367:
478:, one of her admirers; and her youngest son, George Augustus Henry Fairfield Sala (1828–1895) was the legal child of Augustus Sala, but his natural father and godfather was Captain Charles "Henry" Fairfield. Candlin and Pybus note that these naming patterns might be indicative of paternal variations. Dorothy Thomas, Sala's grandmother, had taken care to list her children's paternal surnames in official records, confirming their different white fathers.
33:
405:
her lifetime from the bequests she made. Sala's mother, Catherina Simon received only clothes and table linens and the Simon children and grandchildren received nothing. Sala and her youngest son became estranged but in 1851, she called on her friend
Charles Dickens to help George in his writing career. Dickens accepted a story from the younger Sala and published it in
211:
tribes in the interior had settled their differences. The map made during the expedition became important in establishing the southern boundaries of
British Guiana with Brazil. In spite of his earnings, D. P. was reliant on his mother-in-law and his wife's income from trading in land and slaves to pay for the care and education of his six children.
234:. She had little contact with her family until 1810, when her grandmother, Dorothy Thomas, arrived with her two youngest children; over a dozen of her Coxall, Garraway, Robertson, and Fullerton cousins; and some of her own siblings from Demerara to enroll them in school. The girls attended Kensington House Academy and the boys were enrolled at
226:, French, and music. When she turned eighteen in 1807, she received a communication from her father that no further funds would be forthcoming and that she must earn her own living. She left Kensington and began studying at the school run by Susanna Sala since the death of her husband in 1800. Simon also studied voice with
404:
Still suffering from ill-health and problems with her eyesight, Sala permanently lived in
Brighton from 1843, but continued to give annual concerts until 1859. Though she may have hoped for a legacy when her grandmother died in 1846, Thomas subtracted funds she had expended on behalf of her heirs in
150:
As a widow with children to support, Sala cultivated relationships with royalty and the aristocracy to secure music students and support for benefit concerts. She performed with some of the leading artists of her era, but reviews of her performances were mixed. Though she struggled with poverty, her
328:
Following the custom and habit of the elite clients she sought to instruct, Sala moved the family between
Brighton and London, as the social season dictated. She performed semi-annual benefits, with the intent of attracting students from the aristocratic audiences and many of the actors and singers
464:
Straus indicates that the unnamed widow of
Claudio Sebastiano Sala, grandparents of George Augustus Sala, was not English and stated that she had six children. George Augustus' father's birth record indicates that his parents were Augustus and Susanna Sala. This information is confirmed by Candlin
210:
in 1804 and in 1807, his remaining estate was sold. He became an official translator for the government and by 1810 had become a captain in the
Colonial Militia, titled the "Marshal of the Courts of the Colony". He was selected that year to lead a commission to determine if two warring indigenous
324:
introducing Sala to the public with a carefully constructed biography aimed at cultivating an audience among those who would appreciate her ladylike attributes. The performance gained mixed reviews, but she repeated the role on New Year's Day the following year. After the death of her husband in
397:, though neither were successful. To earn the fare back to London, she organized two masked balls to entertain her grandmother, Dorothy Thomas, who was in Britain, visiting family. Living in a rundown boardinghouse and having failed to attract students, for the 1842 season Sala performed at the
289:
The Salas' marriage was troubled, possibly because of a problem with gambling and alcoholism on the part of
Augustus and a series of affairs on the part of Henrietta. As a result of financial difficulties, Sala began a career on the stage. She made her first public appearance in 1827 at
465:
and Pybus, who state that
Augustus John James Sala's parents were Augustus and Susanna Sala. Susanna was Augustus' second wife, whom he married in England after the death (before 1790) of his Italian wife, who had been his professional dancing partner.
