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835:, an older man began speaking and urged the group to grab sticks and rocks. Soon, a large mob began marching along Atwells Avenue, throwing rocks indiscriminately at building windows. Several stores had their windows destroyed, and some looting occurred. However, this mob was soon met with a police force of about 200 officers, including 25 mounted officers, who had been alerted by plainclothes officers in the crowd. Due to the large number of injuries sustained by protestors in the previous riots, officers were given orders to not fire their weapons. Despite this, the police were able to defuse the situation within 30 minutes of arrival, making 23 arrests in the process. While there had been fewer injuries than in the previous nights of rioting, there had been more
31:
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agreed to the deal and signed on behalf of their socialist organization. Additionally, the socialists denounced the violence from the previous nights' riots and publicly dispelled a rumor that they had invited Joe
Sullivan, a noted anarchist from New York City, and Giovannitti to come to Providence to help lead the protests. Throughout the day, while there were rumors of possible rioting planned in Silver Lake and along West Exchange Street, nothing came of these, and the day passed without a riot. The following day, the deal was reported on by
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which lasted three and a half hours. According to historian Evelyn
Savidge Sterne, tensions simmered until September 14, when other neighborhood grocers agreed to reduce the prices of their pasta products. A rally that socialists had planned to hold on September 16 over high food prices took place attracted a large crowd in Providence's Charles neighborhood, but the event, which was patrolled by 25 police officers, ended peacefully, with only a few arrests made for blocking sidewalks.
763:
706:). This group of boys was eventually joined by several men who began throwing projectiles at the police. Police responded by opening fire into the crowd. During this confrontation, one police officer was knocked unconscious by a rock that had struck his head, while one fifteen-year-old protestor was shot in the chest, with many in the crowd believing the injury to be fatal. Much of this fighting took place around the intersection of Atwells and Arthur Avenue.
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582:, reached out to Governor Pothier to take action on the issue of profiteering. About a week after the rally, At 10:30 a.m. on August 24, Mayor Gainer called a private conference to address the results of his study, which he said revealed no evidence of price fixing or profiteering, a conclusion also yielded by Governor Pothier's investigation. However, these results were criticized by activists and the writers in the
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revolt against police treatment of residents in
Providence's Little Italy as it was about the cost of macaroni". Additionally concerning the role that the poor relationship between the police and Italian Americans played in the riots, DeSimone wrote, "there was no love lost between the police and the Italians of Providence; this mutual feeling of dislike would be a factor in the macaroni riots of 1914".
730:, though many of the injured protestors, fearful of being arrested, avoided the hospital and sought medical assistance elsewhere. In total, the number of injured by gunfire included one firefighter, one police officer, and eleven civilians, while eight other police officers were treated for non-gunshot injuries. Several commercial buildings were damaged, including a
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Americans into
American society. The Italian population in Providence also continued to grow, reaching 50,000, or 20 percent of the overall population, by 1930. In Providence, Italian Americans began to become more active in mainstream politics, particularly within the Democratic Party, resulting in the election of the first Italian American to a state office with
994:
On
November 17, 2014, the Rhode Island Labor History Society held an event at a local church in Federal Hill to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the riots. Writing that same year, DeSimone said concerning the lasting legacy of the riots, "The macaroni riots were important for Providence's Italian
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newspaper. During the meeting, Ventrone's representatives stated that, while
Ventrone was not responsible for the increased food prices, he would agree to sell his pasta products to the general public at the same price that he was selling to retailers. The socialists, who refused to give their names,
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food products. Some in the
Italian American community accused wholesalers of falsely labelling American-made pasta products as Italian-made and charging a greater price for their products. Particular criticism was leveled against Frank P. Ventrone, a wholesaler of imported food products nicknamed the
851:
On
September 10, during Parotti's trial, several thousand protestors gathered outside of the courthouse, with about 300 law enforcement officers present as well. Despite fears that a fourth night of rioting would come out of this, the crowd dispersed peacefully following the conclusion of the trial,
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In total, 50 people were arrested for their participation in the three nights of rioting, which local newspapers dubbed the "Macaroni Riots". While nobody was killed, at least 14 individuals suffered gunshot wounds, and several dozen were injured, often from being hit by projectiles. Total damages,
691:, a crowd of Federal Hill residents believed that the arrest had something to do with the individuals involvement in the previous night's rioting, leading to a physical confrontation. Shortly afterwards, a group of boys began marching down Acorn Street, waving a red flag that they had made out of a
