1800:
of residence to find out about your condition and will come and let us know about your condition. He will let you know about our condition; he will let you know everything about our activity now that we are asking our Lord and are soliciting the abundant ocean of His mercy that He may bless you with all heavenly blessing and take away and make depart from you the sufferings and the affliction and that He may liberate you from the temptations and the rebellion and the evil scandals, by the prayer of the
Apostles and the Fathers, so that during your lifetime you may remain healthy and be preserved in the sign of the living Cross of the Lord. Yes and Amen.
1473:. There he lived in home custody until his death on 16 August 1720. Although all these happened in utmost secrecy, a letter that he sent from the Capuchin monastery of Surat to the Saint Thomas Christians, was preserved and his memory was cherished by them. Shemʿon's dead body was found in a well near where he was detained in Pondicherry and thus the Saint Thomas Christians believed that he was murdered by the missionaries. His tragedy inspired them and he was hailed as a martyr for the efforts to maintain the Church of the East's jurisdiction and East Syriac Rite among them.
1477:
472:
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land of
Portugal; from there I came to the land of India, to the city of Anjuna and asked about you and he told me: “Those people are not here, the people whom you seek, but go to the city of Surat, there you will find them.” I went to Surat and did not see anybody from among you, but I saw a Jew and a book of yours was with him. I took it from him, kissed it and read, rejoiced very much and asked him: “Where would be these Christians?” - and he told me: “In the land of Kochi.”.....
1529:
1499:
1509:. His mission was roughly coterminous with that of Shemʿon of ʿAda, however much more fruitful. He was Gabriel of Ardishai, the Metropolitan of Azerbaijan. Unlike Metropolitan Shem˓on, Gabriel neither explicitly claim to be Chaldean Catholic bishop nor was he interested in a friendship with the Latin missionaries. However, he implicitly presented himself as a Catholic bishop sent from the Chaldean Patriarchate. Previously he was in Rome and he had interactions with the
1643:, the head of the Syriac Orthodox delegation, consecrated Kurian Kattumangat as Bishop Abraham Koorilose in 1764. These West Syriac bishops were skeptical about the validity of Sacraments administered by Thoma VI. They often re-ordained priests who were already ordained by him. Very often they appointed their own candidates as priests without even consulting the native bishop. They were in a process of replacing the Latinised East Syriac Rite and traditions of the
1569:
218:
1247:"As far as your province is concerned, from the time you showed recalcitrance against ecclesiastical canons, the episcopal succession has been interrupted in India, and this country has since sat in darkness, far from the light of divine teaching by means of rightful bishops: not only India that extends from the borders of the Persian empire, to the country which is called Kaleh, which is a distance of one thousand and two hundred
35:
1679:
after dinner and on the next day the gold monstrance was found to be missing. Suspecting Jacob
Kathanar to be the thief he was taken by force to Verapoly by the missionaries and was denied food for several days. He fell ill and died. His last request before death for receiving Holy Communion too was denied. He was also denied a church burial, as his body was wrapped up in a mat and buried near a pond.
1557:. In the letter, it is also declared among other things that Gabriel was celebrating the Eucharist with unleavened bread. However, it is clear that he used both leavened and unleavened bread opportunistically. Meanwhile, Angelo Francisco received the letter of Giuseppe Sagribanti that alerted the Carmelites. They were successful in persuading the natives and thereby ousting Gabriel from the
1604:
the land of Isso
Biranon Kinan so have they driven the worse than heathen Portuguese out of Cochin and other cities and fortresses of Malabar; and through Divine Providence the Syrian christians have been from that time forward protected and defended from them, and their pastors have again visited this country without let or hindrance.
1599:, a Dutch chaplain at Kochi, gives an apologetic detail of the history of Christianity in India and expresses staunch opposition to the Portuguese missionaries. Following is an excerpt from the letter, entitled "The antiquity of the Syrian Christians, and Historical events relating to them", addressed to Visscher:
1565:. This church was then used by both factions of Saint Thomas Christians. Individuals and families belonging to both factions had close relationships and the allegiance to the faction to which one belonged often owed more to local reasons than to faith. Opposition and rivalries was more personal than theological.
1880:
This incident marks an epoch in the history of the Syrian Church, and led to a separation of the community into parties, namely the
Pazhayakuru (the Romo-Syrians) who adhered to the Church of Rome according to the Synod at Diamper; and the Puttankuru , the Jacobite Syrians , who after the oath of the
1612:
Mar
Gabriel, a white man, and sent hither from Bagdad, is aged and venerable in appearance, and dresses nearly in the same fashion as the Jewish priests of old, wearing a cap fashioned like a turban, and a long white beard. He is courteous and God-fearing, and not at all addicted to extravagant pomp.
1329:
implemented a
Latinised form of the Chaldean Rite among the Saint Thomas Christians. Being, a highly skilled Syriacist, this new Syriac liturgy was introduced by Roz himself. The text of the new liturgy largely consisted of translations from the Latin and intended to re-place the original East Syriac
1799:
After duly enquiring about your spiritual well-being and asking about your condition, we let it be known to your beloved kindness that from the day when we sent Priest Joseph and Priest
Hormizd, there came to us no reply from you, until now. Now we have sent Reader Abdisho, who will go to your place
1719:
missionaries, who had already achieved the trust of the pope, managed to spoil the efforts at Rome. But, the
Portuguese Queen, who was impressed with Kariyattil Iousep for his sincere effort and knowledge, decided to bestow the title of Archbishop of Cranganore upon him using her Padroado rights. He
1665:
leaders, who informed him of the ill-treatment and discrimination that they faced from the missionaries. In 1773, the leaders and representatives of the Paḻayakūṟ community assembled at the Great church in Angamāly to discuss the church union. This general meeting at
Angamaly was dominated by strong
1881:
Coonan Cross got Mar Gregory from Antioch, acknowledged the spiritual supremacy thereof. The former owed its foundation to the Archbishop Menezes and the Synod at Diamper in 1599 and its reconciliation after the revolt to the Carmelite Bishop Father Joseph of St.Mary whom the Pope appointed in 1659.
