889:"In subsequent days, a joint Israeli-Jordanian posse managed to follow a second set of tracks as far as 2 miles from the border, a connection between the two sets of tracks was never established. The same United Nations observer returned to the Scorpion Pass in the early morning of 18 March 1954, together with the Israel representatives on the Mixed Armistice Commission, who were accompanied by three trackers, three dogs and two dog-masters. At 07.00 h they picked up tracks on the narrow path explored by the United Nations observer on the previous evening. Tracks which seemed to be those of about four to seven persons who had walked towards the east led to Wadi Fuqra and were followed in the bed of the wadi and sometimes, where the walls were not steep, on one of its sides, until 1500 h. At that time, after having been followed for about 17 kilometers, the tracks were lost at approximately MR 1724-0376 (about 9.5 kilometers, in a straight line, in the scene of the incident, and about 11.5 kilometers, a straight line, from the nearest point on the armistice demarcation line between Israel and Jordan). From the spot where the tracks were lost, Wadi Fuqra continues to go down in a north-easterly direction until it opens up, over 5 kilometers from the armistice demarcation line, into the flat land of the Ghor, to the south of the Dead Sea. In addition, about 1.5 kilometers from the spot were the tracks were lost, a path provides another natural exit from the wadi towards the south, and a short distance further on there are numerous other natural exits leading to the north and to the south. The tracks followed on 18 March were those of persons who walked down the wadi. Now and then, in the bed of the wadi, near the water pools and at other places where the ground was soft, there were tracks of persons who had walked in the opposite direction. On 19 March, the senior Israel delegate was informed that tracks had been found by the Israel trackers some 8 kilometers to the south-east of the spot where the tracks had been lost on the previous afternoon. Accompanied by two United Nations observers, he went to approximately MR 1785-0300. Tracks of apparently two persons, one of them barefooted, were followed for a ew hundred meters until nightfall. The connection between those tracks and those followed on the previous day was not established.
898:"On Wednesday of last week, the Mixed Armistice Commission was shocked by the news of an attack on an Israel bus near Ma'ale Akrabim . United Nations military observers were sent immediately to the scene of the incident, and their initial reports were graphic in describing this horrible crime. Since that first day, most of the military observers assigned to the Jordan-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission have working on this case. These observers, working with members of the Israel delegation to the Mixed Armistice Commission, Israel police and army officials, dog handlers with highly trained tracking hounds, expert Israel trackers, joined later by experienced Bedouin trackers from Jordan, have worked almost beyond endurance to establish the guilt for this crime. At no time during the years since the conclusion of the armistice agreement has a more intensive investigation been carried out. Even so, the evidence brought out is far from being conclusive. I do regret the Israel delegation's refusal to allow the Mixed Armistice Commission the opportunity completely to investigate Israel's claim of knowledge concerning the actual perpetrators of this crime. The possibility of Jordanians being responsible for this crime still exists; however, persons from outside Jordan could also be guilty of this outrage. True, tracks were found, perhaps connected to this crime, but they were lost approximately 10 kilometers in a straight line from the demarcation line. The empty cartridges found at the scene of the incident do not point conclusively to any one group. The testimony of the witnesses indicates that Arabs were involved; however, the description of the two men who allegedly entered the bus a doubt as to whether they were all Arabs. And the establishment of the fact that Arabs were involved does not in the least connect this crime to the inhabitants of any one country. This Mixed Armistice Commission will always avoid condemning a government on inconclusive evidence."
928:"On March 23, immediately following the final meeting concerning the bus incident, Jordan had been asked to continue searching for the three men named by Israel as the leaders of the attacking group. It was also requested at the same time that a thorough check be made on the movements of Bedouin tribes, as well as individual Bedouins, during the period just preceding and following the raid. Officials of all villages from north of Hebron to the Gulf of Aqaba were requested to forward any information obtained that might shed light on the incident. A short time later the MAC was notified that six Arabs from Quseima in the Egyptian Sinai had been arrested for illegal entry into Jordan on the day preceding the bus attack. Although the time of their arrest cleared them from suspicion in that case, they had admitted the killing of an Israeli Arab before entering Jordan. The incident, as described by the prisoners, seemed to match the details of a complaint that had been filed by Israel."
