1793:
78:
2242:
to die with a clear conscience as part of their reasoning for freeing their slaves. Testamentary manumission could often be disputed by heirs claiming fraud, or that an enslaved person had preyed upon a relative's weak mental or physical condition. Legally testamentary manumissions were usually respected by the courts, who understood enslaved people as part of their owner's property to distribute as they wished. Relatives who claimed fraud had to provide evidence of their claims or they would be dismissed. As in baptismal manumission, conditions of ongoing servitude were sometimes placed upon the enslaved person, by obligating them to care for another relative.
1960:
2304:
3497:
2238:
generous beneficence, there are records of payments by parents or godparents to ensure the child's freedom. Mothers were almost never manumitted alongside their children, even when the mothers gave birth to their master's own children. Manumitting a slave's children at baptism could be one way for owners to ensure the loyalty of the children's still-enslaved parents.
2274:
around 1770, with only an estimated 165 slaves winning their freedom through this fashion. While manumission had little demographic impact on the size of the enslaved population, it was important to the growth and development of the free population of colour, in
Jamaica, during the second half of the eighteenth century.
2349:, so many slaveholders accomplished manumissions by deed or in wills that the proportion of free black people to the total number of black people rose from less than 1% to 10% in the Upper South. In Virginia, the proportion of free black people increased from 1% in 1782 to 7% in 1800. Together with several
2319:
Regulation of manumission began in 1692, when
Virginia established that to manumit a slave, a person must pay the cost for them to be transported out of the colony. A 1723 law stated that slaves may not "be set free upon any pretence whatsoever, except for some meritorious services to be adjudged and
2229:
Female slave owners were more likely than males to manumit their slaves at baptism. The language used by women slave owners who freed their slaves also differed substantially from that of men, with many women using the phrasing “for the love I have for her” as well as other expressions of intimacy as
2241:
Enslaved people could also be freed as part of a slave owner's last will and testament. Testamentary manumission frequently involved expressions of affection on the part of the slave owner to the enslaved person as part of the rationale behind manumission. Slave owners also frequently cited a desire
2237:
Many children manumitted at baptism were likely the illegitimate children of their male owners, though this can be difficult to determine from the baptismal record and must be assessed through other evidence. Although slave owners often characterized these baptismal manumissions as a result of their
2273:
For
Jamaica, manumission went largely unregulated until the 1770s, when manumitters had to post a bond in order to ensure those that they freed did not become wards of the parish. One quantitative analysis of the Jamaica manumission deeds shows that manumission was comparatively rare on the island
2430:
for the suppression of the slave trade. However, clandestine slavery persisted well into the 20th century. Gangs were also organized to facilitate the illegal importation of slaves. Slave raids and the taking of women and children as "spoils of war" lessened but did not stop entirely, despite the
2245:
In
Iberoamerican law, a person had discretion over one-fifth of their estate with the rest going to children, spouses, and other relatives. An enslaved person could be sold in order to cover debts of the estate, but not if they had already paid part of their purchase price towards manumission as
2122:
did not allow anywhere near the same protections, independence, or rights as men, either in the public or private spheres. In reflection of unwritten, yet strictly enforced contemporary social codes, women were also legally prevented from participating in public and civic society. For example:
2221:
In baptismal manumission, enslaved children were freed at baptism. Many of these freedoms came with stipulations which could include servitude often until the end of an owner's life. Children freed at baptism were also frequently the children of still-enslaved parents. A child who was freed at
1874:, affranchisement came in many forms. A master choosing to free his slave would most likely do so only "at his death, specifying his desire in his will". In rare cases, slaves who were able to earn enough money in their labour were able to buy their own freedom and were known as
2353:
abolishing slavery during that period, the proportion of free black people nationally increased to ~14% of the total black population. New York and New Jersey adopted gradual abolition laws that kept the free children of slaves as indentured servants into their twenties.
2300:, went on to become landowners and slaveholders themselves. Slaves could sometimes arrange manumission by agreeing to "purchase themselves" by paying the master an agreed amount. Some masters demanded market rates; others set a lower amount in consideration of service.
2323:
In some cases, a master who was drafted into the army would send a slave instead, with a promise of freedom if he survived the war. The new government of
Virginia repealed the laws in 1782, and declared freedom for slaves who had fought for the colonies during the
2344:
in the late 18th century, planters had less need for slaves, as they switched from labour-intensive tobacco cultivation to mixed-crop farming. Slave states such as
Virginia made it easier for slaveholders to free their slaves. In the two decades after the
2400:
gradually became less central to the functions of
Ottoman society throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Responding to the influence and pressure of European countries in the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire began taking steps to curtail the
1576:
1843:, 2 BC), which suggests that it had been widely used. Freeing slaves could serve the pragmatic interests of the owner. The prospect of manumission worked as an incentive for slaves to be industrious and compliant. Roman slaves were paid a wage (
2222:
baptism but continued to live with enslaved family was far more likely to be re-enslaved. Baptismal manumission could be used as evidence of a person's freed status in a legal case but they did not always have enough information to serve as a
2218:, slaves could purchase their freedom by negotiating with their master for a purchase price and this was the most common way for slaves to be freed. Manumission also occurred during baptism, or as part of an owner's last will and testament.