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officers on horseback. Starting at 7:15 p.m., over a dozen members of the socialist club gave speeches denouncing the price increases and, in particular, Ventrone, who was accused of intentionally mislabeling
American-made pasta as Italian-made and charging a higher price. One speaker denounced the
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of 1841. In the end, 50 people were arrested and several dozen were injured, including at least 14 by gunshot wounds. Most of the arrested were charged with reveling and given light fines, while two people were found guilty of more severe charges and sentenced to several months in jail. In addition
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scattered throughout the crowd. Speeches were made by many IWW members and
Socialist politicians, with many of them denouncing the violence of the riots, but celebrating the price decreases that had resulted in part from them. Additionally, activists urged community members to rally outside of the
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and on horseback. On Atwells Avenue, the mob, numbering about 2,500 in total, clashed with about 300 police officers, exchanging gunfire, throwing projectiles, and assaulting each other for about 20 minutes before the police, with a volley of gunfire that struck about a dozen rioters, were able to
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caused thousands of dollars in damages and threw pasta products into the streets before police officers restored order. Additional rioting broke out the following night. Following this, socialist activists negotiated with Ventrone's associates and were able to broker a deal where he would sell his
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and not a direct response to the food price increases as the ones in August had been. However, both DeSimone and Sullivan reject this and argue that the Labor Day riot was a continuation of the rioting from the previous month. According to DeSimone, the unrest had, by September, "become as much a
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As World War I continued in Europe, the United States experienced a hiring boom and, while food prices did increase over the course of the conflict, wages also generally rose with it. Also during this time, the IWW entered a period of decline that coincided with a greater assimilation of Italian
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disperse the large crowd. During the fighting, the police fired so many bullets that an addition 1,200 rounds of ammunition were brought in from the city's Central Police Station. Sporadic violence continued until about 7 p.m., when the police had effectively cleared Federal Hill of any crowds.
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and New York City had traveled to Providence to participate. Again, members of the Socialist Club gave speeches urging the attendees to take action against the price increases, and following the conclusion of the speeches, a large group of protestors began to move down Atwells Avenue towards
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on September 10, when the trial of Emmanuel Parotti, one of the rioters arrested during the initial break-in of Ventrone's business, was scheduled. Reflecting the composition of the crowd, speeches throughout the day were given in English, French, and Italian. The rally ended around 4 p.m.
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Concerning the causes of the riots, Sterne states that both the economic difficulties and the overall anti-Italian sentiment in Providence as underlying reasons. In a 2016 book, she writes that, while the price increases had been "the trigger" of the riots, "the underlying cause had been
667:. By 6 p.m., the disturbances had mostly ceased, with 100 police officers, including several on horseback, patrolling Federal Hill. In total, only seven arrests were made, while the damage to Ventrone's property amounted to roughly $ 2,000 (equivalent to $ 61,000 in 2023).
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the decision. Additionally, two people arrested during the Labor Day riot were found guilty of carrying a concealed weapon and given fines of between $ 35 ($ 1,060 in 2023) and $ 50 ($ 1,520 in 2023). Additionally, one of the arrested was given a three-month prison sentence.
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considers the riots in Providence as part of a larger trend of protests that took place in the United States during the early 20th century over rising costs, including both food prices and rent. Examples of other food-cost protests during the time include a 1902 meat
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began to settle in Federal Hill, and by 1895, the neighborhood was roughly evenly divided in population between Italian and Irish immigrants and their descendants. By the beginning of the 20th century, the neighborhood had gained the designation as Providence's
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activists held a peaceful rally to protest the price increases, and on August 29, another rally turned violent as a mob of about 1,000 people marched down Atwells Avenue and looted the store of Frank P. Ventrone, a local food wholesaler who had been accused of
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On August 31, about 200 police officers patrolled Federal Hill, especially the area around Atwells Avenue. That same day, a meeting was held between Italian socialists and representatives of Ventrone's business, which was organized by a reporter for the local
350:, and between 1905 and 1916, with many Irish Americans finding housing elsewhere, the neighborhood's Italian American population grew from 18,000 to over 40,000. In addition to Federal Hill, other neighborhoods with sizeable Italian populations included
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community, it was more than just about the high cost of food, war profiteering, class differences or police brutality; it was about learning to think of itself as a community of Italian Americans fully engaged in partaking of the American experience".