1038:"In an internal memorandum, Hutchison wrote the day before the MAC vote that, while the Israeli authorities were busy 'whipping public sentiment into a white heat' against Jordan, it was equally possible that the murders had been carried out by vengeful 'Israeli Bedouin' or Bedouin from Israeli-Egyptian DMZ. The US embassy in Tel Aviv felt Hutchison's abstention had been 'reasonable' ... The Jordanians proved unable to trace the three named suspects by Israel. From the first, Glubb had been convinced that Jordanians were not involved. Rather he looked to Egypt for those responsible: āWe have information regular armed parties from Sinai and Gaza Strip are committing terrorist acts in Israel. Some of these deliberately escape into Jordan after. ... Seems probable ... incidents may be organised by mufti from Egypt.
68:
499:
452:
1042:, agreed with the assumption that the murders had been committed by Egyptians or persons under Egyptian jurisdiction. But there was no definite proof, he added. Possible proof of Egyptian responsibility surfaced during Israelās brief occupation of Gaza Strip following the Sinai-Suez War. According to an article in the Jerusalem Post of 7 December 1956, the identity cards of the Ma'ale āAkrabim killers had indeed come from Egyptian-controlled territory rather than Jordan..."
53:
1406:
75:
697:, pp. 73ā75 "Black Hand" organization was finally made when one of the sheikhs stated that many of the Bedouins who were mistreated by the Israelis had formed groups to carry out acts of revenge. He claimed these groups had mined roads, raided Israeli villages as well as camps of the Bedouins who were suspected of acting as Israeli informers, and stolen herds of cattle from Israeli shepherds.
763:"The shoes had been removed from some of the victims, the ring finger had been cut from another, a handbag was taken, the bus tool box and a suitcase were stolen, the ammunition and weapons of the military guards on the bus were taken, and one of the survivors testified that 'one also went to the roof to steal something'."
536:(HJK/IMAC) denounce Jordan for the crime. Jordan's representative to the HJK/IMAC pointed out the possibility of the atrocity being carried out by Israeli Bedouin, and HJK/IMAC Chairman, Commander Hutchison abstained as there was no conclusive proof, resulting in no decision. As a result, Israel left the HJK/IMAC.
841:"On 19 March 1954, a United Nations observer and an Israel officer heard statements from and put questions to the two adult survivors who had escaped unscathedāan Israel army sergeant and a girl. It was also possible to put a few questions to a wounded girl ā a private in the Israel army ā and to a small child."
716:
caused chain reactions, culminating in additional killings. Many such incidents occurred in the Negev and might be explained as
Bedouin actions of blood revenge. The massacre of the bus passengers in Maleh ha-Akrabim (The Scorpion Pass) on the way to Eilat was possibly one of them. Avi Plascov, (1981)
715:
Thefts were quite common, mostly among the poorer
Bedouin who utilised the opportunity to steal valuable property and machinery used by the Israeli Government in developing the southern part of the country. The shooting of these Bedouin by Israelis incited blood feuds and resulted in vendettas which
543:
suggested that the culprits were from Gaza. This theory gained credibility when, in 1956, an ID from the Maāale
Akrabim incident was found in Gaza. Many believe Glubb had been right and Israel wrong, and that the Ma'ale Akrabim killers had indeed come from Egyptian-controlled territory rather than
474:
After the terrorists got out of the bus, Chaim got up, called to his sister and asked her, "Are they gone?" The terrorists heard his voice, returned and shot him in the head. He did not regain consciousness, and spent 32 years in a state of paralysis and partial recognition until he died, becoming
470:
Both the driver, Kalman Esroni, and the alternate driver, Efraim
Firstenberg, were killed, along with seven male passengers and two female passengers (a total of eleven died at the scene). The four survivors were two Israeli soldiers, a woman, and a 5-year-old girl, Miri, after one of the soldiers
353:
passenger bus, carried out on 17 March 1954, in the middle of the day. Eleven passengers were shot dead by the attackers who ambushed and boarded the bus. One passenger died 32 years later of his injuries, in a state of paralysis and partial consciousness. Four passengers survived, two of whom had
401:
between Israel and her neighboring Arab states, but border clashes began almost immediately after the signing agreements. On the
IsraeliāJordanian border lines, infiltrations, unarmed (71%) and armed (29%), were not infrequent from both sides.
