20:
657:
637:
677:
672:
662:
692:
647:
652:
642:
667:
682:
687:
770:
identities of people of who are mixed
Hispanic-white and Asian-white are closer to those of white people than monoracial Hispanics or Asians. Thus, when the Census projects that non-Hispanic whites will be less than 50% of the population by the 2040s, Alba believes these people of mixed-race ancestry are improperly excluded from that category.
178:
to minority under the influence of changing demographics. With alternate immigration scenarios, the whole United States is projected to become majority-minority sometime between 2041 and 2046 (depending on the amount of net immigration into the U.S., birth/death rates, and intermarriage rates over the preceding years).
734:
majority Rhode Island and
Louisiana are the only states in the U.S. where a single denomination constitutes a majority of the population. (By contrast, numerous denominations are classified as Protestant.) But, no U.S. state has a majority composed of any non-Christian group, except for Hawaii, where
177:
The whole United States of
America is projected to become majority-minority by the middle of the 21st century if current trends continue. The U.S. will then become the first major post-industrial society in the world where the dominant group established in an earlier period transitioned from majority
329:
The first data for New Mexico was a 5% sample in 1940, which estimated non-Hispanic whites at 50.9%. Hispanics are not classified as a race, according to the U.S. census, but as an ethnic and cultural group of any race. Of respondents who listed
Hispanic origin, some identified as being of the White
214:
resulted in more than 6,500,000 African
Americans to abandon the economically depressed, segregated Deep South in search of better employment opportunities and living conditions, first in Northern and Midwestern industrial cities, and later west to California. One-fifth of Florida's black population
165:
in seventeen states: the six that are already majority-minority, plus the following eleven: Georgia (50.1%), Florida (51.5%), New Jersey (51.9%), New York (52.5%), Arizona (53.4%), Mississippi (55.4%), Louisiana (55.8%), Alaska (57.5%), Illinois (58.3%), Delaware (58.6%), and
Virginia (58.6%). Per
50:
nationwide minorities, meaning a grouping of racial and ethnic groups (other than the national majority) that composes over 50% of the territorial population, regardless if one of those minority groups already attains a majority on its own. No single minority is yet the majority in any state, with
337:
In U.S. censuses since 1990, self-identification by respondents has been the primary way to identify race of residents. Presumption of race based on countries or regions given in the ancestry question is used only when a respondent has answered the ancestry question but not the race question. The
769:
arguing that the way in which majority-minority calculations are made by the Census are misleading. Anyone identifying as of
Hispanic, Asian, or Black ancestry is classified as non-white, although they may also have white ancestry. Alba argues that the incomes, marriage patterns, and social
702:
In the United States for the 2018/2019 school year, 78.7% of white public school students attended schools where they are the majority, compared to 55.9% of
Hispanics, 42.0% of African Americans, and 14.3% of Asians. At a national level in the US with regards to racial classification,
110:. Hawaii has never had a white non-Hispanic majority although per the 2020 U.S. Census, Asians (at 36.5%), non-Hispanics whites (at 21.6%), and those of mixed race (at 20.0%), have surpassed native Polynesians (its historic majority group, at 10.2%) in the population (see
241:
and expanding opportunities elsewhere, with some leaving the district because of rising housing costs or for opportunities in the South. Many black people have moved to
Maryland, Georgia, Florida, and Texas. They are joined by others migrating to jobs in states of the
835:, Not Reported in F.Supp. 1975 WL 278 (United States District Court; E.D. North Carolina, Wilson Division. December 22, 1975); Winchester Spinning Corp. v. N. L. R. B., 402 F.2d 299 (United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit. October 08, 1968).
725:
Normally, a state is classified as majority-minority because of the ethnic or racial makeup of residents, but other criteria are occasionally used, such as religion, disability, or age. For example, the majority of Utah residents are members of
265:
immigration have resulted in increases in the number of majority-minority areas, most notably in
California. Its legal resident population was 89.5% 'non-Hispanic white' in the 1940s, but by 2020, was 34.7% 'non-Hispanic white'.