658:. However, as additional officers arrived at the scene, the mob's violence began to redirect from the stores to the police. Rioters yelled insults at the officers and threw projectiles, such as rocks and bottles, causing some injuries. Eventually, a
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including property damage and loss of inventory, amounted to roughly $ 20,000 ($ 608,000 in 2023) for merchants in Federal Hill. Multiple historians consider the riots to be among the worst incidents of civil disorder in Providence, behind the
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commenced between the rioters and the police, resulting in at least three rioters and one police officer getting shot. The mob eventually scattered, fleeing from Atwells Avenue and attempting to regroup in smaller gatherings along the smaller
1117:, historian Russell J. DeSimone said that the teenager "was thought to be fatally wounded" by the gunshot. However, both of these sources note that, per contemporary records, it appears that the teenager later recovered from the gunshot.
1045:, refer to the group of Italian socialists in Providence as the "Italian Socialist Club". However, in the same article, DeSimone also refers to the group as the "Italian Socialist Party". Additionally, in a 1996 article for the journal
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at the corner of Atwells and America Street. Members of the crowd followed and engaged in fighting with the firefighters there. One of the firefighters was shot in the face, with a bullet striking his ear. Eventually, Providence's
590:". Following this, activists began to circulate flyers for another rally to be held on August 29. Ventrone believed that the flyers implied that his store would be attacked, and as a result, he requested police protection.
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long-simmering grievances over economic and social discrimination in the new country". In the same vein, historian David J. Naumec notes that the riots may have been pushback against certain reforms being pushed by the
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at the corner of Atwells Avenue and Dean Street in Federal Hill on August 22, a Saturday. The rally attracted about 2,000 protestors, in addition to a detachment of over 70 law enforcement officers, including 7
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butchers. With the 1910 protest, historian Russell J. DeSimone draws parallels to the 1914 pasta price protests, as in both cases, members of the city's ethnic communities (Italians in Federal Hill and Jews in
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police in his speech, but because it was in Italian, the police, consisting largely of Irish and other non-Italian White Americans, did not interfere. Following the rally, the crowd dispersed peacefully.
544:, while the governor's was carried out by the state's Commissioner of Industrial Statics George H. Webb. By the following month, the price of foodstuffs in Federal Hill had increased 66 percent.
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and an Italian American murder suspect in Federal Hill damaged the relationship between the police and the community. In some cases, Italian immigrants sought to resist discrimination by forming
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Another rally was held in the early evening of August 29 at the same location as the first one a week prior, with a crowd of about 1,000 people. According to contemporary non-socialist
427:, and the Italian Socialist Club. On September 16, 1912, local socialist activists held a 2,000-person parade in support of labor organizers who had been arrested during the recent
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the role that the IWW played in organizing the protests, calling the riots "the climax of two years of vigorous organizing efforts" by the organization. In a 2000 book, historian
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rally that caused more property damage than the previous two riots combined. While additional rallies and protests occurred after this, the price protests slowly died down.
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654:. Possibly due to the peaceful nature of the previous week's rally, the number of police officers present at this second rally proved ineffective at preventing the ensuing
1111:, historian Joseph W. Sullivan stated that the gunshot " an apparently fatal wound" that left the teenager "gravely wounded". Meanwhile, in a 2014 article in the journal
60:
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In contemporary reporting, many local newspapers differentiated the August riots from the Labor Day riot, stressing that the latter was simply an act of mass
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Sterne, Evelyn (2016). "Catholicism and Working-Class Activism in Providence". In Cantwell, Christopher D.; Carter, Heath W.; Drake, Janine Giordano (eds.).
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Ventrone's store, which was located a few blocks away. Upon reaching Ventrone's business at 240-244 Atwells Avenue, the crowd began to break the windows and
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in Europe and increased hoarding as the main reasons for the rising food prices. However, the investigation also noted that there had been some instances of
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Through most of the early hours of the following day, August 30, Federal Hill was mostly peaceful. However, this changed around 3 p.m. with the arrival a
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during any of the disturbances, almost none of the arrested were charged with riotous assembly, but instead with the lesser charge of reveling, with
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221:, in 1914. The first riot occurred on the night of August 29 and was followed by additional nights of rioting on August 30 and September 7.