444:. Her youngest child, George, was "a literary luminary in his day", but his memoirs, and in particular his autobiographical novels, fabricate his history and reveal both the bitterness he held against his mother and his own racism, caused by trying to
378:
and thanks her contacts was able to receive good medical care. Though she eventually recovered, the disease damaged her sight, pockmarked her face, and left her unable to earn money during her two-year recovery. Her friends, including members of the
135:. She was sent to England to attend school before she was ten years old and as her father lost his fortune, she stayed there for the rest of her life. She became a music teacher and performed on the London stage, appearing at venues including
205:
D. P. began having financial problems in 1794, but he sent his eldest child, Henrietta, abroad to study at the
Kensington House Academy in 1796, under the care of his London merchant, Charles McGarel. He
474:
Sala's oldest daughter, Henrietta D'Egville Sala (1814–1817), was named for the dancing instructor, James Harvey D'Egville; her son, Charles
Kerrison Sala (1823–1857), was named for his godfather,
383:
held charitable benefits to provide for her care. In 1840, Sala attempted to move her career to Paris, but was unsuccessful there. She returned to England in 1841 and appeared with her children in
187:, but by 1793, she was living as a free woman of colour. D. P. Simon was a planter, who operated the plantation "Chance Hall" and was a neighbour of John Coesvelt Cells. He may have been a
1339:
359:, as Mrs. Limbury earning acclaim for the roles. She was known as a versatile performer who could act, dance and sing, and was regularly engaged at the St James's Theatre and at the
325:
1829, she supported the five surviving children, Frederic Augustus, Charles Kerrison, Augusta Sophia, Albert, and George Augustus, through singing lessons and concert performances.
262:, privately performing at musical evenings for elite guests, when she was not giving birth or tending to the needs of her thirteen children. Among those who attended her concerts in
254:
The couple moved to an address around the corner from Susanna and both engaged in teaching. Augustus and Henrietta taught at his mother's school, but to continue her training with
183:
and probable daughter of John Coesvelt Cells, a British planter who had property in Montserrat and was listed as living in Demerara in 1785. It is unclear when Cells was
432:, she was able to use her connections to provide for her family and perform with some of the most noted actors of her day. Her son Frederic became a music teacher in
428:. Despite the fact that free coloured women were doubly disadvantaged she became well known in society, mixing with the aristocracy and royalty. Though not a great
151:
circle of friends from the acting community and admirers from her well-known salon helped her to provide for the care of her children. Even after she contracted
1283:
1807:
1631:
1363:
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who participated in the events waved their usual fees. In addition, she hosted a salon, which attracted various society figures including
1792:
1322:
British Guiana Boundary. Arbitration with the United States of Brazil. The Argument on behalf of the Government of His Britannic Majesty
1277:
1782:
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reported that she was applauded for a charming performance. Throughout the 1836 and 1837 season, she was the main actress at the
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258:, Henrietta taught at his musical academy. She also took voice and dance lessons with Diomiro Tramezzani and
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which brought "great feeling and delicacy" to her performance. Three months later, an article appeared in
246:
from her grandmother to facilitate her marriage to Susanna's son Augustus John James Sala on 22 June 1812.
1705:
1250:
255:
1626:
1426:"Tense and Tender Ties: Reflections on Lives Recovered from the Intimate Frontier of Empire and Slavery"
436:
and her son Charles followed in her footsteps on the stage. Augusta secured work as the governess for a
1221:
George Augustus Sala and the Nineteenth-Century Periodical Press: The Personal Style of a Public Writer
380:
271:
219:
199:
1581:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah. 22 August 1829. microfilm #1866535, Vol 7 p 579
1402:
Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris During the Age of Revolution
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birth date: Nov 1789, Christening Date: 22 Dec 1789, St James', Westminster, Middlesex, England
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1558:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah. 22 August 1829. microfilm #1042310
366:
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McGarel found lodging for Henrietta in the home of the widow Susanna Sala, who lived in
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in South America to Catherina (Catharina) Cells and D. P. Simon. Her mother was born in
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1656:"Parish Registers, St Nicholas, Brighton, Sussex, England: Henrietta D'Egville Sala"
337:, the most renowned violinist of his day, in two concerts. While her reviews by the
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1635:. Vol. 8 (new series). London, UK: John Henry and James Parker. May 1860.
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noted her stage fright and several missteps, describing her voice as a sweet
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Residence: Marylebone, burial: 22 Aug 1829, Westminster, Middlesex, England
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and semi-retired from the stage in the 1840s, she used her friendship with
1246:
Enterprising Women: Gender, Race, and Power in the Revolutionary Atlantic
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74:
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1552:"England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975: Augustus John James Sala"
1325:. London, UK: Harrison and Sons, Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty.