206:
In the same period, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida had populations that were nearly 50% black; while Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia had black populations approaching or exceeding 40%. Texas's black population reached 30%.
150:
As of 2017, minority children comprise the majority among children in fourteen states: the six that are already majority-minority, plus the following eight: Arizona, Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, Delaware, Alaska, New York, and
1776:
51:
the closest to that end being Hispanics in New Mexico (49% of the total population as of the 2020 census). As such, all majority-minority states do not have a single ethnic or racial group as the outright majority.
1653:
254:— a considerable decline from 75% in the late-1970s. At the same time, the Asian, Hispanic, and Mixed race populations have all increased in the District, and it is still classified as a majority-minority area.
1021:
969:
269:
In 2010, minority children comprised the majority among children in the six states that were already majority-minority, plus the following four: Arizona, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi.
171:
107:
779:
845:
288:
1632:
Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States
311:
1035:
1865:
784:
215:
had left the state by 1940, for instance. During the last thirty years of the twentieth century into the twenty-first century, scholars have documented a reverse
1132:
1605:
350:
162:
111:
789:
338:
U.S. census defines "White people" very broadly as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa, i.e.
1089:
735:
51.1% of the population follow religions that would be non-mainstream in the rest of the United States. Hawaii is classified as religious majority of
1402:
1690:
1554:
1371:
1340:
1316:
1285:
1254:
1230:
1199:
1175:
1063:
942:
916:
727:
330:
race, roughly half gave responses tabulated under "Some other race" (e.g. giving a national origin such as "Mexican" or a designation such as "
63:
19:
74:
to enable ethnic or language minorities "the opportunity to elect their candidate of choice." In that context, the term was first used by the
1007:
704:
1478:
William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp.1–5
1748:
1157:
1855:
730:, a Christian denomination that is a religious minority throughout the rest of the United States. In addition to Mormon-dominant Utah,
364:
Race/ethnicity by location per 2020 census data White populations are marked in italics. Largest non-white groups are marked in bold.
855:
1860:
1480:
902:
1450:
258:
251:
1535:"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - District of Columbia"
203:: Louisiana (from 1810 until about 1890), South Carolina (until the 1920s), and Mississippi (from the 1830s to the 1930s).
1654:"Share of Population by Race/Ethnicity – Rankings – diversitydata.org – data for diverse and equitable metropolitan areas"
1585:
1534:
993:
230:
211:
75:
67:
1136:
1609:
1777:"U.S. public school students tend to go to schools where their classmates share their racial and ethnic background"
1586:"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - California"
656:
144:) are also majority-minority. None of the current United States territories ever had a white non-Hispanic majority.
636:
1513:
1111:
1631:
716:
346:
318:
661:
133:
1753:
1697:
1590:
1561:
1539:
1409:
1378:
1347:
1323:
1292:
1261:
1237:
1206:
1182:
1040:
676:
671:
1672:
691:
210:
The demographics of these states changed markedly from the 1890s through the 1960s, as two waves of the
78:
in 1977. The Court had previously used the term in employment discrimination and labor relations cases.
917:"B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - Maryland - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
651:
646:
641:
1064:"B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - Georgia - 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
943:"B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - Georgia - 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
666:
237:
status during the migration's latter stages. The black proportion has declined since the 1990s due to
681:
167:
158:
71:
686:
1133:"2012 National Population Projections: Summary Tables – People and Households – U.S. Census Bureau"
137:
27:
1818:
1797:
276:
121:
196:
275:
is the only state to have never had a non-Hispanic white majority. In addition, all populated
765:
731:
334:" as race), and much smaller numbers listed Black, American Indian, or Asian as their race.
296:
147:
As of 2011, minority births (children under age 1) are the majority among births nationwide.
