG-1 decoder and encoder, with "Layer III audio", could not be implemented royalty free since there were companies that required patent fees for implementations of MPEG-1 Audio Layer III, as discussed in the

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that is commonly used for the image capturing sensor in digital color cameras. Because the human eye is much more sensitive to small changes in brightness (the Y component) than in color (the Cr and Cb components),

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Development of the MPEG-1 standard began in May 1988. Fourteen video and fourteen audio codec proposals were submitted by individual companies and institutions for evaluation. The codecs were extensively tested for

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It is therefore necessary for the player to first decode the next I- or P- anchor frame sequentially after the B-frame, before the B-frame can be decoded and displayed. This means decoding B-frames requires larger

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time-stamps to tell the decoder when to decode and display the next B-frame (types of frames explained below), ahead of its anchor (P- or I-) frame. Without B-frames in the video, PTS and DTS values are identical.

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refers to how analysis and quantization is performed on short, discrete samples/chunks of the audio waveform. This offers low delay as only a small number of samples are analyzed before encoding, as opposed to

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P-frames have one motion vector per macroblock, relative to the previous anchor frame. B-frames, however, can use two motion vectors; one from the previous anchor frame, and one from the future anchor frame.

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is, essentially, the process of reducing the accuracy of a signal, by dividing it by some larger step size and rounding to an integer value (i.e. finding the nearest multiple, and discarding the remainder).

1322:) from the previous video area to the current macroblock need to be encoded into the inter-frame (P- or B- frame). The reverse of this process, performed by the decoder to reconstruct the picture, is called 872:

MPEG-1 Systems specifies the logical layout and methods used to store the encoded audio, video, and other data into a standard bitstream, and to maintain synchronization between the different contents. This

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size output frames. This causes a significantly longer delay before output, which has caused MP3 to be considered unsuitable for studio applications where editing or other processing needs to take place.

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channels is stored as a separate (side, L-R) channel. Unlike intensity stereo, this process does not discard any audio information. When combined with quantization, however, it can exaggerate artifacts.

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Elementary Streams (ES) are the raw bitstreams of MPEG-1 audio and video encoded data (output from an encoder). These files can be distributed on their own, such as is the case with MP3 files.

422:. The codecs that excelled in this testing were utilized as the basis for the standard and refined further, with additional features and other improvements being incorporated in the process. 974:

To generate the PS, the multiplexer will interleave the (two or more) packetized elementary streams. This is done so the packets of the simultaneous streams can be transferred over the same

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encoding (like MP3) which must analyze many times more samples before it can decide how to transform and output encoded audio. This also offers higher performance on complex, random and

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video. Due in part to the similarity between the two codecs, the MPEG-2 standard includes full backwards compatibility with MPEG-1 video, so any MPEG-2 decoder can play MPEG-1 videos.

3128:(based on MP2), despite being compromised by an inferior matrixed mode (for the sake of backwards compatibility) rates just slightly lower than much more recent audio codecs, such as 1101: 398:

video and audio formats, and to build on H.261 to get better quality through the use of somewhat more complex encoding methods (e.g., supporting higher precision for motion vectors).

4750:"ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 5: Software simulation" 1877:

encoding. Only the (smaller) amount of difference between each DC value and the value of the DC coefficient in the block to its left needs to be represented in the final bitstream.

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The encoder compares the current frame with adjacent parts of the video from the anchor frame (previous I- or P- frame) in a diamond pattern, up to a (encoder-specific) predefined

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Example of 4:2:0 subsampling. The two overlapping center circles represent chroma blue and chroma red (color) pixels, while the 4 outside circles represent the luma (brightness).

4724:"ISO/IEC 11172-4:1995 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 4: Compliance testing" 3296:

must be encoded in the audio. This is pushed to the top of the frequency range, where most people have limited hearing, in hopes the distortion it causes will be less audible.

445:, and decoder function, but does not define how MPEG-1 encoding is to be performed, although a reference implementation is provided in ISO/IEC-11172-5. This means that MPEG-1 2947:

at a bitrate of 384 kbit/s. With the substantial performance improvements in digital processing since its introduction, Layer I quickly became unnecessary and obsolete.

1136:", so-called because they can be decoded independently of any other frames. They may also be known as I-pictures, or keyframes due to their somewhat similar function to the 652:

The following corporations filed declarations with ISO saying they held patents for the MPEG-1 Video (ISO/IEC-11172-2) format, although all such patents have since expired.

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A Continuous Media Player, Lawrence A. Rowe and Brian C. Smith, Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop on Network and OS Support for Digital Audio and Video, San Diego CA (November 1992)

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Provides two sets of guidelines and reference bitstreams for testing the conformance of MPEG-1 audio and video decoders, as well as the bitstreams produced by an encoder.

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quality. D-frames are never referenced by I-, P- or B- frames. D-frames are only used for fast previews of video, for instance when seeking through a video at high speed.

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uses PASC (Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding) to encode its audio. PASC is an early version of MPEG-1 Audio Layer I with a fixed bit rate of 384 kilobits per second.

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standard includes several extensions to MPEG-1 Audio. These are known as MPEG-2 BC – backwards compatible with MPEG-1 Audio. MPEG-2 Audio is defined in ISO/IEC 13818-3.

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to significantly reduce the data rate required by an audio stream. It reduces or completely discards certain parts of the audio that it deduces that the human ear can't

4646:"ISO/IEC 11172-1:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 1: Systems" 3866:"ISO/IEC 11172-1:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 1: Systems" 3515:(defined in MPEG-2). Other suffixes such as .m2ts also exist specifying the precise container, in this case MPEG-2 TS, but this has little relevance to MPEG-1 media. 3280:

allows MP3 to have a much finer psychoacoustic model, and more carefully apply appropriate quantization to each band, providing much better low-bitrate performance.

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Quantization eliminates a large amount of data, and is the main lossy processing step in MPEG-1 video encoding. This is also the primary source of most MPEG-1 video

881:, that are considered relatively reliable. Only limited error protection is defined by the standard, and small errors in the bitstream may cause noticeable defects. 4698:"ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 3: Audio" 4672:"ISO/IEC 11172-2:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 2: Video" 888:: "The MPEG-1 Systems design is essentially identical to the MPEG-2 Program Stream structure." This terminology is more popular, precise (differentiates it from an 3869: 1296:

of 16, full rows and full columns of macroblocks must still be encoded and decoded to fill out the picture (though the extra decoded pixels are not displayed).

1100:(SIF) resolution: 352×240, 352×288, or 320×240. These relatively low resolutions, combined with a bitrate less than 1.5 Mbit/s, make up what is known as a 1349:

Because neighboring macroblocks are likely to have very similar motion vectors, this redundant information can be compressed quite effectively by being stored

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A B-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks and forward-predicted blocks, in addition to backwards-predicted, or bidirectionally predicted blocks.

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size 8x8, there is one Cb block of 8x8 and one Cr block of 8x8. This set of 6 blocks, with a picture resolution of 16×16, is processed together and called a

849:(DAB) standard uses MPEG-1 Audio Layer II exclusively, due to its especially high quality, modest decoder performance requirements, and tolerance of errors. 207:-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to about 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively) without excessive quality loss, making 4966: 3826:"Programme of Work — Allocated to SC 29/WG 11, MPEG-1 (Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s)" 5095: 6735: 4014: 9051: 7821: 5952: 4256: 1066:, this issue seems to very rarely be a source of annoyance. Because of the subsampling, Y′CbCr 4:2:0 video is ordinarily stored using even dimensions ( 6193: 5009: 3972: 5775: 4013:. Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6). July 2002. pp. 11, 24–9, 33, 40–1, 53–6. 3206: 3023:

for time-frequency mapping; having overlapping ranges (i.e. polyphased) to prevent aliasing. The psychoacoustic model is based on the principles of

6730: 6132: 6058: 4349:] exact name is ISO CD 11172. You may order it from your national standards body (e.g. ANSI in the USA) or buy it from companies like OMNICOM 3230: 5414: 5066: 10695: 6232: 5161: 4630: 3850: 3790: 2723: 1006:(over time) and spatial (across a picture) redundancy common in video to achieve better data compression than would be possible otherwise. (See: 6108: 4862: 3308:

as mid/side joint stereo will not provide any benefits. An MP3 encoder can switch between m/s stereo and full stereo on a frame-by-frame basis.

2726:, etc. This happens when video is encoded with an insufficient bitrate, and the encoder is therefore forced to use high frame-level quantizers ( 1112:. This was selected to provide a good balance between quality and performance, allowing the use of reasonably inexpensive hardware of the time. 920:

Simultaneously encoded audio and video streams will not have identical SCR values, however, due to buffering, encoding, jitter, and other delay.

8935: 8726: 8122: 7652: 6138: 5907: 5497: 5196: 5167: 4516: 4476: 4441: 4296: 4262: 4187: 4133: 3796: 3300:

cover all 1152 samples. Of the two, it utilizes the global masking threshold level from the more critical pass, with the most difficult audio.

236: 145: 5858: 5736: 4387: 4327: 3766: 9465: 8473: 7616: 6205: 5454: 4831: 4510: 4218: 640:

article. All patents in the world connected to MP3 expired 30 December 2017, which makes this format totally free for use. On 23 April 2017,

4988: 4892: 2809:

The typical data rate of an I-frame is 1 bit per pixel while that of a P-frame is 0.1 bit per pixel and for a B-frame, 0.015 bit per pixel.

4578: 4470: 4361: 3245: 1398:

The FDCT process converts the 8×8 block of uncompressed pixel values (brightness or color difference values) into an 8×8 indexed array of

1220:

A P-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks (DCT and Quantized), in addition to any forward-predicted blocks (Motion Vectors).