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1225:
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Works of the Baron of Rio Branco II: Boundary Issues British Guiana
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Obras do Barão do Rio Branco II: questões de limites Guiana Inglesa
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as a Prussian nobleman or as a Polish colonel, who was a cousin of
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56:
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1575:"England Deaths and Burials, 1538–1991: Augustus John James Sala"
1430:
International Life Writing: Memory and Identity in Global Context
1352:(in Portuguese). Brasília, Brazil: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão.
333:, who became a supporter and friend. In 1831, she performed with
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1606:. Vol. XXVII. London, UK: J. Robins and Co. March 1828.
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Gomes Pereira, Manoel Antonio da Fonseca Couto, ed. (2012).
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Henrietta Catharina Florentina Simon was born in 1789 in
191:, though other accounts list him as having been born in
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1666:. 28 July 1817. microfilm #1067169, p. 62 burial #491
1390:. Vol. 50 Russen – Scobell. New York, New York:
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Foreign Office, Government of Great Britain (1903).
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1512:(570). London, UK: H. Colburn. 22 December 1827.
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448:in an era in which race mattered significantly.
1632:The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review
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308:in the lead role of Susanna. Sala's review in
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294:in the role of Countess Almaviva in Mozart's
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1808:Immigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain
1454:Sala: The Portrait of an Eminent Victorian
420:Sala died on 10 April 1860 at her home in
159:to launch the career of her youngest son.
127:. She was a free woman of colour from the
31:
1740:. London, UK. 28 December 1837. p. 2
1482:. London, UK. 10 December 1831. p. 3
1688:. London, UK. 27 January 1843. p. 2
365:
1534:. London, UK. 15 April 1860. p. 12
1524:
1398:
1284:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1274:
1243:Candlin, Kit; Pybus, Cassandra (2015).
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1714:. London, UK. 14 April 1860. p. 8
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286:, who all may also have been patrons.
16:British actress and singer (1789–1860)
1423:
1217:
996:
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676:England Births and Christenings 1789
94:Henrietta Sala, Henrietta Simon Sala
50:Henrietta Catharina Florentina Simon
1680:"Princess's Theatre, Oxford-Street"
1664:The Keep, East Sussex Record Office
1381:
1278:"Sala, George Augustus (1828–1895)"
515:
415:
387:and her son Charles' adaptation of
13:
1793:19th-century British women singers
412:launching the young man's career.
280:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
14:
1819:
1428:. In Arthur, Paul Longley (ed.).
1388:Dictionary of National Biography
476:Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet
351:, performing in Dickens' plays,
284:Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel
242:. Simon very probably secured a
1287:(online ed.). Oxford, UK:
1210:
468:
458:
1783:19th-century British actresses
1407:University of California Press
1275:Edwards, P. D. (26 May 2005).
370:George Augustus Sala, ca. 1860
1:
1384:"Sala, George Augustus Henry"
485:
162:
1312:UK public library membership
490:
424:, England and was buried at
179:, the daughter of the slave
67:1860 (aged 70–71)
7:
1251:University of Georgia Press
266:and London were the future
10:
1824:
1459:Constable and Company Ltd.
381:Royal Society of Musicians
272:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
1662:. Brighton and Hove, UK:
1603:The Lady's Monthly Museum
1424:Pybus, Cassandra (2013).
920:The Lady's Monthly Museum
393:at the Theatre Royal, in
374:In 1838, Sala contracted
341:critic were unfavorable,
321:The Lady's Monthly Museum
249:
106:
98:
90:
82:
63:
45:
30:
23:
1405:. Berkeley, California:
1204:, pp. 161, 167–168.
1202:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1190:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1178:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1151:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1139:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1127:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1082:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1063:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1051:Candlin & Pybus 2015
1039:Candlin & Pybus 2015
892:Candlin & Pybus 2015
880:Candlin & Pybus 2015
856:Candlin & Pybus 2015
823:Candlin & Pybus 2015
804:The Gentleman's Magazine
779:Candlin & Pybus 2015
767:Candlin & Pybus 2015
697:Candlin & Pybus 2015
649:Candlin & Pybus 2015
601:Candlin & Pybus 2015
574:Candlin & Pybus 2015
555:Candlin & Pybus 2015
540:Candlin & Pybus 2015
528:Candlin & Pybus 2015
451:
355:, as Julia Dobbs and in
282:; and his sister-in-law
222:, Simon studied English
220:Kensington House Academy
1788:British stage actresses
1289:Oxford University Press
1270:(subscription required)
934:Deaths and Burials 1829
1778:Afro-Caribbean history
1526:"Death of Madame Sala"
1451:Straus, Ralph (1942).
