Mammography - Knowledge

885:(2013) concluded after ten years that trials with adequate randomization did not find an effect of mammography screening on total cancer mortality, including breast cancer. The authors of this Cochrane review write: "If we assume that screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15% and that overdiagnosis and over-treatment is at 30%, it means that for every 2,000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years, one will avoid dying of breast cancer and 10 healthy women, who would not have been diagnosed if there had not been screening, will be treated unnecessarily. Furthermore, more than 200 women will experience important psychological distress including anxiety and uncertainty for years because of false positive findings." The authors conclude that the time has come to re-assess whether universal mammography screening should be recommended for any age group. They state that universal screening may not be reasonable. The Nordic Cochrane Collection updated research in 2012 and stated that advances in diagnosis and treatment make mammography screening less effective today, rendering it "no longer effective". They conclude that "it therefore no longer seems reasonable to attend" for breast cancer screening at any age, and warn of misleading information on the internet. 501:(NCCN) advocates screening for women who possess a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation or have a first-degree relative with such a mutation, even in the absence of the patient being tested for BRCA1/2 mutations. For women at high risk, NCCN recommends undergoing an annual mammogram and breast MRI between the ages of 25 and 40, considering the specific gene mutation type or the youngest age of breast cancer occurrence in the family. Additionally, NCCN suggests that high-risk women undergo clinical breast exams every 6 to 12 months starting at age 25. These individuals should also engage in discussions with healthcare providers to assess the advantages and disadvantages of 3D mammography and acquire knowledge on detecting changes in their breasts. 1023:

3,184 women had mammograms that were formally classified as "probably benign". This classification is for patients who are not clearly normal but have some area of minor concern. This results not in the patient being biopsied, but rather in having early follow up mammography every six months for three years to determine whether there has been any change in status. Of these 3,184 women, 17 (0.5%) did have cancers. Most importantly, when the diagnosis was finally made, they were all still stage 0 or 1, the earliest stages. Five years after treatment, none of these 17 women had evidence of re-occurrence. Thus, small early cancers, even though not acted on immediately, were still reliably curable.

203:(MRI) are adjuncts to mammography. Ultrasound is typically used for further evaluation of masses found on mammography or palpable masses that may or may not be seen on mammograms. Ductograms are still used in some institutions for evaluation of bloody nipple discharge when the mammogram is non-diagnostic. MRI can be useful for the screening of high-risk patients, for further evaluation of questionable findings or symptoms, as well as for pre-surgical evaluation of patients with known breast cancer, in order to detect additional lesions that might change the surgical approach (for example, from breast-conserving 574:

Diagnostic mammograms are reserved for patients with breast symptoms (such as palpable lumps, breast pain, skin changes, nipple changes, or nipple discharge), as follow-up for probably benign findings (coded BI-RADS 3), or for further evaluation of abnormal findings seen on their screening mammograms. Diagnostic mammograms may also performed on patients with personal or family histories of breast cancer. Patients with breast implants and other stable benign surgical histories generally do not require diagnostic mammograms.

219:(2012) and the European Cancer Observatory (2011) recommend mammography every 2 to 3 years between ages 50 and 69. These task force reports point out that in addition to unnecessary surgery and anxiety, the risks of more frequent mammograms include a small but significant increase in breast cancer induced by radiation. Additionally, mammograms should not be performed with increased frequency in patients undergoing breast surgery, including breast enlargement, mastopexy, and breast reduction. 1032:

cancer screening using mammography has been unclear. A recent systematic review of three studies held in Spain, Denmark, and the United States from 2000-2019 found that digital mammography is not cost-beneficial for the healthcare system when compared to other screening methods. Therefore, increasing its frequency may cause higher costs on the healthcare system. While there may be a lack of evidence, it is suggested that digital mammography be performed every two years for ages over 50.

48: 533: 541: 6281: 353: 1019:, Dr. Samuel S. Epstein claims that in women ages 40 to 49, one in four cancers are missed at each mammography. Researchers have found that breast tissue is denser among younger women, making it difficult to detect tumors. For this reason, false negatives are twice as likely to occur in pre-menopausal mammograms (Prate). This is why the screening program in the UK does not start calling women for screening mammograms until age 50. 1127:(MQSA). The act requires annual inspections and accreditation every three years through an FDA-approved body. Facilities found deficient during the inspection or accreditation process can be barred from performing mammograms until corrective action has been verified or, in extreme cases, can be required to notify past patients that their exams were sub-standard and should not be relied upon. 824:

parameters. He played a pioneering role in elevating imaging quality while placing particular emphasis on distinguishing between benign and malignant calcifications. In the early 1950s, Uruguayan radiologist Raul Leborgne developed the breast compression technique to produce better quality images, and described the differences between benign and malign microcalcifications.