10133: 9944: 9345: 8907: 8364: 5638: 1392: 1330:

efficient video compression, it is very important that the encoder is capable of effectively and precisely performing motion estimation.

8761: 5380: 5048:"Digital transmission system using subband coding of a digital signal" Filed: May 31, 1990, Granted May 25, 1993, Expires May 31, 2010? 5041: 4785: 4077: 3249: 9833: 8939: 8722: 8126: 7656: 7369: 7089: 6142: 5911: 5898: 5501: 5200: 5171: 4520: 4480: 4445: 4300: 4266: 4043: 3800: 240: 149: 5588: 5525: 10339: 10162: 9956: 9281: 8509: 7735: 7210: 1383:(FDCT) and then a quantization process. The FDCT process (by itself) is theoretically lossless, and can be reversed by applying an 1289:

A macroblock is the smallest independent unit of (color) video. Motion vectors (see below) operate solely at the macroblock level.

676: 6007: 5555: 5491: 5204: 4917: 1054:

is a very effective way to reduce the amount of video data that needs to be compressed. However, on videos with fine detail (high

9647: 8579: 3917: 1353:-encoded. Only the (smaller) amount of difference between the MVs for each macroblock needs to be stored in the final bitstream. 5125: 4941: 954:. Either video or audio will be delayed by the decoder until the corresponding segment of the other arrives and can be decoded. 10344: 9921: 8584: 6539: 8766: 4605: 3825: 3120:, at just over 1:8. Achieving much higher compression is simply not possible without discarding some perceptible information. 1342:(minimal gains) with higher precision MVs. Half-pel precision was chosen as the ideal trade-off for that point in time. (See: 1077:

to simplify the notation, although that term more properly applies to a somewhat different color format. Similarly, the terms

247:

Information technology—Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s

8166: 5766: 5233: 3663: 10074: 8647: 7585: 6840: 4435: 4100: 3891: 793: 5681: 4404: 3677: 355:. H.261 was the first practical video coding standard, and all of its described design elements were also used in MPEG-1. 6225: 2868: 1199:

in image from the frame (either an I-frame or P-frame) immediately preceding it (this reference frame is also called the

6037: 3946: 3865: 10451: 10189: 10128: 9939: 9889: 9712: 9407: 9372: 9350: 8549: 8524: 5986: 4290: 4193: 4139: 3004:

pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of digital audio broadcasting.

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RLE is particularly effective after quantization, as a significant number of the AC coefficients are now zero (called

9572: 9557: 9458: 9147: 8198: 7609: 7534: 6073: 4753: 4727: 4701: 4675: 4649: 4051: 3490: 603: 575: 547: 519: 491: 5715: 3472: 3161:

audio format designed to provide acceptable quality at about 64 kbit/s for monaural audio over single-channel (

410:(human perceived) quality, at data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s. This specific bitrate was chosen for transmission over 10564: 9189: 8743: 8642: 8432: 7834: 5694: 5394: 5341: 5314: 5287: 5260: 3222: 998:

Part 2 of the MPEG-1 standard covers video and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-2. The design was heavily influenced by

785:

The widespread popularity of MPEG-2 with broadcasters means MPEG-1 is playable by most digital cable and satellite

359: 344: 820:

The DVD-Video standard originally required MPEG-1 Audio Layer II for PAL countries, but was changed to allow AC-3/

10574: 10412: 10263: 10182: 9976: 9296: 9023: 8887: 8730: 8354: 8308: 8208: 7467: 7425: 4811: 3108: 2969: 1889: 905: 403: 4343:

Q. Well, then how do I get the documents, like the MPEG I draft? A. MPEG is a draft ISO standard. It's [

3253: 2997: 1339: 10547: 10167: 9961: 9749: 9286: 8969: 8374: 8203: 7122: 6985: 6218: 5087: 3535: 3468: 2968:

audio format designed to provide high quality at about 192 kbit/s for stereo sound. Decoding MP2 audio is

2295:

data) which can then be more efficiently compressed by entropy coding (lossless compression) in the next step.

383: 3107:

Subjective audio testing by experts, in the most critical conditions ever implemented, has shown MP2 to offer

3008:

term MUSICAM to refer to Layer II is entirely incorrect and discouraged for both technical and legal reasons.

1873:

Since the DC coefficient value is statistically correlated from one block to the next, it is compressed using

1312:

limit from the area of the current macroblock. If a match is found, only the direction and distance (i.e. the

10644: 9680: 9433: 9095: 8481: 8467: 7920: 6745: 6275: 4606:"MPEG-1 (Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s)" 4004: 3507:

audio and video compression. MPEG-1 Part 2 video is rare nowadays, and this extension typically refers to an

3080: 3032: 10309: 8461: 7914: 5017: 4270: 10634: 10537: 10079: 9637: 9451: 9429: 9031: 8952: 8662: 8369: 8359: 8268: 8131: 7806: 7728: 7661: 7632: 7602: 7524: 7131: 6172: 5391:– (Requires clever reading: says quantization matrices differ, but those are just defaults, and selectable) 3982: 3596: 3117: 3112: 1120:

MPEG-1 has several frame/picture types that serve different purposes. The most important, yet simplest, is

824:-only discs. MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is still allowed on DVDs, although newer extensions to the format, like 419: 375: 1217:

of the frame (see below). Such motion vector data will be embedded in the P-frame for use by the decoder.

1104:(CPB), later renamed the "Low Level" (LL) profile in MPEG-2. This is the minimum video specifications any 9627: 9622: 8539: 5867: 3414:

reference code for encoding and decoding of audio and video, as well as multiplexing and demultiplexing.

3017: 84: 6146: 3050:

impulses (such as percussive instruments, and applause), offering avoidance of artifacts like pre-echo.

2280:

Typically, high frequency information is less visually important, and so high frequencies are much more

1180:"P-frame" is an abbreviation for "Predicted-frame". They may also be called forward-predicted frames or 10690: 10569: 10496: 10334: 10314: 10258: 9916: 9707: 9510: 9412: 9387: 8877: 8514: 8321: 7773: 7446: 7384: 6660: 6655: 6357: 6285: 5434: 5058: 2845: 1055: 979: 943: 846: 839: 644:

stopped charging for Technicolor's MP3 licensing program for certain MP3 related patents and software.

220: 171: 5175: 4888: 3804: 3753: 10670: 10579: 10520: 10446: 10294: 9884: 9879: 9734: 9577: 9362: 8892: 8816: 8735: 7970: 6099: 3762: 1380: 340: 320: 6184: 4858: 4197: 4143: 10584: 10157: 9951: 9652: 9323: 9276: 9110: 9064: 8926: 8862: 8599: 8000: 7010: 5871: 5742: 4391: 4331: 3978: 3453: 3411: 3095: 3083:(ATH) are completely discarded. The available bits are then assigned to each sub-band accordingly. 2944: 987: 853: 358:

Modeled on the successful collaborative approach and the compression technologies developed by the

5458: 5429: 5038: 4837: 4524: 4228: 10525: 9896: 9783: 9739: 9552: 9535: 9525: 9269: 9236: 9152: 9090: 9059: 8619: 8379: 6650: 5948: 4980: 4884: 4579:"INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION ISO" 3464: 3457: 3405:

Part 5 of the MPEG-1 standard includes reference software, and is defined in ISO/IEC TR 11172–5.

3079:, and how much quantization noise each can contain without being perceived. Any sounds below the 2851: 909: 741: 7868: 4582: 4484: 4365: 295:

Reference software (example software showing how to encode and decode according to the standard)

10150: 9901: 9685: 9530: 9367: 9100: 8947: 8574: 7811: 7752: 7740: 7594: 7566: 7550: 5424: 3148: 3072: 978:

and are guaranteed to both arrive at the decoder at precisely the same time. This is a case of

140: 10422: 5647: 3268:. Even though it utilizes some of the lower layer functions, MP3 is quite different from MP2. 10680: 10675: 10554: 9330: 9174: 8964: 8183: 8161: 8139: 7801: 7409: 7374: 7335: 7313: 7286: 7260: 6790: 6680: 6241: 5372: 4255:

Chiariglione, Leonardo; Le Gall, Didier; Musmann, Hans-Georg; Simon, Allen (September 1990),

3531: 3512: 3391:

Part 4 of the MPEG-1 standard covers conformance testing, and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-4.

3218: 3182: 3133: 3047: 2973: 2959: 2759: 2740: 2703: 1874: 1350: 975: 889: 878: 817:

format uses MPEG-2 video primarily, but MPEG-1 support is explicitly defined in the standard.

772: 387: 287: 269: 4775: 4067: 4037: 1093:

MPEG-1 supports resolutions up to 4095×4095 (12 bits), and bit rates up to 100 Mbit/s.

10238: 9700: 9662: 9483: 9303: 8990: 8151: 8082: 7950: 7519: 7308: 7255: 7058: 7025: 6890: 6459: 3689:

Reference 3 in the paper is to Committee Draft of Standard ISO/IEC 11172, December 6, 1991.

3162: 3028: 2916: 2743:. Since lossless compression aims to remove as much redundancy as possible, it is known as 1063: 216: 5915: 4609: 3523:

many respects to how raw .AAC files are tagged (but this is less supported nowadays, e.g.

986:

before it gets enough data to decode the other simultaneous stream (e.g. video). The MPEG

950:

program, and is also used by the decoder to determine when data can be discarded from the

8: 10469: 10360: 10319: 10304: 10273: 10268: 10177: 10084: 10017: 9986: 9971: 9754: 9291: 8959: 8751: 8657: 8604: 8316: 8111: 8087: 8035: 7791: 7694: 7641: 7298: 7291: 7234: 6990: 5598: 5531: 3575: 3508: 3325: 3234: 2923: 2892:

Layer I: 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 288, 320, 352, 384, 416 and 448 kbit/s

2775:

data), and can be represented with just a couple of bytes. This is stored in a special 2-

2765: 1323: 1097: 935: 930: 885: 701: 681: 332: 317: 265: 2802:

processing of B-frames requires more buffer on the decoded side. A configuration of the

757:

for video playback includes MPEG-1 decoding, in addition to any other supported formats.