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1051:, historian Joseph W. Sullivan referred to the group as the "Italian Socialist Federation", the terminology also used in a 2014 article in
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Following the rally, about 100 people, mostly young men, began to make their way back to Federal Hill. When the group had reached the
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and Rhode Island, prompting the city government of Providence to launch an investigation into the cause of the former. A year later,
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Both sources that mention this event do not claim with certainty that the bullet wound was fatal. In a 1996 article for the journal
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The Italian Socialist Club took an active role in organizing opposition to the price increases, which they contended constituted
798:, a neighborhood near Federal Hill. This was in opposition to a parade that was being held in Downtown by the more conservative
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Several sources state that there were around 1,000 people in attendance at the August 29 rally. However, in a 2023 article for
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activists involved in the settlement house movement. Meanwhile, historian Joseph W. Sullivan emphasized in a 1996 article in
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463:. Early in the year, an increase in the price of ice led to a 10 percent price increase in milk in the neighboring states of
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Multiple sources state that the first rally against the price increases occurred on August 22. However, a 2014 article in
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The source from which this percentage comes from does not give an exact timespan over which this price increase occurred.
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Following the shooting, the responsible police officer was beaten and chased by the crowd, and he eventually fled to a
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631:, were also looted. During the looting, one 20-year old rioter who had made it into Ventrone's store was struck by a
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operator were referred to by numbers instead of their surnames, and some in the immigrant community were critical of
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Following the August 30 riot, socialist activists, including members of the IWW, organized plans for a gathering on
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product at a reduced cost. Following a peaceful week, another riot occurred on the night of September 7 following a
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the building, stealing pasta and throwing foodstuffs onto the street. Several other businesses located on the same
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540:. The mayor's investigation was carried out by the Rhode Island Retail Grocers' and Marketmen's Association, an
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for property damage to both Ventrone's store and a streetcar and was given a six-month sentence in the
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802:. Starting around 2:30 p.m., the Olneyville rally saw about 1,000 people in attendance, with several
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John A. Murray sent every available officer to Federal Hill to quell the rioting, many equipped with
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1132:. However, historian Russell J. DeSimone gives a slightly different count in a 2014 article for
443:, leading to a violent confrontation between marchers and police that further soured relations.
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913:, as well as a fine of $ 50 ($ 1,520 in 2023). However, his lawyer stated that he planned to
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discrimination, especially among the police, and organization by radical groups such as the
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8:
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Naumec, David J. (2017). "Federal Hill (Providence, Rhode Island)". In Ueda, Reed (ed.).
991:, who was raised in Federal Hill, became Rhode Island's first Italian American governor.
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2362:. Cushwa Center Studies of Catholicism in Twentieth-Century America. Ithaca, New York:
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ordered a broader investigation that blamed a combination of the recent outbreak of
2440:""Every Shout a Cannon Ball": The IWW and Urban Disorders in Providence, 1912â1914"
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in Providence. For example, many Italian Americans who were employed by the city's
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Socialist activists negotiate a deal with local food wholesaler to lower prices
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DeSimone, Russell J. (Summer 2014). "Providence's "Macaroni Riots" of 1914".
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of "eighteen people injured: six policemen, one fireman and eleven citizens".
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Marxists, Militants, & Macaroni: The I.W.W. in Providence's Little Italy
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America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places
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During the rioting, streetcar services in the area were suspended, and many
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423:. In Federal Hill, the socialist movement included a weekly newspaper, the
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These figures come from historian Joseph W. Sullivan in a 1996 article in
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Ballots and Bibles: Ethnic Politics and the Catholic Church in Providence
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The Pew and the Picket Line: Christianity and the American Working Class
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In Providence, much of the concern focused on the marked increase in
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in New York City, several rent strikes between 1904 and 1907 in the
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Under Attack, Fighting Back: Women and Welfare in the United States
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and a 1996 article by historian Russell J. DeSimone in the journal
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The Italian-American Vote in Providence, Rhode Island, 1916â1948
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An Italian grocery store on Atwells Avenue in Federal Hill, 2007
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Increase in the price of foodstuffs, particularly pasta products
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of between $ 15 ($ 460 in 2023) and $ 30 ($ 910 in 2023), plus
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561:, and in mid-August 1914, they began to circulate flyers for a
2598:. Kingston, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Labor History Society.