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intended to have sufficient sensitivity to detect a useful proportion of cancers. The cost of higher sensitivity is a larger number of results that would be regarded as suspicious in patients without disease. This is true of mammography. The patients without disease who are called back for further testing from a screening session (about 7%) are sometimes referred to as "

843:. The "Egan technique", as it became known, enabled physicians to detect calcification in breast tissue; of the 245 breast cancers that were confirmed by biopsy among 1,000 patients, Egan and his colleagues at M.D. Anderson were able to identify 238 cases by using his method, 19 of which were in patients whose physical examinations had revealed no breast pathology. 1052:, mortality from breast cancer has been steadily decreasing in the United States from 2018 to 2021. There have also been no new randomized trials of screening mammography for women in their 40s since the previous USPSTF recommendation was made. In addition, the 8 most recent randomized trials for this age group revealed no significant effect. Instead, the 515:

concluded that for women 40 years of age and older, the risk of radiation-induced breast cancer was minuscule, particularly compared with the potential benefit of mammographic screening, with a benefit-to-risk ratio of 48.5 lives saved for each life lost due to radiation exposure. This also correlates to a decrease in breast cancer mortality rates by 24%.

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by half. They used a 15% mortality reduction to calculate how many women needed to be invited to be screened to save a life. With the now re-confirmed 29% (or up) figure, the number to be screened using the USPSTF formula is half of their estimate and well within what they considered acceptable by their formula.

557:). In screening mammography, both head-to-foot (craniocaudal, CC) view and angled side-view (mediolateral oblique, MLO) images of the breast are taken. Diagnostic mammography may include these and other views, including geometrically magnified and spot-compressed views of the particular area of concern. 1001:

concluded that 1 in 5 cases of breast cancer diagnosed among women who have undergone breast cancer screening are over-diagnosed. This means an over-diagnosis rate of 129 women per 10,000 invited to screening. A recent systematic review of 30 studies found that screening mammography for breast cancer

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Research shows that false-positive mammograms may affect women's well-being and behavior. Some women who receive false-positive results may be more likely to return for routine screening or perform breast self-examinations more frequently. However, some women who receive false-positive results become

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at the age groups of 39–49 and 70–74. The same review found that mammography significantly decreased the risk of advanced cancer among women aged 50 and older by 38%, but among those aged 39 to 49 the risk reduction was a non-significant 2%. The USPSTF made their review based on data from randomized

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Of every 1,000 U.S. women who are screened, about 7% will be called back for a diagnostic session (although some studies estimate the number to be closer to 10% to 15%). About 10% of those who are called back will be referred for a biopsy. Of the 10% referred for biopsy, about 3.5% will have cancer

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The largest (Hellquist et al) and longest running (Tabar et al) breast cancer screening studies in history re-confirmed that regular mammography screening cut breast cancer deaths by roughly a third in all women ages 40 and over (including women ages 40–49). This renders the USPSTF calculations off

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Breast cancer imposes a significant economic strain on communities, with the expense of treating stages three and four in the United States in 2017 amounting to approximately $ 127,000. While early diagnosis and screening methods are important in reducing the death rates, the cost-benefit of breast

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cannot be performed on every woman who has had a mammogram to determine the false negative rate. Estimates of the false negative rate depend on close follow-up of a large number of patients for many years. This is difficult in practice because many women do not return for regular mammography making

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False positives also mean greater expense, both for the individual and for the screening program. Since follow-up screening is typically much more expensive than initial screening, more false positives (that must receive follow-up) means that fewer women may be screened for a given amount of money.

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The Cochrane analysis of screening indicates that it is "not clear whether screening does more good than harm". According to their analysis, 1 in 2,000 women will have her life prolonged by 10 years of screening, while 10 healthy women will undergo unnecessary breast cancer treatment. Additionally,

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giving women information about the mammography procedure prior to it taking place may reduce the pain and discomfort experienced. Furthermore, research has found that standardised compression levels can help to reduce patients' pain while still allowing for optimal diagnostic images to be produced.

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The mammography procedure can be painful. Reported pain rates range from 6–76%, with 23–95% experiencing pain or discomfort. Experiencing pain is a significant predictor in women not re-attending screening. There are few proven interventions to reduce pain in mammography, but evidence suggests that

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While radiologists had hoped for more marked improvement, the effectiveness of digital mammography was found comparable to traditional X-ray methods in 2004, though there may be reduced radiation with the technique and it may lead to fewer retests. Specifically, it performs no better than film for

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issued a draft recommendation statement that all women should receive a screening mammography every two years from age 40 to 74. The American College of Radiology and American Cancer Society recommend yearly screening mammography starting at age 40. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

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found that artificial intelligence had a comparable or better accuracy (AUC = 0.72) of predicting breast cancer than clinical risk factors alone (AUC = 0.61), suggesting a transition from clinical risk factor-based to AI image-based risk models may lead to more accurate and personalized risk-based

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The importance of these missed cancers is not clear, particularly if the woman is getting yearly mammograms. Research on a closely related situation has shown that small cancers that are not acted upon immediately, but are observed over periods of several years, will have good outcomes. A group of

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The radiation exposure associated with mammography is a potential risk of screening, which appears to be greater in younger women. In scans where women receive 0.25–20 Gray (Gy) of radiation, they have more of an elevated risk of developing breast cancer. A study of radiation risk from mammography

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used statistical models to estimate what would happen if the starting age were lowered, assuming that screening mammography reduces breast cancer mortality by 25%. This found that screening 1,000 women from 40–74 years of age, instead of 50-74, would cause 1-2 fewer breast cancer deaths per 1,000