10542: 10512: 10491: 10397: 10329: 10223: 9911: 9727: 9717: 9612: 9592: 9587: 9382: 8897: 8882: 8422: 8394: 8077: 8040: 7115: 6965: 6945: 6170:

Official Web Page of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) a working group of ISO/IEC

6011: 5677: 5551: 5505: 5368: 5362: 5190: 4913: 3669: 2964:

MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (the first version of MP2, often informally called MUSICAM) is a

2898:

Layer III: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s

2895:

Layer II: 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s

2828:, either because they are in frequencies where the ear has limited sensitivity, or are 2748: 1364:

An even more serious problem exists with macroblocks that contain significant, random,

1051: 726: 430:, intended to extend MPEG-1 technology to provide full broadcast-quality video (as per 395: 371: 188: 25: 10123: 9340: 8241: 7100: 5831:

IEEE Journal on Select Areas in Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 314-323, Feb. 1988.

3921: 3650:. ACM Multimedia. New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 75–82. 10486: 10474: 10456: 10324: 10208: 10145: 9991: 9906: 9862: 9823: 9505: 9308: 9259: 8711: 8554: 8144: 7995: 7669: 7323: 6052: 5117: 4960: 4624: 4047: 3844: 3659: 3559: 3348: 3125: 3076: 2803: 1161: 1007: 825: 721: 328: 3648:

Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia - MULTIMEDIA '93

3315:(after perceptual) to further reduce the bitrate, without any further quality loss. 782:

became widespread, many digital satellite/cable TV services used MPEG-1 exclusively.

10461: 10417: 10390: 10385: 10243: 10228: 10138: 10047: 10042: 9871: 9604: 9582: 9474: 9357: 9254: 9246: 9132: 9085: 9013: 8980: 8193: 7859: 7711: 7679: 7628: 7404: 6615: 3829: 3673: 3651: 3265: 3043: 3024: 2830: 2719: 1224: 446: 411: 212: 158: 6031: 5779: 5227: 3277: 3057: 10380: 10194: 10118: 10099: 10069: 10037: 10003: 9562: 9500: 9335: 9127: 8236: 8213: 7529: 6845: 6200: 6188: 6176: 5420: 4984: 4981:" Can a MPEG-1 with Audio Layers 1&2 plugin be in plugins-good (patentwise)?" 4781: 3600: 3214: 908:

into packets of variable lengths, i.e., divided ES into independent chunks where

731: 661: 607: 579: 551: 523: 495: 200: 8697: 5805:, Proceedings of the 10th International AES Conference, pp 91 - 102, London 1991 4449: 4408: 4109: 3895: 2861: 1897:

user-specified bitrate, or (much less commonly) directly specified by the user.

1192: 1140:

used in animation. I-frames can be considered effectively identical to baseline

292:

Conformance testing (testing the correctness of implementations of the standard)

10172: 9966: 9695: 9690: 9547: 9520: 9492: 9417: 9264: 9105: 8974: 8067: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7379: 3643: 3563: 3352: 3312: 2821: 2790: 2782: 2744: 810:

standard, based on VCD, uses MPEG-1 audio exclusively, as well as MPEG-2 video.

807: 765: 641: 379: 352: 2817:

Part 3 of the MPEG-1 standard covers audio and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-3.

1109: 10685: 10664: 10479: 10427: 10094: 10089: 10064: 9996: 9617: 9515: 9313: 9120: 8614: 8412: 8178: 8062: 7706: 7462: 7364: 7351: 7303: 7108: 7068: 7063: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7035: 7030: 7020: 7005: 7000: 6955: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6875: 6870: 6860: 6835: 6825: 6815: 6780: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6750: 6725: 6720: 6033: 5594: 5045: 4224: 3950: 3380: 3358: 3139:

Layer II audio files typically use the extension ".mp2" or sometimes ".m2a".

3129: 3035:(ATH). The size of a Layer II frame is fixed at 1152-samples (coefficients). 2711: 1038:(color, hue, phase) and even further separated into red and blue components. 821: 336: 58: 8677: 5976: 5941:

Perceptual Coding of Digital Audio (Proceedings of the IEEE, VOL. 88, NO. 4)

4304: 2986:

Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing

2950:

Layer I audio files typically use the extension ".mp1" or sometimes ".m1a".

1293: 1286:

All of these 8x8 blocks are independently put through DCT and quantization.

1188: 10600: 9567: 9542: 9443: 9137: 8902: 8692: 8687: 8544: 8519: 8015: 7441: 7015: 6995: 6715: 6690: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6300: 4552: 4072: 3711: 1046: 1031: 939: 407: 378:(MPEG) working group was established in January 1988, by the initiative of 348: 6077: 5671: 4749: 4723: 4697: 4671: 4645: 3655: 3367:: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144 and 160 kbit/s 2941: 1209:

The difference between a P-frame and its anchor frame is calculated using

1133: 600: 572: 544: 516: 488: 10559: 10437: 10233: 10109: 10059: 9201: 9142: 9080: 8682: 8445: 8440: 8025: 7945: 7674: 6590: 6382: 6352: 6345: 6340: 5709: 5379:

International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, p. 3,

3621:

A format originally based on MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, but now incompatible.

3038: 3020: 2776: 1240: 1082: 1035: 951: 874: 786: 324: 5335: 5308: 5281: 5254: 4364:(Press release). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11. 6 November 1992. Archived from 3947:"MPEG standards – Full list of standards developed or under development" 3177: 2772: 2292: 1313: 1201: 1181: 1018: 10616: 10407: 10402: 10289: 10248: 10054: 9115: 9008: 8417: 8188: 8057: 8020: 7955: 7839: 7716: 7625: 6960: 6885: 6800: 6740: 3587: 3194: 3124:

glockenspiel and audience applause. More recent testing has shown that

3001: 2936:

Layer I saw limited adoption in its time, and most notably was used on

2789:

This is the final step in the video encoding process, so the result of

2707: 1273: 1027: 435: 39: 32:.mpeg, .mpg, .mpe, .mp1, .mp2, .mp3, .m1v, .m1a, .m2a, .m2v, .mpa, .mpv 6206:

A simple, concise explanation from Berkeley Multimedia Research Center

4805: 2779:

Huffman table that codes the run-length and the run-ending character.

2287:

This quantization process usually reduces a significant number of the

842:(DVB) standard primarily uses MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, and MPEG-2 video. 9184: 8786: 8589: 8569: 8389: 8384: 8047: 8005: 7073: 6850: 6785: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6544: 6534: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6469: 6464: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6377: 6372: 6362: 6335: 6330: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6280: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6101:

ISO/IEC 13818-7, Fourth edition, Part 7 – Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)

3530:

Note that although it would apply, .mpg does not normally append raw

3237: 3054: 1223:

If a video drastically changes from one frame to the next (such as a

1137: 1085:

are often used instead of the (more accurate) terms luma and chroma.

1078: 1067: 877:

is specifically designed for storage on media, and transmission over

814: 442: 415: 3442: 895: 789:, and digital disc and tape players, due to backwards compatibility. 262:

storage and synchronization of video, audio, and other data together

10530: 10375: 10032: 9162: 9041: 8672: 8564: 7990: 7844: 6925: 6499: 6479: 6439: 6394: 6325: 6270: 6032:

D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup (October 1998).

3618: 3550:

The Moving Picture Experts Group, developers of the MPEG-1 standard

3285: 2907:

Layer III audio, although not all higher level players are "full".

2885: 1059: 1026:

Before encoding video to MPEG-1, the color-space is transformed to

913: 800: 775:" can play back MPEG-1 Audio. Many millions have been sold to-date. 754: 706: 431: 208: 5829:

Transform Coding of Audio Signals Using Perceptual Noise Criteria,

10299: 9773: 9722: 9377: 9318: 9231: 8985: 8872: 8831: 8826: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8652: 8594: 8534: 8298: 8278: 8263: 8052: 7980: 7960: 7167: 6950: 6915: 6905: 6474: 6387: 4859:"homework] summary of the video (and audio) codec discussion" 3606: 3426: 3364: 2993: 2937: 736: 696: 666: 7624: 6210: 6169: 5897:

Meares, David; Watanabe, Kaoru; Scheirer, Eric (February 1998),

3593: 9813: 9179: 8637: 8331: 8171: 8092: 8072: 8010: 7747: 7723: 7701: 7689: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7330: 7215: 7205: 7191: 7183: 7172: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6880: 6820: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6705: 5039:

http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5214678

5010:"[whatwg] MPEG-1 subset proposal for HTML5 video codec" 4777:

Choosing the Optimal Video Resolution: The MPEG-2 Player Market

4254: 3569: 3524: 3504: 3341: 2796: 1309: 957:

PTS handling can be problematic. Decoders must accept multiple

832: 779: 768:

of hardware that can play back MPEG-1 Audio (all three layers).

