587:
530:. Unwanted metals can be removed from goods with this technique. It keeps all materials pure. Recycling centres use magnetic separation often to separate components from recycling, isolate metals, and purify ores. Overhead magnets, magnetic pulleys, and the magnetic drums were the methods used in the recycling industry.
602:. In this case, binding molecules and antibodies are used in order to isolate specific viable organisms, nucleic acids, or antigens. This technology helps isolating bacterial species to identify and give diagnostics of genes targeting certain organisms. When magnetic separation techniques are combined with PCR (
706:
It can be shown that magnetic force per unit volume on a permeable particle with relative permeability mu sub (pr) is proportional to the spatial gradient of the square of the magnetic flux density. The formula can be used in magnetic finite element analysis software to compute force densities on a
38:
A large diversity of mechanical means are used to separate magnetic materials. During magnetic separation, magnets are situated inside two separator drums which bear liquids. Due to the magnets, magnetic particles are being drifted by the movement of the drums. This can create a magnetic concentrate
697:
Weak magnetic separation is used to create cleaner iron-rich products that can be reused. These products have low levels of impurities and a high iron load. This technique is used as a recycling technology. It is coupled with steelmaking slag fines as well as a selection of particle size screening.
517:
under which further belts ran at right angles to the feed belt. The first pair of balls was weakly magnetized and served to draw off any iron ore present. The second pair were strongly magnetized and attracted the wolframite, which is weakly magnetic. These machines were capable of treating 10 tons
688:
Magnetic filters are fitted on the boiler's pipework to collect magnetite from the circulating water before it has a chance to build up and lower the efficiency of the heating system. The water circulating around the heating system picks up bits of sludge (or magnetite) which can build up. The
573:
researches. Magnetic cell separation took a turn when, Zborowski, an
Immunomagnetic Cell Separation (IMCS) pioneer, analyzed commercial magnetic cell separation. Zborowski uncovered crucial revelations that were then used, and are still used today, in the human understanding of
478:. The technique was used in scrap yards. Magnetic separation was developed again in the late 1970s with new technologies being inaugurated. The new forms of magnetic separation included magnetic pulleys, overhead magnets and magnetic drums.
54:
discovered that when a substance is put in a magnetic environment, the intensity of the environment is modified by it. With this information, he discovered that different materials can be separated with their
26:
to attract magnetic substances. The process that is used for magnetic separation separates non-magnetic substances from those which are magnetic. This technique is useful for the select few minerals which are
458:
In the 1860s, magnetic separation started to become commercialized. It was used to separate iron from brass. After the 1880s, ferromagnetic materials started to be magnetically separated. Among others,
972:
Yavuz, C. T.; Mayo, J. T.; Yu, W. W.; Prakash, A.; Falkner, J. C.; Yean, S.; Cong, L.; Shipley, H. J.; Kan, A. (2006-11-10). "Low-Field
Magnetic Separation of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanocrystals".
544:
Another application, not widely known but very important, is to use magnets in process industries to remove metal contaminants from product streams. This takes a lot of importance in food or
526:
Magnetic separation can also be used in electromagnetic cranes that separate magnetic material from scraps and unwanted substances. This explains its use for shipment equipments and
438:
326:
231:
661:
467:
the magnetic enrichment of poor iron ores but failed. In the 1900s, high intensity magnetic separation was inaugurated which allowed the separation of pragmatic materials.
380:
272:
187:
133:
683:
689:
magnetic filter attracts all these bits of debris with a strong magnet as the water flows around it, preventing a build-up of sludge in the pipework or in the boiler.
618:
and the separation of complex mixtures. Low magnetic field gradients are field gradients that are smaller than one hundred tesla per meter. Monodisperse magnetite (
594:
MagRack 6 and magnetic beads with a coating that attaches to the substance of interest. The beads are visible accumulated on the top left of the solution surface.