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that was accompanied by a nationwide increase in the price of
333:, many of whom had immigrated to the United States due to the
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that was so severe that it was leading to some instances of
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district. Beginning around the 1840s, Federal Hill became a
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stemmed from an increase in the price of food, particularly
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Multiple sources, including a 2023 article in the magazine
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thrown by another rioter, sustaining a severe head injury.
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963:) protested against high food prices and discrimination.
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Damage to Frank P. Ventrone's storefront, August 31, 1914
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Labor Vision TV - Rhode Island's 'Macaroni' Riots - 1914
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In 1913, the United States was experiencing a period of
2224:"Scott Molloy: Riots rocked Federal Hill 100 years ago"
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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Several dozen, including at least 14 by gunshot wounds
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905:. However, Parotti was found guilty on two counts of
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Italian-American culture in Providence, Rhode Island
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describing Federal Hill as resembling a "war zone".
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In the aftermath, some of the injured were taken to
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839:than in the previous two nights combined, with the
819:The Labor Day rioting began in the vicinity of the
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578:who represented Federal Hill, both members of the
240:population of Federal Hill in 1914. On August 22,
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1081:gives the date of August 21 for the first rally.
881:The trial of Emmanuel Parotti took place at the
522:. In late July 1914, studies into the increased
2109:"When Socialists Put an End to Pasta Inflation"
199:$ 20,000 in property damage ($ 608,000 in 2023)
329:neighborhood with a significant population of
687:specified that the individual was wanted for
361:These immigrants and their descendants faced
574:Following the rally, the two members of the
270:to the price increases, historians point to
766:Police patrolling Federal Hill on August 31
2275:. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California:
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1994:
586:, who accused the mayor of engaging in a "
439:. During the parade, activists unfurled a
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18:1914 food riot in Providence, Rhode Island
2203:The Online Review of Rhode Island History
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488:
290:
2256:from the original on September 11, 2024
2209:from the original on September 13, 2024
2199:"The Providence Macaroni Riots of 1914"
2106:
1334:
987:in 1932. Several years later, in 1945,
683:for a Federal Hill resident. While the
321:, situated directly west of the city's
2654:Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island
2631:
2552:
2396:
2351:
2268:
2221:
2197:DeSimone, Russell (January 11, 2015).
2137:from the original on September 9, 2024
2018:
1967:
1940:
1906:
1240:
1221:
1182:
1170:
1158:
921:
650:arrived at the scene in response to a
646:were seized by the mob. Additionally,
54:Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island
872:
576:Rhode Island House of Representatives
547:
2561:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
388:the community. Additionally, a 1911
2664:History of Providence, Rhode Island
2222:Molloy, Scott (November 12, 2014).
2072:(Updated ed.). New York City:
1005:History of Providence, Rhode Island
700:
695:shirt and proclaiming in Italian, "
431:, including Italian IWW organizers
278:as contributing to the violence.
13:
2649:Events in Providence, Rhode Island
2540:from the original on March 1, 2024
2502:
447:Price increases during World War I
236:, that affected the predominately
14:
2695:
2611:
846:
287:Italian Americans in Federal Hill
2438:Sullivan, Joseph W. (May 1996).
2107:Callaci, Brian (June 11, 2023).
974:
2455:Rhode Island Historical Society
2453:(2). Providence, Rhode Island:
2352:Sterne, Evelyn Savidge (2003).
1120:
1099:
1084:
1069:
1060:
1027:
982:Rhode Island Secretary of State
414:Industrial Workers of the World
276:Industrial Workers of the World
113:Reduced price of pasta products
785:
1:
1145:
281:
44:August 29 â September 7, 1914
2594:Sullivan, Joseph W. (2000).
2405:University of Illinois Press
855:
804:plainclothes law enforcement
800:American Federation of Labor
757:
670:
593:
552:
165:Providence Police Department
7:
998:
704: Long live the revolt
398:mutual benefit associations
380:associated with the city's
160:Italian American protestors
10:
2700:
2679:Riots in the United States
2055:
883:Sixth District Court House
809:Sixth District Court House
341:. Starting in the 1870s,
299:of Atwells Avenue in the
195:
187:
179:
174:
154:
149:
141:
117:
109:
91:
48:
40:
28:
23:
2553:Luconi, Stefano (2004).