427: 273: 261: 133: 5816:

Estimation of Perceptual Entropy Using Noise Masking Criteria,

5413:

Wee, Susie J.; Vasudev, Bhaskaran; Liu, Sam (March 13, 1997),

3755:

MPEG: a video compression standard for multimedia applications

3710:

Adler, Mark; Popp, Harald; Hjerde, Morten (November 9, 1996),

3556:

Additional less technical details about MPEG-1 Audio Layer III

3111:

audio compression at 256 kbit/s for 16-bit 44.1 kHz

3016:

MP2 is a time-domain encoder. It uses a low-delay 32 sub-band

10648: 10253: 9846: 9793: 9226: 9157: 9000: 8776: 8739: 8624: 8326: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8273: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8231: 8223: 7985: 7965: 7796: 7786: 7781: 7769: 7757: 7571: 7357: 7245: 6830: 6710: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6595: 6524: 4009: 3324:

acceptable quality stereo sound on most music, and there are

3158: 2965: 2715: 1153: 1105: 1042: 999: 711: 391: 363: 313: 309: 305: 196: 192: 123: 9803: 9657: 9642: 9632: 9167: 8912: 8867: 8857: 8847: 8821: 8781: 8771: 8667: 8609: 8529: 8492: 8487: 8404: 8346: 8336: 8097: 7975: 7849: 7829: 6855: 6770: 6367: 5982: 5376: 4039:

Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding

3612: 3547: 3422: 3166: 1388: 1343: 1169: 1141: 904:

Packetized Elementary Streams (PES) are elementary streams

796: 716: 367: 119: 54: 2990:

Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications

9778: 9744: 9206: 9194: 9036: 8852: 8756: 8559: 8156: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7318: 7265: 6549: 6181: 5852: 5850: 4345: 3553: 3538:. The .aac extension normally denotes these audio files. 3519: 3503:.mpg is one of a number of file extensions for MPEG-1 or 3154: 1074: 761: 691: 686: 671: 656: 637: 283: 228: 204: 5663: 3063: 1187:

P-frames exist to improve compression by exploiting the

339:

in the decoder, with residual difference coding using a

7130: 5842:

Subjective Listening Test of Multi-channel Audio Codecs

5760: 5758: 5416:

Transcoding MPEG Video Streams in the Compressed Domain

4125: 3518:.mp3 is the most common extension for files containing 3071:

The psychoacoustic model is applied using a 1024-point

441:

Notably, the MPEG-1 standard very strictly defines the

434:) at high bitrates (3–15 Mbit/s) and support for 316:). The basic architecture established in H.261 was the 5896: 5847: 3909: 2313: 1919: 1421: 370:

image compression standard and the H.261 standard for

5844:, AES 105th Convention Paper 4813, San Francisco 1998 3193:(ASPEC) codec developed by Fraunhofer as part of the 2307: 1913: 1415: 7484:

Part 1: Transport and Storage of Genomic Information

5755: 5646:, IEEE MultiMedia Journal, p. 8, archived from 4430: 4428: 4426: 2984:

MPEG-1 Audio Layer II was derived from the MUSICAM (

1403:

flat block value represented by the DC coefficient.

1227:), it is more efficient to encode it as an I-frame. 6091: 5892: 5890: 5856: 5803:

Subjective Assessments on Low Bit-rate Audio Codecs

5673:

A Survey of Compressed Domain Processing Techniques

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includes MPEG-1/2 video/audio encoders and decoders

