567:
430:
3253:
681:
985:
993:
36:
796:, a liquid resembling water, have shown how no such dehydration barrier can be involved. The fundamental difficulty to nucleate anhydrous magnesium carbonate remains when using this non-aqueous solution. Not cation dehydration, but rather the spatial configuration of carbonate anions creates the barrier in the low-temperature nucleation of magnesite.
1086:(obducted mantle rocks on crust) where magnesite can be created by letting carbon dioxide react with these rocks. Some progress has been made in ophiolites from Oman. But the major problem is that these artificial processes require sufficient porosity-permeability so that the fluids can flow but this is hardly the case in
624:
To convert clumped isotope data into temperature, a calibration curve is required which expresses the functional form of temperature dependence of clumped isotope composition. No mineral specific calibration exists for magnesite. Based on some experimental data where mineral precipitation temperature
676:
uptake etc. modify clumped isotopic composition of carbonate minerals specifically at low temperatures. They variably enrich or deplete the system in heavy isotopes of C and O. Since clumped isotope abundance depends on abundance of isotopes of C and O, they are also modified. Another very prominent
947:
Often, magnesite records lower clumped isotope temperature than associated dolomite, calcite. The reason might be that calcite, dolomite form earlier at higher temperature (from mantle like fluids) which increases Mg/Ca ratio in the fluid sufficiently so as to precipitate magnesite. As this happens
939:
associated with degassing. Magnesite forms as surface moulds in such conditions but more generally occur as hydrous Mg-carbonates since their precipitation is kinetically favored. Most of the times, they derive C from DIC or nearby ultramafic complexes (e.g., Altin Playa, British
Columbia, Canada).
943:
Magnesites in metamorphic rocks, on the other hand, indicate very high temperature of formation. Isotopic composition of parental fluid is also heavy- generally metamorphic fluids. This has been verified by fluid inclusion derived temperature as well as traditional O isotope thermometry involving
1472:
van Dijk, Joep; Fernandez, Alvaro; Storck, Julian C.; White, Timothy S.; Lever, Mark; Müller, Inigo A.; Bishop, Stewart; Seifert, Reto F.; Driese, Steven G.; Krylov, Alexey; Ludvigson, Gregory A. (June 2019). "Experimental calibration of clumped isotopes in siderite between 8.5 and 62 °C and its
693:
Crystalline and cryptocrystalline magnesites have very different mineral structures. While crystalline magnesite has a well developed crystal structure, the cryptocrystalline magnesite is amorphous- mostly aggregate of fine grains. Since clumped isotopic composition depends on specific bonding,
425:
The recent advancement in the field of stable isotope geochemistry is the study of isotopic structure of minerals and molecules. This requires study of molecules with high resolutions looking at bonding scenario (how heavy isotopes are bonded to each other)- leading to knowledge of stability of
878:
Resistant to high temperature and able to withstand high pressure, magnesite has been proposed to be one of the major carbonate bearing phase in Earth's mantle and possible carriers for deep carbon reservoirs. For similar reason, it is found in metamorphosed peridotite rocks in
Central Alps,
2292:
Shirokova, Liudmila S.; Mavromatis, Vasileios; Bundeleva, Irina A.; Pokrovsky, Oleg S.; Bénézeth, Pascale; Gérard, Emmanuelle; Pearce, Christopher R.; Oelkers, Eric H. (2013-01-01). "Using Mg
Isotopes to Trace Cyanobacterially Mediated Magnesium Carbonate Precipitation in Alkaline Lakes".
2150:
FERRY, JOHN M.; RUMBLE, Douglas; Wing, Boswell A.; Penniston-Dorland, Sarah C. (2005-04-22). "A New
Interpretation of Centimetre-scale Variations in the Progress of Infiltration-driven Metamorphic Reactions: Case Study of Carbonated Metaperidotite, Val d'Efra, Central Alps, Switzerland".
799:
Magnesite has been found in modern sediments, caves and soils. Its low-temperature (around 40 °C ) formation is known to require alternations between precipitation and dissolution intervals. The low-temperature formation of magnesite might well be of significance toward large-scale
2595:
Kelemen, Peter B.; Matter, Juerg; Streit, Elisabeth E.; Rudge, John F.; Curry, William B.; Blusztajn, Jerzy (2011-05-30). "Rates and
Mechanisms of Mineral Carbonation in Peridotite: Natural Processes and Recipes for Enhanced, in situ CO2Capture and Storage".
663:
etc.) form. It is possible to convert these phases into magnesite by changing temperature by mineral dissolution-precipitation or dehydration. While so happens, an isotope effect associated can control the isotopic composition of precipitated magnesite.
694:
difference in crystal structure is very likely to affect the way clumped isotopic signatures are recorded in these different structures. This leads to the fact that their pristine signatures might be modified differently by later thermal events like
563:) during phosphoric acid digestion of carbonates. To account for this additional (analytical artifact), a correction called the 'acid fractionation correction' is added to the magnesite clumped isotope value obtained at temperature of digestion.
625:
and clumped isotope derived temperature doesn't match, a need of mineral specific calibration emerges. The mismatch arises since bonding in magnesite is different from calcite/dolomite and/or acid digestion is conducted at higher temperature.
911:
origin. It is speculated that coarse high temperature magnesites are formed from mantle derived fluids whereas cryptocrystalline ones are precipitated by circulating meteoric water, taking up carbon from dissolved inorganic carbon pool,
2051:
Isshiki, Maiko; Irifune, Tetsuo; Hirose, Kei; Ono, Shigeaki; Ohishi, Yasuo; Watanuki, Tetsu; Nishibori, Eiji; Takata, Masaki; Sakata, Makoto (January 2004). "Stability of magnesite and its high-pressure form in the lowermost mantle".