2411:
policy encouraged manumission of male slaves, but not female slaves. The most telling evidence for this is found in the gender ratio; among slaves traded in
Islamic empire across the centuries, there were roughly two females to every male.
2418:
was a central part of the
Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution, and the most resistant to change. Outside of explicit sexual slavery, most female slaves had domestic occupations, and often, this also included
2328:
of 1775–1783. Another law passed in 1782 permitted masters to free their slaves of their own accord. Previously, a manumission had required obtaining consent from the state legislature, an arduous process which was rarely successful.
1829:
might be manumitted as a gesture of gratitude. For those working as agricultural labourers or in workshops, there was little likelihood of being so noticed. In general, it was more common for older slaves to be given freedom.
2336:
increased, the
Virginia legislature passed laws forbidding them from moving into the state (1778), and requiring newly freed slaves to leave the Commonwealth within one year unless special permission was granted (1806).
2361:, which enabled the development of extensive new areas for cotton cultivation, the number of manumissions decreased because of increased demand for slave labour. In the 19th century, slave revolts such as the
1571:
1821:
The motivations for manumission were complex and varied. Firstly, it may present itself as a sentimental and benevolent gesture. One typical scenario was the freeing in the master's
1987:
Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus (πίλεον λευκόν,
1792:
2266:
to the authorities. In some other colonies, no fees applied. It was not uncommon for ex-slaves to purchase family members or friends in order to free them. For example, ex-slave
2214:, masters who manumitted their slaves should be honored and obeyed by their former slaves for giving such a generous gift. As in other parts of Latin America under the system of
3187:
The narrative of Amos Dresser : with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves
3253:"Slaves sold to the Turk; How the vile traffic is still carried on in the East. Sights our correspondent saw for twenty dollars--in the house of a grand old Turk of a dealer"
2246:
this was considered a legally binding agreement. As long as a person had not disinherited his children or spouse, a slave owner could manumit their slaves as they wished.
1702:
2447:
convention on the suppression of slavery. However, illegal sales of girls were reported in the 1930s. Legislation explicitly prohibiting slavery was adopted in 1964.
2370:
1561:
1092:
1818:
states that the most widely used term is gratuitous manumission, "the conferment of freedom on the enslaved by enslavers before the end of the slave system".
1446:
818:
555:
2153:
If they were sharp at business, however, there were no social limits to the wealth that freedmen could amass. Their children held full legal rights, but
1905:(guarantor or guardian). The former slave could be bound to some continuing duty to the master and was commonly required to live near the former master (
1182:
823:
3252:
2111:) and retained certain obligations to the former master, who owed certain obligations in return. A freed slave could also acquire multiple patrons.
515:
870:
3335:
1650:
1814:
by their owners. Different approaches to manumission were developed, each specific to the time and place of a particular society. Historian
1566:
1416:
1797:
897:
1643:
395:
2369:, increased slaveholders' fears. Most Southern states passed laws making manumission nearly impossible until the passage of the 1865
845:
3509:
1616:
1436:
609:
2423:. This was a lawful motive for their purchase, and the most common one. It was similarly a common motivation for their retention.
1886:
from where a god could enfranchise him. In very rare circumstances, the city could affranchise a slave. A notable example is that
1779:
880:
298:
3547:
3453:
3431:
3156:
2743:
2618:
2538:
1458:
1135:
907:
1655:
1611:
1254:
2114:
A freed slave became a citizen. Not all citizens, however, held the same freedoms and privileges. In particular contrast,
1796:
Letter where one can read that the slave Geraldo will be free with the condition of working for another 6 years (Brazil).
3302:
Morgenthau Henry (1918) Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Garden City, N.Y, Doubleday, Page & Co., chapter 8. Available
1697:
1329:
989:
840:
636:
545:
3537:
3472:
2831:
2806:
2690:
2659:
2585:
2158:
1717:
1406:
1160:
3501:
2707:
2420:
3408:
3345:
3225:
2773:
2374:
1534:
1411:
835:
604:
471:
2234:. Male slave owners were far less likely to speak in intimate terms about their reasoning for freeing their slaves.
3542:
1670:
875:
860:
806:
491:
481:
476:
305:
161:
3220:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (reprint ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
2350:
1381:
2436:
2427:
1665:
1431:
237:
2003:
is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty (
2793:
2053:) on the head of the slave, accompanied with certain formal words, in which he declared that he was a free man
1130:
1118:
698:
510:
156:
3191:
3028:
Candlin, Kit; Pybus, Cassandra (2015). "A Lasting Testament of Gratitude: Susannah Ostrehan and her nieces".