2275:Quantization is performed by taking each of the 64 1034:(brightness, resolution) is stored separately from 304:The predecessor of MPEG-1 for video coding was the 5900:Report on the MPEG-2 AAC Stereo Verification Tests 5334:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 5307:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 5280:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 5253:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 4181: 4179: 3637: 3635: 2691: 2264: 1862: 1292:If the height or width of the video are not exact 1108:should be able to handle, to be considered MPEG-1 6008:"MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 – MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC" 5999: 5931: 5776:International Conference on Digital Audio Effects 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5354: 4551:Popp, Harald; Hjerde, Morten (November 9, 1996), 4423: 4322: 4320: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 3394:Conformance: Procedures for testing conformance. 3311:Unlike Layers I and II, MP3 uses variable-length 896:Elementary streams, packets, and clock references 10662: 5887: 5734: 5159: 5092:Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS 4965:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4767: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 3940: 3938: 3332:Layer III audio files use the extension ".mp3". 7572:Part 2: Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding 4597: 4068:"The History of Video File Formats Infographic" 3883: 3709: 3632: 366:'s Experts Group on Telephony (creators of the 5937: 5701: 5611: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5472: 5401: 5222: 5220: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 4554:MPEG-FAQ: multimedia compression [2/9] 4317: 4156: 3713:MPEG-FAQ: multimedia compression [1/9] 3644:"Performance of a software MPEG video decoder" 3641: 3386: 1376:Each 8×8 block is encoded by first applying a 9459: 7610: 7116: 6226: 5938:Painter, Ted; Spanias, Andreas (April 2000), 5489: 5412: 5182: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4283: 4241: 4098: 3935: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3609:A high quality MPEG-1 Audio Layer II encoder. 3400: 3169:links, and 128 kbit/s for stereo sound. 3153:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (the first version of 916:was added to each packet for error detection. 20:Moving Picture Experts Group Phase 1 (MPEG-1) 9473: 7525:Part 2: High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265) 6131:Chiariglione, Leonardo (November 11, 1994), 6130: 6057:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5860:EBU evaluations of multichannel audio codecs 5818:in Proc. ICASSP-88, pp. 2524-2527, May 1988. 5360: 5327: 5300: 5273: 5246: 4468: 4216: 3788: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3572:The direct successor to the MPEG-1 standard. 3189:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III was derived from the 3067:Example FFT analysis on an audio wave sample 2797:GOP configurations for specific applications 1160:The length between I-frames is known as the 1115: 282:Audio (compressed audio content), including 252:The standard consists of the following five 6124: 5735:Grill, B.; Quackenbush, S. (October 2005), 5569: 5333: 5306: 5279: 5252: 5217: 5160:Grill, B.; Quackenbush, S. (October 2005), 5140: 4856: 4629:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4504: 4502: 4500: 4472:MPEG Press Release, London, 6 November 1992 4469:Chiariglione, Leonardo (November 6, 1992), 3849:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3789:Chiariglione, Leonardo (October 21, 1989), 3471:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3191:Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding 2758:The DC coefficients and motion vectors are 1096:MPEG-1 videos are most commonly seen using 831:Most DVD players also support Video CD and 394:). MPEG was formed to address the need for 9466: 9452: 7617: 7603: 7535:Part 12: High Efficiency Image File Format 7123: 7109: 6233: 6219: 6025: 4948:. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16 4891:, Digital Preservation. October 21, 2014. 4798: 4550: 4537: 4210: 3730: 3335: 2793:is known as the MPEG-1 video "bitstream." 1406:An example of an encoded 8×8 FDCT block: 1030:(Y′=Luma, Cb=Chroma Blue, Cr=Chroma Red). 418:lines and as the approximate data rate of 7090:International Electrotechnical Commission 5768:From Joint Stereo to Spatial Audio Coding 5428: 4258:Press Release – Status report of ISO MPEG 4044:Institution of Engineering and Technology 3782: 3692: 3642:Patel K, Smith BC, Rowe LA (1993-09-01). 3491:Learn how and when to remove this message 1148:videos are used in editing applications. 792:MPEG-1 was used for full-screen video on 5490:Thom, D.; Purnhagen, H. (October 1998), 5188: 4836:, Pure Motion Ltd., 2003, archived from 4497: 4462: 4102:Genesis of the MP3 Audio Coding Standard 4035: 4029: 3817: 3176: 3062: 1073:Y′CbCr color is often informally called 1017: 677:Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. 647: 7468:Part 3: Unified Speech and Audio Coding 7426:Part 2: Description definition language 6065: 6034:"MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG Audio" 5968: 5552:"Audio Standard: MPEG-2 Part number: 3" 4508: 4060: 3751: 3203:Multiple adaptive Spectral audio Coding 3053:The 32 sub-band filter bank returns 32 323:hybrid video coding structure. It uses 272:format introduced as an alternative in 10696:Computer-related introductions in 1993 10663: 7551:Part 3: Versatile Video Coding (H.266) 7375:Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264) 5989:from the original on December 16, 2016 5975:Amorim, Roberto (September 19, 2006), 5974: 5857:B/MAE Project Group (September 2007), 5590:Perceptual Coding and MPEG Compression 5344:from the original on November 12, 2016 5263:from the original on November 12, 2016 4865:from the original on December 21, 2016 3259: 3211:Optimum Coding in the Frequency domain 9447: 7598: 7489:Part 2: Coding of Genomic Information 7104: 6214: 5764: 5669: 5364:Compressed Domain Transcoding of MPEG 5317:from the original on November 5, 2016 5290:from the original on November 5, 2016 5059:"MP3 (MPEG Layer III Audio Encoding)" 4895:from the original on January 11, 2017 4217:Chiariglione, Leonardo (March 2001), 3974:Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68 1088: 1062:artifacts. Compared to other digital 869:, and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-1. 865:Part 1 of the MPEG-1 standard covers 6071: 5640:A Tutorial on MPEG/Audio Compression 5361:Acharya, Soam; Smith, Brian (1998), 4773: 4561:from the original on January 4, 2017 4185: 4131: 3857: 3720:from the original on January 4, 2017 3469:adding citations to reliable sources 3436: 3011: 2834:by other (typically louder) sounds. 1195:in a video. P-frames store only the 234:The MPEG-1 standard is published as 7385:Part 12: ISO base media file format 7132:MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) 6097: 6005: 5636: 3997: 3970: 3964: 2926:encoding on the hardware available 1070:by 2 horizontally and vertically). 13: 9408:Comparison of audio coding formats 7447:Part 5: Rights Expression Language 5586: 5098:from the original on 22 March 2018 4604:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2010-07-17). 4194:University of California, Berkeley 4140:University of California, Berkeley 3949:. chiariglione.org. Archived from 3920:. chiariglione.org. Archived from 3894:. chiariglione.org. Archived from 3824:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-10-30). 3566:extension to MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 3511:(defined in MPEG-1 and MPEG-2) or 3351:– Backward compatible 5.1-channel 3185:, with encoder (below) and decoder 2979: 1184:(B-frames are also inter-frames). 1132:"I-frame" is an abbreviation for " 924: 884:This structure was later named an 860: 347:, and variable-length codes (like 264:in a single file—later dubbed the 14: 10707: 6240: 6163: 5765:Herre, Jurgen (October 5, 2004), 5707: 4807:Comparison between MPEG 1 & 2 4788:from the original on June 7, 2011 4080:from the original on 29 June 2018 4017:from the original on 8 March 2021 3615:A high quality MP3 audio encoder. 3562:Backwards compatible 5.1 channel 3432: 3361:: 16000, 22050, and 24000 Hz 3242:Transform coding of audio signals 3094:Layer II can also optionally use 2733: 1299: 1041:The chroma is also subsampled to 10640: 10639: 10630: 10629: 6182:MPEG Industry Forum Organization 5711:Psychoacoustic Models in TwoLAME 5128:from the original on 24 May 2019 3944: 3915: 3889: 3441: 3408:Simulation: Reference software. 3264:MP3 is a frequency-domain audio 3223:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg 3172: 2812: 2298:An example quantized DCT block: 1904:An example quantization matrix: 1244:supported by hardware decoders. 1102:constrained parameters bitstream 993: 764:audio has established a massive 360:Joint Photographic Experts Group 279:Video (compressed video content) 6194:Source Code to Implement MPEG-1 6114:from the original on 2009-03-06 6040:from the original on 2011-08-07 5834: 5821: 5808: 5795: 5728: 5718:from the original on 2016-10-22 5684:from the original on 2011-02-23 5558:from the original on 2024-02-04 5544: 5518: 5447: 5383:from the original on 2011-02-23 5236:from the original on 2016-10-27 5207:from the original on 2016-11-12 5110: 5080: 5069:from the original on 2017-08-14 5051: 5032: 5002: 4991:from the original on 2014-02-02 4973: 4934: 4920:from the original on 2016-11-15 4906: 4877: 4850: 4824: 4814:from the original on 2012-02-10 4756:from the original on 2017-08-30 4747: 4741: 4730:from the original on 2017-08-30 4721: 4715: 4704:from the original on 2017-05-15 4695: 4689: 4678:from the original on 2017-08-30 4669: 4663: 4652:from the original on 2017-08-30 4643: 4637: 4571: 4509:Wallace, Greg (April 2, 1993), 4380: 4354: 4092: 3872:from the original on 2016-11-12 3863: 3772:from the original on 2017-01-27 3680:from the original on 2021-12-15 1884: 969: 747: 327:of size 16×16 with block-based 260:Systems (defining a format for 8970:ISO/IEC base media file format 7567:Part 1: Essential Video Coding 7442:Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item 7410:Part 33: Internet Video Coding 7395:Part 17: Streaming text format 4774:Ozer, Jan (October 12, 2001), 4581:. 26 July 2010. Archived from 4005:"History of Video Compression" 3752:Le Gall, Didier (April 1991), 1267: 1058:) this can manifest as chroma 1013: 384:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 1: 7336:Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding 4885:"MPEG-1 Video Coding (H.261)" 4189:MPEG-2 FAQ (archived website) 3625: 3603:MPEG-1/2 video/audio encoders 3373: 3081:absolute threshold of hearing 3033:absolute threshold of hearing 2927: 2730:) through much of the video. 203:. It is designed to compress 7520:Part 1: MPEG media transport 5914:, p. 18, archived from 5593:, NAB Engineering Handbook, 4186:Fogg, Chad (April 2, 1996), 4132:Fogg, Chad (April 2, 1996), 3429:were originally based upon. 3318: 3254:Institut für Rundfunktechnik 3142: 2998:Institut für Rundfunktechnik 2988:) audio codec, developed by 376:Moving Picture Experts Group 231:audio format it introduced. 7: 5868:European Broadcasting Union 5778:, p. 2, archived from 5118:"ISO Standards and Patents" 4914:"ISO Standards and Patents" 4328:"The MPEG-FAQ, Version 3.1" 4036:Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003). 3892:"About MPEG – Achievements" 3541: 3387:Part 4: Conformance testing 3227:Perceptual Transform Coding 2953: 1254: 1230: 1175: 1127: 835:playback, which use MPEG-1. 268:to distinguish it from the 94:; 25 years ago 10: 10712: 10521:Compressed data structures 9843:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman 9511:Asymmetric numeral systems 9413:Comparison of video codecs 7923:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) 7499:Part 4: Reference Software 7380:Part 11: Scene description 7283:Part 1: Systems (H.222.0) 5637:Pan, Davis (Summer 1995), 4857:Dave Singer (2007-11-09). 