792:(nesquehonite) will form at room temperature. This very observation led to the postulation of a "dehydration barrier" being involved in the low-temperature formation of anhydrous magnesium carbonate. Laboratory experiments with
641:
is temperature dependent. Reported magnesite-fluid O and C isotope fractionation factors in literature are not in agreement with each other. The fractionation behaviors have not been substantiated by experimental observation.
948:
with increasing time, fluid cools, evolves by mixing with other fluids and when it forms magnesite, it decreases its temperature. So the presence of associated carbonates have a control on magnesite isotopic composition.
1098:
Magnesite can be cut, drilled, and polished to form beads that are used in jewelry-making. Magnesite beads can be dyed into a broad spectrum of bold colors, including a light blue color that mimics the appearance of
468:), it is called a 'singly-substituted' species. Likewise, when two atoms are simultaneously replaced with heavier isotopes (eg., COO), it is called a 'doubly substituted' species. The 'clumped' species (COO) for CO
1901:
Xu, J; Yan, C.; Zhang, F.; Konishi, H., Xu, H. & Teng, H. H. (2013): Testing the cation-hydration effect on the crystallization of Ca – Mg- CO3 systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US, vol.110 (44), pp.17750-17755.
550:
from magnesite is complete. Digesting magnesite is hard since it takes a long time and different labs report different digestion times and temperatures (from 12 hours at 100 °C to 1 hour at 90 °C in
2396:
Power, Ian M.; Harrison, Anna L.; Dipple, Gregory M.; Wilson, Siobhan A.; Barker, Shaun L.L.; Fallon, Stewart J. (June 2019). "Magnesite formation in playa environments near Atlin, British
Columbia, Canada".
894:
Clumped isotopes have been used in interpreting conditions of magnesite formation and the isotopic composition of the precipitating fluid. Within ultramafic complexes, magnesites are found within veins and
2041:
Warren, P. H. (1998): Petrologic evidence for low-temperature, possibly flood evaporitic origin of carbonates in the ALH84001 meteorite. Journal of
Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.E7, 16759-16773.
1684:
García del Real, Pablo; Maher, Kate; Kluge, Tobias; Bird, Dennis K.; Brown, Gordon E.; John, Cédric M. (November 2016). "Clumped-isotope thermometry of magnesium carbonates in ultramafic rocks".
1938:
Hobbs, F. W. C. and Xu, H. (2020): Magnesite formation through temperature and pH cycling as a proxy for lagoon and playa environments. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, vol.269, pp.101–116.
804:. A major step forward toward the industrial production of magnesite at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 316 K was described by Vandeginste. In those experiments small additions of
2186:
Zhang, Lifei; Ellis, David J.; Williams, Samantha; Jiang, Wenbo (July 2002). "Ultra-high pressure metamorphism in western
Tianshan, China: Part II. Evidence from magnesite in eclogite".
808:
alternated periodically with additions of sodium carbonate solution. New was also the very short duration of only a few hours for the alternating dissolution and precipitation cycles.
907:
form. These cryptocrystalline forms are mostly variably weathered and yield low temperature of formation. On the other hand, coarse magnesites yield very high temperature indicating
637:
Using clumped isotope derived temperature, C and O isotopic composition of the parental fluid can be calculated using known magnesite-fluid isotope fractionation factors, since
2032:
McSween Jr, H. Y and Harvey, R. P.(1998): An evaporation model for formation of carbonates in the ALH84001 Martian meteorite. International
Geology Review, vol.49, pp.774–783.
1965:
V. Vandeginste, V.; Snell, O.; Hall, M. R.; Steer, E. and Vandeginste, A. (2019): Acceleration of dolomitization by zinc in saline waters. Nature Communications, vol.10, 1851.
1532:
Stolper, D. A.; Lawson, M.; Davis, C. L.; Ferreira, A. A.; Neto, E. V. Santos; Ellis, G. S.; Lewan, M. D.; Martini, A. M.; Tang, Y.; Schoell, M.; Sessions, A. L. (2014-06-27).
2448:
Streit, Elisabeth; Kelemen, Peter; Eiler, John (2012-06-17). "Coexisting serpentine and quartz from carbonate-bearing serpentinized peridotite in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman".
1160:
1956:
V. Vandeginste (2021): Effect of pH cycling and zinc ions on calcium and magnesium carbonate formation in saline fluids at low temperature. Minerals, vol.11, pp.723–734.
677:
effect here is that of pH of precipitating fluid. As pH of precipitating fluid changes, DIC pool is affected and isotopic composition of precipitating carbonate changes.
519:. Depending on the strength of cation-carbonate oxygen (ie, Mg-O, Ca-O) bonds- different carbonate minerals can form or preserve clumped isotopic signatures differently.
1045:' product generally refers to calcination commencing at 450 °C and proceeding to an upper limit of 900 °C – which results in good surface area and reactivity.
830:, Mg-carbonates have been detected and reported to have formed in lacustrine environment prevailing there. Controversy still exists over the temperature of formation of
1595:
Yeung, Laurence Y.; Young, Edward D.; Schauble, Edwin A. (2012). "Measurements of 18O18O and 17O18O in the atmosphere and the role of isotope-exchange reactions".
2237:
Mavromatis, Vasileios; Pearce, Christopher R.; Shirokova, Liudmila S.; Bundeleva, Irina A.; Pokrovsky, Oleg S.; Benezeth, Pascale; Oelkers, Eric H. (2012-01-01).
546:
liberated from magnesite by phosphoric acid digestion is fed into the isotope ratio mass spectrometer. In such scenario, one needs to ensure that liberation of CO
1753:
Sharma, S.Das; Patil, D.J; Gopalan, K (February 2002). "Temperature dependence of oxygen isotope fractionation of CO2 from magnesite-phosphoric acid reaction".