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Newman posits that screening mammography does not reduce death overall, but causes significant harm by inflicting cancer scare and unnecessary surgical interventions. The Nordic Cochrane Collection notes that advances in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer may make breast cancer screening no

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and colleagues documented findings from mammographic screening involving 134,867 women aged 40 to 79. Using a single mediolateral oblique image, they reported a 31% reduction in mortality. Dr. Tabár has since written many publications promoting mammography in the areas of epidemiology, screening,

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In 2014, the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Institutes of Health reported the occurrence rates of breast cancer based on 1000 women in different age groups. In the 40–44 age group, the incidence was 1.5 and in the 45–49 age group, the incidence was 2.3. In the

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data, since mammography screening became widespread in the mid-1980s, the U.S. breast cancer death rate, unchanged for the previous 50 years, has dropped well over 30 percent. In European countries like Denmark and Sweden, where mammography screening programs are more organized, the breast cancer

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Lee CH, Dershaw DD, Kopans D, Evans P, Monsees B, Monticciolo D, et al. (January 2010). "Breast cancer screening with imaging: recommendations from the Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the use of mammography, breast MRI, breast ultrasound, and other technologies for the detection of

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Only 3% to 13% of breast cancers detected by screening mammography will fall into this last category. Clinical trial data suggests that 1 woman per 1,000 healthy women screened over 10 years falls into this category. Screening mammography produces no benefit to any of the remaining 87% to 97% of

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developed a form a mammography for a diagnostic of breast cancer at earlier stages to improve survival rates. In 1949, Raul Leborgne sparked renewed enthusiasm for mammography by emphasizing the importance of technical proficiency in patient positioning and the adoption of specific radiological

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The goal of any screening procedure is to examine a large population of patients and find the small number most likely to have a serious condition. These patients are then referred for further, usually more invasive, testing. Thus a screening exam is not intended to be definitive; rather it is

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Women whose breast cancer was detected by screening mammography before the appearance of a lump or other symptoms commonly assume that the mammogram "saved their lives". In practice, the vast majority of these women received no practical benefit from the mammogram. There are four categories of

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The Canadian Task Force found that for women ages 50 to 69, screening 720 women once every 2 to 3 years for 11 years would prevent one death from breast cancer. For women ages 40 to 49, 2,100 women would need to be screened at the same frequency and period to prevent a single death from breast

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recommendations are so influential, changing mammography screenings from 50 to 40 years of age has significant implications to public health. The major concerns regarding this update is whether breast cancer mortality has truly been increasing and if there is new evidence that the benefits of

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Mammography may also produce false negatives. Estimates of the numbers of cancers missed by mammography are usually around 20%. Reasons for not seeing the cancer include observer error, but more frequently it is because the cancer is hidden by other dense tissue in the breast, and even after

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spots, so women are discouraged from applying them on the day of their exam. There are two types of mammogram studies: screening mammograms and diagnostic mammograms. Screening mammograms, consisting of four standard X-ray images, are performed yearly on patients who present with no symptoms.

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require further investigation with a second "diagnostic" study. The latter is a more detailed mammogram that allows dedicated attention to the abnormal finding with additional maneuvers such as magnification, rolling of breast tissue or exaggerated positioning. There may also be imaging with

310:, and 3D breast imaging, is a mammogram technology that creates a 3D image of the breast using X-rays. When used in addition to usual mammography, it results in more positive tests. Cost effectiveness is unclear as of 2016. Another concern is that it more than doubles the radiation exposure. 1060:

Approximately 75 percent of women diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history of breast cancer or other factors that put them at high risk for developing the disease (so screening only high-risk women misses majority of cancers). An analysis by Hendrick and Helvie, published in the

430:(USPSTF) revised the recommendation that women and transgender men undergo biennial mammograms starting at the age of 40, rather than the previously suggested age of 50. This adjustment is prompted by the increasing incidence of breast cancer in the 40 to 49 age group over the past decade. 377:

showed that more than 70 percent of the women who died from breast cancer in their 40s at major Harvard teaching hospitals were among the 20 percent of women who were not being screened. Some scientific studies have shown that the most lives are saved by screening beginning at age 40.

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Photon-counting mammography was introduced commercially in 2003 and was shown to reduce the X-ray dose to the patient by approximately 40% compared to conventional methods while maintaining image quality at an equal or higher level. The technology was subsequently developed to enable

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Hellquist BN, Duffy SW, Abdsaleh S, Björneld L, Bordás P, Tabár L, et al. (February 2011). "Effectiveness of population-based service screening with mammography for women ages 40 to 49 years: evaluation of the Swedish Mammography Screening in Young Women (SCRY) cohort".

992:, a researcher at Dartmouth College, states that "screen-detected breast and prostate cancer survivors are more likely to have been over-diagnosed than actually helped by the test." Estimates of overdiagnosis associated with mammography have ranged from 1% to 54%. In 2009, 3183:

Lord SJ, Lei W, Craft P, Cawson JN, Morris I, Walleser S, et al. (September 2007). "A systematic review of the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an addition to mammography and ultrasound in screening young women at high risk of breast cancer".

