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239:, which towered above the tanker, reaching a height of at least 22 metres (72 ft) and rising above the height of the bridge deck. Several times waves crashed over the bridge itself. Chief engineer Karsten Petersen took a number of pictures of the storm, which recorded several features distinct to freak waves, namely deep troughs and waves so tall that they break.
255:
was fortunate in that her engines remained operational, and the ship was able to remain with her bow into the waves. Had she lost headway, the storm would have forced her to turn sideways into the oncoming waves, where she risked being hulled or capsized, particularly if she encountered another rogue
246:
caused considerable damage. Three of the tank hatches and the door to the pump room were torn off, despite their strong construction. The pipelines running across the decks were bent and the gangways were tossed over the deck and wrecked. Steam pipes and electric cables were torn and ruptured, whilst
24:
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the following year was attributed to an 'unknown event', but was later considered to be one of the first losses that could be confidently attributed to a freak wave. Despite this, it was not until the separate encounters by the cruise liners
220:. A storm was brewing out in the Pacific, and the advice from the weather routing agency was to keep far to the north, to avoid a developing storm to the south. Despite being contrary to his experience and instinct,
272:, had predicted that such extreme waves were extremely rare, to the extent that a 30-metre (98 ft) crest-to-trough wave would occur only once every 10,000 years. The proof gathered by
474:
170:, an event that was photographed by a crew member and subsequently added to the ongoing debate over the possibility of such waves out in the deep ocean.
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joined a growing body of evidence that the linear model did not adequately explain all of the types of waves that could be encountered. The loss of
332:
s name was perpetuated in a new tanker built for Stolt-Nielsen and launched in 2000. This vessel has a deadweight tonnage value of 22,219, and is
308:
causes of freak waves was seriously considered. The resulting theories helped to explain the possible causes of the freak waves encountered by
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of Stolt-Nielsen Inc., one of the largest operators of parcel tankers in the world. She served for seven years without major incident.
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panelling. Despite the severe damage, there were no serious injuries, and only one sailor was subsequently hospitalised.
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the wave smashed a number of windows and port holes. Flooding entered the ship, smashing the furniture and tearing off
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The evidence in the photographs showed abnormally large waves out in the deep ocean, where science, using the
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235:. Whilst battling through waves in excess of the usual 10-metre (33 ft), she encountered at least one
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Captain Oddenes decided to follow their advice. This proved to be a mistake, when by 20 October
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Article in the New York Times on freak waves, with reference to the Stolt Surf
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The Stolt Surf's chief engineer's accounts and photographs of the waves
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She achieved a measure of infamy when she was struck and damaged by a
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The breaking wave crashing onto the deck and superstructure of
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was sold in India in March 2000, and broken up for scrap.
436:. Stolt-Nielsen Limited. 4 September 2015. Archived from
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episode, first shown: BBC Two, Thursday 14 November 2002
376:"The Storm: "Stolt Surf" in the North Pacific, 1977"
208:on 4 October 1977, on a routine voyage across the
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260:limped into port a week later on 26 October.
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525:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1977
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464:A Chronology of Freaque Wave Encounters
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138:556 ft 6 in (169.62 m)
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146:81 ft 3 in (24.77 m)
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466:, Geofizika, Vol 24. No 1. 2007
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178:Built in 1970 at the yards of
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490:BBC Horizon's freak wave page
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338:George Town, Cayman Islands
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832:Maritime incidents in 1977
304:, that the possibility of
847:Ships built in Gothenburg
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675:November (unknown date):
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842:Merchant ships of Sweden
560:January (unknown date):
231:encountered an enormous
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112:General characteristics
16:Swedish chemical tanker
130:23,299 deadweight tons
643:June (unknown date):
827:Rogue wave incidents
440:on 24 December 2015
374:Petersen, Karsten.
107:Scrapped March 2000
283:in a storm in the
164:Stolt-Nielsen Inc.
50:Stolt-Nielsen Inc.
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573:Irenes Challenger
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837:Chemical tankers
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378:. Global Mariner
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174:Wave encounter
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77:14 August 1970
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543:Ivan Sechenov
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442:. Retrieved
438:the original
434:"Fleet List"
413:. Retrieved
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398:A Chronology
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380:. Retrieved
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270:linear model
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729:Venture One
688:Empire Rosa
484:Freak Waves
480:BBC Horizon
444:24 December
264:Consequence
194:joined the
852:1970 ships
821:Categories
750:Stolt Surf
668:Piraeus II
532:Shipwrecks
356:References
350:Rogue wave
334:registered
327:Stolt Surf
321:Stolt Surf
310:Stolt Surf
274:Stolt Surf
258:Stolt Surf
253:Stolt Surf
244:Stolt Surf
237:rogue wave
229:Stolt Surf
222:Stolt Surf
202:Stolt Surf
192:Stolt Surf
184:Gothenburg
180:Eriksbergs
168:rogue wave
155:Stolt Surf
94:IMO number
64:Gothenburg
40:Stolt Surf
782:Transport
738:USS
656:USS
647:Butternut
645:USS
614:USS
592:USS
361:Citations
306:nonlinear
216:, in the
206:Singapore
204:departed
82:Completed
60:Eriksberg
757:16 Dec:
747:20 Oct:
736:20 Sep:
726:10 May:
716:24 Feb:
654:22 Aug:
612:28 Apr:
603:MV
601:24 Feb:
594:Stockham
590:17 Feb:
583:Vasso M.
570:17 Jan:
550:23 Jan:
540:13 Jan:
344:See also
249:bulkhead
214:Portland
74:Launched
46:Operator
685:6 Dec:
665:6 Nov:
633:3 Jun:
623:1 Jun:
580:2 Feb:
457:Sources
382:3 March
300:in the
280:MĂĽnchen
233:cyclone
127:Tonnage
98:7027588
96::
56:Builder
31:History
766:Venpet
760:Venoil
553:Lucona
415:11 Jan
291:Bremen
256:wave.
188:Sweden
158:was a
135:Length
68:Sweden
698:Himma
658:Rowan
396:Liu,
330:'
225:'
182:, of
808:1978
795:1976
678:Hero
616:Blue
446:2015
417:2017
384:2010
316:Fate
294:and
143:Beam
104:Fate
85:1970
36:Name
740:Ray
482:'s
336:in
278:MS
212:to
153:MS
823::
779:,
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425:^
340:.
312:.
190:,
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66:,
62:,
518:e
511:t
504:v
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419:.
386:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