2336:
Quesnel, Benoît; Boulvais, Philippe; Gautier, Pierre; Cathelineau, Michel; John, Cédric M.; Dierick, Malorie; Agrinier, Pierre; Drouillet, Maxime (June 2016).
1417:"The kinetics of solid-state isotope-exchange reactions for clumped isotopes: A study of inorganic calcites and apatites from natural and experimental samples"
1135:
578:
gas is liberated from carbonate mineral during acid digestion, leaving one O behind- a fractionation occurs, and the isotopic composition of the analyzed CO
605:
1640:"SIMS Bias on Isotope Ratios in Ca-Mg-Fe Carbonates (Part III): δ18O and δ13C Matrix Effects Along the Magnesite-Siderite Solid-Solution Series"
1638:Śliwiński, Maciej G.; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Orland, Ian J.; Ishida, Akizumi; Fournelle, John H.; Valley, John W. (2017-11-22).
1127:
1038:
refer to the surface area and resulting reactivity of the product (this is typically determined by an industry metric of the iodine number).
3203:
1134:) for magnesite exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The
1264:
Ghosh, Prosenjit; Adkins, Jess; Affek, Hagit; Balta, Brian; Guo, Weifu; Schauble, Edwin A.; Schrag, Dan; Eiler, John M. (2006-03-15).
3233:
2338:"Paired stable isotopes (O, C) and clumped isotope thermometry of magnesite and silica veins in the New Caledonia Peridotite Nappe"
3188:
1974:
Ehlmann, B. L. et al. (2008): Orbital identification of carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars. Science, vol.322, no.5909, pp.1828–1832.
491:
The abundances of certain bonds in certain molecules are sensitive to temperature at which it formed (e.g., abundance of COO in
1928:
608:). With internal standards and reference materials, analytical session is routinely monitored. Standard materials are majorly
3297:
1796:
Rosenbaum, J; Sheppard, S.M.F (June 1986). "An isotopic study of siderites, dolomites and ankerites at high temperatures".
1927:
Alves dos Anjos et al. (2011): Synthesis of magnesite at low temperature. Carbonates and Evaporites, vol.26, pp.213–215.
3198:
1034:
Calcination temperatures determine the reactivity of resulting oxide products and the classifications of light burnt and
417:, where it is deposited as a consequence of dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals by carbon dioxide in groundwaters.
2690:
1252:
3193:
2558:
88:
959:, climatic-hydrologic conditions on Mars could be assessed from these rocks. Recent study has shown (implementing
3223:
2501:"Carbonates in the Martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001 formed at 18 ± 4 °C in a near-surface aqueous environment"
2239:"Magnesium isotope fractionation during hydrous magnesium carbonate precipitation with and without cyanobacteria"
536:
2337:
1947:
Oelkers, E. H.; Gislason, S. R. and Matter, J. (2008): Mineral carbonation of CO2. Elements, vol.4, pp.333–337.
2717:
202:
1048:
Above 900 °C, the material loses its reactive crystalline structure and reverts to the chemically inert '
886:
Magnesite can also precipitate in lakes in presence of bacteria either as hydrous Mg-carbonates or magnesite.
3302:
3208:
235:
834:. Low-temperature formation has been suggested for the magnesite from the Mars-derived ALH84001 meteorite.
1984:
Horgan, Briony H.N.; Anderson, Ryan B.; Dromart, Gilles; Amador, Elena S.; Rice, Melissa S. (March 2020).
931:
degassing. This reflects in the clumped isotope derived temperature being very low. These are affected by
3282:
3277:
2113:"Carbonates at high pressures: Possible carriers for deep carbon reservoirs in the Earth's lower mantle"
1911:
3292:
2571:
1841:"Kinetic clumped isotope fractionation in the DIC-H2O-CO2 system: Patterns, controls, and implications"
1139:
1131:
721:
in the presence of water and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and high pressures typical of the
604:
While measuring samples of unknown composition, it is required to measure some standard materials (see
967:
indicate formation at low temperature evaporative condition from subsurface water and derivation of CO
2238:
1367:
1312:
1265:
596:
Different researchers have also used other fractionation factors like dolomite fractionation factor.
2726:
1118:
People can be exposed to magnesite in the workplace by inhaling it, skin contact, and eye contact.
908:
2695:
1879:
Leitmeier, H.(1916): Einige Bemerkungen über die Entstehung von Magnesit und Sideritlagerstätten,
1142:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.
1003:
Similar to the production of lime, magnesite can be burned in the presence of charcoal to produce
3218:
78:
3287:
936:
485:
464:' species. When only one atom is replaced with heavy isotope of any constituent element (ie, CO
314:
May exhibit pale green to pale blue fluorescence and phosphorescence under UV; triboluminescent
1366:
Winkelstern, Ian Z.; Kaczmarek, Stephen E.; Lohmann, Kyger C; Humphrey, John D. (2016-12-02).
3238:
3183:
1986:"The mineral diversity of Jezero crater: Evidence for possible lacustrine carbonates on Mars"
1035:
823:
638:
192:
182:
722:
2605:
2457:
2406:
2352:
2250:
2195:
2124:
2061:
1997:
1852:
1805:
1762:
1693:
1604:
1545:
1482:
1428:
1379:
1324:
1277:
1172:
927:
settings are in general enriched in heavy isotopes of C and O because of evaporation and CO
801:
733:
582:
gas needs to be corrected for this. For magnesite, the most reliable fractionation factor(
460:
molecule (composed only with most abundant isotopes of constituent elements) is called a '
8:
3213:
789:
477:
355:
225:
215:
2617:
2609:
2461:
2410:
2356:
2254:
2199:
2128:
2065:
2001:
1856:
1809:
1766:
1697:
1608:
1549:
1486:
1432:
1383:
1328:
1281:
1207:
1176:
3307:
3049:
2710:
2535:
2500:
2481:
2430:
2318:
2274:
2219:
2093:
1735:
1577:
1514:
1454:
1348:
1190:
1052:' product- which is preferred for use in refractory materials such as furnace linings.