1399:Metzner, Paul (2018).
1297:10.1093/ref:odnb/24526
1265: – via
440:and Albert joined the
371:
297:The Marriage of Figaro
260:James Harvey D'Egville
1798:British salon-holders
1737:The Morning Chronicle
1732:"St. James's Theatre"
1711:The Morning Chronicle
1218:Blake, Peter (2016).
1164:The Morning Chronicle
1025:The Morning Chronicle
835:Parish Registers 1817
426:Kensal Green Cemetery
422:Brighton, East Sussex
369:
353:The Strange Gentleman
274:; his daughter, Lady
200:Stanisław Leszczyński
1627:"Obituary: April 10"
1505:The Literary Gazette
1392:Macmillan Publishers
1382:Lee, Sidney (1897).
1141:, pp. 125, 166.
905:The Literary Gazette
530:, pp. 106, 111.
446:be accepted as white
438:Member of Parliament
311:The Literary Gazette
276:Augusta FitzClarence
117:Henrietta Simon Sala
1394:. pp. 175–178.
1249:. Athens, Georgia:
1065:, pp. 165–166.
1041:, pp. 164–165.
924:, pp. 121–124.
894:, pp. 163–164.
651:, pp. 115–116.
627:, pp. 74, 156.
625:Foreign Office 1903
613:Foreign Office 1903
603:, pp. 161–162.
542:, pp. 106–108.
401:on Oxford Street.
208:lost his plantation
1369:on 9 February 2020
637:Gomes Pereira 2012
399:Princess's Theatre
372:
349:St James's Theatre
141:St James's Theatre
1474:"Brighton Dec. 9"
1443:978-1-317-96716-3
1436:. pp. 5–17.
1416:978-0-520-30119-1
1359:978-85-7631-353-3
1310:(Subscription or
1260:978-0-8203-4455-3
1235:978-1-317-12877-9
145:Haymarket Theatre
114:
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107:Years active
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416:Death and legacy
357:Is She His Wife?
344:The Morning Post
300:, as adapted by
256:Giovanni Velluti
91:Other names
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385:The Yellow Rose
339:Brighton Herald
331:Charles Dickens
268:King William IV
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157:Charles Dickens
102:actress, singer
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896:
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882:, p. 106.
872:
860:
858:, p. 164.
839:
827:
825:, p. 163.
810:
808:, p. 533.
795:
783:
781:, p. 123.
771:
769:, p. 118.
759:
744:
725:
713:
701:
699:, p. 162.
680:
668:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:
593:
578:
576:, p. 115.
559:
557:, p. 111.
544:
532:
520:
518:, p. 175.
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
481:
480:
467:
456:
455:
453:
450:
417:
414:
306:Madame Vestris
304:, supporting
278:; his brother
251:
248:
240:Dollar Academy
181:Dorothy Kirwan
164:
161:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
69:
65:
61:
60:
55:
49:
47:
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1820:
1809:
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1799:
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1642:
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1634:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:"Madame Sala"
1595:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1533:
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1467:
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1179:
1174:
1167:
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1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1117:, p. 12.
1116:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1096:
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1083:
1078:
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1074:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1005:
999:, p. 22.
998:
993:
991:
983:
978:
972:, p. 14.
971:
966:
960:, p. 19.
959:
954:
948:, p. 10.
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
921:
915:
908:
906:
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
857:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
837:, p. 62.
836:
831:
824:
819:
817:
815:
807:
805:
799:
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
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756:
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741:
736:
734:
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717:
710:
705:
698:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
677:
672:
665:
660:
658:
650:
645:
639:, p. 76.
638:
633:
626:
621:
615:, p. 42.