2397:
2262:
had some of the strictest laws, requiring owners to pay £200 for male slaves and £300 for female slaves, and
1918:
1882:
and Phormion, had been slaves before they bought their freedom. A slave could also be sold fictitiously to a
1707:
1485:
346:
2283:
2154:
2147:
1712:
1551:
1421:
1082:
850:
830:
390:
358:
77:
3265:
1849:), which they could save up to buy themselves freedom. Manumission contracts found, in some abundance at
1772:
1722:
1441:
1359:
486:
267:
87:
1970:
2386:
2346:
2325:
2297:
1626:
1478:
1463:
1354:
550:
220:
17:
2570:; Treggiari, Susan M. (1996). "Freedmen, Freedwomen". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.).
2296:
African slaves were freed in the North American colonies as early as the 17th century. Some, such as
2382:
2100:
1862:
1727:
1621:
1152:
1140:
730:
703:
208:
1897:
Even once a slave was freed, he was not generally permitted to become a citizen, but would become a
2461:
2090:
1502:
1371:
924:
713:
198:
99:
2492:
378:
3044:
1909:). Ex-slaves were able to own property outright, and their children were free of all constraint.
1692:
1426:
1376:
1304:
1077:
855:
799:
782:
213:
2530:
2065:," he turned him round (momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, Persius, Sat. V.78) and let him go (
1922:
1765:
1734:
1234:
975:
887:
735:
459:
425:
420:
3360:
2142:
2115:
1596:
1451:
1364:
1349:
1031:
1019:
765:
750:
535:
310:
232:
203:
2610:
1983:
hat was a symbol of the freed slave and manumission; slaves were not allowed to wear them:
1739:
1638:
1601:
1529:
1473:
1342:
1299:
1113:
1043:
718:
498:
400:
284:
191:
2824:
Fractional Freedoms: Slavery, Intimacy, and Legal Mobilization in Colonial Lima, 1600–1700
2682:
2676:
2577:
2571:
8:
2263:
1953:
1891:
1222:
1202:
1087:
1072:
941:
912:
902:
792:
740:
708:
505:
363:
331:
326:
279:
136:
31:
3441:
3420:
3397:
3316:
3303:
3260:
3074:
2523:
2402:
2378:
2362:
2312:
2270:
became a successful businesswoman in Barbados and purchased many of her acquaintances.
1946:
1468:
1314:
1289:
1279:
1244:
1239:
1207:
1172:
1165:
1106:
1099:
956:
775:
770:
760:
530:
383:
341:
336:
289:
257:
247:
184:
405:
351:
3552:
3468:
3449:
3427:
3404:
3341:
3221:
3152:
3078:
3066:
2827:
2769:
2739:
2686:
2655:
2614:
2601:
Bradley, Keith R. (1996). "Slavery". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.).
2581:
2534:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2267:
2230:
part of the reasoning for freeing their slaves as written on the baptismal record or
2119:
2061:". The master in the meantime held the slave, and after he had pronounced the words "
1839:
1556:
1274:
1269:
1212:
1197:
1177:
999:
994:
929:
892:
725:
691:
520:
373:
262:
141:
2405:, which had been legally valid under Ottoman law since the beginning of the empire.
2375:"except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,"
3532:
3056:
2173:
2131:
1988:
1751:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1284:
1249:
1217:
1187:
1060:
1048:
1026:
1004:
951:
787:
755:
57:
2633:
1959:
1845:
3215:
3185:
3146:
2763:
2603:
2291:
1815:
1660:
1546:
1541:
1294:
1264:
1259:
982:
946:
745:
663:
368:
114:
3361:"Islam and the Abolition of Slavery", C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2006, p.110
2073:, Plaut. Capt. II.3.48), whence the general name of the act of manumission. The
2471:
2415:
2408:
2308:
2206:
2008:
1871:
1744:
1633:
525:
166:
124:
38:
3061:
2431:
public denial of their existence, such as the enslavement of girls during the
3526:
3070:
2303:
2182:
2127:
1682:
1606:
1053:
1036:
811:
641:
631:
415:
65:
2493:"Freedom in the era of slavery: The case of the Barclay brothers in Jamaica"
3181:
2567:
2456:
1979:
1965:
1936:
1932:
1834:
1687:
1519:
1495:
1401:
1394:
1125:
653:
626:
589:
567:
454:
171:
151:
129:
119:
109:
104:
94:
2315:, which freed him from slavery. Signed by his owner, David Miller. c. 1793
2047:) of the intended manumission. "The lictor of the magistratus laid a rod (
934:
3030:
Enterprising Women: Gender, Race, and Power in the Revolutionary Atlantic
2341:
2037:
1524:
865:
668:
658:
616:
430:
3517:
3496:
2366:
2358:
2333:
2287:
2177:
1935:
and was protected under law mainly as his or her master's property. In
1822:
1677:
969:
673:
540:
45:
3217:
Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference
2733:
2255:
2204:
In colonial Peru, the laws around manumission were influenced by the
2193:
2188:
2136:
1928:
1883:
917:
582:
444:
2019:, the Roman goddess of freedom, who was also recognized by the rod (
599:
2466:
2259:
2166:
2082:
2016:
1941:
1507:
1065:
1009:
961:
621:
466:
321:
227:
2123:
through the illegality of women voting or holding public office.