952:
857:
831:
566:
555:). Due to digestion at this high temperature, some of the C-O bonds in the liberated CO
500:
172:
2112:
1774:
1533:
570:
Calibration curve expressing clumped isotope composition as a function of temperature.
429:
2957:
2686:
2621:
2540:
2522:
2473:
2434:
2422:
2378:
2322:
2310:
2266:
2223:
2211:
2168:
2085:
2077:
2015:
1892:
Lippmann, F. (1973): Sedimentary carbonate minerals. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 228 p.
1821:
1817:
1778:
1739:
1727:
1719:
1661:
1620:
1569:
1561:
1518:
1506:
1458:
1446:
1397:
1352:
1340:
1293:
1248:
1194:
997:
964:
900:
805:
481:
461:
395:
54:
2485:
2278:
1581:
2613:
2530:
2512:
2465:
2414:
2368:
2360:
2302:
2258:
2203:
2160:
2132:
2097:
2069:
2005:
1860:
1813:
1770:
1709:
1701:
1651:
1612:
1553:
1498:
1490:
1436:
1387:
1332:
1285:
1180:
1082:
carbon dioxide in magnesite on a large scale. This has focused on peridotites from
1072:
1068:
960:
729:
496:
391:
383:
263:
245:
61:
1392:
788:
However, when performing this reaction in the laboratory, the trihydrated form of
628:
3257:
2639:
2010:
1985:
1012:
924:
827:
552:
499:. Clumped isotope thermometers have been established for carbonate minerals like
476:
molecule. Isotopically substituted molecules have higher mass. As a consequence,
2164:
2136:
1079:
1071:). Furthermore, it is being used as a catalyst and filler in the production of
880:
707:
656:
540:
98:
2663:
2469:
2418:
2364:
2306:
2262:
1865:
1840:
1705:
1494:
1336:
1289:
3271:
2703:
2625:
2526:
2477:
2426:
2382:
2314:
2270:
2215:
2172:
2081:
2019:
1825:
1782:
1723:
1665:
1624:
1565:
1510:
1450:
1401:
1344:
1297:
1231:
1107:
1020:
281:
162:
110:
2517:
1557:
1416:
955:
can be deconvolved with the application of clumped isotope. Source of the CO
495:
as C-O bond). This information has been exploited to form the foundation of
2928:
2544:
2373:
2089:
1714:
1573:
1028:
864:
710:
660:
387:
2572:"Scientists find way to make mineral which can remove CO2 from atmosphere"
3228:
3012:
2988:
2755:
2207:
1616:
1056:
913:
680:
133:
2073:
1185:
1078:
Research is proceeding to evaluate the practicality of sequestering the
530:
3156:
3132:
3024:
2993:
2940:
2843:
1502:
1441:
1087:
1016:
984:
842:
714:
695:
301:
291:
121:
2730:
1731:
1656:
1639:
1219:
645:
3144:
3125:
3113:
3073:
3066:
3054:
3041:
2964:
2904:
2892:
2867:
2855:
2848:
2831:
2795:
2291:
1266:"13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals: A new kind of paleothermometer"
1100:
1083:
1059:, as the magnesite cupel will resist the high temperatures involved.
1008:
992:
896:
868:
860:
845:) favors production of magnesite from peridotite. Iron-rich olivine (
812:
793:
650:
492:
363:
336:
20:
1313:"Experimental calibration of clumped isotope reordering in dolomite"
3161:
3149:
3137:
2952:
2860:
2824:
2819:
2807:
2788:
2772:
2767:
2725:
1365:
846:
815:
717:
and other ultramafic rocks. Magnesite is formed via carbonation of
508:
410:
157:
Colorless, white, pale yellow, pale brown, faintly pink, lilac-rose
103:
35:
2236:
1110:
used magnesite as a sculptural material for some of his artworks.
3108:
2916:
2884:
2872:
2800:
2784:
2499:
Halevy, Itay; Fischer, Woodward W.; Eiler, John M. (2011-10-11).
2335:
904:
838:
718:
609:
512:
504:
414:
390:
and other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regional
331:
2149:
849:) favors production of magnetite-magnesite-silica compositions.
527:
Clumped isotopic analysis has certain aspects to it. These are:
413:
above ultramafic rocks as a secondary carbonate within soil and
3101:
3096:
3078:
3017:
3000:
2976:
2969:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2779:
2111:
Marcondes, M. L.; Justo, J. F.; Assali, L. V. C. (2016-09-23).
1637:
1075:
and in the preparation of magnesium chemicals and fertilizers.
684:
Difference between cryptocrystalline and crystalline magnesite.
516:
453:
449:
371:
367:
342:
339:
728:
Magnesite can also be formed via the carbonation of magnesium
688:
3120:
2747:
1683:
1067:
Magnesite can also be used as a binder in flooring material (
853:
559:
are broken (leading to reduction in abundance of 'clumped' CO
403:
1534:"Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane"
1471:
167:
Usually massive, rarely as rhombohedrons or hexagonal prisms
3029:
3005:
2981:
2836:
2812:
1983:
1024:
920:
872:
819:
399:
359:
2664:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Magnesite"
1531:
382:
Magnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product of
2760:
2738:
2395:
1004:
2594:
441:
illustrating singly and doubly substituted species of CO
2185:
2050:
1679:
1677:
1675:
932:
852:
Magnesite can also be formed by way of metasomatism in
1912:"Low-temperature nucleation of magnesite and dolomite"
1311:
Lloyd, Max K.; Ryb, Uri; Eiler, John M. (2018-12-01).