1779:
and requested him to send East Syriac bishops to India. The Patriarch consecrated Paulose Pandari as Metropolitan of Malabar under the episcopal name Mar Abraham and sent him to India. It was symbolic gesture from the Chaldean Patriarchate presenting the Metropolitan as the episcopal successor of
1603:
And in the days of this persecution, the upright, God-fearing, justice-loving, and peaceable Dutch were sent to Malabar by the inspiration of Almighty God and by order of the East India Company, under the command of the noble Lord Admiral Ryklop van Goens, and like as the heathen were driven out of
1591:
also joined him. He claimed to have secured about 44 churches in his leadership. Thoma IV was by this time a supporter of Miaphysitism, brought by the Syriac Orthodox prelates, and he regarded Gabriel as a Nestorian heretic. In 1709, he wrote a letter to the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, pleading that
1218:
Even in Taprobané , an island in Further India, where the Indian sea is, there is a Church of Christians, with clergy and a body of believers, but I know not whether there be any Christians in the parts beyond it. In the country. called Malé ,' where the pepper grows, there is also a church, and at
1678:
On the feast-day of Theresa of Avila there was a 40 hours adoration at Verapoly. Puthenpurackal Jacob Kathanar, the parish priest of Edappilly church also went for the adoration and returned to his parish church along with other people. The European Carmelite missionaries forgot to lock the church
1520:
However, in one of his two letters preserved in the Saint Joseph's Monastery at Mannanam, dated 1708, he makes a perfect Catholic confession of "the Lady Mary the Mother of God and Ever virgin Mary" and sent it to Angelo Francisco. Gabriel then declares that he is the “Metropolitan of all India of
1381:
under a common Catholic hierarchy. However, this attempt was spoiled by the missionaries. Meanwhile, the missionaries assured Chandy that his successor will be a native. Hence, Chandy held his archdeacon as his rightful successor. But after Chandy's death, the missionaries appointed a half-Indian
2006:
The Author mostly uses the term 'Malankara' in Varthamanappusthakam to represent Catholics of those times. It has been rendered in translation as "Malabar". Both " Malankara" and "Malabar" stands for the same region. In today's ecclesiastic language " Malankara" denote the West Syriac rite of the
1488:
After praying that you be in spiritual peace and enquiring about your condition I let it know to your graceful love that I came from Mar Eliah, Patriarch of the East; let his glorious see be fortified! Amen. First I went to Jerusalem and from there I went to the great Rome and to Spain and to the
1651:
crucifixes and statues of saints and Mary, which were kept and venerated in these churches ever since the onset of Portuguese influence among them. This led to frequent conflicts between the adherents of new rite and those following the old. This led to eventual division of churches between
1429:
of the Church of the East and was previously his representative in Rome to discuss Church union. He travelled to India in a Portuguese ship and reached Goa. However he was arrested and deported. Later he approached the 'Josephite' Patriarchate and made a Catholic profession of faith. He was
1845:
etc. to refer the Syrian Catholic community. In modern day ecclesiastic language “Malankara” denote the West Syriac rite of the “Malankra Orthodox”, “Malankara Jacobite”, “Malankara Mar Thoma” and “Syro Malankra”. The “ Malabar” denote the East Syriac rite of the “ Syro Malabar
1552:
and instead of making a new confession of faith to be sent to Rome, he made the aforementioned confession of faith in a letter addressed to Angelo Francisco in order to make peace with him and with the Carmelites residing in Malabar. Gabriel was then residing near the
1808:
rising influence in the royal court of Travancore. His properties were confiscated and he was imprisoned. Although the King later repented for the indiscriminate actions of the Dalava, the church union movement had already lost its powerful economic backing.
1660:
fractions of the St.Thomas Christians. By 1770, the prelates forced Thoma VI to be reconsecrated as 'Dionysios I'. Thoma VI had to receive all orders of priesthood from the tonsure to the episcopal consecration. Thoma VI received support from
1352:
also resisted the latinisation and a long struggle began for maintaining the Chaldaean rite and the contact with both the patriarchates of the Church of the East while identifying themselves Catholic in communion with the Holy See of Rome.
1792:, he grew mad and thus proved to be unable to administer the Church. There were other attempts in 1799 to bring a new bishop to replace Pandari. However, none of those attempts materialised. Thus this short lived reunion failed.
1464:
declined the request to consecrate the newly appointed bishop-elect. Therefore, the missionaries accepted Shemʿon's Catholic faith just in order to make him consecrate the Carmelite bishop. On 22 May 1701, Shemʿon was escorted to
1638:
were reluctant to reciprocate to his efforts fearing that the indigenous bishop would take away their authority and influence over the faction after the proposed reunification of the Saint Thomas Christians was fulfilled.
1397:
Carmelites and quarrels started to escalate. Many churches protested against the move and some even joined Thoma II. Soon, Bishop Raphael Figueredo also lost the favour of the Carmelites and he was replaced with
1613:
Round his neck he wears a golden crucifix. He lives with the utmost sobriety, abstaining from all animal food ... He holds the Nestorian doctrine respecting the union of the two natures in our Saviour's person.
1469:, where he was made to consecrate Angelo Francisco at midnight. The Carmelites took every precaution so that he could not meet anyone from the Saint Thomas Christians. He was then secretly deported to
1194:, which is said to have occurred in 345. However, most experts believe that the arrival of Knai Thoma must have occurred in the ninth century. The subgroup of the Saint Thomas Christians known as the
1317:, many traditions and numerous Syriac books of the native Saint Thomas Christians were condemned. Although the Synod proposed a highly Latinised form of liturgy, it was resisted by most of them.