2049:
1996:
1992:
1837:
put limits on the number of slaves that could be freed in wills (
1826:
1490:
572:
252:
69:
2162:
2130:. A freed male slave could become a civil servant but not hold
2126:
The freed slaves' rights were limited or defined by particular
2085:
customarily took the former owner's family name, which was the
1887:
1879:
1850:
1811:
1192:
1014:
594:
577:
439:
274:
242:
1853:(Greece), specify in detail the prerequisites for liberation.
2043:
1898:
449:
435:
410:
2254:
Manumission laws varied between the various colonies in the
2150:
or hold any of the other highly respected public positions.
1825:
of a devoted servant after long years of service. A trusted
3214:
Zilfi, Madeline (2010). "Telling the Ottoman slave story".
2095:
2004:
316:
146:
3465:
The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772–1832
3317:"Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. 1918. Chapter Twenty-Four"
2674:
2609:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
2426:
The Ottoman Empire and 16 other countries signed the 1890
2157:. Famous Romans who were the sons of freedmen include the
3239:
Manumission was encouraged by law and commonly practiced.
2576:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
2007:
XXIV.32). "The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of
2365:
of 1791–1804, and especially the 1831 rebellion led by
37:"Manumit" redirects here. For the boarding school, see
2371:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2735:
Taxing Freedom in Thessalian Manumission Inscriptions
2443:
of 1915. Turkey waited until 1933 to ratify the 1926
2011:, struck A.D. 145, holds this cap in the right hand".
1963:
Relief depicting the manumission of two slaves, with
3304:
http://www.gwpda.org/wwi-www/morgenthau/MorgenTC.htm
3250:
2649:
1447:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3518:
Virginia Manumission Database · Manumission Project
3010:
3008:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2911:
2909:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2031:, Latin for "freedom by the rod" (emphasis added):
3419:
3396:
2731:
2602:
2522:
3333:
3049:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
2521:Orrieux, Claude; Pantel, Pauline Schmitt (1999).
2389:; Florida law prohibited manumission altogether.
3524:
3334:Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (27 June 2014).
3045:"Manumission in Late Eighteenth-Century Jamaica"
3005:
2974:
2906:
2836:
2826:. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 165.
2788:Yates, James. Entry "Pileus" in William Smith's
1952:) and a citizen. Manumissions were subject to a
1562:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3244:
3204:Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 13.
2732:Zelnick-Abramovitz, Rachel (5 September 2013).
2566:
3198:
2520:
2385:, to free a slave required permission of the
1773:
1651:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
3291:Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire
3027:
2681:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
1798:Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo|APESP
1567:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2811:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2790:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2708:"Roman Slavery and the Rate of Manumission"
2765:Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations
2562:
2560:
1919:Slavery in ancient Rome § Manumission
1890:liberated everyone who was present at the
1780:
1766:
3283:
3060:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2594:
2210:, a Castilian law code. According to the
30:For the dance music events in Ibiza, see
27:Act of a slave owner freeing their slaves
3440:
2490:
2302:
2035:The master brought his slave before the
1958:
1939:, a slave who had been manumitted was a
1791:
1572:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1437:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1417:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3467:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
3180:
3144:
2705:
2600:
2557:
2516:
2514:
2107:) and the freed slave became a client (
14:
3525:
3462:
3377:Slaves and masters in the Roman Empire
3251:Wolf Von Schierbrand (28 March 1886).
2752:
2654:. London: Duckworth. pp. 41, 48.
2634:Manumission of Female Slaves at Delphi
2320:allowed by the governor and council".
3426:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3417:
3213:
3043:Ryden, David Beck (7 December 2018).
3042:
2491:Shepherd, Verene (24 February 2008).
1901:. The master then became the metic's
1459:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1136:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
3394:
2768:. CCC Publishing. pp. 360–361.
2511:
2015:The cap was an attribute carried by
1656:Slave marriages in the United States
1255:Human trafficking in the Middle East
3422:Race and Slavery in the Middle East
2675:Hornblower & Spawforth (1996).
2421:sexual relations with their masters
2027:), used ceremonially in the act of
990:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
3481:Wilson, Theodore Brantner (1965).
3403:. UK: Cambridge University Press.
