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Though the rhythms used in makuta vary from place to place, makuta is always a dance-drumming event with sacred significance. The functions of its
African antecedents, however, are said to be more ceremonial, possibly to accompany the coronation of kings in the Congo. In Cuba, makuta activities are
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Makuta drums are often adorned with painted symbols of the cabildo to which they belong, or even Cuban national symbols. They are played while standing and are sometimes attached to the player with a rope around the waist in order to lean the drum slightly forward. Both drums are played with the
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Makuta drum construction has a number of regional variations, but the ensemble usually consists of only two drums. Generally, all are created from wooden staves, similar to the way a barrel would be constructed. Both sizes have a goat skin head at the top of the drum and are open on the opposite
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that claim Bantu or Congo ancestry (i.e., from
Central Africa). There is some uncertainty as to whether or not these drums were historically played in ensembles of three, or if that was a more recent and infrequent addition.
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was told by interviewees that a cord-tensioning system was used prior to metal lugs, and this system was more recently documented in other regions by the Cuban music research institute known as CIDMUC (see references below).
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a number of Afro-Cuban folkloric groups began to perform makuta for staged performances, recordings, and tourists. Such groups, such as
Conjunto Folklórico Nacional de Cuba and Grupo Afrocuba de Matanzas, make use of
145:. In the instances that they are used for funeral ceremonies, they can be accompanied by the kinfuiti drum, a friction drum similar to the Brazilian cuica but larger.
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associated with Congo cabildos and have been called “public religious music”, a reference to its openness compared to other Congo religious practices in Cuba such as
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and is usually barrel shaped. Its head is attached with a tensioning system of metal rods, usually known in
English as “lugs.” The smaller drum known as
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end. They are commonly around 1 meter in height and their heads vary from approximately 30 cm to 40 cm in diameter.
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132:. The oldest surviving drums are said to be found in the provinces of Villa Clara, Cienfuegos, and Sancti Spíritus.
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hands and the lead drummer sometimes wears shakers on his wrists, a practice also common in yuka and rumba drumming.
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Makuta drumming is practiced mostly in the
Western provinces of Cuba including
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is also used to refer to the dancing and rhythms associated with these drums.
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drums, often cited as an important influence on the development of the
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206:. Victoria Eli Rodríguez, ed. Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales.
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199:. Vol 3. Havana: Dirección de Cultura del Ministerio de Educación.
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ceremonies associated with the descendants of slaves brought to
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Though historically only practiced in cabildos, after the
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Instrumentos de la Música Folclórico-popular de Cuba
202:Vinueza González, María Elena (1997). "Makuta" In
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33:drums are tall cylindrical or barrel-shaped
75:The large lead drum is known variously as
197:Los Instrumentos de la Música Afrocubana
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116:Makuta drums are associated with Cuban
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192:. Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas.
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190:La Percusión en la Música Cubana
157:instead of actual makuta drums.
43:or conga drum. They are used in
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112:History
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