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The use of language with BI-RADS is extremely precise, with a limited set of permissible adjectives for lesion margins, shape and internal density, each of which carries a different prognostic significance. Margins of a lesion, for example, can only be described as

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A galactography (or breast ductography) is a now infrequently used type of mammography used to visualize the milk ducts. Prior to the mammography itself, a radiopaque substance is injected into the duct system. This test is indicated when nipple discharge exists.

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For patients who do not want to undergo mammography, MRI and also breast computed tomography (also called breast CT) offer a painless alternative. Whether the respective method is suitable depends on the clinical picture; it is decided by the physician.

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and Karsten Juhl Jørgensen reviewed the literature and found that 1 in 3 cases of breast cancer detected in a population offered mammographic screening is over-diagnosed. In contrast, a 2012 panel convened by the national cancer director for England and

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to increase image quality by reducing the thickness of tissue that X-rays must penetrate, decreasing the amount of scattered radiation (scatter degrades image quality), reducing the required radiation dose, and holding the breast still (preventing

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In the UK mammograms are scored on a scale from 1–5 (1 = normal, 2 = benign, 3 = indeterminate, 4 = suspicious of malignancy, 5 = malignant). Evidence suggests that accounting for genetic risk, factors improve breast cancer risk prediction.

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recommends these individuals to get annual mammography starting at the age of 30. Those with a history of chest radiation therapy before age 30 should start annually at age 25 of 8 years after their latest therapy (whichever is latest). The

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The benefits of mammography screening at decreasing breast cancer mortality in randomized trials are not found in observational studies performed long after implementation of breast cancer screening programs (for instance, Bleyer et al.)

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retrospective review of the mammogram the cancer cannot be seen. Furthermore, one form of breast cancer, lobular cancer, has a growth pattern that produces shadows on the mammogram that are indistinguishable from normal breast tissue.

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post-menopausal women, who represent more than three-quarters of women with breast cancer. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend for or against digital mammography.

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are the most widely used. In the United States, GE's digital imaging units typically cost US$ 300,000 to $ 500,000, far more than film-based imaging systems. Costs may decline as GE begins to compete with the less expensive

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to create images. These images are then analyzed for abnormal findings. It is usual to employ lower-energy X-rays, typically Mo (K-shell X-ray energies of 17.5 and 19.6 keV) and Rh (20.2 and 22.7 keV) than those used for

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Keen and Keen indicated that repeated mammography starting at age fifty saves about 1.8 lives over 15 years for every 1,000 women screened. This result has to be seen against the adverse effects of errors in diagnosis,

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Concern by the FDA that digital mammography equipment demonstrate that it is at least as good as screen-film mammography at detecting breast cancers without increasing dose or the number of women recalled for further

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Weigel S, Berkemeyer S, Girnus R, Sommer A, Lenzen H, Heindel W (May 2014). "Digital mammography screening with photon-counting technique: can a high diagnostic performance be realized at low mean glandular dose?".

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or Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM). The first FFDM system was approved by the FDA in the U.S. in 2000. This progress is occurring some years later than in general radiology. This is due to several factors:

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Schopf CM, Ramwala OA, Lowry KP, Hofvind S, Marinovich ML, Houssami N, et al. (November 2023). "Artificial Intelligence-Driven Mammography-Based Future Breast Cancer Risk Prediction: A Systematic Review".

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Daly MB, Pilarski R, Yurgelun MB, Berry MP, Buys SS, Dickson P, et al. (April 2020). "NCCN Guidelines Insights: Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic, Version 1.2020".

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Webb ML, Cady B, Michaelson JS, Bush DM, Calvillo KZ, Kopans DB, Smith BL (September 2014). "A failure analysis of invasive breast cancer: most deaths from disease occur in women not regularly screened".

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Qaseem A, Snow V, Sherif K, Aronson M, Weiss KB, Owens DK (April 2007). "Screening mammography for women 40 to 49 years of age: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians".

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Fredenberg E, Willsher P, Moa E, Dance DR, Young KC, Wallis MG (November 2018). "Measurement of breast-tissue x-ray attenuation by spectral imaging: fresh and fixed normal and malignant tissue".

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US Preventive Services Task Force, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, Wong JB, Barry MJ, Chelmow D, Coker TR, Davis EM, Jaén CR, Krousel-Wood M, Lee S, Li L, Mangione CM, Rao G, Ruiz JM (2024-04-30).

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programs have been developed to utilize features from screening mammography images to predict breast cancer risk. A systematic review of 16 retrospective study designs comparing median maximum

604:-approved in the United States since 2015. As of 2023, 3D mammography has become widely available in the US and has been shown to have improved sensitivity and specificity over 2D mammography. 707:

for breast cancer with each word. This fastiduous attention to semantics with BI-RADS allows for standardization of cancer detection across different treatment centers and imaging modalities.

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are the least likely to attend breast cancer screening. Research is still needed to identify specific barriers for the different South Asian communities. For example, a study showed that

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Armstrong K, Moye E, Williams S, Berlin JA, Reynolds EE (April 2007). "Screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age: a systematic review for the American College of Physicians".