1644:last survivors of American slavery
25:
3564:
3489:
2762:Tate, Karen; Olson, Brad (2005).
2392:
1856:
605:Field slaves in the United States
472:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3495:
3293:Cambridge University Press, 2010
2357:After the 1793 invention of the
2277:
1870:explains that in the context of
482:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
477:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
306:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
76:
3354:
3327:
3309:
3296:
3207:
3174:
3165:
3138:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3085:
3036:
3021:
2992:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2816:
2799:
2782:
2706:Harrsch, Mary (16 March 2016).
2678:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2439:were sold as slaves during the
1912:
1432:Committee of Experts on Slavery
983:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3385:. Ithaca. (trans. Janet Lloyd)
3184:(1836). "Slavery in Florida".
3032:. University of Georgia Press.
2725:
2699:
2668:
2650:Beard & Crawford (1999) .
2643:
2627:
2484:
2258:. For instance, the island of
2099:. The former owner became the
1991:Exc. Leg. 22 p625, ed. Wess.;
1131:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
3500:The dictionary definition of
3485:. University of Alabama Press
3399:The Social Structure of Islam
3192:American Anti-Slavery Society
2822:McKinley, Michelle A. (2016)
2477:
2398:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
2292:Freedman § United States
2165:and the 2nd century emperor,
2077:then declared him to be free
3548:Slavery in the United States
3483:The Black Codes of the South
2813:(John Murray, London, 1875).
2284:Slavery in the United States
2249:
2155:Roman society was stratified
1833:Legislation under the early
1422:Temporary Slavery Commission
1083:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
3388:Hopkins, M.K. (ed) (1978).
3151:. New York: Hill and Wang.
3148:American Slavery, 1619–1877
2605:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2573:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2525:A History of Ancient Greece
2450:
2373:, which abolished slavery
2116:women could become citizens
1878:. Two 4th-century bankers,
1868:A History of Ancient Greece
1442:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
487:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
3569:
3369:
2347:American Revolutionary War
2326:American Revolutionary War
2281:
2041:, and stated the grounds (
1999:, V.82). Hence the phrase
1916:
1860:
1627:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1464:Anti-Slavery International
1229:North Africa and West Asia
43:
36:
29:
3538:Slavery in ancient Greece
3383:Slavery in Ancient Greece
3350:– via Google Books.
3062:10.1163/22134360-09203054
2652:Rome in the Late Republic
2307:Original manumission for
2063:hunc hominem liberum volo
1863:Slavery in ancient Greece
1728:Emancipation Proclamation
1395:Opposition and resistance
1153:Sex trafficking in Europe
1141:Blackbirding in Polynesia
704:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2499:. Jamaica Gleaner Online
2462:Islamic views on slavery
2091:Roman naming conventions
2059:vindicavit in libertatem
1971:Musée royal de Mariemont
1810:, is the act of freeing
1503:Compensated emancipation
714:Indian Ocean slave trade
44:Not to be confused with
3543:Slavery in ancient Rome
3418:Lewis, Bernard (1990).
3145:Kolchin, Peter (1993).
2497:old.jamaica-gleaner.com
2428:Brussels Conference Act
2199:
2001:servos ad pileum vocare
1427:1926 Slavery Convention
1183:Germany in World War II
800:North and South America
322:Contract of manumission
3446:Islam: An Introduction
3375:Bradley, K.R. (1984).
2316:
2172:A notable freedman in
2148:priests of the emperor
2079:
2013:
1974:
1969:hats (1st century BC,
1923:Ancient Roman Freedmen
1800:
908:British Virgin Islands
460:Circassian slave trade
426:Safavid imperial harem
421:Ottoman Imperial Harem
3463:Taylor, Alan (2013).
3395:Levy, Reuben (1957).
3390:Conquerors and Slaves
2809:" in William Smith's
2805:Long, George. Entry "
2332:As the population of
2306:
2180:, the ostentatiously
2033:
1985:
1962:
1795:
1147:Europe and North Asia
1107:Australia and Oceania
807:Pre-Columbian America
379:Slave raid of Suðuroy
311:Slavery in al-Andalus
233:Black Sea slave trade
162:21st-century jihadism
3337:Remembering Genocide
2134:(see, for instance,
1602:Indentured servitude
1530:Underground Railroad
1330:United Arab Emirates
719:Zanzibar slave trade
686:By country or region
499:Atlantic slave trade
401:Ma malakat aymanukum
285:Venetian slave trade
3381:Garlan, Y. (1988).