1040:
Ma, Naiyang; Houser, Joseph Blake (2014). "Recycling of steelmaking slag fines by weak magnetic separation coupled with selective particle size screening".
550:
Magnetic separation is also used in situations where pollution needs to be controlled, in chemical processing, as well as during the benefaction of
557:
Magnetic separation is also used in the following industries: dairy, grain and milling, plastics, food, chemical, oils, textile, and more.
578:. Today, the manufacture of therapeutic products concerning cancers and genetic diseases, are being innovated due to these discoveries.
505:, magnetic separation is used to separate the ores. At these mines, a device called a Wetherill's Magnetic Separator (invented by
1079:
1098:
565:
Magnetic cell separation is on the rise. It is currently being used in clinical therapies, more specifically in
826:
870:
Brown, William H (1995). "Trends in patent renewals at the United States patent and trademark office".
506:
464:
394:
1103:
603:
586:
286:
204:
765:
Oberteuffer, J. (1974). "Magnetic separation: A review of principles, devices, and applications".
621:
340:
245:
147:
93:
1022:
545:
666:
737:
1074:
Brauer, J. R. (2014). Magnetic
Actuators and Sensors (2nd ed.). Hoboken NJ: Wiley IEEE Press.
844:
774:
707:
wide variety of practical examples, obtaining results agreeing with
Oberteuffer's paper .
59:. The table below shows the common ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals as well as the
8:
910:
Olsvik, O; Popovic, T; Skjerve, E; Cudjoe, K S; Hornes, E; Ugelstad, J; Uhlén, M (1994).
570:
778:
1108:
1005:
615:
944:
911:
1075:
1057:
997:
989:
949:
931:
887:
883:
822:
551:
1009:
1049:
981:
939:
923:
879:
814:
782:
527:
1053:
738:"Magnet traps / metal separator for powder flow - A guide to magnetic separation"
502:
60:
51:
494:
28:
786:
1092:
1061:
993:
935:
891:
591:
514:
475:
460:
32:
985:
818:
1001:
599:
575:
490:
471:
953:
614:
Low-field magnetic separation is often in environmental contexts such as
510:
486:
927:
482:
35:. Most metals, including gold, silver and aluminum, are nonmagnetic.
56:
498:
513:
was fed onto a conveyor belt which passed underneath two pairs of
566:
538:
22:
is the process of separating components of mixtures by using a
16:
Process of separating components of mixtures by using magnets
912:"Magnetic separation techniques in diagnostic microbiology"
534:
509:, 1844–1906) was used. In this machine, the raw ore, after
501:
or with bismuth such as at the
Shepherd and Murphy mine in
909:
809:
Bronkala, William J. (2000-06-15), "Magnetic
Separation",
701:
649:
636:
426:
368:
355:
314:
301:
260:
219:
175:
162:
121:
108:
40:
606:), the results increase in sensitivity and specificity.
63:
that is required in order to separate 𝚝𝚑𝚎 minerals.
669:
624:
397:
343:
289:
248:
207:
150:
96:
31:(iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-containing minerals) and
971:
677:
655:
432:
374:
320:
266:
225:
181:
127:
1090:
609:
598:Magnetic separation techniques are also used in
67:Common Ferromagnetic and Paramagnetic Minerals
811:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
533:Magnetic separation is also useful in mining
764:
692:
560:
943:
474:, systems that were the most common were
1039:
813:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
808:
585:
845:"Historical Markers - Samuel Wetherill"
1091:
702:Magnetic Separation Force Calculations
521:
869:
1035:
1033:
1031:
967:
965:
963:
905:
903:
901:
865:
863:
861:
839:
837:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
760:
758:
756:
754:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
1068:
13:
581:
433:{\displaystyle {\ce {(Fe,Mn)WO4}}}
14:
1120:
1028:
960:
898:
858:
834:
793:
751:
717:
1025:(page visited on 14 March 2020)
685:) are used for this technique.