1426:
55:
1840:
8:
1781:
973:
630:
247:
216:
43:
1487:
292:
1454:
1067:
946:
920:
59:
1734:
1446:
Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923
1720:
1431:
850:
188:
353:
has proven hard to quantify; the census uses a 12 million base estimate nationally.
1801:
234:
226:
200:
117:
1798:"Students of color changing the face of Washington schools — and the state, too"
1036:"Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census"
823:, 430 U.S. 144 97 S.Ct. 996 (Supreme Court of the United States March 01, 1977)
339:
238:
219:
of black people to southern states, but typically to urban destinations in the
141:
811:
430 U.S. 144 97 S.Ct. 996 (Supreme Court of the United States March 01, 1977).
287:
Many cities in the United States became majority-minority by 2010. Out of the
1849:
1835:
1606:"White children in the minority in 10 states – This Just In – CNN.com Blogs"
300:
1161:
1481:"The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000"
262:
876:
752:
125:
720:
1806:
At the national level, public schools became majority-minority in 2014.
748:
192:
91:
87:
39:
631:
Majority-minority counties in the United States by state (2020 Census)
243:
220:
1158:"Children of color projected to be majority of U.S. youth this year"
763:
In January 2016, CUNY sociologist Richard Alba wrote an article in
744:
103:
740:
331:
304:
54:
Racial data is derived from self-identification questions on the
1723:, Census 2000 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001.
1231:"Table 39. Mississippi – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990"
846:"U.S. whites will soon be the minority in number, but not power"
1691:"Table 46. New Mexico – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990"
1555:"Table 19. California – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990"
780:
List of majority minority United States congressional districts
272:
99:
83:
1176:"Table 33. Louisiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990"
994:"On the Records: Texas One of Five "Minority-Majority" States"
70:
law to designate voting districts that are designed under the
42:
or jurisdiction whose population is composed of less than 50%
1403:"Table 61. Virginia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990"
95:
1317:"Table 24. Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1830 to 1990"
1286:"Table 15. Alabama – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990"
1255:"Table 25. Georgia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990"
809:
United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey,
1514:"In D.C., blacks are no longer the majority - USATODAY.com"
821:
United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey
172:
non-Hispanic white population declined below 50% in Georgia
129:
46:. It is defined as a population with a collective majority
223:, which have pleasant climates and developing economies.
1022:"Child population by race | KIDS COUNT Data Center"
1008:"Child population by race | KIDS COUNT Data Center"
785:
Lists of U.S. cities with non-white majority populations
163:
percentage of non-Hispanic white residents is below 60%
16:
Places with less than 50% non-Hispanic white population
351:
undocumented immigrant population of the United States
154:
As of 2019, children are majority minority nationwide.
229:, was one of the magnets for black people during the
112:
list of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity
790:
List of U.S. states by non-Hispanic white population
1735:"Illegal immigrants in the US: How many are there?"
1608:. News.blogs.cnn.com. April 6, 2011. Archived from
970:"After 200 years, Native Hawaiians make a comeback"
1732:
1090:"Whites to be minority in America in 2043: Census"
967:
1749:"2020 Census Redistricting: Supplementary Tables"
342:. This definition has changed through the years.
1847:
1741:
1866:Majority-minority counties in the United States
1671:Overberg, Janet Adamy and Paul (23 June 2016).
1135:. Census.gov. February 20, 2013. Archived from
1112:"Longer US white majority if immigration slows"
728:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
345:Although the census attempts to enumerate both
307:(59.45%) retain non-Hispanic white majorities.
279:have never had a non-Hispanic white majority.
64:race and ethnicity in the United States census
1630:Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (February 2005).
1056:
1028:
1841:10% of U.S. Counties Now 'Majority-Minority'
1819:"The Likely Persistence of a White Majority"
1795:
250:. Per the 2020 Census, the Black population
191:to the early-twentieth century, much of the
833:Sledge (Harrison) v. J.P. Stevens & Co.