2364:Cornell University Press
1020:
950:, and a 1910 protest by
319:Providence, Rhode Island
305:Providence, Rhode Island
219:Providence, Rhode Island
2559:. Madison, New Jersey:
2311:"Federal Hill Timeline"
542:employers' organization
429:Lawrence textile strike
213:that took place in the
76:41.823472°N 71.424306°W
2319:. September 26, 2007.
2229:The Providence Journal
1078:The Providence Journal
1054:The Providence Journal
954:in Providence against
911:Providence County Jail
890:
828:
779:The Providence Journal
767:
526:were launched by both
514:"Macaroni King", with
494:
412:organizations and the
311:
2684:September 1914 events
2520:. September 7, 2022.
2339:on September 26, 2023
948:Northeast megalopolis
880:
818:
765:
728:Rhode Island Hospital
535:Rhode Island Governor
492:
368:from the non-Italian
317:is a neighborhood in
294:
81:41.823472; -71.424306
2639:1914 in Rhode Island
2447:Rhode Island History
2403:. Urbana, Illinois:
2316:Rhode Island Monthly
2279:. pp. 453â459.
2074:Monthly Review Press
1292:Rhode Island Monthly
1129:Rhode Island History
1108:Rhode Island History
1048:Rhode Island History
934:Rhode Island History
2033:, pp. 143â144.
1997:, pp. 122â123.
1955:, pp. 142â143.
1909:, pp. 106â107.
1835:, pp. 141â142.
1761:, pp. 140â141.
1691:, pp. 139â140.
1547:, pp. 138â139.
1468:, pp. 137â138.
1379:, pp. 136â137.
1308:, pp. 134â135.
1185:, pp. 455â456.
922:Historical analysis
893:Because nobody had
505:, as well as other
472:John Purroy Mitchel
453:economic depression
382:settlement movement
72: /
2644:August 1914 events
2407:. pp. 51â73.
1403:, pp. 53, 55.
1015:List of food riots
891:
873:Legal consequences
829:
827:) in Federal Hill.
794:, September 7, in
768:
548:Protests and riots
495:
437:Arturo Giovannitti
433:Joseph James Ettor
384:, which sought to
312:
211:civil disturbances
2570:978-0-8386-4047-0
2414:978-0-252-09817-8
2373:978-0-8014-4117-2
2354:Appleby, R. Scott
2286:978-1-4408-2865-2
2153:Italian Americana
2083:978-1-58367-008-8
1749:, pp. 58â59.
1644:, pp. 57â58.
1453:, pp. 55â56.
1391:, pp. 52â53.
1135:Italian Americana
1114:Italian Americana
1042:Italian Americana
985:Louis W. Cappelli
895:read the riot act
833:Holy Ghost Church
821:Holy Ghost Church
343:Italian Americans
297:street photograph
232:products such as
209:were a series of
203:
202:
170:
169:
2691:
2620:
2607:
2590:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2513:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2488:on July 18, 2020
2487:
2481:. Archived from
2444:
2434:
2393:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2335:. Archived from
2306:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2193:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2103:
2064:Abramovitz, Mimi
2049:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1859:
1853:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1789:
1783:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1225:
1219:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1031:
961:South Providence
865:of 1831 and the
740:department store
705:
702:
697:Viva la rivolta!
580:Democratic Party
531:Joseph H. Gainer
528:Providence Mayor
518:accusing him of
303:neighborhood of
238:Italian American
217:neighborhood of
156:
155:
87:
86:
84:
83:
82:
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
33:
21:
20:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2614:
2571:
2543:
2541:
2508:
2505:
2503:Further reading
2500:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2442:
2415:
2374:
2342:
2340:
2287:
2277:Greenwood Press
2259:
2257:
2212:
2210:
2140:
2138:
2084:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1995:Abramovitz 2000
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1862:
1854:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1792:
1784:
1765:
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1312:
1304:
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1125:
1121:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1001:
977:
939:Mimi Abramovitz
924:
875:
858:
849:
841:Evening Tribune
837:property damage
788:
773:Evening Tribune
760:
736:Chinese laundry
716:Chief of Police
703:
673:
596:
555:
550:
538:Aram J. Pothier
511:Italian cuisine
449:
402:activist groups
394:police officers
370:White Americans
331:Irish Americans
289:
284:
263:property damage
166:
161:
80:
78:
74:
71:
66:
63:
61:
59:
58:
57:
56:
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2697:
2687:
2686:
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2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2627:
2626:
2613:
2612:External links
2610:
2609:
2608:
2591:
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2499:
2498:
2435:
2413:
2394:
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2266:
2219:
2194:
2160:(2): 133â145.