3271:on 16 December 2019
3016:Fractional Freedoms
3000:Fractional Freedoms
2987:Fractional Freedoms
2969:Fractional Freedoms
2956:Fractional Freedoms
2943:Fractional Freedoms
2930:Fractional Freedoms
2917:Fractional Freedoms
2901:Fractional Freedoms
2888:Fractional Freedoms
2875:Fractional Freedoms
2862:Fractional Freedoms
2849:Fractional Freedoms
2132:higher magistracies
2029:manumissio vindicta
1892:Battle of Arginusae
1693:Slave Route Project
819:Americas indigenous
709:Red Sea slave trade
699:Contemporary Africa
562:Topics and practice
332:Crimean slave trade
327:Bukhara slave trade
280:Genoese slave trade
157:Contemporary Africa
137:Forced prostitution
32:Manumission (event)
3448:. US: SUNY Press.
3289:Madeline C. Zilfi
3261:The New York Times
2379:American Civil War
2363:Haitian Revolution
2317:
2313:Colony of Virginia
2093:) of the master's
1975:
1801:
1469:Blockade of Africa
776:Somali slave trade
692:Sub-Saharan Africa
384:Turkish Abductions
342:Khivan slave trade
337:Khazar slave trade
290:Balkan slave trade
248:Prague slave trade
3455:978-0-7914-1327-2
3433:978-0-19-505326-5
3158:978-0-8090-2568-8
2745:978-90-04-25662-0
2620:978-0-19-866172-6
2540:978-0-631-20308-7
2529:. Wiley. p.
2445:League of Nations
2441:Armenian genocide
2433:Armenian Genocide
2387:state legislature
2268:Susannah Ostrehan
2232:carta de libertad
2224:carta de libertad
2186:character in the
2120:Roman citizenship
2055:ex Jure Quiritium
1995:Amphit. I.1.306;
1931:, a slave had no
1840:lex Fufia Caninia
1790:
1789:
1740:Freedmen's Bureau
1557:Third Servile War
1552:International law
1119:Human trafficking
881:Human trafficking
556:Thirteen colonies
374:Sack of Baltimore
142:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
3560:
3499:
3478:
3459:
3437:
3425:
3414:
3402:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3264:. Archived from
3257:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3064:
3055:(3–4): 211–244.
3040:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2983:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2834:
2820:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2796:, London, 1875).
2786:
2780:
2779:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2488:
2174:Latin literature
1989:Diodorus Siculus
1876:choris oikointes
1782:
1775:
1768:
1752:Emancipation Day
1580:
1547:Slave Trade Acts
238:Byzantine Empire
80:
53:
52:
21:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3523:
3522:
3492:
3475:
3456:
3434:
3411:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3332:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:Taylor loc 491.
3103:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3041:
3037:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2821:
2817:
2804:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2565:
2558:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2519:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2453:
2395:
2351:Northern states
2298:Anthony Johnson
2294:
2282:Main articles:
2280:
2252:
2202:
1925:
1915:
1865:
1859:
1816:Verene Shepherd
1808:enfranchisement
1786:
1757:
1756:
1661:Slave narrative
1612:Fugitive slaves
1592:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1542:Slave rebellion
1397:
1387:
1386:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1157:United Kingdom
1093:Yankee princess
687:
679:
678:
406:Avret Pazarları
352:Avret Pazarları
221:Medieval Europe
187:
177:
176:
115:Forced marriage
90:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3491:
3490:External links
3488:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3474:978-0393073713
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3173:
3171:Taylor loc 611
3164:
3157:
3137:
3135:(1965), p. 16.
3124:
3122:Taylor loc 598
3115:
3113:Taylor loc 604
3106:
3097:
3095:(1965), p. 15.
3084:
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2832:978-1107168985
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2692:978-0198661726
2691:
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2661:978-0715629284
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2587:978-0198661726
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2474:
2472:Netto Question
2469:
2464:
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2452:
2449:
2437:Armenian girls
2416:Sexual slavery
2409:Ottoman Empire
2394:
2393:Ottoman Empire
2391:
2383:South Carolina
2309:Gowan Pamphlet
2279:
2276:
2251:
2248:
2212:Siete Partidas
2207:Siete Partidas
2201:
2198:
2009:Antoninus Pius
1977:The soft felt
1914:
1911:
1872:Ancient Greece
1861:Main article:
1858:
1857:Ancient Greece
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1634:List of slaves
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1178:Dutch Republic
1175:
1170:
1169:
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1163:
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1133:
1128:
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1080:
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688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
649:
645:
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639:
637:Child soldiers
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
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592:
587:
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585:
580:
575:
564:
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546:Spanish Empire
543:
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526:Middle Passage
523:
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508:
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501:
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366:
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347:Ottoman Empire
344:
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324:
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314:
308:
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195:
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183:
182:
179:
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175:
174:
169:
167:Sexual slavery
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
133:
132:
127:
125:Child marriage
122:
112:
107:
102:
100:Child soldiers
97:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
73:
72:
62:
61:
39:Manumit School
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3565:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3510:Etymology of
3508:
3506:at Wiktionary
3505:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3466:
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3410:9780521091824
3406:
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3400:
3393:
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3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3347:9781317754220
3343:
3340:. Routledge.