903:
form as well as within carbonated peridotite units in
889:
420:
1368:"Calibration of dolomite clumped isotope thermometry"
1263:
1208:
http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/magnesite.pdf
1136:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
531:
Digestion, analysis and acid fractionation correction
2110:
1672:
374:
may occur as admixtures, but only in small amounts.
40:
Magnesite crystals from Brazil (11.4 × 9.2 × 3.6 cm)
646:
Factors controlling isotopic structure in magnesite
2498:
2447:
1881:Mitteilungen der Geologischen Gesellschaft in Wien
1752:
1594:
1011:. Large quantities of magnesite are burnt to make
651:Conversion from hydrous Mg-carbonates to magnesite
1795:
1113:
672:Disequilibrium processes like degassing, rapid CO
655:In low temperature, thus, hydrous Mg-carbonates (
3269:
1473:application as paleo-thermometer in paleosols".
1055:In fire assay, magnesite cupels can be used for
916:and affected by disequilibrium isotope effects.
615:
2505:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1359:
1243:Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr.,
1007:, which, in the form of a mineral, is known as
822:itself. Magnesite was identified on Mars using
606:Reference materials for stable isotope analysis
426:molecule depending on its isotopic structure.
1019:(heat-resistant) material used as a lining in
2711:
2640:"Ford Fountain for the New York World's Fair"
2598:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1310:
1128:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
535:Clumped isotopic analysis is usually done by
522:
1597:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
1465:
1414:
2492:
1415:Stolper, D. A.; Eiler, J. M. (2015-05-01).
689:Mineral structure and later thermal effects
452:has three stable isotopes (O, O and O) and
2718:
2704:
1232:http://webmineral.com/data/Magnesite.shtml
480:reduces and the molecule develops a lower
2534:
2516:
2450:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2372:
2009:
1864:
1713:
1655:
1440:
1391:
1257:
1184:
991:
983:
679:
633:-magnesite isotope fractionation factors
565:
428:
1644:Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research
1201:
935:effect, biological activity as well as
3270:
979:
2699:
1225:
1213:
511:etc and non-carbonate compounds like
409:Magnesite is also present within the
394:terrains. These magnesites are often
1237:
1161:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1158:
2618:10.1146/annurev-earth-092010-152509
1838:
1220:http://www.mindat.org/min-2482.html
944:co-precipitating quartz-magnesite.
890:Information from isotopic structure
421:Isotopic structure: clumped isotope
13:
3234:Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)
591:10ln(α) = + (4.22 ± 0.08); T in K
398:and contain silica in the form of
14:
3319:
988:Polished and Dyed magnesite beads
667:
3251:
2561:, West Coast Deck Water Proofing
1130:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
1121:
34:
3214:Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE
3204:Kambalda-type komatiitic nickel
2656:
2632:
2588:
2564:
2551:
2441:
2399:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2389:
2345:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2329:
2285:
2243:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2230:
2179:
2143:
2104:
2044:
2035:
2026:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1921:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1873:
1845:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1832:
1798:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1789:
1755:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1746:
1686:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1631:
1588:
1525:
1475:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1317:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1270:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
3224:Sedimentary exhalative (SedEx)
1916:Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie
1408:
1304:
1152:
1114:Occupational safety and health
879:Switzerland and high pressure
732:(lizardite) via the following
1:
3199:Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG)
1775:10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00833-x
1393:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.09.021
1145:
1106:The Japanese-American artist
1062:
377:
2011:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113526
1818:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90396-0
883:rocks from Tianshan, China.
706:Magnesite can be formed via
701:
599:
537:gas source mass spectrometry
497:clumped isotope geochemistry
7:
3298:Minerals in space group 167
1918:, Monatshefte, pp. 289–302.
1839:Guo, Weifu (January 2020).
1421:American Journal of Science
1093:
961:clumped isotope thermometry
826:from satellite orbit. Near
10:
3324:
3189:Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc
2137:10.1103/PhysRevB.94.104112
1140:recommended exposure limit
1132:permissible exposure limit
811:Magnesite was detected in
523:Measurements and reporting
472:is a doubly substituted CO
334:with the chemical formula
240:Transparent to translucent
18:
3247:
3176:
3089:
3040:
2883:
2746:
2737:
2685:Smithsonian Rock and Gem
2470:10.1007/s00410-012-0775-z
2419:10.1016/j.gca.2019.04.008
2365:10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.021
2307:10.1007/s10498-012-9174-3
2263:10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.019
1866:10.1016/j.gca.2019.07.055
1706:10.1016/j.gca.2016.08.003
1495:10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.018
1337:10.1016/j.gca.2018.08.036
1290:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.014
971:from Martian atmosphere.
620:– Temperature calibration
318:
310:
300:
290:
280:
262:
254:
244:
234:
224:
214:
201:
191:
181:
171:
161:
153:
148:
132:
115:Hexagonal scalenohedral (
109:
97:
87:
77:
60:
50:
45:
33:
28:
2165:10.1093/petrology/egi034
1247:Wiley, 20th ed., p. 332
433:Isotopic structure of CO
19:Not to be confused with
2729:, mineral mixtures and
2518:10.1073/pnas.1109444108
1558:10.1126/science.1254509
974:
1910:Deelman, J.C. (1999):
1210:Handbook of Mineralogy
1165:Mineralogical Magazine
1000:
989:
937:kinetic isotope effect
919:Magnesites forming in
685:
629:Magnesite-water and CO
586:equation is given as:
571:
486:Kinetic isotope effect
446:
306:Effervesces in hot HCl
3239:Orogenic gold deposit
3184:Banded iron formation
2188:American Mineralogist
1883:, vol.9, pp. 159–166.
1245:Manual of Mineralogy,
995:
987:
963:) that carbonates in
824:infrared spectroscopy
698:/burial heating etc.