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Liu J, Lei J, Ou Y, Zhao Y, Tuo X, Zhang B, Shen M (October 2023). "Mammography diagnosis of breast cancer screening through machine learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1435: 4989:"Disparities in cancer screening in people with mental illness across the world versus the general population: prevalence and comparative meta-analysis including 4 717 839 people" 1416:"Is mammography indicated for women with defective BRCA genes? Implications of recent scientific advances for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hereditary breast cancer" 3336: 403:

While screening between ages 40 and 50 is somewhat controversial, the preponderance of the evidence indicates that there is a benefit in terms of early detection. Currently, the

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Monticciolo DL, Newell MS, Moy L, Niell B, Monsees B, Sickles EA (March 2018). "Breast Cancer Screening in Women at Higher-Than-Average Risk: Recommendations From the ACR".

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As of March 1, 2010, 62% of facilities in the United States and its territories have at least one FFDM unit. (The FDA includes computed radiography units in this figure.)

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Cancers that would have receded on their own or are so slow-growing that the woman would die of other causes before the cancer produced symptoms (mammography results in

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longer effective in decreasing death from breast cancer, and therefore no longer recommend routine screening for healthy women as the risks might outweigh the benefits.

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Taylor CG, Champness J, Reddy M, Taylor P, Potts HW, Given-Wilson R (September 2003). "Reproducibility of prompts in computer-aided detection (CAD) of breast cancer".

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Whelehan P, Evans A, Wells M, Macgillivray S (August 2013). "The effect of mammography pain on repeat participation in breast cancer screening: a systematic review".

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image between cancerous and non-cancerous tumors in the breast. Salomon's mammographs provided substantial information about the spread of tumors and their borders.

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states that the best quality evidence does not demonstrate a reduction in mortality or a reduction in mortality from all types of cancer from screening mammography.

642:(or digitized images from analogue mammography), but studies suggest these approaches do not significantly improve performance or provide only a small improvement. 1155: 1067:, showed that if USPSTF breast cancer screening guidelines were followed, approximately 6,500 additional women each year in the U.S. would die from breast cancer. 1563: 866:

The use of mammography as a screening tool for the detection of early breast cancer in otherwise healthy women without symptoms is seen by some as controversial.

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Have a 1st-degree relative (parent, brother, sister, or child), 2nd-degree relative (aunts, uncles, nieces, or grandparents), or 3rd-degree relative with a known

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Until some years ago, mammography was typically performed with screen-film cassettes. Today, mammography is undergoing transition to digital detectors, known as

437:, a large internal medicine group, has recently encouraged individualized screening plans as opposed to wholesale biannual screening of women aged 40 to 49. The 6240: 1010:

Mammograms also have a rate of missed tumors, or "false negatives". Accurate data regarding the number of false negatives are very difficult to obtain because

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Nassif H, Page D, Ayvaci M, Shavlik J, Burnside ES (2010). "Uncovering age-specific invasive and DCIS breast cancer rules using inductive logic programming".

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Dahlstrom JE, Jain S, Sutton T, Sutton S (May 1996). "Diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic core biopsy in a mammographic breast cancer screening programme".

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also recommends women at high risk should get a mammogram and breast MRI every year beginning at age 30 or an age recommended by their healthcare provider.

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are also less likely to attend cancer screening appointments. In Northern Ireland women with mental health problems were shown to be less likely to attend

968:". There is a trade-off between the number of patients with disease found and the much larger number of patients without disease that must be re-screened. 416: 3960:

Herdman R, Norton L, et al. (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on New Approaches to Early Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer) (4 May 2018).

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Use of mammography as a screening technique spread clinically after a 1966 study demonstrating the impact of mammograms on mortality and treatment led by

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recommendations for women at average risk for breast cancer is a yearly mammogram from age 45 to 54 with an optional yearly mammogram from age 40 to 44.

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As of September 10, 2024, the MQSA requires that all patients be notified of their breast density ("dense" or "not dense") in their mammogram reports.

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Gardner, Kirsten E. Early Detection: Women, Cancer, and Awareness Campaigns in the Twentieth-Century United States. U of North Carolina P, 2006. p.179

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Cancers that are so easily treated that a later detection would have produced the same rate of cure (women would have lived even without mammography).

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Shapiro S, Strax P, Venet L (February 1966). "Evaluation of periodic breast cancer screening with mammography. Methodology and early observations".

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Welch HG, Frankel BA (December 12, 2011). "Likelihood that a woman with screen-detected breast cancer has had her "life saved" by that screening".

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Tonelli M, Connor Gorber S, Joffres M, Dickinson J, Singh H, Lewin G, et al. (Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care) (November 2011).

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A small number of breast cancers that are detected by screening mammography and whose treatment outcome improves as a result of earlier detection.

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found that mammography was associated with an 8%-33% decrease in breast cancer mortality in different age groups, but that this decrease was not

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During the procedure, the breast is compressed using a dedicated mammography unit. Parallel-plate compression evens out the thickness of breast

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Hendrick RE, Helvie MA (February 2011). "United States Preventive Services Task Force screening mammography recommendations: science ignored".

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Have or has a 1st-degree relative with a genetic syndrome including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome

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Mammography can detect cancer early when it’s most treatable and can be treated less invasively (thereby helping to preserve quality of life).