3339:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3321:www.gwpda.org
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3229:
3227:9780521515832
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3201:
3194:. p. 41.
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:Dresser, Amos
3177:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
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3063:
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3039:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3001:
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2988:
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2978:
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2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2777:
2775:1-888729-11-2
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2688:
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2680:
2679:
2671:
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2657:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2630:
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2612:
2607:
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2589:
2583:
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2527:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2498:
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2422:
2417:
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2330:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:United States
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:nouveau riche
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:, but female
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:emisit e manu
2064:
2060:
2057:", that is, "
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
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1869:
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1854:
1852:
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1841:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1746:
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1684:
1683:Slave catcher
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1608:
1607:Forced labour
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1477:
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1457:
1453:
1452:Abolitionists
1450:
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1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
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1111:
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1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:comfort women
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:Chukri System
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
925:Latin America
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
877:
876:interregional
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:prison labour
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
831:United States
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
798:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
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739:
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734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
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717:
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712:
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702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
689:
683:
682:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
646:
643:
642:White slavery
640:
638:
635:
633:
632:Slave raiding
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
601:
600:Corvée labour
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
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451:
448:
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443:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
416:Abbasid harem
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:Barbary Coast
357:
353:
350:
349:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
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108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
89:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:Forced labour
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
3511:
3502:
3482:
3464:
3445:
3442:Schimmel, A.
3421:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3356:
3336:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3266:the original
3259:
3246:
3238:
3231:. Retrieved
3216:
3209:
3200:
3190:. New-York:
3186:
3176:
3167:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3015:
2999:
2994:
2986:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2801:
2789:
2784:
2764:
2734:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2677:
2670:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2604:
2596:
2572:
2568:Finley, M.I.
2552:Affranchise.
2551:
2544:. Retrieved
2524:
2501:. Retrieved
2496:
2486:
2457:Emancipation
2425:
2414:
2407:
2396:
2356:
2339:
2334:free Negroes
2331:
2322:
2318:
2295:
2272:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2187:
2181:
2171:
2152:
2146:), serve as
2141:
2135:
2125:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2000:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1964:
1949:
1940:
1937:Ancient Rome
1926:
1913:Ancient Rome
1906:
1902:
1896:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1844:
1838:
1835:Roman Empire
1832:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1688:Slave patrol
1520:Freedom suit
1512:
1496:Sierra Leone
1486:Colonization
1402:Abolitionism
1382:Baháʼí Faith
1355:Christianity
1305:Saudi Arabia
1161:Penal Labour
1126:Blackbirding
1032:Debt bondage
1020:penal system
846:Contemporary
836:Field slaves
824:U.S. Natives
783:South Africa
654:Galley slave
627:Slave market
617:House slaves
590:Blackbirding
568:Conscription
492:21st century
455:Umm al-walad
299:Muslim world
268:Emancipation
172:Wage slavery
152:Penal labour
130:Wife selling
120:Bride buying
105:Conscription
95:Child Labour
88:Contemporary
50:
3512:manumission
3503:manumission
3133:Black Codes
3093:Black Codes
2807:Manumission
2794:John Murray
2712:Roman Times
2638:attalus.org
2546:12 February
2403:slave trade
2342:Upper South
2083:freed slave
2075:magistratus
2038:magistratus
1804:Manumission
1703:court cases
1575: [
1525:Slave Power
1513:Manumission
1360:Catholicism
1235:Afghanistan
976:Puerto Rico
888:The Bahamas
866:Slave codes
669:Shanghaiing
659:Impressment
551:Slave Coast
431:Qajar harem
391:Concubinage
364:slave trade
3527:Categories
3275:19 January
3233:9 February
3014:McKinley,
2998:McKinley,
2985:McKinley,
2967:McKinley,
2954:McKinley,
2941:McKinley,
2928:McKinley,
2915:McKinley,
2899:McKinley,
2886:McKinley,
2873:McKinley,
2860:McKinley,
2847:McKinley,
2717:4 December
2503:15 January
2478:References
2377:after the
2367:Nat Turner
2359:cotton gin
2288:Free Negro
2264:show cause
2216:coartación
2178:Trimalchio
2071:misit manu
1933:personhood
1917:See also:
1894:(406 BC).
1718:J.Q. Adams
1708:Washington
1678:Slave name
1622:convention
1597:Common law
970:Encomienda
766:Seychelles
751:Mauritania
674:Slave ship
541:Panyarring
536:New France
185:Historical
46:Manumation
18:Manumitted
3079:165510200
3071:2213-4360
3018:, p. 182.
3002:, p. 181.
2989:, p. 180.
2971:, p. 167.
2958:, p. 165.
2945:, p. 162.
2932:, p. 161.
2919:, p. 152.
2903:, p. 155.
2890:, p. 153.
2851:, p. 177.
2738:. Brill.