321:{\displaystyle {\ce {FeCr2O4}}}
1016:
767:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
412:
400:
226:{\displaystyle {\ce {FeTiO3}}}
1:
1054:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.092
1042:Journal of Cleaner Production
916:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
710:
656:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3O4}}}
610:Low-field magnetic separation
375:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe2O3}}}
267:{\displaystyle {\ce {FeCO3}}}
182:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe7S8}}}
128:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3O4}}}
1023:What is a magnaclean filter?
884:10.1016/0172-2190(95)00043-7
7:
678:{\displaystyle {\ce {NCs}}}
10:
1125:
546:pharmaceutical industries.
46:
787:10.1109/TMAG.1974.1058315
604:polymerase chain reaction
590:DNA purification using a
195:
84:
872:World Patent Information
693:Weak magnetic separation
561:Magnetic cell separation
537:as it is attracted to a
986:10.1126/science.1131475
819:10.1002/14356007.b02_19
1099:Solid-solid separation
847:. ExplorePAhistory.com
679:
657:
595:
434:
376:
322:
268:
227:
183:
129:
680:
658:
589:
435:
377:
323:
269:
228:
184:
130:
667:
663:) and nanocrystals (
622:
507:John Price Wetherill
395:
341:
287:
246:
205:
148:
94:
80:Field Strength (kG)
779:1974ITM....10..223O
740:. Powderprocess.net
651:
638:
571:hereditary diseases
522:Common applications
428:
370:
357:
316:
303:
262:
221:
177:
164:
123:
110:
68:
57:magnetic properties
20:Magnetic separation
928:10.1128/cmr.7.1.43
675:
653:
639:
626:
616:water purification
596:
430:
416:
372:
358:
345:
318:
304:
291:
264:
250:
223:
209:
179:
165:
152:
125:
111:
98:
66:
1080:978-1-118-50525-0
980:(5801): 964–967.
673:
642:
629:
456:
455:
419:
411:
405:
361:
348:
307:
294:
253:
212:
168:
155:
114:
101:
1116:
1104:Magnetic devices
1083:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
969:
958:
957:
947:
907:
896:
895:
867:
856:
855:
853:
852:
841:
832:
831:
806:
791:
790:
762:
749:
748:
746:
745:
734:
684:
682:
681:
676:
674:
671:
662:
660:
659:
654:
652:
650:
647:
640:
637:
634:
627:
554:low-grade ores.
528:waste management
472:Second World War
439:
437:
436:
431:
429:
427:
424:
417:
415:
409:
403:
381:
379:
378:
373:
371:
369:
366:
359:
356:
353:
346:
327:
325:
324:
319:
317:
315:
312:
305:
302:
299:
292:
273:
271:
270:
265:
263:
261:
258:
251:
232:
230:
229:
224:
222:
220:
217:
210:
188:
186:
185:
180:
178:
176:
173:
166:
163:
160:
153:
134:
132:
131:
126:
124:
122:
119:
112:
109:
106:
99:
69:
65:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1017:
970:
961:
908:
899:
868:
859:
850:
848:
843:
842:
835:
829:
807:
794:
763:
752:
743:
741:
736:
735:
718:
713:
704:
695:
670:
668:
665:
664:
648:
643:
635:
630:
625:
623:
620:
619:
612:
584:
582:In microbiology
563:
524:
503:Moina, Tasmania
485:was mixed with
481:In mines where
425:
420:
399:
398:
396:
393:
392:
367:
362:
354:
349:
344:
342:
339:
338:
313:
308:
300:
295:
290:
288:
285:
284:
259:
254:
249:
247:
244:
243:
218:
213:
208:
206:
203:
202:
174:
169:
161:
156:
151:
149:
146:
145:
120:
115:
107:
102:
97:
95:
92:
91:
61:field intensity
52:Michael Faraday
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1067:
1027:
1015:
959:
897:
878:(4): 225–234.
857:
833:
827:
792:
773:(2): 223–238.