683:
569:
432:
311:Other characteristics
89:Strunz classification
3303:Luminescent minerals
2295:Aquatic Geochemistry
2208:10.2138/am-2002-0708
2153:Journal of Petrology
1617:10.1029/2012JD017992
802:carbon sequestration
456:has two (C, C). A CO
3258:Minerals portal
3194:Heavy mineral sands
2610:2011AREPS..39..545K
2511:(41): 16895–16899.
2462:2012CoMP..164..821S
2411:2019GeCoA.255....1P
2357:2016GeCoA.183..234Q
2255:2012GeCoA..76..161M
2200:2002AmMin..87..861Z
2129:2016PhRvB..94j4112M
2074:10.1038/nature02181
2066:2004Natur.427...60I
2002:2020Icar..33913526H
1857:2020GeCoA.268..230G
1810:1986GeCoA..50.1147R
1767:2002GeCoA..66..589D
1698:2016GeCoA.193..222G
1609:2012JGRD..11718306Y
1550:2014Sci...344.1500S
1544:(6191): 1500–1503.
1487:2019GeCoA.254....1V
1433:2015AmJS..315..363S
1384:2016ChGeo.443...32W
1329:2018GeCoA.242....1L
1282:2006GeCoA..70.1439G
1186:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1177:2021MinM...85..291W
1159:Warr, L.N. (2021).
980:Refractory material
790:magnesium carbonate
478:molecular vibration
356:magnesium carbonate
3283:Carbonate minerals
3278:Magnesium minerals
2644:The Noguchi Museum
2559:magnesite flooring
2557:Information about
1442:10.2475/05.2015.01
1138:(NIOSH) has set a
1001:
990:
953:Martian carbonates
863:, associated with
723:greenschist facies
686:
572:
447:
255:Optical properties
3293:Trigonal minerals
3265:
3264:
3172:
3171:
2117:Physical Review B
1657:10.1111/ggr.12194
901:cryptocrystalline
806:hydrochloric acid
585:
482:zero point energy
396:cryptocrystalline
325:
324:
55:Carbonate mineral
3315:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3209:Lateritic nickel
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2776:
2764:
2744:
2743:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2520:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2159:(8): 1725–1746.
2147:
2141:
2140:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1804:(6): 1147–1150.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1717:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1372:Chemical Geology
1363:
1357:
1356:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1276:(6): 1439–1456.
1261:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1156:
1073:synthetic rubber
1069:magnesite screed
832:these carbonates
583:
384:ultramafic rocks
353:
352:
351:
272:=1.508 – 1.510 n
264:Refractive index
246:Specific gravity
207:
143:
127:
118:
67:
66:(repeating unit)
38:
26:
25:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3219:Porphyry copper
3168:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3085:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3036:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2879:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2733:
2724:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2552:
2497:
2493:
2446:
2442:
2394:
2390:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2290:
2286:
2235:
2231:
2184:
2180:
2148:
2144:
2109:
2105:
2060:(6969): 60–63.
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1837:
1833:
1794:
1790:
1751:
1747:
1682:
1673:
1636:
1632:
1593:
1589:
1530:
1526:
1470:
1466:
1413:
1409:
1364:
1360:
1309:
1305:
1262:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1234:Webmineral data
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1124:
1116:
1096:
1065:
1015:: an important
1013:magnesium oxide
982:
977:
970:
958:
930:
892:
837:Magnesium-rich
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
704:
691:
675:
670:
653:
648:
635:
632:
622:
619:
602:
593:
581:
577:
562:
558:
553:phosphoric acid
549:
544:
533:
525:
475:
471:
467:
459:
444:
440:
436:
423:
380:
350:
347:
346:
345:
335:
275:
271:
205:
141:
125:
120:
116:
73:
65:
64:
41:
24:
17:
16:Type of mineral
12:
11:
5:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3263:
3262:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2777:
2765:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2655:
2631:
2604:(1): 545–576.
2587:
2563:
2550:
2491:
2456:(5): 821–837.
2440:
2388:
2328:
2284:
2229:
2194:(7): 861–866.
2178:
2142:
2123:(10): 104112.
2103:
2043:
2034:
2025:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1920:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1872:
1831:
1788:
1761:(4): 589–593.
1745:
1671:
1630:
1587:
1524:
1464:
1427:(5): 363–411.
1407:
1358:
1303:
1256:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1171:(3): 291–320.
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1095:
1092:
1080:greenhouse gas
1064:
1061:
1021:blast furnaces
981:
978:
976:
973:
968:
956:
928:
891:
888:
818:and on planet
786:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
708:talc carbonate
703:
700:
690:
687:
673:
669:
668:Disequilibrium
666:
657:hydromagnesite
652:
649:
647:
644:
634:
630:
627:
621:
617:
614:
601:
598:
589:
579:
575:
560:
556:
547:
542:
532:
529:
524:
521:
473:
469:
465:
457:
442:
438:
434:
422:
419:
379:
376:
348:
323:
322:
320:
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
273:
269:
266:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
228:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
208:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
165:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
149:Identification
146:
145:
136:
130:
129:
113:
107:
106:
101:
99:Crystal system
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
71:
68:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3320:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Calcite group
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:Deposit types
3175:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2691:0-7566-0962-3
2688:
2684:
2683:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2577:
2576:phys.org/news
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2374:10044/1/33108
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:10044/1/40256
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1253:0-471-80580-7
1250:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:United States
1119:
1111:
1109:
1108:Isamu Noguchi
1104:
1102:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:Magnesite of
994:
986:
972:
966:
962:
954:
949:
945:
941:
938:
934:
926:
922:
917:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
887:
884:
882:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
856:deposits, in
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
828:Jezero Crater
825:
821:
817:
814:
809:
807:
803:
797:
795:
791:
739:
738:
737:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
699:
697:
682:
678:
665:
662:
658:
643:
640:
639:fractionation
626:
613:
611:
607:
597:
594:
592:
587:
568:
564:
554:
545:
538:
528:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
463:
455:
451:
431:
427:
418:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
344:
341:
338:
333:
329:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
283:
282:Birefringence
279:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
164:
163:Crystal habit
160:
156:
152:
147:
140:
137:
135:
131:
123:
114:
112:
111:Crystal class
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
69:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3249:
3061:
2929:Chalcopyrite
2731:ore deposits
2727:Ore minerals
2671:. Retrieved
2667:
2658:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:
2634:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2553:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2028:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1923:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1689:
1685:
1650:(1): 49–76.