2611:1415–1417
2256:Caribbean
2250:Caribbean
2194:Petronius
2189:Satyricon
2137:apparitor
1954:state tax
1929:Roman law
1903:prostatès
1884:sanctuary
1713:Jefferson
1365:Mormonism
1300:Palestine
1114:Australia
1044:Indonesia
935:Lei Áurea
918:Code Noir
898:Caribbean
871:Treatment
610:Treatment
583:Devshirme
445:Odalisque
263:In Russia
204:Babylonia
192:Antiquity
3553:Freedmen
3444:(1992).
3131:Wilson,
3091:Wilson,
2877:, p. 145
2864:, p. 152
2683:334, 609
2467:Mukataba
2451:See also
2260:Barbados
2167:Pertinax
2159:Augustan
2128:statutes
2105:patronus
2021:vindicta
2017:Libertas
1947:feminine
1942:libertus
1907:paramone
1846:peculium
1745:Iron bit
1735:40 acres
1698:breeding
1508:Freedman
1343:Religion
1203:Portugal
1088:Thailand
1078:Maldives
1073:Malaysia
1066:Kwalliso
1010:Booi Aha
962:Restavek
942:Colombia
913:Trinidad
903:Barbados
793:Zanzibar
741:Ethiopia
622:Saqaliba
516:Database
467:Saqaliba
228:Ancillae
58:a series
56:Part of
3533:Slavery
3370:Sources
2340:In the
2311:of the
2050:festuca
2025:festuca
1997:Persius
1950:liberta
1827:bailiff
1723:Lincoln
1591:Related
1491:Liberia
1377:Judaism
1315:Tunisia
1290:Morocco
1280:Lebanon
1245:Bahrain
1240:Algeria
1208:Romania
1173:Denmark
1166:Slavery
1100:Vietnam
771:Somalia
761:Nigeria
736:Comoros
664:Pirates
573:Ghilman
506:Bristol
396:history
369:pirates
258:History
147:Peonage
70:slavery
3471:
3452:
3430:
3407:
3344:
3224:
3155:
3077:
3069:
2830:
2772:
2742:
2689:
2658:
2617:
2584:
2537:
2290:, and
2163:Horace
2143:scriba
2109:cliens
2101:patron
1993:Plaut.
1980:pileus
1966:pileus
1927:Under
1921:, and
1888:Athens
1880:Pasion
1851:Delphi
1812:slaves
1639:owners
1275:Kuwait
1270:Jordan
1223:Sweden
1213:Russia
1198:Poland
1193:Norway
1015:Laogai
1000:Brunei
995:Bhutan
957:revolt
930:Brazil
893:Canada
856:partus
841:female
726:Angola
595:Coolie
578:Mamluk
531:Nantes
511:Brazil
440:Cariye
275:Thrall
243:Kholop
209:Greece
3269:(PDF)
3256:(PDF)
3075:S2CID
2381:. In
2192:, by
2161:poet
2089:(see
2087:nomen
2069:, or
2044:causa
1899:metic
1806:, or
1671:songs
1666:films
1579:]
1535:songs
1372:Islam
1350:Bible
1325:Yemen
1320:Qatar
1310:Syria
1285:Libya
1250:Egypt
1218:Spain
1188:Malta
1061:Korea
1049:Japan
1027:India
1005:China
952:Haiti
812:Aztec
788:Sudan
756:Niger
648:Naval
521:Dutch
450:Qiyan
436:Jarya
411:Harem
253:Serfs
199:Egypt
3469:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3405:ISBN
3342:ISBN
3277:2011
3235:2021
3222:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3067:ISSN
2828:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2719:2020
2687:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2548:2012
2535:ISBN
2505:2018
2200:Peru
2140:and
2096:gens
2005:Liv.
1823:will
1617:laws
1479:U.S.
1474:U.K.
1412:U.S.
1407:U.K.
1295:Oman
1265:Iraq
1260:Iran
947:Cuba
851:maps
746:Mali
731:Chad
317:Baqt
214:Rome
110:Debt
68:and
3057:doi
2636:at
2578:609
2531:187
2176:is
2023:or
3529::
3319:.
3258:.
3237:.
3073:.
3065:.
3053:92
3051:.
3047:.
3007:^
2976:^
2908:^
2838:^
2754:^
2710:.
2685:.
2613:.
2580:.
2559:^
2550:.
2533:.
2513:^
2495:.
2435:.
2286:,
2226:.
2196:.
2169:.
2081:A
1973:).
1956:.
1577:fa
60:on
3477:.
3458:.
3436:.
3413:.
3323:.
3306:.
3279:.
3161:.
3081:.
3059::
2792:(
2778:.
2748:.
2721:.
2695:.
2664:.
2640:.
2623:.
2590:.
2507:.
2103:(
1945:(
1781:e
1774:t
1767:v
972:)
968:(
438:/
313:
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