1426:
3336:
1608:
Gabriel received certain amount of support and favour from the Dutch and he remained in India until his death in 1731. Visscher gives the following account of Metropolitan Gabriel:
1517:
as they found it unsound to Catholic doctrine. He was asked to make necessary corrections, which he did not and without getting Rome's approval, he made his journey to Malabar.
1151:
1634:
and thus to prevent the West Syriac prelates, he initiated efforts to submit to the Pope and profess the Catholic creed. However, the Carmelite missionaries working among the
1795:
An excerpt from the letter of Patriarch Yohannan VII Hormizd addressed to the faithful in Malabar gives a detail of the attempts for restoration of the East Syriac hierarchy.
1715:
in Rome and had earned a doctoral degree there. Kariyattil Iousep, accompanied by Paremmakkal Thoma and two other deacons, made the trip from Kerala in 1778. Meanwhile, the
1190:, in around the 3rd century. Saint Thomas Christians trace the further growth of their community to the arrival of Jewish-Christians from the region of Mesopotamia led by
1259:, then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by Maruvān Sapir Iso, a Persian Christian merchant, with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent
1280:
to the Christians of Malabar. The two bishops were instrumental in founding many Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast and were venerated as
1119:
925:
1754:
against the colonial Latin hegemony, declaring their allegiance to the Paremmakkal Thoma and urged for the reinstatement of their native East Syriac hierarchy.
17:
2007:"Malankra Orthodox", "Malankara Jacobite", "Malankara Mar Thoma" and "Syro Malankra". The " Malabar" denote the East Syriac rite of the " Syro Malabar Church".
1674:
bishops working then in Kerala. The representatives from the Edappally church narrated the way how the European missionaries put their parish priest to death.
1521:
the Syrians”. The second letter is written in 1712 and is entitled "Letter of Gabriel Metropolitan of all India". In it, Gabriel answers an inquiry from the
1993:
1711:. Other members of the community contributed by selling or pawning their jewellery and property. Kariattil was previously a student at the school of the
1554:
1513:
in an aim to get approval as the bishop for Saint Thomas Christians. In 1704, he wrote profession faith to be examined. However it was rejected by the
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1562:
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monastery. He informed that he was a Catholic bishop sent from the Chaldean Patriarch. Moreover, during the same time the Rome wanted to curtail the
438:
3257:
1784:, the last East Syriac Metropolitan of the undivided Church of the East in India. In 1799, Dionysius I paid obedience at the Thathampally Church in
2062:
1703:. This movement was led by the instigation and the financial backing of a rich Christian merchant and the first Christian minister of the King of
1763:
Thomas Paremmakkal, supported by Thachil Matthoo Tharakan, continued the negotiations with Dionysius I. In 1796, they sent a delegation to the
2221:
1409:) as the Vicar Apostolic of Malabar. Chandy died in 1687 and with him the initial attempts for reunification of both factions also died out.
869:
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while resisting the Latin missionaries and thereby gradually shifted to West Syriac Rite and Miaphysitism. However, the majority among the
1314:
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1004:
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sent him another letter, ordering him to retreat from Malabar to his flock in Azerbaijan. Meanwhile, Gabriel ignored the letters of the
1228:
1804:
One of the reasons for weakening of their vigour was Thachil Matthu Tharakan's misfortune. Thachil Matthoo Tharakan was troubled by
1724:
in 1782, effectively making him the Metropolitan of the united Malankara Church. However, Kariattil died in unclear circumstances in
1587:). Gabriel opposed him and was successful in winning back a number of churches and faithful from his faction. Many churches from the
892:
1721:
1484:
An excerpt from the letter of Metropolitan Shemʿon addressed to the Saint Thomas Christians in MS Mannanam Mal 14, 46r-45v folios:
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639:
2347:"The Song of Thomas Ramban" in Menachery G (ed); (1998) "The Indian Church History Classics", Vol. I, The Nazranies, Ollur, 1998.
2948:
Letters from Malabar, Tr.: To Which is Added an Account of Travancore, and Fra Bartolomeo's Travels in That Country. By H. Drury
1623:
1453:
911:
796:
2494:
2419:
2160:
2116:
1969:
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Traditionally, Thomas the Apostle is credited for the establishment of Christianity in India. He is believed to have come to
887:
559:
431:
366:
346:
2591:
849:
841:
694:
361:
278:
407:
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634:
316:
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The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction
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624:
511:
336:
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The Jewish community in India are known to have existed in Kerala in the 1st century AD, and it was possible for an
3495:
3450:"Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction"
1505:
By 1705, another East Syrian bishop was working in Southern Malabar, sent by the Catholicos of the East, Patriarch
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743:
739:
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was troubled by their increasing influence among his faction. Therefore, in order to reunite his faction with the
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administration. Rome had appointed Angelo Francisco Vigliotti, a Carmelite missionary, to be the future bishop of
2206:
Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973). "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas". In George Menachery (ed.).
1640:
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faithful concerning his faith: “If you ask me about my faith, my faith is like the faith of the holy Lord Pope”.
1310:
783:
302:
2565:
3213:
1985:
1431:
718:
455:
1286:(saints) since then by the Thomas Christians. It was during this period that Christians disappeared from the
1135:
1131:
331:
1760:, written by Thoma Kathanar in 1785, provides the detail of this journey until the death of the archbishop.