3421:audio encoder code, which 3401:Part 5: Reference software 3201:ASPEC was itself based on 3146: 3102: 3000:(IRT/CNET) as part of the 2957: 2914: 2910: 1333:Motion vectors record the 1271: 980:time-division multiplexing 928: 847:Digital Audio Broadcasting 840:Digital Video Broadcasting 626: 343:(DCT) of size 8×8, scalar 299: 221:digital audio broadcasting 10625: 10609: 10593: 10511: 10436: 10368: 10359: 10282: 10216: 10207: 10108: 10025: 10016: 9932: 9880:Discrete cosine transform 9870: 9861: 9810:LZ77 + Huffman + context 9763: 9673: 9603: 9491: 9482: 9426: 9400: 9245: 9219: 9073: 9050: 9022: 8999: 8934: 8925: 8840: 8721: 8710: 8502: 8454: 8431: 8403: 8345: 8307: 8222: 8121: 8110: 7938: 7907: 7858: 7820: 7768: 7651: 7640: 7580: 7559: 7543: 7512: 7476: 7455: 7434: 7418: 7405:Part 22: Open Font Format 7344: 7276: 7224: 7138: 7082: 6583: 6248: 5978:GPSYCHO - Mid/Side Stereo 3792:Kurihama 89 press release 3763:Communications of the ACM 3379:) very low bitrate (i.e. 1381:discrete cosine transform 1116:Frame/picture/block types 892:) and will be used here. 341:discrete cosine transform 308:standard produced by the 169: 156: 139: 129: 115: 107: 83: 65: 50: 38: 24: 10585:Smallest grammar problem 7390:Part 14: MP4 file format 5493:MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 5189:Chiariglione, Leonardo, 3979:House of Commons Library 3536:MPEG-2 Part 7 Containers 3284:in audible smearing and 2945:Digital Compact Cassette 2903:play Layer I audio, but 2837:Channel encoding modes: 988:Video Buffering Verifier 854:Digital Compact Cassette 404:computational complexity 40:Internet media type 10526:Compressed suffix array 10075:Nyquist–Shannon theorem 9237:Alliance for Open Media 7530:Part 3: MPEG-H 3D Audio 5949:Proceedings of the IEEE 5801:C.Grewin, and T.Ryden, 5527:MPEG Audio Frame Header 3336:MPEG-2 audio extensions 910:cyclic redundancy check 828:, are rarely supported. 742:Victor Company of Japan 335:using encoder-selected 111:audio, video, container 90:ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 16:Video encoding standard 8157:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) 3291:Being forced to use a 3186: 3149:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III 3073:fast Fourier transform 3068: 2970:computationally simple 2820:MPEG-1 Audio utilizes 2693: 2266: 1864: 1371: 1023: 879:communication channels 71:; 32 years ago 45:audio/mpeg, video/mpeg 10555:Kolmogorov complexity 10423:Video characteristics 9800:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS 9175:QuickTime File Format 7463:Part 1: MPEG Surround 7299:Part 2: Video (H.262) 6010:. ISO. Archived from 5958:on September 16, 2006 5695:registration required 5670:Smith, Brian (1996), 5395:registration required 5373:IEEE Computer Society 4833:MPEG 1 And 2 Compared 3971:Lea, William (1994). 3656:10.1145/166266.166274 3513:MPEG transport stream 3219:Karlheinz Brandenburg 3183:Deutsches Museum Bonn 3180: 3134:Advanced Audio Coding 3066: 2960:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 2704:compression artifacts 2694: 2267: 1865: 1400:frequency coefficient 1064:compression artifacts 1021: 929:Further information: 890:MPEG transport stream 773:digital audio devices 648:Former patent holders 388:Leonardo Chiariglione 270:MPEG transport stream 10645:Compression software 10239:Compression artifact 10195:Psychoacoustic model 9434:Compression software 8991:MPEG media transport 8068:Sorenson Video/Spark 6006:ISO (October 1998). 5840:Wustenhagen et al., 4388:"Abstract Page #101" 4362:"MPEG Press Release" 3985:on 20 September 2019 3918:"Terms of Reference" 3465:improve this section 3029:simultaneous masking 2917:MPEG-1 Audio Layer I 2305: 1911: 1413: 1047:Bayer pattern filter 618:Software simulation 69:6 December 1991 10635:Compression formats 10274:Texture compression 10269:Standard test image 10085:Silence compression 9432:for techniques and 9430:Compression methods 7926:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358) 7504:Part 5: Conformance 4889:Library of Congress 4220:Open source in MPEG 4099:Hans Geog Musmann, 3576:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 3509:MPEG program stream 2766:Run-length encoding 2728:strong quantization 2291:to zero, (known as 1340:diminishing returns 1324:motion compensation 1098:Source Input Format 931:MPEG program stream 886:MPEG program stream 702:Pioneer Corporation 682:Mitsubishi Electric 590:Compliance testing 455: 374:respectively), the 333:motion compensation 331:in the encoder and 266:MPEG program stream 21: 10543:Information theory 10398:Display resolution 10224:Chroma subsampling 9613:Byte pair encoding 9558:Shannon–Fano–Elias 6199:2006-12-30 at the 6187:2004-08-30 at the 6175:2017-12-07 at the 6098:ISO (2006-01-15), 5678:Cornell University 5369:Cornell University 4146:on August 29, 2000 3599:2008-04-20 at the 3417:This includes the 3187: 3069: 2749:information theory 2689: 2683: 2282:strongly quantized 2262: 2256: 1860: 1854: 1089:Resolution/bitrate 1056:spatial complexity 1052:chroma subsampling 1024: 845:The international 838:The international 760:The popularity of 727:Thomson Multimedia 606:2017-08-30 at the 601:ISO/IEC TR 11172-5 578:2017-08-30 at the 550:2017-05-15 at the 522:2017-08-30 at the 494:2017-08-30 at the 453: 372:video conferencing 318:motion-compensated 312:(now known as the 116:Extended from 26:Filename extension 19: 10691:ISO/IEC standards 10658: 10657: 10507: 10506: 10457:Deblocking filter 10355: 10354: 10203: 10202: 10012: 10011: 9857: 9856: 9441: 9440: 9215: 9214: 9133:DivX Media Format 8921: 8920: 8706: 8705: 8106: 8105: 7996:Microsoft Video 1 7931:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368) 7917:(GB/T 20090.2/16) 7592: 7591: 7324:MPEG Multichannel 7098: 7097: 6149:on August 8, 2010 5921:on April 14, 2008 4527:on August 6, 2010 4487:on 12 August 2010 4368:on 12 August 2010 4076:. 22 April 2012. 3807:on August 5, 2010 3665:978-0-89791-596-0 3560:MPEG Multichannel 3501: 3500: 3493: 3349:MPEG Multichannel 3266:transform encoder 3260:Technical details 3126:MPEG Multichannel 3077:masking threshold 3031:effects, and the 3012:Technical details 2972:relative to MP3, 2846:intensity encoded 2804:Group of Pictures 1162:group of pictures 1008:Video compression 826:MPEG Multichannel 722:Texas Instruments 624: 623: 447:coding efficiency 329:motion estimation 223:(DAB) practical. 182: 181: 92:October 1998 51:Developed by 10703: 10671:Data compression 10643: 10642: 10633: 10632: 10462:Lapped transform 10366: 10365: 10244:Image resolution 10229:Coding tree unit 10214: 10213: 10023: 10022: 9868: 9867: 9489: 9488: 9475:Data compression 9468: 9461: 9454: 9445: 9444: 9207:VOB, IFO and BUP 8981:Motion JPEG 2000 8932: 8931: 8719: 8718: 8678:aptX Low Latency 8455:Chinese Standard 8119: 8118: 7908:Chinese Standard 7680:Motion JPEG 2000 7649: 7648: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7596: 7595: 7287:Transport stream 7231:Part 1: Systems 7125: 7118: 7111: 7102: 7101: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6145:, archived from 6128: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6076:. 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Archived from 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4548: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4523:, archived from 4506: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4483:, archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4448:, archived from 4432: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4407:. Archived from 4402: 4400: 4399: 4390:. Archived from 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4340: 4339: 4330:. Archived from 4324: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4303:, archived from 4287: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4269:, archived from 4252: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4227:, archived from 4214: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4196:, archived from 4183: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4142:, archived from 4129: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4108:, archived from 4107: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4046:. pp. 1–2. 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3981:. 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Archived from 3821: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3803:, archived from 3786: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3771: 3760: 3749: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3707: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3639: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3445: 3437: 3383:) audio codecs. 3378: 3375: 3181:ASPEC 91 in the 3096:intensity stereo 3044:frequency domain 3025:auditory masking 2932: 2929: 2854:(Layer III only) 2747:in the field of 2741:noiseless coding 2698: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2260: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1858: 944:container format 469:(first edition) 456: 452: 175: 162: 130:Extended to 102: 100: 95: 79: 77: 72: 33: 22: 18: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10661: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10621: 10605: 10589: 10570:Rate–distortion 10503: 10432: 10351: 10278: 10199: 10104: 10100:Sub-band coding 10008: 9933:Predictive type 9928: 9853: 9820:LZSS + Huffman 9770:LZ77 + Huffman 9759: 9669: 9605:Dictionary type 9599: 9501:Adaptive coding 9478: 9472: 9442: 9437: 9422: 9396: 9241: 9211: 9069: 9046: 9018: 8995: 8917: 8836: 8734: 8713: 8702: 8498: 8470:(GB/T 33475.3) 8464:(GB/T 20090.10) 8450: 8427: 8399: 8341: 8303: 8218: 8214:MPEG-H 3D Audio 8140:MPEG-1 Layer II 8130: 8113: 8102: 7934: 7903: 7854: 7816: 7764: 7660: 7643: 7636: 7623: 7593: 7588: 7576: 7555: 7539: 7508: 7472: 7451: 7430: 7414: 7340: 7272: 7220: 7134: 7129: 7099: 7094: 7078: 6579: 6244: 6239: 6201:Wayback Machine 6189:Wayback Machine 6177:Wayback Machine 6166: 6161: 6160: 6152: 6150: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6083: 6081: 6070: 6066: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6015: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5990: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5903: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5826: 5822: 5813: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5771: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5746: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5719: 5714:, twolame.org, 5706: 5702: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5612: 5604: 5602: 5587:Church, Steve, 5585: 5570: 5561: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5535: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5509: 5488: 5473: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5438: 5421:Hewlett-Packard 5411: 5402: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5345: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5318: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5291: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5264: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5237: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5208: 5187: 5183: 5158: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5020:on 19 July 2011 5008: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4985:SourceForge.net 4979: 4978: 4974: 4958: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4896: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4841: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4815: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4789: 4782:extremetech.com 4772: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4746: 4742: 4733: 4731: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4642: 