750:
715:
714:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
691:
646:
633:
611:
608:
583:
580:
562:
559:
523:
520:
518:of ore a day.
515:electromagnets
495:East Pool mine
476:electromagnets
454:
453:
450:
448:
444:
443:
440:
423:
414:
408:
402:
390:
386:
385:
382:
365:
352:
336:
332:
331:
328:
311:
298:
282:
278:
277:
274:
257:
241:
237:
236:
233:
216:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
172:
159:
143:
139:
138:
135:
118:
105:
89:
86:
85:Ferromagnetic
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
48:
45:
43:concentrate).
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
966:
964:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
904:
902:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
864:
862:
846:
840:
838:
830:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
755:
739:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
716:
708:
699:
690:
686:
644:
631:
617:
607:
605:
601:
593:
588:
579:
577:
572:
568:
558:
555:
553:
548:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:commercialize
462:
461:Thomas Edison
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
421:
406:
391:
388:
387:
383:
363:
350:
337:
334:
333:
329:
309:
296:
283:
280:
279:
275:
255:
242:
239:
238:
234:
214:
201:
198:
196:Paramagnetic
194:
190:
170:
157:
144:
141:
140:
136:
116:
103:
90:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
70:
64:
62:
58:
53:
44:
42:
36:
34:
30:
29:ferromagnetic
25:
21:
1070:
1045:
1041:
1018:
977:
973:
922:(1): 43–54.
919:
915:
875:
871:
849:. Retrieved
810:
770:
766:
742:. Retrieved
705:
696:
687:
613:
600:microbiology
597:
576:cell biology
564:
556:
549:
543:
532:
525:
491:South Crofty
480:
469:
457:
50:
37:
33:paramagnetic
23:
19:
18:
1048:: 221–231.
511:calcination
487:cassiterite
447:Tourmaline
389:Wolframite
142:Pyrrhotite
1093:Categories
851:2012-08-20
828:3527306730
744:2022-04-20
711:References
552:nonferrous
489:, such as
483:wolframite
470:After the
88:Magnetite
1109:Magnetism
1062:0959-6526
994:0036-8075
936:0893-8512
892:0172-2190
463:tried to
335:Hematite
281:Chromite
240:Siderite
199:Ilmenite
39:(e.g. an
1010:23522459
1002:17095696
499:Cornwall
452:16 - 20
442:12 - 18
384:12 - 18
330:10 - 16
191:0.5 - 4
77:Formula
74:Mineral
974:Science
954:8118790
775:Bibcode
567:cancers
276:9 - 18
235:8 - 16
47:History
1078:
1060:
1008:
1000:
992:
952:
945:358305
942:
934:
890:
825:
539:magnet
24:magnet
1006:S2CID
211:FeTiO
1076:ISBN
1058:ISSN
998:PMID
990:ISSN
950:PMID
932:ISSN
888:ISSN
823:ISBN
569:and
535:iron
493:and
293:FeCr
252:FeCO
1050:doi
982:doi
978:314
940:PMC
924:doi
880:doi
815:doi
783:doi
672:NCs
497:in
41:ore
1095::
1056:.
1046:82
1044:.
1030:^
1004:.
996:.
988:.
976:.
962:^
948:.
938:.
930:.
918:.
914:.
900:^
886:.
876:17
874:.
860:^
836:^
821:,
795:^
781:.
771:10
769:.
753:^
719:^
628:Fe
592:GE
541:.
418:WO
410:Mn
404:Fe
347:Fe
154:Fe
137:1
100:Fe
1082:.
1064:.
1052::
1012:.
984::
956:.
926::
920:7
894:.
882::
854:.
817::
789:.
785::
777::
747:.
645:4
641:O
632:3
422:4
413:)
407:,
401:(
364:3
360:O
351:2
310:4
306:O
297:2
256:3
215:3
171:8
167:S
158:7
117:4
113:O
104:3
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