1728:. Thus the efforts drastically failed and planned Church reunion could not be realised. Following this, the
1336:
865:
857:
714:
293:
273:
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was led by Thomas Paremmakkal who took charge as the administrator of the Archdiocese of Cranganore. The
1047:
326:
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1596:
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813:
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321:
1325:, openly renounced the Synod of Diamper and called for a new synod at Angamaly to substitute it. This
1240:
1100:. The tradition of origin of the Christians in Kerala is found in a version of the Songs of Thomas or
471:
1322:
1268:
1143:
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853:
283:
217:
135:
89:
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1776:
1708:
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817:
705:
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1090:, to make a trip to Kerala then. The earliest known source connecting the Apostle to India is the
34:
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to meet the Pope to convey the message of Thoma VI and to negotiate the union of the dissident
1345:
1043:
963:
803:
775:
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574:
376:
189:
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1772:
1764:
1207:
825:
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722:
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381:
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1235:, the head of the province, used to consecrated bishops for the Diocese of India. Patriarch
3046:
2098:
1826:
1756:
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Gabriel strongly opposed the Portuguese but sought the support of the Dutch. His letter to
629:
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kingdom. Sapir Iso was the East Syriac Christian merchant who led the East Syriac bishops
8:
3227:
3190:
3111:
2620:
1781:
1544:, rejects his claims by saying that Gabriel has no authority from the Pope. In 1712, the
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administration in India. Fearing about these plans and reluctant to share authority, the
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1027:
1020:
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496:
371:
247:
184:
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1805:
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619:
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Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 415-436
3236:
Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 259-276
2762:
The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar
2662:
2182:
Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900
1788:. However, Metropolitan Abraham Pandari soon became sick. According to the diary of
3471:
3320:
3310:
3239:
2798:
2663:"La Relation du Voyage en Inde en 1701 du Métropolite chaldéen Simon (†16 Août 1720)"
2527:
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2415:
2348:
2328:
2257:
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2056:
1965:
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with a separate West Syriac identity. They insisted on removing from the churches of
1399:
1331:
1306:
1264:
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further narrates St Thomas's mission in the rest of South India and his martyrdom at
1008:
536:
506:
257:
3461:
3445:
2132:
3431:
3419:
3351:
3332:
3300:
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3114:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
3009:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
2970:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
2281:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
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for Saint Thomas Christians. This appointment shook the confidence they had in the
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quickly returned to the Catholic Church as East Syriac Catholics under Archbishop
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missionaries in Malabar recognised his authority in the fear of protest from the
1198:
or Southists trace their lineage to Thomas of Cana, while the group known as the
1110:
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in Persia, from whom they inherited the East Syriac liturgical rite. Through the
833:
288:
117:
2367:
Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar
2278:
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Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18
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1282:
1273:
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2489:(2010 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48, 119–120, 365–366.
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Until the seventh century, the Saint Thomas Christians were included in the
3405:
3391:
3377:
3363:
3258:"Nazrani History and Discourse on Early Nationalism in Varthamanapusthakam"
1964:. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India Publications, Vadavathoor.
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claim descent from the early Christians evangelized by Thomas the Apostle.
994:
67:
3116:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
3011:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
2972:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
2385:. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications. p. 40.
2283:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
1528:
1498:
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Christians. Following this in 1787, representatives from the eighty-four
1470:
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for the faithful in India. He travelled to India once again and reached
1704:
1568:
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The Saint Thomas Christians were originally in full communion with the
397:
2569:
1211:
1203:
1199:
121:
3304:
1986:""THE VARTHAMANAPPUSTHAKAM" written by Cathanar Thomman Paremmakkal"
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returned to the traditions of the Church of the East and became the
3449:
2443:
1422:
1366:
1248:
1163:
1035:
999:
145:
2399:. Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum. 1951. p. 233.
1412:
1321:, the Latin Jesuit bishop who was appointed to the now downgraded
1506:
1493:
1466:
1341:
1195:
1178:
An organized Christian presence in India dates to the arrival of
1167:
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1079:
1064:
3437:
Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy
1256:
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1183:
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3426:. Vol. 2. Bangalore: Church History Association of India.
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bishops be sent to aid him in countering Gabriel's arguments.
2727:
2725:
2523:
A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707
2483:
Cosmas Indicopleustes (24 June 2010). J. W. McCrindle (ed.).
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emotions against the colonial religious missionaries and the
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1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
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1720) arrived in India. He was originally sent by Patriarch
2566:"മരിച്ചാലും മരിക്കാത്ത മാർ അബ്രഹാം | IN Sunday Shalom"
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1905:
1903:
1901:
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2765:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–117.
2722:
1104:, in which, Thomas is described as arriving in or around
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2797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–65.
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2632:
2630:
2621:"Archbishop Simon Dominicus [Catholic-hierarchy]"
2603:
2601:
2545:
2543:
2045:"The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India"
2024:
1725:
1223:
there is moreover a bishop, who is appointed from Persia.
1083:
1058:
3025:
2986:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2228:
2093:
1898:
1617:
2920:
2811:
2769:
2383:
The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants
1886:
1622:
Following the arrival of West Syriac prelates in 1751,
3160:
3054:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2872:
2835:
2737:
2704:"Bishop Angelo Vigliotti [Catholic-hierarchy]"
2627:
2598:
2540:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2253:
The Acts of Thomas: Introduction, Text, and Commentary
2185:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
2080:
1373:, as his successor, in an attempt to reunify both the
1096:, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in
970:
and claim apostolic origin from the Indian mission of
2526:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
2482:
2324:
Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present
2297:
2012:
1962:
Varthamanappusthakam (Translation of John Malieckal)
1430:
consequently appointed as Metropolitan by Patriarch
2891:
2684:
2455:
1417:During this time, Metropolitan Shemʿon of ʿAda (d.
1330:(Chaldean) rite of the local Christians. After the
3418:
2476:
2449:
2380:
1875:The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. Vol.3
985:, a faction of the Church of the East entered the
3470:. The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 653–697.