707:obtained majority minority status in 2014.
1629:
1670:
1474:
1472:
1419:
252:represented 40.9% of the D.C. population
1848:
1511:
877:"Minority population surging in Texas"
1469:
1372:"Race and Hispanic Origin for States"
1341:"Race and Hispanic Origin for States"
1200:"Race and Hispanic Origin for States"
1714:
82:Seven states are majority-minority:
1733:Brad Knickerbocker (May 16, 2006).
883:. Associated Press. August 18, 2005
289:top 20 cities by population in 2020
199:had populations that were majority-
13:
1796:Claudia Rowe (December 22, 2016).
356:
324:
18:
14:
1877:
1856:Demographics of the United States
1836:U.S. Census demographic estimates
1829:
1435:. Retrieved on December 17, 2011.
968:Sara Kehaulani Goo (2015-04-06).
1737:. The Christian Science Monitor.
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
248:a reverse of the Great Migration
1811:
1789:
1769:
1726:
1683:
1673:"Population of Nonwhites Grows"
1664:
1646:
1623:
1598:
1578:
1547:
1527:
1512:Dorell, Oren (March 25, 2011).
1505:
1438:
1395:
1364:
1333:
1309:
1278:
1247:
1223:
1192:
1168:
1150:
1125:
1109:
1103:
1092:. GlobalPost. December 12, 2012
1082:
1014:
1000:
986:
697:
961:
935:
909:
895:
869:
838:
826:
814:
802:
312:metropolitan areas in the U.S.
1:
795:
717:Religion in the United States
710:
66:). The term is often used in
1634:(Report). U.S. Census Bureau
758:
386:Hispanic or Latino American
195:had a black majority. Three
7:
1861:Majority–minority relations
1754:United States Census Bureau
1591:United States Census Bureau
1540:United States Census Bureau
1041:United States Census Bureau
773:
261:, changes in the origin of
10:
1882:
1721:The White Population: 2000
1502:, accessed March 19, 2008.
1444:Maxine D. Rogers, et al.,
714:
1516:. Usatoday30.usatoday.com
363:
347:citizens and non-citizens
282:
277:United States territories
233:, and reached a majority-
182:
168:American Community Survey
159:2020 United States Census
122:United States territories
138:Northern Mariana Islands
28:United States of America
739:, including agnostics,
321:are majority-minority.
314:are majority-minority.
38:is a term describing a
1448:, December 1993, p. 5
721:Hawaii § Religion
36:minority-majority area
32:majority-minority area
23:
1658:www.diversitydata.org
903:"Explore Census Data"
766:The American Prospect
22:
1785:. December 14, 2021.
532:District of Columbia
120:, and all populated
1782:Pew Research Center
1703:on January 20, 2013
1677:Wall Street Journal
1567:on January 21, 2015
1384:on January 20, 2013
1353:on January 20, 2013
1298:on October 23, 2013
1267:on October 23, 2013
1212:on February 7, 2014
974:Pew Research Center
377:Non-Hispanic White
317:As of 2015, 12% of
217:New Great Migration
134:U.S. Virgin Islands
44:non-Hispanic whites
1821:. 11 January 2016.
1068:U.S. Census Bureau
947:U.S. Census Bureau
921:U.S. Census Bureau
755:(non-practicing).
395:Two or more races
60:U.S. Census Bureau
24:
1757:. August 12, 2021
1493:on April 28, 2008
1466:, March 28, 2008.