589:
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states that, between 1949 and 1956, between 200 and 250 Israelis were killed by infiltrators and a similar number of
Israeli soldiers were killed in action. Other sources give a total of 1,300 killed over this period. Morris wrote, in
467:. As it was ascending the steep grade, it was ambushed by gunmen who shot and killed the driver as well as passengers who tried to escape; they then proceeded to board the bus and shoot and pilfer from the remaining passengers.
405:
According to
Israeli sources, between June 1949 and the end of 1952, a total of 57 Israelis, mostly civilians, were killed by infiltrators from Jordan. The Israeli death toll for the first 9 months of 1953 was 32.
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The next day, Israeli trackers assisted by police dogs and accompanied by UN observers followed the attackers' tracks to a point 6 miles west of the
Jordanian border, where the tracks were lost.
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Political
Affairs By Trade Union Educational League (U.S.), Earl Browder, Herbert Aptheker, Communist Party of the United States of America, Gus Hall Published by Political Affairs Pub., 1967
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525:"In Israel, there was a hue and cry for retaliation against Jordan. But Sharett favoured restraint, which helped to repair Israel's image in the West, opposed a reprisal while the memory of
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Similar attacks, carried out largely by
Palestinian commandos likely with some Egyptian support, originated from across the Egyptian border and the Gaza strip. Israel historian
1260:
410:
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as the perpetrators, and Lt. Colonel Shalev passed the names to Elmo Hutchison. The Jordanians continued in their endeavours to discover the perpetrators of the attack.
563:, to challenge what they describe as common claims by Palestinian and Arab spokesmen "that the recent Palestinian terrorism is the result of the Israeli 'occupation'".
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Morris, Benny (1997) Israel's Border Wars, 1949ā1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War, Oxford University Press, pg. 415;
1024:"When Israel occupied the Gaza Strip in 1956, two years later, considerable evidence was found that the Scorpion Pass incident was the work of Arab Bedouins",
67:
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425:, that "Israel's defensive anti-infiltration measures resulted in the death (sic) of several thousand mostly unarmed Arabs during 1949ā56."
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843:(Report dated 19 June 1954 by the Chief of Staff of the UNTSO in Palestine to the Secretary-General concerning the Scorpion Pass incident)
1488:
413:(HJK/IMAC) condemned Israeli military reprisal actions 44 times and claimed it suffered 629 killed and injured from Israeli incursions.
1112:
Miri Furstenberg, (2018) The Girl From Scorpions Pass: Surviving a desert massacre was just the beginning, Amazon Digital Services LLC
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United Nations Peacekeeping, 1946ā1967: Documents and Commentary under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
941:
649:
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1493:
393:, and roughly 60 miles south of Beersheba. The pass was on the primary route between Eilat and central Israel in 1954. The
1221:
586:"Which Came First- Terrorism or Occupation ā Major Arab Terrorist Attacks against Israelis Prior to the 1967 Six-Day War"
548:
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cited the Ma'ale Akrabim incident, among many others, as evidence that "major Arab terrorist attacks" preceded the 1967
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Avi Plascov, (1981) The Palestinian Refugees in Jordan 1948ā1957: 1948ā1957 By Published by Routledge, 1981
1483:
1438:
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Israel's Border Wars, 1949ā1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War,
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Israel's Border Wars, 1949ā1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War
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Relying on informants, Israeli intelligence sources named 3 suspects from the Jordanian village of
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Hutchison E (1955) Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks At The Arab-Israeli Conflict 1951ā1955
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Despite public outcry and call for military retaliation against Jordan, Israel's prime minister
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Reconstructed model of the civilian bus that was attacked by the Arab gang at Scorpion Pass.