2710:
2434:
3487:
3186:"Swarnacheviyude utama: Thachil Mathoo Tharakan"
3140:. St.George's Basilica, Angamāly. Archived from
2208:The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India
1767:. The delegation was led by Paulose Pandari, a
1011:of 1653, which constituted a secession from the
1003:missionaries, who took over the jurisdiction of
3400:. Delhi: National Council of Churches in India.
2409:
2152:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities
2087:
1748:churches assembled at Angamaly and drew up the
1536:Meanwhile, Giuseppe Sagribanti, Prefect of the
1413:Metropolitan Shemʿon and his mission in Malabar
1356:
1210:wrote of Syrian Christians he met in India and
3448:(2013). Peter Bruns; Heinz Otto Luthe (eds.).
3230:(2013). Peter Bruns; Heinz Otto Luthe (eds.).
1959:
1494:Metropolitan Gabriel and his temporary success
1173:
3252:
2794:A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858
2145:
1947:
1456:. This plan would enable Rome to surpass the
919:
432:
3226:
2205:
2199:
2061:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1892:
3337:"The Early Spread of Christianity in India"
2437:"Seven and half Churches (Ezhara Pallikal)"
2139:
2111:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 285.
3180:
3178:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2363:
2320:
2250:Klijn, Albertus Frederik Johannes (2003).
2237:
2220:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1263:or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under
926:
912:
470:
439:
425:
3299:
3275:
2560:
2558:
2308:
1683:Consequently, they selected two priests:
1026:Chandy's followers eventually became the
893:All India Conference of Indian Christians
740:Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
3430:
3130:
3102:
3100:
3098:
2938:
2926:
2607:
2276:
1567:
1527:
1497:
1475:
27:Church fork from the Syro-Malabar Church
3460:
3444:
3331:
3175:
3169:
3154:
3089:
3043:
2965:
2954:
2885:
2866:
2854:
2829:
2746:
2731:
2648:
2549:
2470:
2370:. William Brown and Co. pp. 23–42.
2030:
2018:
1953:
1695:faction. They also decided to meet the
1480:St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Alangad
14:
3488:
3404:
3397:The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East
3390:
3376:
3362:
3004:
2817:
2775:
2555:
2341:
1576:During this period, the leader of the
1059:Early history of Christianity in India
625:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
3232:"Syro-Malabar History and Traditions"
3106:
3095:
3031:
2992:
2914:
2787:
2781:
2758:
2716:
2690:
2660:
2516:
2249:
2175:
1878:. Mythic Society. 1911. p. 141.
1618:Indigenous attempts for reunification
888:National Council of Churches in India
367:Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala
347:Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception
3344:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
2042:
1960:Thoma Kathanar, Paremmakkal (2014).
695:Saint Thomas Christian denominations
362:Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril
166:52 AD (1st century as per tradition)
3383:The Chaldean Syrian Church in India
3369:Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography
3287:. New York: Robert Appleton Company
2968:"Malabar Independent Syrian Church"
2327:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1296:
1186:, members of what would become the
954:: "Old Allegiance"), also known as
635:Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan
317:Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar
24:
3411:Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography
3238:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3007:"Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church"
2410:Adrian Hastings (15 August 2000).
1996:from the original on 27 April 2013
1561:. Gabriel then found residence in
337:Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
25:
3507:
3456:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
2133:"Search for India's ancient city"
2079:. 8 February 2011. Archived from
1866:
759:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
3424:History of Christianity in India
2414:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 149.
2108:The Encyclodedia of Christianity
1540:and writing in the name of Pope
1448:authority in India, through the
1243:, metropolitan of Rev Ardashir:
1108:and founding Seven Churches, or
838:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
744:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
216:
33:
3440:. Bangalore: Dharmaram College.
3219:
3037:
2998:
2932:
2752:
2696:
2654:
2613:
2592:"Division and rite of churches"
2584:
2510:
2428:
2412:A World History of Christianity
2403:
2389:
2374:
2357:
2314:
2270:
2243:
2169:
2125:
2069:
1849:
1382:Portuguese, Raphael Figueredo (
1182:settlers and missionaries from
1142:. Some other churches, namely
3214:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
2568:(in Malayalam). Archived from
2450:Mundadan & Thekkedath 1982
2321:Frykenberg, Robert E. (2008).
2036:
1978:
1819:
1765:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate
1438:. There, he was detained in a
1305:held in 1599 and organised by
751:Independent Oriential Orthodox
13:
1:
3422:; Thekkedath, Joseph (1982).
2043:Zacharia, Lynn Johnson,Paul.
1771:priest. They met Patriarch
1581:
1418:
1403:
1383:
993:, they were placed under the
850:Northern Evangelical Lutheran
784:Oriental Protestant Christian
580:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara
332:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara
3467:Syriac Christianity in India
3414:. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press.
3386:. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press.
3372:. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press.
2966:Fenwick, John R. K. (2011).
1833:, the author uses the terms
1720:was thus consecrated as the
1357:Friction with the propaganda
1251:, but even your own Persia."
846:North Bank Baptist Christian
575:Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal
18:Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)
7:
3464:(2018). Daniel King (ed.).
3202:
2942:(1862). Heber Drury (ed.).
2381:James Arampulickal (1994).
2364:Whitehouse, Thomas (1873).
1829:(dated to 1790) written by
1777:Monastery of Rabban Hormizd
1736:authorities in Goa and the
1699:, who was in charge of the
1641:Baselios Shakrallah Qasabgi
1174:Church of the East in India
1048:Assyrian Church of the East
1038:. Another group within the
1034:in full communion with the
960:Syrian Catholics of Malabar
870:United Evangelical Lutheran
842:Church of God (Full Gospel)
810:Andhra Evangelical Lutheran
327:Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban
90:Metropolitan of Kodungallūr
39:Syrian Catholics of Malabar
10:
3512:
3209:Latin Catholics of Malabar
2277:Childers, Jeff W. (2011).