4638: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4585:on 26 July 2010 4577: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4562: 4549: 4538: 4530: 4528: 4507: 4498: 4490: 4488: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4453: 4434: 4433: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4308: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4274: 4253: 4242: 4234: 4232: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4201: 4184: 4157: 4149: 4147: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3862: 3858: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3808: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3750: 3731: 3723: 3721: 3708: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3666: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3601:Wayback Machine 3582:Implementations 3544: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3462: 3446: 3435: 3403: 3389: 3376: 3338: 3321: 3262: 3215:doctoral thesis 3207:E. F. Schroeder 3175: 3151: 3145: 3105: 3014: 2982: 2980:History/MUSICAM 2962: 2956: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2850:Joint stereo – 2844:Joint stereo – 2822:psychoacoustics 2815: 2799: 2736: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2330: 2322: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2289:AC coefficients 2255: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1887: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1829: 1821: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1788: 1780: 1772: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1613: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1559: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1430: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1374: 1302: 1276: 1270: 1257: 1233: 1178: 1130: 1118: 1091: 1016: 996: 972: 959:program streams 936:Program Streams 933: 927: 925:Program streams 898: 863: 861:Part 1: Systems 771:"Virtually all 750: 732:Toppan Printing 662:Daimler Benz AG 650: 629: 608:Wayback Machine 580:Wayback Machine 573:ISO/IEC 11172-4 552:Wayback Machine 545:ISO/IEC 11172-3 524:Wayback Machine 517:ISO/IEC 11172-2 496:Wayback Machine 489:ISO/IEC 11172-1 473: 468: 466: 302: 195:compression of 170: 157: 103: 98: 96: 93: 91: 75: 73: 70: 66:Initial release 46: 34: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10709: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10637: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10517: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10443: 10441: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10372: 10370: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10220: 10218: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10126: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10029: 10027: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10004:Psychoacoustic 10001: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9887: 9876: 9874: 9872:Transform type 9865: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9615: 9609: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9471: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9448: 9439: 9438: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9418:List of codecs 9415: 9410: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9251: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9220:Collaborations 9217: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9056: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9005: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8986:MPEG-21 Part 9 8983: 8978: 8975:MPEG-4 Part 14 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8944: 8942: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8748: 8746: 8716: 8708: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8555:Monkey's Audio 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8495:(SJ/T 11299.4) 8490: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8465: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8228: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8152:MPEG-1 Layer I 8149: 8148: 8147: 8136: 8134: 8116: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7918: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7758:Part 2 / LCEVC 7755: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7646: 7638: 7637: 7622: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7400:Part 20: LASeR 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7331:Part 6: DSM CC 7328: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7292:Program stream 7289: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252:Part 3: Audio 7250: 7249: 7248: 7241:Part 2: Video 7239: 7238: 7237: 7235:Program stream 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7128: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6165: 6164:External links 6162: 6159: 6158: 6123: 6090: 6064: 6024: 5998: 5967: 5930: 5886: 5846: 5833: 5820: 5807: 5794: 5754: 5727: 5700: 5662: 5610: 5568: 5543: 5517: 5471: 5446: 5400: 5353: 5337:MPEG2 Tutorial 5326: 5310:MPEG2 Tutorial 5299: 5283:MPEG2 Tutorial 5272: 5256:MPEG2 Tutorial 5245: 5216: 5192:MPEG-1 Systems 5181: 5139: 5109: 5079: 5065:. 2023-04-21. 5050: 5044:2012-07-13 at 5031: 5001: 4987:. 2008-08-23. 4972: 4933: 4905: 4876: 4849: 4823: 4797: 4766: 4740: 4714: 4688: 4662: 4636: 4596: 4570: 4536: 4496: 4461: 4422: 4379: 4353: 4316: 4282: 4240: 4209: 4155: 4124: 4091: 4059: 4052: 4028: 3996: 3963: 3934: 3908: 3882: 3856: 3816: 3781: 3729: 3691: 3664: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3564:surround sound 3557: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3499: 3498: 3449: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3433:File extension 3431: 3402: 3399: 3388: 3385: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3359:Sampling rates 3356: 3353:surround sound 3337: 3334: 3320: 3317: 3313:Huffman coding 3261: 3258: 3231:J. D. Johnston 3174: 3171: 3147:Main article: 3144: 3141: 3104: 3101: 3013: 3010: 2981: 2978: 2958:Main article: 2955: 2952: 2915:Main article: 2912: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2869:Sampling rates 2866: 2865: 2864:mono channels) 2858: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2814: 2811: 2798: 2795: 2791:Huffman coding 2783:Huffman Coding 2745:entropy coding 2735: 2734:Entropy coding 2732: 2700: 2699: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2273: 2272: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1886: 1883: 1871: 1870: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1373: 1370: 1301: 1300:Motion vectors 1298: 1272:Main article: 1269: 1266: 1256: 1253: 1232: 1229: 1211:motion vectors 1177: 1174: 1129: 1126: 1117: 1114: 1090: 1087: 1015: 1012: 995: 992: 971: 968: 926: 923: 922: 921: 917: 902: 897: 894: 862: 859: 858: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 818: 811: 808:Super Video CD 804: 790: 783: 776: 769: 766:installed base 758: 749: 746: 745: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 649: 646: 642:Fraunhofer IIS 628: 625: 622: 621: 619: 616: 613: 610: 598: 594: 593: 591: 588: 585: 582: 570: 566: 565: 563: 560: 557: 554: 542: 538: 537: 535: 532: 529: 526: 514: 510: 509: 507: 504: 501: 498: 486: 482: 481: 478: 475: 470: 463: 460: 380:Hiroshi Yasuda 353:entropy coding 337:motion vectors 301: 298: 297: 296: 293: 290: 280: 277: 180: 179: 176: 167: 166: 163: 154: 153: 143: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 117: 113: 112: 109: 108:Type of format 105: 104: 89: 87: 85:Latest release 81: 80: 67: 63: 62: 52: 48: 47: 44: 42: 36: 35: 30: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10708: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10650: 10646: 10638: 10636: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10428:Video quality 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10206: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10095:Speech coding 10093: 10091: 10090:Sound quality 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10065:Dynamic range 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830:LZ77 + Range 9829: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9476: 9469: 9464: 9462: 9457: 9455: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8752:CCITT Group 4 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8709: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8683:aptX Adaptive 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8433:Bluetooth SIG 8430: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8179:MPEG Surround 8177: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8109: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7729:Part 2 / HEVC 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7717:Part 33 / IVC 7715: 7713: 7712:Part 10 / AVC 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435:MPEG-21 Parts 7433: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:Part 3: Audio 7363: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7352:Part 2: Video 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7304:Part 3: Audio 7302: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6242:IEC standards 6236: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6134:Press Release 6127: 6110: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6080:on 2007-08-31 6079: 6075: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6014:on 2010-02-18 6013: 6009: 6002: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5971: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5942: 5934: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5901: 5893: 5891: 5877:on 2008-10-30 5873: 5869: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5827:J. Johnston, 5824: 5817: 5814:J. Johnston, 5811: 5804: 5798: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5769: 5761: 5759: 5745:on 2008-04-27 5744: 5740: 5739: 5731: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5708:Cheng, Mike, 5704: 5696: 5683: 5680:, p. 7, 5679: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5653:on 2004-09-19 5649: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5601:on 2001-05-08 5600: 5596: 5595:Telos Systems 5592: 5591: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5534:on 2015-02-08 5533: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5508:on 2010-02-18 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5461:on 2009-05-03 5460: 5456: 5450: 5437:on 2007-08-17 5436: 5431: 5430:10.1.1.24.633 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5185: 5178:on 2010-04-30 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5097: 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4225:Linux Journal 4222: 4221: 4213: 4200:on 2008-06-16 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4115:on 2012-01-17 4111: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4055: 4053:9780852967102 4049: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3953:on 2010-04-20 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3924:on 2010-02-21 3923: 3919: 3912: 3898:on 2008-07-08 3897: 3893: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3832:on 2013-12-31 3831: 3827: 3820: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3514: 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2849: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2813:Part 3: Audio 2810: 2807: 2805: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2724:discoloration 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712:color banding 2709: 2705: 2684: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2257: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 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1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1275: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1011: 1009: 1003: 1001: 994:Part 2: Video 991: 989: 983: 981: 977: 967: 963: 960: 955: 953: 947: 945: 941: 937: 932: 918: 915: 911: 907: 903: 900: 899: 893: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 