2147:
2104:
2082:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:, p. 144.
2035:
2023:
2021:, p. 457.
2011:
1999:
1984:
1972:
1957:
1945:
1943:, p. 107.
1928:
1926:, p. 143.
1911:
1899:
1860:
1858:, p. 142.
1837:
1825:
1790:
1788:, p. 141.
1763:
1751:
1736:
1724:
1722:, p. 140.
1693:
1681:
1646:
1634:
1599:
1578:
1576:, p. 139.
1549:
1537:
1535:, p. 138.
1520:
1518:, p. 137.
1499:
1470:
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1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 136.
1354:
1339:
1310:
1298:
1278:
1276:, p. 135.
1257:
1255:, p. 133.
1245:
1243:, p. 456.
1226:
1187:
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1173:, p. 455.
1163:
1161:, p. 454.
1150:
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976:
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874:
871:
867:Dorr Rebellion
857:
854:
848:
847:Later protests
845:
787:
784:
759:
756:
748:primary school
681:writ of capias
677:process server
672:
669:
640:street vendors
619:, including a
595:
592:
584:Labor Advocate
568:mounted police
554:
551:
549:
546:
524:cost of living
516:Labor Advocate
448:
445:
425:Labor Advocate
366:discrimination
288:
285:
283:
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267:Dorr Rebellion
207:Macaroni Riots
201:
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103:discrimination
98:
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24:Macaroni Riots
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2551:
2544:September 11,
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2511:"Food Fights"
2507:
2506:
2492:September 11,
2484:
2480:
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2464:
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2369:
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2360:
2355:
2350:
2343:September 11,
2338:
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2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
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2278:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2260:September 11,
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2213:September 13,
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2141:September 11,
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2047:
2046:DeSimone 2014
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:DeSimone 2014
2027:
2020:
2015:
2009:, p. 63.
2008:
2007:Sullivan 1996
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1982:, p. 51.
1981:
1980:Sullivan 1996
1976:
1970:, p. 68.
1969:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:DeSimone 2014
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:DeSimone 2014
1920:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1897:, p. 62.
1896:
1895:Sullivan 1996
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1856:DeSimone 2014
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:DeSimone 2014
1829:
1823:, p. 61.
1822:
1821:Sullivan 1996
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1786:DeSimone 2014
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:DeSimone 2014
1755:
1748:
1747:Sullivan 1996
1743:
1741:
1734:, p. 64.
1733:
1732:Sullivan 1996
1728:
1721:
1720:DeSimone 2014
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:DeSimone 2014
1685:
1679:, p. 58.
1678:
1677:Sullivan 1996
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:Sullivan 1996
1638:
1632:, p. 57.
1631:
1630:Sullivan 1996
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1597:, p. 56.
1596:
1595:Sullivan 1996
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1574:DeSimone 2014
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:DeSimone 2014
1541:
1534:
1533:DeSimone 2014
1529:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:DeSimone 2014
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:DeSimone 2015
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:DeSimone 2014
1462:
1460:
1452:
1451:Sullivan 1996
1447:
1445:
1438:, p. 55.
1437:
1436:Sullivan 1996
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1401:Sullivan 1996
1397:
1390:
1389:Sullivan 1996
1385:
1378:
1377:DeSimone 2014
1373:
1366:
1365:DeSimone 2014
1361:
1359:
1352:, p. 52.