2099:Bromiley, Geoffrey William
1859:
1831:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
1391:Vicar Apostolic of Malabar
1086:, such as St. Thomas from
1053:
814:Assemblies Jehovah Shammah
605:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
322:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
3432:Mundadan, Anthony Mathias
3420:Mundadan, Anthony Mathias
3285:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3112:"Malabar Catholic Church"
2759:Brown, Leslie W. (1956).
1229:Metropolitanate of Persia
1144:Thiruvithamcode Arappally
640:Mar Geevarghese Dionysius
620:Mar Gregorios of Parumala
180:
170:
162:
151:
141:
136:Liturgy of Addai and Mari
127:
109:
95:
85:
73:
63:
53:
43:
32:
2940:Visscher, Jacobus Canter
2210:. Vol. II. Trichur.
1812:
1722:Archbishop of Cranganore
1709:Thachil Matthoo Tharakan
1327:second Synod of Angamaly
974:in the 1st century AD.
898:All India Catholic Union
818:Christian Revival Church
804:Protestant denominations
630:Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran
555:Saint Thomas the Apostle
3496:Saint Thomas Christians
3281:"St. Thomas Christians"
3005:Joseph, Thomas (2011).
2661:Samir, K., ed. (1979).
2435:Department of Tourism.
1790:Kuriakose Elias Chavara
1597:Jacobus Canter Visscher
1555:church in Changanassery
1423:Eliah IX Yohannan Augen
1278:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
1032:Eastern Catholic Church
964:Saint Thomas Christians
862:The Pentecostal Mission
719:Syro-Malankara Catholic
670:Mar Augustine Kandathil
645:Mar Geevarghese Ivanios
595:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
527:Saint Thomas Christians
352:Sadhu Kochoonju Upadesi
243:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
210:Saint Thomas Christians
86:Metropolitan Archbishop
1802:
1681:
1615:
1606:
1573:
1533:
1502:
1491:
1481:
1346:Syriac Orthodox Church
1311:Primate of East Indies
1253:
1231:. The metropolitan of
1225:
1044:Chaldean Syrian Church
797:St. Thomas Evangelical
655:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
377:Euphrasia Eluvathingal
190:Chaldean Syrian Church
3044:Paremmakkal, Thomas.
2256:. BRILL. p. 15.
2077:"Thomas The Apostole"
1797:
1676:
1610:
1601:
1572:Kottayam Minor Church
1571:
1563:Kottayam Minor church
1531:
1501:
1486:
1479:
1323:bishopric of Angamaly
1245:
1239:(650-660) criticises
1219:another place called
1216:
1208:Cosmas Indicopleustes
989:. Following the 1599
866:Seventh-day Adventist
826:Church of South India
822:Church of North India
715:Syro-Malabar Catholic
665:Palackal Thoma Malpan
590:Bl.Devasahayam Pillai
464:Christianity in India
382:Thoma of Villarvattom
175:St. Thomas Christians
3228:Koonammakkal, Thomas
3047:Varthamanappusthakam
2155:. UPNE. p. 27.
2049:Smithsonian Magazine
1948:Malekandathil (2013)
1827:Varthamanappusthakam
1773:Yohannan VII Hormizd
1757:Varthamanappusthakam
1626:, the leader of the
1532:Changanassery church
1427:'Eliah' Patriarchate
1369:, the leader of the
1365:tried to consecrate
1214:in the 6th century.
570:Saint Gonsalo Garcia
565:Saint Francis Xavier
3356:10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7
3254:Malekandathil, Pius
3108:Brock, Sebastian P.
2083:on 8 February 2011.
1893:Koonammakkal (2013)
1835:Malankara Pallikkar
1825:"In the travelogue
1806:Veluthampy Dalava's
1363:Palliveettil Chandy
1146:(a "half church"),
1028:Syro-Malabar Church
1021:Palliveettil Chandy
585:Saint Mother Teresa
497:Bombay East Indians
372:Geevarghese Ivanios
248:Tharisapalli plates
185:Syro-Malabar Church
3157:, p. 432-433.
3034:, p. 67 – 68.
2995:, p. 68 – 69.
2869:, p. 430-431.
2832:, p. 429-430.
2734:, p. 428-429.
2667:Parole de l'Orient
2594:. 14 January 2007.
2279:"Thomas, Acts of."
2103:Lochman, Jan Milic
2033:, p. 435-436.
1697:Portuguese monarch
1574:
1534:
1503:
1482:
1400:Custodius de Pinho
1344:, allied with the
1188:Church of the East
1046:, now part of the
979:Church of the East
972:Thomas the Apostle
767:Church of the East
660:Sadhu Sundar Singh
615:Ignatius Elias III
600:Mar Baselios Eldho
522:Punjabi Christians
502:Marathi Christians
492:Bettiah Christians
487:Bengali Christians
413:Suriyani Malayalam
156:Thomas the Apostle
114:Suriyani Malayalam
3333:Mingana, Alphonse
3301:Menachery, George
2496:978-1-108-01295-9
2452:, pp. 30–32.
2421:978-0-8028-4875-8
2216:cite encyclopedia
2162:978-965-278-179-6
2118:978-0-8028-2417-2
1971:978-93-82762-15-7
1839:Malankara Idavaka
1751:Angamāly Padiyōla
1689:Paremmakkal Thoma
1332:Coonan Cross Oath
1315:Archbishop of Goa
1307:Aleixo de Menezes
1265:Sthanu Ravi Varma
1154:are often called
1009:Coonan Cross Oath
936:
935:
731:Oriental Orthodox
537:Telugu Christians
507:Meitei Christians
449:
448:
303:Prominent persons
258:Coonan Cross Oath
195:
194:
158:as per tradition.