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Nass SJ, Henderson IC, et al. (Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Technologies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer) (2001).

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of the procedure, and is standard practice in the United Kingdom, but not in the United States as it is not reimbursed by Medicare or private

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Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening (November 2012). "The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review".

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Ray KM, Joe BN, Freimanis RI, Sickles EA, Hendrick RE (February 2018). "Screening Mammography in Women 40-49 Years Old: Current Evidence".

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to devise a method of screening mammography. He published these results in 1959 in a paper, subsequently vulgarized in a 1964 book called

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in 1993. It has five general categories of findings: mass, asymmetry, architectural distortion, calcifications, and associated features.

4404:"Overdiagnosis Due to Screening Mammography for Breast Cancer among Women Aged 40 Years and Over: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2012:"Quantification of breast density with spectral mammography based on a scanned multi-slit photon-counting detector: a feasibility study" 607:

Mammograms are either looked at by one (single reading) or two (double reading) trained professionals: these film readers are generally

6109: 3340: 1807:"Supplemental Screening for Breast Cancer in Women With Dense Breasts: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 988:: the detection of abnormalities that meet the pathologic definition of cancer but will never progress to cause symptoms or death. Dr. 3904: 5381: 3611: 329:

with the possibility to further improve image quality, to distinguish between different tissue types, and to measure breast density.

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Cancers so aggressive that even early detection is too late to benefit the patient (women who die despite detection by mammography).

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Woloshin S, Jørgensen KJ, Hwang S, Welch HG (September 2023). "The New USPSTF Mammography Recommendations - A Dissenting View".

1533: 1174:) found promising results in the ability to assist clinicians in large-scale population-based breast cancer screening programs. 449:

Women who are at high risk for early-onset breast cancer have separate recommendations for screening. These include those who:

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Pace LE, Keating NL (April 2014). "A systematic assessment of benefits and risks to guide breast cancer screening decisions".

2142:"Influence of tumour stage at breast cancer detection on survival in modern times: population based study in 173,797 patients" 774:

As a medical procedure that induces ionizing radiation, the origin of mammography can be traced to the discovery of X-rays by

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and 6.5% will not. Of the 3.5% who have cancer, about 2 will have an early stage cancer that will be cured after treatment.

4904:"The introduction of risk stratified screening into the NHS breast screening Programme: views from British-Pakistani women" 4046: 1467: 1449: 3965: 6387: 5593: 5080:"Does poor mental health explain socio-demographic gradients in breast cancer screening uptake? A population-based study" 4478:

Sickles EA (May 1991). "Periodic mammographic follow-up of probably benign lesions: results in 3,184 consecutive cases".

1593: 976:

Thus as sensitivity increases, a screening program will cost more or be confined to screening a smaller number of women.

965: 4988: 4820:"Cultural and language barriers need to be addressed for British-Pakistani women to benefit fully from breast screening" 3831: 3115:

Rao AA, Feneis J, Lalonde C, Ojeda-Fournier H (May 2016). "A Pictorial Review of Changes in the BI-RADS Fifth Edition".

6145: 6024: 5764: 5673: 5349: 4704: 2856: 2084: 1555: 1089: 972:

anxious, worried, and distressed about the possibility of having breast cancer, feelings that can last for many years.

4855:"Engagement barriers and service inequities in the NHS Breast Screening Programme: Views from British-Pakistani women" 6601: 6510: 5603: 3371: 1124: 1063: 4705:"Breast Cancer Screening With Mammography: An Updated Decision Analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 4208:

Brewer NT, Salz T, Lillie SE (April 2007). "Systematic review: the long-term effects of false-positive mammograms".

5588: 5583: 5466: 1049: 635: 387:

shows that early detection of breast cancer – as with mammography – significantly improves breast cancer survival.

6310: 5668: 5651: 5311: 850:. This study, based in New York, was the first large-scale randomized controlled trial of mammography screening. 630:. This is despite multiple trials showing increased accuracy of detection and improved patient outcomes for both 6029: 5876: 5776: 5759: 3582: 2386: 828: 600:

Tomosynthesis, otherwise known as 3D mammography, was first introduced in clinical trials in 2008 and has been

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Mammography facilities in the United States and its territories (including military bases) are subject to the

699:. Each of these agreed upon adjectives is referred to as a "descriptor" in the BI-RADS lexicon, with specific 232:

Digital mammography is a specialized form of mammography that uses digital receptors and computers instead of

6596: 6478: 6155: 6009: 5608: 5483: 5475: 5374: 4371: 4302:"Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: systematic review of incidence trends" 2923: 660: 486: 412: 303: 196: 371:

Mammography screening cuts the risk of dying from breast cancer nearly in half. A recent study published in

286:. As of 2007, about 8% of American screening centers used digital mammography. Around the globe, systems by 6266: 6200: 6132: 6122: 6100: 5871: 5839: 5470: 2891: 1163: 1151: 816:. In 119 women who subsequently underwent surgery, he correctly found breast cancer in 54 out of 58 cases. 4801: 244:. The electrical signals can be read on computer screens, permitting more manipulation of images to allow 5930: 5898: 5881: 2601:

Feig SA, Hendrick RE (1997–2001). "Radiation risk from screening mammography of women aged 40-49 years".