1647:
1643:
1633:
1603:(D18): n/a.
1600:
1596:
1590:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1244:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1125:
1117:
1105:
1097:
1077:
1066:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1029:incinerators
1002:
950:
946:
942:
918:
909:hydrothermal
893:
885:
877:
865:wollastonite
851:
836:
810:
798:
787:
727:
711:metasomatism
705:
692:
671:
661:nesquehonite
654:
636:
623:
612:and marble.
603:
595:
590:
588:
574:Since the CO
573:
534:
526:
490:
462:monoisotopic
448:
424:
408:
388:serpentinite
381:
327:
326:
258:Uniaxial (−)
138:
3013:Pentlandite
2989:Molybdenite
2756:Cassiterite
2668:www.cdc.gov
2351:: 234–249.
2301:(1): 1–24.
2249:: 161–174.
1851:: 230–257.
1692:: 222–250.
1503:1874/387681
1088:peridotites
1057:cupellation
1043:Light burnt
914:soil carbon
905:crystalline
392:metamorphic
236:Diaphaneity
134:Space group
3272:Categories
3157:Wolframite
3133:Sperrylite
3042:Carbonates
3025:Sphalerite
2994:molybdenum
2941:Chalcocite
2844:Pyrolusite
2673:2015-11-19
2649:2022-01-02
2581:2018-08-15
1996:: 113526.
1222:Mindat.org
1146:References
1084:ophiolites
1063:Other uses
1050:dead-burnt
1036:dead burnt
1017:refractory
951:Origin of
897:stockworks
861:limestones
843:forsterite
730:serpentine
715:peridotite
696:diagenesis
539:where the
493:carbonates
378:Occurrence
319:References
302:Solubility
292:Fusibility
203:Mohs scale
187:Conchoidal
122:H-M symbol
79:IMA symbol
3308:Evaporite
3145:Scheelite
3126:beryllium
3114:aluminium
3074:Malachite
3067:magnesium
3062:Magnesite
3055:magnesium
2965:Cobaltite
2905:Argentite
2893:Acanthite
2868:Uraninite
2856:Tantalite
2849:manganese
2832:Magnetite
2796:Columbite
2626:0084-6597
2527:0027-8424
2478:0010-7999
2435:146307705
2427:0016-7037
2383:0016-7037
2323:129854388
2315:1573-1421
2271:0016-7037
2224:101814149
2216:0003-004X
2173:1460-2415
2082:0028-0836
2020:0019-1035
1826:0016-7037
1783:0016-7037
1740:132651895
1724:0016-7037
1666:1639-4488
1625:2156-2202
1566:0036-8075
1519:134142123
1511:0016-7037
1459:131728569
1451:0002-9599
1402:0009-2541
1378:: 32–38.
1353:134613845
1345:0016-7037
1298:0016-7037
1195:235729616
1101:turquoise
1009:periclase
881:eclogitic
869:periclase
858:dolomitic
813:meteorite
794:formamide
702:Formation
600:Standards
364:manganese
328:Magnesite
296:infusible
29:Magnesite
21:magnetite
3162:tungsten
3150:tungsten
3138:platinum
3050:Dolomite
2953:Cinnabar
2885:Sulfides
2861:tantalum
2825:titanium
2820:Ilmenite
2808:Hematite
2789:tantalum
2773:chromium
2768:Chromite
2545:21969543
2486:12595278
2405:: 1–24.
2279:15405751
2090:14702083
1582:31569235
1574:24970083
1481:: 1–20.
1323:: 1–20.
1094:Artworks
965:ALH84001
847:fayalite
816:ALH84001
776:+ 3 MgCO
734:reaction
509:siderite
501:dolomite
437:and MgCO
411:regolith
220:Vitreous
206:hardness
193:Tenacity
183:Fracture
173:Cleavage
104:Trigonal
51:Category
3229:Uranium
3109:Bauxite
2958:mercury
2917:Bornite
2873:uranium
2801:niobium
2785:niobium
2606:Bibcode
2536:3193235
2458:Bibcode
2407:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2251:Bibcode
2196:Bibcode
2125:Bibcode
2098:4351925
2062:Bibcode
1998:Bibcode
1853:Bibcode
1806:Bibcode
1763:Bibcode
1732:1360188
1694:Bibcode
1605:Bibcode
1546:Bibcode
1538:Science
1483:Bibcode
1429:Bibcode
1380:Bibcode
1325:Bibcode
1278:Bibcode
1173:Bibcode
839:olivine
719:olivine
610:calcite
513:methane
505:calcite
415:subsoil
332:mineral
250:3.0–3.2
210:3.5–4.5
197:Brittle
177:perfect
93:5.AB.05
62:Formula
46:General
3102:barium
3097:Baryte
3079:copper
3018:nickel
3001:Pyrite
2977:Galena
2970:cobalt
2946:copper
2934:copper
2922:copper
2910:silver
2898:silver
2780:Coltan
2748:Oxides
2689:
2624:
2543:
2533:
2525:
2484:
2476:
2433:
2425:
2381:
2321:
2313:
2277:
2269:
2222:
2214:
2171:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2054:Nature
2018:
1990:Icarus
1824:
1781:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1664:
1623:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1517:
1509:
1457:
1449:
1400:
1351:
1343:
1296:
1251:
1193:
871:, and
756:+ 3 CO
517:oxygen
454:Carbon
450:Oxygen
372:nickel
370:, and
368:cobalt
276:=1.700
226:Streak
216:Luster
3121:Beryl
3090:Other
2482:S2CID
2431:S2CID
2341:(PDF)
2319:S2CID
2275:S2CID
2220:S2CID
2094:S2CID
1736:S2CID
1578:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1455:S2CID
1349:S2CID
1191:S2CID
1025:kilns
998:Salem
925:playa
921:lakes
854:skarn
780:+ 3 H
484:(see
404:chert
330:is a
286:0.191
230:white
154:Color
3030:zinc
3006:iron