48:Eastern Christian
16:(Redirected from
3503:
3481:
3457:
3441:
3427:
3415:
3401:
3387:
3373:
3359:
3341:
3328:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3249:
3196:
3195:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3104:
3093:
3087:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2952:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2820:, p. 25-26.
2815:
2809:
2808:
2785:
2779:
2778:, p. 50-51.
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2318:
2312:
2309:Medlycott (1912)
2306:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2095:Fahlbusch, Erwin
2091:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1823:
1685:Kariattil Iousep
1586:
1583:
1420:
1408:
1405:
1388:
1385:
1340:faction, led by
1303:Synod of Diamper
1297:After the schism
1288:Coromandel Coast
991:Synod of Diamper
968:East Syriac Rite
928:
921:
914:
854:Methodist Church
793:Mar Thoma Syrian
532:Tamil Christians
474:
451:
450:
441:
434:
427:
403:Parichamuttukali
357:Kariattil Iousep
253:Synod of Diamper
220:
197:
196:
132:East Syriac Rite
118:Classical Syriac
58:Eastern Catholic
37:
30:
29:
21:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3462:Perczel, István
3446:Perczel, István
3339:
3317:
3290:
3288:
3266:
3264:
3246:
3222:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3194:(in Malayalam).
3184:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3118:. Gorgias Press
3105:
3096:
3088:
3055:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3013:. Gorgias Press
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2974:. Gorgias Press
2964:
2955:
2937:
2933:
2927:Visscher (1862)
2925:
2921:
2913:
2892:
2884:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2608:Mundadan (1984)
2606:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2572:on 4 March 2016
2564:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2285:. Gorgias Press
2275:
2271:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2238:Frykenberg 2008
2236:
2229:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2144:
2140:
2135:. 11 June 2006.
2131:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2092:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
1999:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1843:Malankara Sabha
1824:
1820:
1815:
1620:
1584:
1496:
1415:
1406:
1386:
1359:
1299:
1293:
1176:
1166:in present-day
1061:
1056:
987:Catholic Church
932:
903:
902:
883:
875:
874:
873:
834:Indian Brethren
808:
788:
776:Chaldean Syrian
771:
754:
735:
710:
699:
688:
680:
679:
550:
542:
541:
517:Naga Christians
512:Mizo Christians
482:
445:
289:Syriac language
188:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3458:
3442:
3428:
3416:
3402:
3388:
3374:
3360:
3350:(2): 435–514.
3329:
3315:
3309:. Thomapedia.
3297:
3273:
3250:
3244:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3174:
3172:, p. 433.
3170:Perczel (2013)
3159:
3155:Perczel (2013)
3147:
3144:on 2012-07-23.
3129:
3094:
3092:, p. 432.
3090:Perczel (2013)
3053:
3036:
3024:
2997:
2985:
2953:
2931:
2929:, p. 109.
2919:
2890:
2888:, p. 431.
2886:Perczel (2013)
2871:
2867:Perczel (2013)
2859:
2857:, p. 430.
2855:Perczel (2013)
2834:
2830:Perczel (2013)
2822:
2810:
2803:
2789:Neill, Stephen
2780:
2768:
2751:
2749:, p. 429.
2747:Perczel (2013)
2736:
2732:Perczel (2013)
2721:
2709:
2695:
2683:
2653:
2651:, p. 428.
2649:Perczel (2013)
2626:
2612:
2597:
2583:
2554:
2552:, p. 415.
2550:Perczel (2013)
2539:
2532:
2518:Neill, Stephen
2509:
2495:
2475:
2471:Perczel (2018)
2454:
2442:
2427:
2420:
2402:
2388:
2373:
2356:
2340:
2333:
2313:
2296:
2269:
2262:
2242:
2227:
2198:
2191:
2168:
2161:
2138:
2124:
2117:
2086:
2068:
2035:
2031:Perczel (2013)
2023:
2021:, p. 417.
2019:Perczel (2013)
2011:
1977:
1970:
1952:
1897:
1885:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1619:
1616:
1585: d. 1728
1580:was Thoma IV (
1495:
1492:
1414:
1411:
1407: d. 1697
1387: d. 1695
1358:
1355:
1301:Following the
1298:
1295:
1175:
1172:
1170:, Tamil Nadu.
1111:Ezharapallikal
1093:Acts of Thomas
1071:, which is in
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
983:Schism of 1552
934:
933:
931:
930:
923:
916:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
895:
890:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
790:
789:
773:
772:
756:
755:
737:
736:
723:Latin Catholic
712:
711:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
650:Abraham Malpan
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
610:Thomas of Cana
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
560:Saint Alphonsa
557:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
467:
466:
460:
459:
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
392:
391:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
312:Abraham Malpan
306:
305:
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
268:
267:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
238:Thomas of Cana
235:
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
212:
206:
205:
193:
192:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
129:
125:
124:
111:
107:
106:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Classification
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3508:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3479:
3477:9781317482116
3473:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3406:Mooken, Aprem
3403:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3392:Mooken, Aprem
3389:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3378:Mooken, Aprem
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:Mooken, Aprem
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3316:81-87132-13-2
3312:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3245:9783447068857
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2917:, p. 62.
2916:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2804:9780521893329
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2693:, p. 60.
2692:
2687:
2672:
2669:(in French).
2668:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2610:, p. 53.
2609:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2533:9780521548854
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:81-87133-05-8
2350:
2344:
2336:
2334:9780198263777
2330:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2263:90-04-12937-5
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2240:, p. 99.