439:
In the Negev, Israel embarked on development projects, which became the target of theft by
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443:. Israeli security forces' shooting of these Bedouin had created blood feuds in the area.
8:
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called for restraint and diplomatic measures, as less than six months before the events,
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was still fresh. Uncertainty about the perpetrators identity facilitated restraint."
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Hutchison suggested that the attackers were either Gaza Bedouin or Israeli Bedouin.
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Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks At The Arab-Israeli Conflict 1951ā1955
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on 18 October 1953 (Department of State Bulletin, 26 October 1953, pg. 552).
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on an unscheduled journey carrying 14 passengers made its way from Eilat to
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in Palestine to the Secretary-General concerning the Scorpion Pass incident
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A group called the "Black Hand", composed of predominantly Bedouins from
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riding the bus defended her and her brother, Chaim, with his body.
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In 2007, a reconstructed bus was placed in the Eilat City Museum.
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Over roughly the same time (November 1950 ā November 1953), the
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as part of Israel's retaliation policy, which resulted in the
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Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan/Israel Mixed Armistice Commission
382:
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Massacres in Israel during the IsraeliāPalestinian conflict
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Terrorist attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967
1002:
Report dated 19 June 1954 by the Chief of Staff of the
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List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967
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Political Affairs By Trade Union Educational League
647:Howard Sachar, History of Israel, p. 450. cited at
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16:1954 attack on Israeli civilians by Arab fedayeen
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459:On the night of 16 March, a bus operated by the
1479:Attacks on buses by Palestinian militant groups
1028:, Political Affairs Publications, 1967, pg. 15
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212:
1459:Ambushes of the IsraeliāPalestinian conflict
718:The Palestinian Refugees in Jordan 1948ā1957
671:"Why do Palestinians in Gaza support Hamas?"
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779:, Oxford University Press, 1981, pp 121ā22.
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1055:"The blood bus returned to Scorpions Pass"
939:The Department of State issued a statement
461:Egged Israel Transport Cooperative Society
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534:JordanāIsrael Mixed Armistice Commission
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432:and Tarrabin tribes living within the
1454:Terrorist incidents in Israel in 1954
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549:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
475:the 12th fatality of the massacre.
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13:
1489:20th-century mass murder in Israel
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397:ended with the signing of several
14:
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1053:Ohayoun, Meir (22 January 2007).
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310:Shafrir synagogue shooting attack
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455:Memorial plate in Ma'ale Akrabim
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1464:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
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592:from the original on 2006-07-10
555:, in which Israel occupied the
423:Israel's Border Wars, 1949ā1956
315:Death and eulogy of Roi Rotberg
45:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
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993:UN Doc S/3252 of 19 June 1954
830:UN Doc S/3252 of 19 June 1954
793:"Massacre at Scorpion's Pass"
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1359:Ramat Rachel shooting attack
522:and worldwide condemnation.
514:had attacked the village of
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354:been injured by the gunmen.
325:Ramat Rachel shooting attack
7:
1494:1954 mass shootings in Asia
741:, Oxford University Press;
478:
381:on the old road connecting
10:
1515:
1343:Shafrir synagogue shooting
983:S/PV.630, 27 October 1953.
650:"Fedayeen Raids 1951-1956"
532:Israel requested that the
434:al-Auja Demilitarised zone
345:, known in English as the
57:The bus after the incident
1474:March 1954 events in Asia
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1086:Oxford University Press.
684:; accessed 13 March 2018.