1351:
1350:Sullivan 1996
1346:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:DeSimone 2014
1302:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1274:DeSimone 2014
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:DeSimone 2014
1249:
1242:
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600:media outlets
591:
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559:price gouging
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328:
327:working class
324:
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298:
293:
279:
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273:
268:
264:
259:
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252:
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135:
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127:
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120:
116:
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108:
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99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
85:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
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2595:
2555:
2542:. Retrieved
2515:
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2483:the original
2450:
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2358:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2314:
2271:
2258:. Retrieved
2227:
2211:. Retrieved
2202:
2157:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2112:
2068:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1975:
1948:
1902:
1828:
1754:
1727:
1684:
1637:
1540:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1335:Callaci 2023
1301:
1291:
1248:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1029:
993:
989:John Pastore
978:
965:
952:Jewish women
932:
925:
892:
886:
859:
850:
840:
830:
824:
789:
777:
772:
769:
750:and several
725:
711:fire station
708:
696:
674:
648:firefighters
637:
597:
583:
573:
556:
520:profiteering
515:
496:
450:
424:
400:and joining
363:anti-Italian
360:
348:Little Italy
335:Great Famine
315:Federal Hill
313:
301:Federal Hill
272:anti-Italian
260:
247:profiteering
223:
215:Federal Hill
206:
204:
101:Anti-Italian
67:71°25â˛27.5âłW
64:41°49â˛24.5âłN
15:
2390:10019387154
2019:Naumec 2017
1968:Sterne 2016
1941:Sterne 2003
1907:Sterne 2003
1241:Naumec 2017
1222:Molloy 2014
1183:Naumec 2017
1171:Naumec 2017
1159:Naumec 2017
968:hooliganism
903:court costs
786:September 7
720:nightsticks
652:false alarm
501:prices for
480:World War I
465:Connecticut
421:labor union
386:Americanize
356:Silver Lake
142:Resulted in
79: /
2659:Food riots
2633:Categories
2579:2004003793
2423:2021701877
2382:2003011983
2295:2017020316
1146:References
929:Protestant
863:Lane riots
796:Olneyville
689:nonsupport
679:who had a
665:side roads
633:projectile
617:city block
461:starvation
457:foodstuffs
404:, such as
309:Lewis Hine
282:Background
175:Casualties
129:Protesting
2534:677928766
2526:2158-2602
2463:0035-4619
2457:: 51â64.
2431:939827460
2325:1041-1380
2303:984512368
2250:920412096
2242:2574-3406
2190:891511663
2166:0096-8846
2131:677928766
2123:2158-2602
2066:(2000) .
907:vandalism
869:of 1841.
856:Aftermath
792:Labor Day
758:August 31
752:tenements
744:pool hall
671:August 30
644:pushcarts
625:dry goods
604:agitators
594:August 29
588:whitewash
553:August 22
499:wholesale
484:collusion
416:(IWW), a
410:socialist
406:anarchist
378:reformers
374:streetcar
256:Labor Day
251:angry mob
242:socialist
226:food riot
92:Caused by
2604:44492844
2587:54487646
2538:Archived
2471:48032992
2333:18499849
2254:Archived
2207:Archived
2182:75641589
2174:43926746
2135:Archived
2100:43095834
2092:99087575
999:See also
742:, and a
660:shootout
629:pharmacy
623:shop, a
503:macaroni
441:red flag
418:militant
392:between
390:shootout
323:Downtown
234:macaroni
188:Arrested
180:Injuries
49:Location
2624:YouTube
2517:Jacobin
2479:1696593
2356:(ed.).
2234:Gannett
2114:Jacobin
2056:Sources
1093:Jacobin
1036:Jacobin
944:boycott
701:transl.
693:flannel
685:warrant
656:rioting
606:" from
352:Charles
339:Ireland
150:Parties
134:Rioting
124:Looting
118:Methods
2602:
2585:
2577:
2567:
2532:
2524:
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2469:
2461:
2429:
2421:
2411:
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2240:
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2172:
2164:
2129:
2121:
2098:
2090:
2080:
956:kosher
915:appeal
732:bakery
621:barber
613:looted
608:Boston
249:. The
196:Damage
2486:(PDF)
2443:(PDF)
2170:JSTOR
1021:Notes
899:fines
563:rally
507:pasta
469:Mayor
307:, by
295:1912
230:pasta
110:Goals
2600:OCLC
2583:OCLC
2575:LCCN
2565:ISBN
2546:2024
2530:OCLC
2522:ISSN
2494:2024
2475:OCLC
2467:LCCN
2459:ISSN
2427:OCLC
2419:LCCN
2409:ISBN
2386:OCLC
2378:LCCN
2368:ISBN
2345:2024
2329:OCLC
2321:ISSN
2299:OCLC
2291:LCCN
2281:ISBN
2262:2024
2246:OCLC
2238:ISSN
2215:2024
2186:OCLC
2178:LCCN
2162:ISSN
2143:2024
2127:OCLC
2119:ISSN
2096:OCLC
2088:LCCN
2078:ISBN
1294:2007
738:, a
734:, a
533:and
509:and
435:and
408:and
354:and
224:The
205:The
41:Date
2622:on
782:.
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602:, "
474:of
337:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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