614:
609:
602:
597:
590:
585:
583:
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568:
566:
564:
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541:
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368:
364:
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358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:mezzo soprano
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:
292:Covent Garden
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Timothy Essex
225:
221:
217:
212:
209:
203:
201:
198:
194:
190:
189:Sephardic Jew
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
148:
146:
142:
138:
137:Covent Garden
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
105:
101:
99:Occupation(s)
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
66:
62:
58:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1768:1780s births
1748:– via
1742:. Retrieved
1735:
1722:– via
1716:. Retrieved
1709:
1696:– via
1690:. Retrieved
1683:
1668:. Retrieved
1660:FamilySearch
1659:
1644:. Retrieved
1630:
1615:. Retrieved
1601:
1590:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:FamilySearch
1578:
1567:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:FamilySearch
1555:
1542:– via
1536:. Retrieved
1529:
1509:
1503:
1490:– via
1484:. Retrieved
1477:
1453:
1429:
1401:
1387:
1371:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1345:
1340:
1321:
1300:. Retrieved
1282:
1267:Project MUSE
1245:
1220:
1211:Bibliography
1197:
1185:
1173:
1168:, p. 8.
1163:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1112:
1099:, p. 2.
1094:
1089:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1029:, p. 2.
1024:
1019:
1014:, p. 3.
1009:
1004:
982:Metzner 2018
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
919:
914:
904:
899:
887:
875:
868:Edwards 2005
863:
830:
803:
798:
793:, p. 6.
786:
774:
762:
757:, p. 9.
742:, p. 9.
723:, p. 8.
716:
704:
671:
666:, p. 4.
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
591:, p. 7.
535:
523:
470:
460:
429:
419:
406:
403:
388:
384:
373:
356:
352:
342:
338:
327:
319:
309:
302:Henry Bishop
295:
288:
270:; his wife,
253:
232:Thomas Welsh
213:
204:
173:Dutch Colony
166:
149:
129:Dutch Colony
125:salon holder
120:
116:
115:
18:
1773:1860 deaths
1744:10 February
1692:10 February
1670:10 February
1486:11 February
1302:10 February
970:Straus 1942
958:Straus 1942
946:Straus 1942
791:Straus 1942
740:Straus 1942
721:Straus 1942
709:Straus 1942
664:Straus 1942
589:Straus 1942
121:Madame Sala
119:, known as
83:Nationality
75:East Sussex
25:Madame Sala
1762:Categories
1718:8 February
1646:9 February
1617:9 February
1585:9 February
1562:9 February
1538:8 February
1373:9 February
1314:required.)
997:Blake 2016
755:Pybus 2013
486:References
442:Royal Navy
216:Marylebone
185:manumitted
177:Montserrat
163:Early life
143:, and the
1641:979535233
1466:558754688
1434:Routledge
1226:Routledge
491:Citations
361:Haymarket
224:etiquette
110:1827–1859
77:, England
37:Sala, by
1803:Demerara
1518:10808844
1331:23224291
516:Lee 1897
376:smallpox
335:Paganini
264:Brighton
169:Demerara
153:smallpox
133:Demerara
71:Brighton
57:Demerara
1612:8655274
1531:The Era
1113:The Era
430:artiste
236:Glasgow
193:Dantzig
86:British
53:c. 1789
1706:"Sala"
1639:
1610:
1516:
1464:
1440:
1413:
1356:
1348:]
1329:
1308:
1257:
1232:
390:Hamlet
250:Career
139:, the
1367:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1344:[
452:Notes
395:Dover
244:dowry
218:. At
1746:2020
1720:2020
1694:2020
1672:2020
1648:2020
1637:OCLC
1619:2020
1608:OCLC
1587:2020
1564:2020
1540:2020
1514:OCLC
1488:2020
1462:OCLC
1438:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1375:2020
1354:ISBN
1327:OCLC
1304:2020
1255:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1166:1860
1115:1860
1097:1843
1027:1837
1012:1831
922:1828
907:1827
806:1860
230:and
197:King
171:, a
64:Died
46:Born
1293:doi
363:.
238:'s
147:.
131:of
1764::
1734:.
1708:.
1682:.
1658:.
1629:.
1600:.
1589:.
1577:.
1566:.
1554:.
1528:.
1510:11
1508:.
1502:.
1476:.
1409:.
1386:.
1291:.
1281:.
1253:.
1228:.
1104:^
1070:^
989:^
842:^
813:^
747:^
728:^
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581:^
562:^
547:^
498:^
202:.
73:,
1752:.
1726:.
1700:.
1674:.
1650:.
1621:.
1546:.
1520:.
1494:.
1468:.
1446:.
1419:.
1377:.
1333:.
1306:.
1295::
1263:.
1238:.
936:.
870:.
678:.
410:,
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