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107:Scorpions Pass, south of
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62:
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1499:Mass shootings in Israel
1367:Negev desert road ambush
998:23 November 2001 at the
835:23 November 2001 at the
654:Jewish Agency for Israel
330:Negev desert road ambush
1429:Bus incidents in Israel
1324:Ma'ale Akrabim massacre
979:9 February 2008 at the
884:22 October 2014 at the
377:) is a narrow, winding
347:Scorpions Pass Massacre
343:Ma'ale Akrabim massacre
268:Ma'ale Akrabim massacre
38:Ma'ale Akrabim massacre
25:Infobox civilian attack
18:
1449:1954 murders in Israel
1392:Attacks launched from
1383:Attacks launched from
1284:in the history of the
737:Morris, Benny (1993),
503:
456:
349:, was an attack on an
298:Operation Olive Leaves
84:Location of the attack
30:considered for merging
1286:ArabāIsraeli conflict
1082:Morris, Benny (1997)
944:9 August 2007 at the
693:Hutchison, E. (1955)
501:
454:
395:1948 ArabāIsraeli war
278:Operation Black Arrow
138:30.90667Ā°N 35.13139Ā°E
854:"×××× ×¤××Ø×”×× ××Ø× ×"×"
399:armistice agreements
229:Palestinian Fedayeen
1484:1954 road incidents
1439:Massacres in Israel
1351:Ein Ofarim killings
1015:Morris, pp. 311ā13.
964:Morris, pp. 309ā13.
520:deaths of 69 people
320:Ein Ofarim killings
157:16/17 March 1954 (
134: /
676:2017-10-10 at the
618:4 May 2009 at the
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143:30.90667; 35.13139
1469:Massacres in 1954
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1278:terrorist attacks
1243:
1242:
1153:Bus incidents in
799:. 29 March 1954.
338:
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293:Operation Volcano
283:Operation Elkayam
262:1954ā55 incidents
246:Al-Hamma Incident
241:Early engagements
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811:on July 12, 2010
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541:John Bagot Glubb
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1305:Yehud attack
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1077:Bibliography
1063:. Retrieved
1058:
1048:
1040:E.L.M. Burns
1037:
1033:
1025:
1020:
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862:. Retrieved
857:
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813:. Retrieved
809:the original
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658:the original
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594:. Retrieved
565:
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488:Ghor es-Safi
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418:Benny Morris
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261:
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256:Yehud attack
240:
43:Part of the
23:
1369:(October 4)
1210:Ein Netafim
1175:Hevel Eilot
1061:(in Hebrew)
879:UN Document
860:(in Hebrew)
815:13 December
613:S/635/Rev.1
553:Six-Day War
371:××¢×× ×¢×§×Ø×××
171:Attack type
141: /
116:Coordinates
90:spring, on
88:Ein Netafim
19:ā¹ The
1423:Categories
1345:(April 11)
1326:(March 17)
1276:Prominent
1118:B0791B1MPQ
1065:8 December
596:2008-12-20
570:References
561:Gaza Strip
447:The attack
358:Background
231:insurgency
129:35Ā°07ā²53ā³E
126:30Ā°54ā²24ā³N
92:Highway 12
86:(Near the
1162:Accidents
805:0040-781X
761:, pg. 53.
557:West Bank
494:Aftermath
387:Beersheba
28:is being
1282:Israelis
1280:against
1234:Tel Aviv
1228:Tel Aviv
996:Archived
977:Archived
942:Archived
925:, pg. 63
913:, pg. 49
882:Archived
833:Archived
674:Archived
616:Archived
590:Archived
544:Jordan.
512:Unit 101
479:Tracking
465:Tel Aviv
441:Bedouins
104:Location
32:. āŗ
21:template
1185:Attacks
1169:HaBonim
682:Haaretz
430:'Azazme
351:Israeli
188:Injured
1389:
1385:Jordan
1380:
1288:ā the
1236:(2015)
1230:(2012)
1224:(2011)
1218:(2003)
1212:(1990)
1206:(1989)
1200:(1970)
1198:Avivim
1194:(1954)
1177:(2008)
1171:(1985)
1155:Israel
1116:
1106:
1090:
974:UN Doc
900:UN Doc
803:
745:
728:pg. 86
724:
634:
367:Hebrew
180:Deaths
175:Ambush
1410:1960s
1394:Egypt
1290:1950s
1004:UNTSO
864:3 May
527:Qibya
516:Qibya
383:Eilat
379:grade
1335:1956
1316:1954
1297:1953
1114:ASIN
1104:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1067:2008
1059:Ynet
866:2024
817:2008
801:ISSN
797:Time
743:ISBN
722:ISBN
632:ISBN
559:and
547:The
385:and
341:The
154:Date
165:+2)
163:UTC
159:IST
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