1432:Handbook of Texas
1427:African Americans
1114:. Bigstory.ap.org
851:The Baltimore Sun
628:
627:
383:African American
72:Voting Rights Act
1873:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1802:The News Tribune
1793:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1696:. Archived from
1695:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:on April 8, 2011
1602:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1560:. Archived from
1559:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1486:. Archived from
1485:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1453:. Archived from
1442:
1436:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1408:. Archived from
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1377:. Archived from
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1346:. Archived from
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1322:. Archived from
1321:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1291:. Archived from
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1260:. Archived from
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1236:. Archived from
1235:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1205:. Archived from
1204:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1181:. Archived from
1180:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
998:
997:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
913:
907:
906:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
854:. Archived from
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
392:Native Hawaiian
389:Native American
361:
360:
227:Washington, D.C.
118:Washington, D.C.
62:estimates. (See
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1846:
1845:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1457:on May 15, 2008
1449:
1443:
1439:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
991:
987:
978:
976:
966:
962:
952:
950:
941:
940:
936:
926:
924:
915:
914:
910:
901:
900:
896:
886:
884:
875:
874:
870:
861:
859:
844:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
807:
803:
798:
776:
761:
723:
713:
700:
633:
380:Asian American
359:
357:Maps and graphs
327:
325:Data collection
310:As of 2012, 50
285:
231:Great Migration
212:Great Migration
197:Southern states
185:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1830:External links
1828:
1825:
1824:
1810:
1788:
1768:
1740:
1725:
1713:
1682:
1663:
1645:
1622:
1597:
1577:
1546:
1526:
1504:
1468:
1437:
1418:
1415:on 2010-03-27.
1394:
1363:
1332:
1329:on 2010-03-27.
1308:
1277:
1246:
1243:on 2010-03-27.
1222:
1191:
1188:on 2010-03-27.
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1070:. July 1, 2022
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286:
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1110:Yen, Hope.
927:November 6,
887:December 7,
753:secularists
749:irreligious
373:White (all)
126:Puerto Rico
56:U.S. census
1850:Categories
1707:2013-06-24
1616:2013-03-18
1571:2013-06-24
1520:2013-03-18
1497:2008-05-19
1461:2008-05-01
1451:"Rosewood"
1388:2013-06-24
1357:2013-06-24
1302:2013-06-24
1271:2013-06-24
1216:2013-06-24
1143:2013-06-06
1118:2013-06-06
1096:2013-06-06
1048:August 13,
979:2023-12-05
862:2018-01-21
796:References
715:See also:
711:Other uses
466:New Mexico
400:California
299:(51.97%),
295:(50.08%),
193:Deep South
92:California
88:New Mexico
40:U.S. state
759:Criticism
745:humanists
565:Maryland
340:Caucasoid
244:New South
221:New South
174:(49.63%).
166:the 2022
881:NBC News
774:See also
741:atheists
297:Columbus
157:Per the
104:Maryland
1761:June 4,
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332:Mestizo
305:Seattle
291:, only
263:foreign
108:Georgia
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26:In the
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751:, and
747:, the
624:10.2%
573:49.1%
527:17.6%
494:19.9%
461:25.3%
433:Hawaii
428:14.6%
349:, the
301:Denver
283:Cities
273:Hawaii
257:Since
183:States
170:, the
161:, the
140:, and
136:, the
132:, the
106:, and
100:Nevada
84:Hawaii
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547:41.4%
540:38.0%
536:39.6%
517:39.3%
513:12.2%
507:39.7%
503:50.1%
499:Texas
488:10.0%
484:47.7%
474:36.5%
470:51.0%
458:11.0%
445:37.2%
441:21.6%
437:22.9%
418:39.4%
411:15.4%
408:34.7%
404:41.2%
369:Area
235:black
201:black
187:From
96:Texas
1763:2020
1640:2020
1076:2023
1050:2021
955:2023
929:2020
889:2009
719:and
621:0.2%
618:1.1%
609:6.0%
557:0.1%
554:0.5%
543:4.8%
524:0.1%
521:1.0%
510:5.4%
491:0.1%
480:2.1%
477:1.8%
455:0.3%
452:8.5%
449:1.6%
425:0.3%
422:1.6%
414:6.7%
259:1965
130:Guam
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