2239:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2192:9780521891035
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:Israel Museum
2142:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Padroado Real
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:Changanassery
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Innocent XIII
1539:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Eliah X Augen
1500:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:Francisco Ros
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Thomma Parvam
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Kokkamangalam
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:Thomma Parvam
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:Malabar coast
1066:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:. After the
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
942:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
909:
907:
906:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:Organisations
879:
878:
872:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
805:
799:
798:
794:
787:
786:
785:
780:
779:
778:
777:
770:
769:
768:
763:
762:
761:
760:
753:
752:
748:
747:
746:
745:
741:
734:
733:
732:
727:
726:
725:
724:
720:
716:
709:
708:
707:
702:
701:
700:
698:
697:
696:
687:Denominations
684:
683:
676:
675:William Carey
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
546:
545:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
477:
473:
469:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
453:
452:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
422:
420:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
389:
388:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
300:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:Denominations
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
199:
198:
191:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:Branched from
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
36:
31:
19:
3466:
3453:
3436:
3423:
3410:
3396:
3382:
3368:
3347:
3343:
3305:
3289:. Retrieved
3284:
3277:Medlycott, A
3265:. Retrieved
3261:
3235:
3220:Bibliography
3189:
3150:
3142:the original
3132:
3122:22 September
3120:. Retrieved
3115:
3045:
3039:
3032:Neill (2004)
3027:
3017:22 September
3015:. Retrieved
3010:
3000:
2993:Neill (2002)
2988:
2978:22 September
2976:. Retrieved
2971:
2947:
2944:"Letter XVI"
2934:
2922:
2915:Neill (2002)
2862:
2825:
2813:
2793:
2783:
2771:
2761:
2754:
2712:
2698:
2691:Neill (2002)
2686:
2675:. Retrieved
2670:
2666:
2656:
2615:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:the original
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2485:
2478:
2445:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2366:
2359:
2343:
2323:
2316:
2289:22 September
2287:. Retrieved
2282:
2272:
2252:
2245:
2207:
2201:
2181:
2177:Bayly, Susan
2171:
2151:
2141:
2127:
2107:
2089:
2081:the original
2071:
2048:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2005:
1998:. Retrieved
1989:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1577:
1575:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1416:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1349:
1335:
1300:
1292:
1283:Qandishangal
1281:
1267:
1255:The port at
1254:
1246:
1237:Ishoyahb III
1233:Rev Ardashir
1226:
1217:
1177:
1159:
1156:Arappallikal
1155:
1109:
1101:
1091:
1077:
1075:, in AD 52.
1062:
1039:
1025:
1016:
1012:
998:
995:Latin Church
976:
966:who use the
959:
956:Romo-Syrians
955:
946:
945:
940:
939:
937:
858:Presbyterian
830:Garo Baptist
802:
801:
800:
791:
782:
781:
774:
765:
764:
757:
750:
749:
738:
729:
728:
713:
704:
703:
693:
692:
691:
233:Saint Thomas
142:Headquarters
68:Diophysitism
3262:NSC Network
2818:Mooken 1983
2776:Mooken 1977
1990:nasrani.net
1471:Pondicherry
1379:Pazhayakoor
1350:Pazhayakoor
1180:East Syriac
1148:Malayattoor
1116:Kodungallur
947:Pazhayakoor
481:Communities
342:Mar Thoma I
181:Separations
3306:Thomapedia
3267:28 January
3138:"Padiyola"
2950:: 105–109.
2717:Samir 1979
2677:2010-11-24
2576:24 October
2502:3 November
1746:Pazhayakūr
1738:Propaganda
1717:Propaganda
1713:Propaganda
1705:Travancore
1693:Putthenkūṟ
1672:Propaganda
1663:Pazhayakūr
1658:Putthenkūṟ
1649:Putthenkur
1645:Putthenkūṟ
1636:Pazhayakūr
1550:Propaganda
1546:Propaganda
1538:Propaganda
1515:Propaganda
1511:Propaganda
1450:propaganda
1395:propaganda
1375:Puthenkoor
1371:Puthenkoor
1337:Puthenkoor
1206:traveller
1192:Knāi Thoma
1152:Aruvithura
1106:Maliankara
1082:-speaking
962:, are the
398:Margamkali
2791:(2002) .
2673:: 277–303
2520:(2004) .
2000:23 August
1786:Alappuzha
1769:Paḻayakūṟ
1742:Paḻayakūṟ
1730:Paḻayakūṟ
1654:Paḻayakūṟ
1632:Paḻayakūṟ
1628:Puthenkūr
1589:Paḻayakūṟ
1578:Puthenkur
1523:Paḻayakūṟ
1432:Joseph II
1389:) as the
1249:parasangs
1212:Sri Lanka
1204:Byzantine
1200:Northists
1120:Kottakavu
1040:Paḻayakūṟ
1017:Paḻayakūṟ
941:Paḻayakūṟ
122:Malayalam
80:Episcopal
3490:Category
3434:(1984).
3408:(1987).
3394:(1983).
3380:(1977).
3366:(1975).
3335:(1926).
3325:56405161
3303:(2000).
3279:(1912).
3256:(2013).
3203:See also
3110:(2011).
2179:(2004).
2149:(1995).
2105:(2008).
2057:cite web
1994:Archived
1846:Church”.
1734:Padroado
1668:Padroado
1656:and the
1624:Thoma VI
1462:Padroado
1458:Padroado
1454:Verapoly
1446:Padroado
1441:Capuchin
1377:and the
1367:Thoma II
1221:Calliana
1164:Mylapore
1132:Nilackal
1124:Palayoor
1036:Holy See
1013:Padroado
1005:Angamaly
1000:Padroado
706:Catholic
456:a series
454:Part of
284:Churches
266:Religion
202:a series
200:Part of
146:Angamaly
110:Language
64:Theology
3191:Deepika
1860:Sources
1782:Abraham
1775:at the
1467:Alangad
1425:of the
1361:Bishop
1342:Thoma I
1272:of the
1269:Perumal
1241:Shemʿon
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