870: 868: 855: 851: 848: 844: 841: 837: 834: 830: 827: 823: 822:Dolby Digital 819: 816: 812: 809: 805: 802: 798: 795: 791: 788: 787:set-top boxes 784: 781: 777: 774: 770: 767: 763: 759: 756: 753:Most popular 752: 751: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 653: 645: 643: 639: 633: 620: 617: 614: 611: 609: 605: 602: 599: 596: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 581: 577: 574: 571: 568: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 553: 549: 546: 543: 540: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 525: 521: 518: 515: 512: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 497: 493: 490: 487: 484: 483: 479: 476: 471: 464: 461: 458: 457: 454:MPEG-1 Parts 451: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 349:Huffman codes 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 319: 315: 311: 307: 294: 291: 289: 285: 281: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 258: 257: 255: 250: 248: 244: 242: 238: 232: 230: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 177: 173: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 147: 144: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 110: 106: 88: 86: 82: 68: 64: 60: 59:ISO/IEC JTC 1 56: 53: 49: 43: 41: 37: 29: 27: 23: 10681:Video codecs 10676:Audio codecs 10601:Hutter Prize 10565:Quantization 10470:Compensation 10264:Quantization 9987:Compensation 9553:Shannon–Fano 9493:Entropy type 8484:(GB/T 22726) 8145:Multichannel 8001:MSU Lossless 7915:AVS1 P2/AVS+ 7869:TrueMotion S 7807:H.265 / HEVC 7753:Part 1 / EVC 7741:Part 3 / VVC 7707:Part 2 / ASP 7684: 7560:MPEG-5 Parts 7544:MPEG-I Parts 7513:MPEG-H Parts 7494:Part 3: APIs 7477:MPEG-G Parts 7456:MPEG-D Parts 7419:MPEG-7 Parts 7370:Part 6: DMIF 7345:MPEG-4 Parts 7277:MPEG-2 Parts 7225:MPEG-1 Parts 7142: 7026:27000-series 6755: 6151:, retrieved 6147:the original 6133: 6126: 6116:, retrieved 6100: 6093: 6082:. Retrieved 6078:the original 6067: 6042:. Retrieved 6027: 6016:. Retrieved 6012:the original 6001: 5991:, retrieved 5977: 5970: 5960:, retrieved 5953:the original 5940: 5933: 5923:, retrieved 5916:the original 5899: 5879:, retrieved 5872:the original 5859: 5841: 5836: 5828: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5802: 5797: 5787:, retrieved 5780:the original 5767: 5747:, retrieved 5743:the original 5738:MPEG-1 Audio 5737: 5730: 5720:, retrieved 5710: 5703: 5686:, retrieved 5672: 5665: 5655:, retrieved 5648:the original 5639: 5603:, retrieved 5599:the original 5589: 5560:. Retrieved 5546: 5536:, retrieved 5532:the original 5526: 5520: 5510:, retrieved 5506:the original 5492: 5463:. Retrieved 5459:the original 5449: 5439:, retrieved 5435:the original 5415: 5385:, retrieved 5363: 5356: 5346:, retrieved 5336: 5329: 5319:, retrieved 5309: 5302: 5292:, retrieved 5282: 5275: 5265:, retrieved 5255: 5248: 5238:, retrieved 5228: 5209:, retrieved 5191: 5184: 5176:the original 5163:MPEG-1 Audio 5162: 5130:. Retrieved 5121: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5091: 5082: 5071:. Retrieved 5062: 5053: 5034: 5022:. Retrieved 5018:the original 5013: 5004: 4993:. Retrieved 4975: 4950:. Retrieved 4945: 4942:"archive.ph" 4936: 4928: 4922:. Retrieved 4908: 4897:. Retrieved 4879: 4869:November 11, 4867:. Retrieved 4852: 4842:, retrieved 4838:the original 4832: 4826: 4816:, retrieved 4806: 4800: 4790:, retrieved 4776: 4769: 4758:. Retrieved 4743: 4732:. Retrieved 4717: 4706:. Retrieved 4691: 4680:. Retrieved 4665: 4654:. Retrieved 4639: 4614:. Retrieved 4610:the original 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4583:the original 4573: 4563:, retrieved 4557:, faqs.org, 4553: 4529:, retrieved 4525:the original 4511: 4489:, retrieved 4485:the original 4471: 4464: 4454:, retrieved 4450:the original 4437:Achievements 4436: 4413:. Retrieved 4409:the original 4396:. Retrieved 4392:the original 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4366:the original 4356: 4344: 4342: 4336:. Retrieved 4332:the original 4309:, retrieved 4305:the original 4291: 4285: 4275:, retrieved 4271:the original 4257: 4233:, retrieved 4229:the original 4219: 4212: 4202:, retrieved 4198:the original 4188: 4148:, retrieved 4144:the original 4134: 4127: 4117:, retrieved 4110:the original 4101: 4094: 4082:. Retrieved 4073:RealNetworks 4071: 4062: 4038: 4031: 4019:. Retrieved 4008: 3999: 3989:20 September 3987:. Retrieved 3983:the original 3973: 3966: 3955:. Retrieved 3951:the original 3926:. Retrieved 3922:the original 3911: 3900:. Retrieved 3896:the original 3885: 3874:. Retrieved 3859: 3834:. Retrieved 3830:the original 3819: 3809:, retrieved 3805:the original 3791: 3784: 3774:, retrieved 3754: 3722:, retrieved 3716:, faqs.org, 3712: 3682:. Retrieved 3647: 3529: 3517: 3502: 3487: 3478: 3463:Please help 3451: 3418: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3370: 3339: 3331: 3322: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3256:(IRT/CNET). 3241: 3226: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3152: 3138: 3122: 3106: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3070: 3058:coefficients 3052: 3037: 3015: 3006: 2985: 2983: 2963: 2949: 2935: 2920: 2904: 2901: 2884: 2867: 2862:uncorrelated 2836: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2808: 2800: 2788: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2737: 2727: 2701: 2297: 2288: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2274: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890:Quantization 1888: 1885:Quantization 1879: 1872: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1384: 1377: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1303: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1241:data buffers 1237: 1234: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1200: 1196: 1191:(over time) 1186: 1182:inter-frames 1179: 1166: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1095: 1092: 1072: 1040: 1025: 1004: 997: 984: 973: 970:Multiplexing 964: 958: 956: 948: 934: 883: 871: 866: 864: 748:Applications 651: 634: 630: 480:Description 467:release date 465:First public 440: 424: 400: 357: 345:quantization 303: 253: 251: 246: 235: 233: 225: 184: 183: 10560:Prefix code 10413:Frame types 10234:Color space 10060:Convolution 9790:LZ77 + ANS 9701:Incremental 9674:Other types 9593:Levenshtein 9202:MOD and TOD 9143:Flash Video 9081:3GP and 3G2 8762:HEIC / HEIF 8714:compression 8474:Audio Vivid 8209:MPEG-D USAC 8204:MPEG-4 CELP 8199:MPEG-4 HVXC 8114:compression 7946:Apple Video 7862:and AOMedia 7812:H.266 / VVC 7802:H.264 / AVC 7644:compression 7629:compression 5229:Pack Header 5063:www.loc.gov 3377: 1994 3326:diminishing 3278:granularity 3132:(AC-3) and 3109:transparent 3039:Time domain 3021:filter bank 2931: 1990 2852:M/S encoded 2777:dimensional 1268:Macroblocks 1134:Intra-frame 1083:chrominance 1014:Color space 875:file format 474:correction 325:macroblocks 172:Free format 159:Open format 10665:Categories 10617:Mark Adler 10575:Redundancy 10492:Daubechies 10475:Estimation 10408:Frame rate 10330:Daubechies 10290:Chain code 10249:Macroblock 10055:Companding 9992:Estimation 9912:Daubechies 9618:Lempel–Ziv 9578:Exp-Golomb 9506:Arithmetic 9436:for codecs 9383:Daubechies 9358:Transforms 9260:Arithmetic 8927:Containers 8632:True Audio 8476:(GY/T 363) 8194:MPEG-4 DST 8189:MPEG-4 SLS 8184:MPEG-4 ALS 8058:SheerVideo 8032:QuickTime 7860:TrueMotion 7626:Multimedia 6153:2008-04-09 6118:2016-11-11 6084:2009-10-28 6072:MPEG.ORG. 6044:2016-11-11 6018:2016-11-11 5993:2016-11-11 5962:2016-11-11 5925:2016-11-11 5881:2008-04-09 5789:2008-04-17 5749:2016-11-11 5722:2016-11-11 5688:2008-04-09 5657:2008-04-09 5605:2008-04-09 5562:2024-02-07 5538:2016-11-11 5512:2016-11-11 5465:2009-05-03 5441:2016-11-11 5387:2016-11-11 5348:2016-11-11 5321:2016-11-11 5294:2016-11-11 5267:2016-11-11 5240:2016-11-11 5211:2016-11-11 5073:2023-09-24 5024:11 January 4995:2016-11-11 4952:2023-01-21 4946:archive.ph 4924:2016-11-11 4899:2016-11-11 4844:2008-04-09 4818:2016-11-11 4792:2016-11-11 4760:2016-11-11 4734:2016-11-11 4708:2016-11-11 4682:2016-11-11 4656:2016-11-11 4616:2010-07-18 4565:2016-11-11 4531:2008-04-09 4491:2008-04-09 4456:2008-04-03 4415:2008-07-13 4398:2008-07-13 4338:2008-10-12 4311:2008-04-09 4277:2008-04-09 4235:2008-04-09 4204:2016-11-11 4150:2008-04-09 4135:MPEG-2 FAQ 4119:2011-07-26 4021:3 November 3957:2009-10-31 3928:2009-10-31 3902:2009-10-31 3876:2016-11-11 3836:2009-11-10 3811:2008-04-09 3776:2016-11-11 3724:2016-11-11 3684:2021-12-15 3626:References 3594:Mjpegtools 3588:Libavcodec 3534:or AAC in 3419:ISO Dist10 3372:existing ( 3246:Y. Mahieux 3229:(PXFM) by 3213:(OCF) the 3195:EUREKA 147 3018:polyphased 3002:EUREKA 147 2860:Dual (two 2762:-encoded. 2708:blockiness 1366:edge noise 1281:macroblock 1274:Macroblock 1215:macroblock 1197:difference 1193:redundancy 1138:key frames 906:packetized 794:Green Book 436:interlaced 408:subjective 211:, digital 76:1991-12-06 10594:Community 10418:Interlace 9804:Zstandard 9583:Fibonacci 9573:Universal 9531:Canonical 9185:RealMedia 8787:JPEG 2000 8590:RealAudio 8570:OptimFROG 8048:RealVideo 8036:Animation 8006:OMS Video 7633:container 7586:MPEG-DASH 7356:based on 7319:Layer III 7266:Layer III 7244:based on 5425:CiteSeerX 3481:June 2023 3452:does not 3238:Bell Labs 3205:(MSC) by 3143:Layer III 3055:amplitude 3048:transient 2992:(CCETT), 2924:real-time 2886:Bit rates 2488:− 2470:− 2445:− 2437:− 2419:− 2384:− 2376:− 2351:− 2333:− 2325:− 2317:− 2277:frequency 1832:− 1824:− 1816:− 1796:− 1783:− 1775:− 1767:− 1749:− 1724:− 1716:− 1698:− 1683:− 1670:− 1662:− 1654:− 1646:− 1616:− 1608:− 1590:− 1580:− 1562:− 1554:− 1536:− 1521:− 1513:− 1495:− 1487:− 1467:− 1459:− 1441:− 1433:− 1425:− 1393:IEEE 1180 1294:multiples 1110:compliant 1079:luminance 1068:divisible 940:multiplex 815:DVD-Video 799:, and on 443:bitstream 420:audio CDs 245:, titled 217:satellite 209:video CDs 57:(part of 10580:Symmetry 10548:Timeline 10531:FM-index 10376:Bit rate 10369:Concepts 10217:Concepts 10080:Sampling 10033:Bit rate 10026:Concepts 9728:Sequitur 9563:Tunstall 9536:Modified 9526:Adaptive 9484:Lossless 9304:Lossless 9270:Modified 9163:Matroska 9042:Matroska 8953:MPEG-PES 8565:Musepack 8462:AVS1 P10 8041:Graphics 7991:Lagarith 7314:Layer II 7261:Layer II 6197:Archived 6185:Archived 6173:Archived 6109:archived 6053:cite web 6038:Archived 5987:archived 5716:archived 5682:archived 5556:Archived 5381:archived 5342:archived 5315:archived 5288:archived 5261:archived 5234:archived 5205:archived 5126:Archived 5096:Archived 5067:Archived 5042:Archived 4989:Archived 4961:cite web 4918:Archived 4893:Archived 4863:Archived 4812:archived 4786:archived 4754:Archived 4728:Archived 4702:Archived 4676:Archived 4650:Archived 4625:cite web 4559:archived 4292:Meetings 4084:5 August 4078:Archived 4015:Archived 3870:Archived 3845:cite web 3767:archived 3718:archived 3678:Archived 3619:Musepack 3597:Archived 3542:See also 3365:Bitrates 3286:pre-echo 3250:J. Petit 3235:AT&T 3113:CD audio 2954:Layer II 1395:-1990.) 1335:distance 1255:D-frames 1231:B-frames 1213:on each 1189:temporal 1176:P-frames 1172:-1180). 1144:images. 1128:I-frames 1060:aliasing 914:checksum 801:Video CD 755:software 707:Qualcomm 604:Archived 576:Archived 548:Archived 520:Archived 506:Systems 492:Archived 432:CCIR 601 396:standard 189:standard 141:Standard 10538:Entropy 10487:Wavelet 10466:Motion 10325:Wavelet 10305:Fractal 10300:Deflate 10283:Methods 10070:Latency 9983:Motion 9907:Wavelet 9824:LHA/LZH 9774:Deflate 9723:Re-Pair 9718:Grammar 9548:Shannon 9521:Huffman 9477:methods 9378:Wavelet 9319:DEFLATE 9265:Huffman 9255:Entropy 9247:Methods 9232:MPEG LA 9121:Smacker 9009:H.222.0 8965:MPEG-TS 8960:MPEG-PS 8948:MPEG-ES 8832:TIFF/IT 8827:TIFF/EP 8812:JPEG XT 8807:JPEG XS 8802:JPEG XR 8797:JPEG XL 8792:JPEG-LS 8673:aptX HD 8653:WavPack 8595:RTAudio 8535:Codec 2 8468:AVS2 P3 8395:GSM-EFR 8365:AMR-WB+ 8299:G.729.1 8279:G.723.1 8269:G.722.2 8264:G.722.1 8063:Smacker 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