623: 319: 6303: 6004: 5739: 5479: 3713: 1162:

Another study of 32 published papers involving 23,804 mammograms and various machine learning methods (

1084:

Many factors affect how many people attend breast cancer screenings. For example, people from minority

268: 200: 2800:"Mammographic compression practices of force- and pressure-standardisation protocol: A scoping review" 6591: 6343: 6245: 5913: 5903: 5344: 3995: 2382: 1167: 951: 704: 700: 423: 364: 17: 4251:

de Gelder R, Heijnsdijk EA, van Ravesteyn NT, Fracheboud J, Draisma G, de Koning HJ (27 June 2011).

3101: 2928: 2636:

Feig SA, Hendrick RE (1997). "Radiation risk from screening mammography of women aged 40-49 years".

6284: 6235: 6014: 5893: 5866: 5627: 5412: 5367: 4116:

Ayvaci MU, Alagoz O, Chhatwal J, Munoz del Rio A, Sickles EA, Nassif H, et al. (August 2014).

1721:

Hodgson R, Heywang-Köbrunner SH, Harvey SC, Edwards M, Shaikh J, Arber M, Glanville J (June 2016).

1665: 1496:"Digital Mammography – Mammography – Imaginis – The Women's Health & Wellness Resource Network" 782: 88: 1111:, than women without. The lower attendance numbers remained the same even when marital status and 6586: 6555: 6550: 6183: 6019: 5960: 5945: 5834: 5656: 5632: 5149: 2896: 1108: 943:

women. The probability of a woman falling into any of the above four categories varies with age.

631: 491: 438: 404: 31: 4564:"Cost-benefit Analysis of Breast Cancer Screening with Digital Mammography: A Systematic Review" 1629: 710:

After describing the findings, the radiologist provides a final assessment ranging from 0 to 6:

6543: 6054: 5923: 5854: 5661: 5045:"Breast cancer screening: women with poor mental health are less likely to attend appointments" 3596: 1171: 906: 882: 400:

older age groups, the incidence was 2.7 in the 50–54 age group and 3.2 in the 55–59 age group.

283: 3539:

Gold RH, Bassett LW, Widoff BE (November 1990). "Highlights from the history of mammography".

2409:"Draft Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce" 1495: 1370: 1222:"Draft Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce" 6565: 6453: 6425: 5918: 5849: 5715: 5598: 5517: 5424: 4513:

Allaire BT, Ekwueme DU, Poehler D, Thomas CC, Guy GP, Subramanian S, Trogdon JG (July 2017).

3409:

Gold RH (2005). "History of Breast Imaging". In Bassett LW, Jackson VP, Fu KL, Fu YS (eds.).

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Gilbert FJ, Astley SM, Gillan MG, Agbaje OF, Wallis MG, James J, et al. (October 2008).

1951:

Johansson H, von Tiedemann M, Erhard K, Heese H, Ding H, Molloi S, Fredenberg E (July 2017).

1130:

At this time, MQSA applies only to traditional mammography and not to related scans, such as

655:

Stratification for breast cancer risk on a mammogram is based on a reporting system known as

6295: 5340: 4221: 3075:

Magny SJ, Shikhman R, Keppke AL (January 2024). "Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System".

2684: 2445: 1246: 6261: 5950: 5888: 5710: 3911: 2023: 1964: 1909: 4987:

Solmi M, Firth J, Miola A, Fornaro M, Frison E, Fusar-Poli P, et al. (January 2020).

2182: 1764:"Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT): a review of the evidence for use as a screening tool" 878:

200 women will experience significant psychological stress due to false positive results.

742:

at this time, which carries its own parallel BI-RADS lexicon. Suspicious lesions are then

27:

Process of using low-energy X-rays to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening

8: 6382: 6358: 6353: 6207: 6085: 5908: 5644: 1247:"Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 1244: 827:

In 1956, Gershon-Cohen conducted clinical trails on over 1,000 asymptomatic women at the

820: 755: 734: 639: 578: 260: 4588: 4563: 4430: 4403: 3307:

Mammography and beyond: developing technologies for the early detection of breast cancer

2027: 1968: 1913: 6375: 6195: 6044: 6039: 5940: 5823: 5678: 5429: 5263: 5220: 5060: 5026: 4969: 4930: 4903: 4879: 4854: 4835: 4783: 4680: 4655: 4636: 4539: 4514: 4384: 4326: 4301: 4277: 4252: 4233: 4144: 4117: 4098: 3876: 3851: 3760: 3659: 3552: 3516: 3483: 3305: 3280: 3263: 3244: 2826: 2799: 2775: 2750: 2696: 2457: 2331: 2220: 2166: 2141: 2122: 2044: 2035: 2011: 1987: 1952: 1933: 1899: 1831: 1806: 1686: 1622: 1339: 1315:"Recommendations on screening for breast cancer in average-risk women aged 40–74 years" 1314: 1112: 1093: 998: 801: 790: 789:, comparing X-rays of the breasts to the actual removed tissue, observing specifically 751: 171: 164: 5051:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2021-06-21. 5004: 4960:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-05-19. 4853:

Woof VG, Ruane H, Ulph F, French DP, Qureshi N, Khan N, et al. (September 2020).