2982:lead
2837:iron
2813:iron
2787:and
2739:Ores
2687:ISBN
2622:ISSN
2541:PMID
2523:ISSN
2474:ISSN
2423:ISSN
2379:ISSN
2311:ISSN
2267:ISSN
2212:ISSN
2169:ISSN
2086:PMID
2078:ISSN
2016:ISSN
1822:ISSN
1779:ISSN
1728:OSTI
1720:ISSN
1662:ISSN
1621:ISSN
1570:PMID
1562:ISSN
1507:ISSN
1447:ISSN
1398:ISSN
1341:ISSN
1294:ISSN
1249:ISBN
1126:The
1027:and
975:Uses
923:and
873:talc
820:Mars
772:(OH)
760:→ Mg
752:(OH)
740:2 Mg
515:and
400:opal
360:Iron
128:2/m)
70:MgCO
2761:tin
2614:doi
2531:PMC
2513:doi
2509:108
2466:doi
2454:164
2415:doi
2403:255
2369:hdl
2361:doi
2349:183
2303:doi
2259:doi
2204:doi
2161:doi
2133:doi
2070:doi
2058:427
2006:doi
1994:339
1861:doi
1849:268
1814:doi
1771:doi
1710:hdl
1702:doi
1690:193
1652:doi
1613:doi
1601:117
1554:doi
1542:344
1499:hdl
1491:doi
1479:254
1437:doi
1425:315
1388:doi
1376:443
1333:doi
1321:242
1286:doi
1181:doi
1005:MgO
899:in
713:of
488:).
402:or
358:).
124:: (
83:Mgs
3274::
2666:.
2642:.
2620:.
2612:.
2602:39
2600:.
2574:.
2539:.
2529:.
2521:.
2507:.
2503:.
2480:.
2472:.
2464:.
2452:.
2429:.
2421:.
2413:.
2401:.
2377:.
2367:.
2359:.
2347:.
2343:.
2317:.
2309:.
2299:19
2297:.
2273:.
2265:.
2257:.
2247:76
2245:.
2241:.
2218:.
2210:.
2202:.
2192:87
2190:.
2167:.
2157:46
2155:.
2131:.
2121:94
2119:.
2115:.
2092:.
2084:.
2076:.
2068:.
2056:.
2014:.
2004:.
1992:.
1988:.
1914:,
1859:.
1847:.
1843:.
1820:.
1812:.
1802:50
1800:.
1777:.
1769:.
1759:66
1757:.
1734:.
1726:.
1718:.
1708:.
1700:.
1688:.
1674:^
1660:.
1648:42
1646:.
1642:.
1619:.
1611:.
1599:.
1576:.
1568:.
1560:.
1552:.
1540:.
1536:.
1513:.
1505:.
1497:.
1489:.
1477:.
1453:.
1445:.
1435:.
1423:.
1419:.
1396:.
1386:.
1374:.
1370:.
1347:.
1339:.
1331:.
1319:.
1315:.
1292:.
1284:.
1274:70
1272:.
1268:.
1189:.
1179:.
1169:85
1167:.
1163:.
1103:.
1090:.
1031:.
1023:,
933:pH
875:.
867:,
770:10
764:Si
744:Si
736::
725:.
659:,
618:47
584:α)
541:CO
507:,
503:,
406:.
386:,
366:,
362:,
337:Mg
119:m)
3164:)
3160:(
3152:)
3148:(
3140:)
3136:(
3128:)
3124:(
3116:)
3112:(
3104:)
3100:(
3081:)
3077:(
3069:)
3065:(
3057:)
3053:(
3032:)
3028:(
3020:)
3016:(
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3004:(
2996:)
2992:(
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2980:(
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2968:(
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2956:(
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2944:(
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2932:(
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2920:(
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2908:(
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2896:(
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2871:(
2863:)
2859:(
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2847:(
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2835:(
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2823:(
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2811:(
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2799:(
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2783:(
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2771:(
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2759:(
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2712:t
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2676:.
2652:.
2628:.
2616::
2608::
2584:.
2547:.
2515::
2488:.
2468::
2460::
2437:.
2417::
2409::
2385:.
2371::
2363::
2355::
2325:.
2305::
2281:.
2261::
2253::
2226:.
2206::
2198::
2175:.
2163::
2139:.
2135::
2127::
2100:.
2072::
2064::
2022:.
2008::
2000::
1869:.
1863::
1855::
1828:.
1816::
1808::
1785:.
1773::
1765::
1742:.
1712::
1704::
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1668:.
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1627:.
1615::
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1556::
1548::
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1493::
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1431::
1404:.
1390::
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1335::
1327::
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1288::
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1183::
1175::
1041:'
969:2
957:2
929:2
841:(
784:O
782:2
778:3
774:2
768:O
766:4
762:3
758:2
754:4
750:5
748:O
746:2
742:3
674:2
631:2
616:Δ
580:2
576:2
561:2
557:2
548:2
543:2
474:2
470:2
466:2
458:2
445:.
443:2
439:3
435:2
354:(
349:3
343:O
340:C
274:ε
270:ω
268:n
144:c
142:3
139:R
126:3
117:3
72:3
23:.
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