4826:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-09-15. 4362: 3442: 3232: 3012: 1763: 775: 248:

to view the results more clearly . Digital mammography may be "spot view", for breast

6517: 6505: 6034: 5999: 5994: 5935: 5683: 5532: 5290: 5267: 5255: 5224: 5212: 5101: 5064: 5030: 5018: 4973: 4935: 4884: 4839: 4775: 4739: 4685: 4640: 4628: 4593: 4544: 4495: 4458: 4435: 4376: 4331: 4282: 4225: 4190: 4149: 4088: 4033: 3940: 3881: 3804: 3736: 3694: 3690: 3651: 3578: 3556: 3521: 3503: 3424: 3414: 3367: 3312: 3285: 3236: 3201: 3159: 3132: 3076: 3057: 3016: 2981: 2831: 2780: 2731: 2688: 2653: 2618: 2580: 2544: 2449: 2323: 2262: 2212: 2171: 2114: 2067: 2049: 1992: 1925: 1872: 1836: 1802: 1783: 1744: 1643: 1633: 1427: 1344: 1262: 1131: 993: 619:, or breast clinicians (non-radiologist physicians specializing in breast disease). 549: 76: 4787: 4491: 4237: 2700: 2335: 2126: 1937: 1525: 835:

combined a technique of low kVp with high mA and single emulsion films developed by

6433: 6406: 5861: 5720: 5492: 5444: 5247: 5204: 5091: 5052: 5008: 5000: 4961: 4925: 4915: 4874: 4866: 4827: 4767: 4731: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4654:

Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ, et al. (Cochrane Breast Cancer Group) (June 2013).

4620: 4583: 4575: 4534: 4526: 4487: 4457:. A Doubleday Anchor book (rev. and expand. ed.). Garden City, NY: Anchor Pr. 4425: 4415: 4388: 4366: 4358: 4321: 4313: 4272: 4264: 4217: 4180: 4139: 4129: 4102: 4080: 4029: 4025: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3796: 3728: 3686: 3663: 3641: 3548: 3511: 3495: 3446: 3337:"Breast Cancer Pioneer - Was the First Person to Use X-rays to Study Breast Cancer" 3275: 3248: 3228: 3193: 3124: 3047: 3008: 2973: 2821: 2811: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2723: 2680: 2649: 2645: 2614: 2610: 2572: 2536: 2461: 2441: 2315: 2254: 2224: 2202: 2161: 2153: 2106: 2039: 2031: 1982: 1972: 1917: 1864: 1826: 1818: 1775: 1734: 1334: 1326: 1254: 1100:

and were not aware that breast screening takes place in a female-only environment.

1097: 989: 955:

controlled trials (RCT) studying breast cancer in women between the ages of 40-49.

747: 627: 372: 253: 152: 5325: 3499: 120: 6490: 6448: 6070: 5522: 5488: 5461: 5456: 5390: 5121:"Facility Certification and Inspection (MQSA) – Mammography Safety Notifications" 4562:

Ghorbani S, Rezapour A, Eisavi M, Barahman M, Bagheri Faradonbeh S (2023-02-10).

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Woof VG, Ruane H, French DP, Ulph F, Qureshi N, Khan N, et al. (May 2020).

4253:"Interpreting overdiagnosis estimates in population-based mammography screening" 3714:"Abolishing mammography screening programs? A view from the Swiss Medical Board" 475:

Have a lifetime risk of breast cancer >20% according to risk assessment tools

426:

encourages mammograms every one to two years for women ages 40 to 49. In 2023,

6465: 6401: 6363: 6335: 6212: 5251: 5208: 4920: 4348: 4077:

Proceedings of the ACM international conference on Health informatics - IHI '10

3961: 3197: 3151: 2977: 2540: 2319: 1921: 1779: 717:

BI-RADS 1 & 2 indicate a negative and benign screen mammogram respectively.

616: 159:

for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of

5287:

The Big Squeeze: A Social and Political History of the Controversial Mammogram

4530: 3630:""To see today with the eyes of tomorrow": A history of screening mammography" 3262:

Liu J, Page D, Nassif H, Shavlik J, Peissig P, McCarty C, et al. (2013).

2751:"Interventions for relieving the pain and discomfort of screening mammography" 2072:

National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program

1585: 1530:

Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of Radiology

6580: 6560: 6538: 6495: 6485: 6438: 5844: 5813: 5801: 5796: 5554: 5449: 4870: 4134: 3823: 3507: 3428: 2958: 1647: 1266: 985: 932: 928: 871: 612: 562: 338: 307: 279: 241: 184: 160: 5096: 5079: 4268: 4084: 2576: 1868: 854: 804:

published "A Roentgenologic Study of the Breast", a study where he produced

714:

BI-RADS 0 indicates an incomplete assessment which needs additional imaging.

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Nelson HD, Fu R, Cantor A, Pappas M, Daeges M, Humphrey L (February 2016).

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2139: 2118: 2053: 1996: 1929: 1876: 1840: 1787: 1748: 1431: 1348: 1258: 1085: 847: 805: 786: 4499: 4250: 3698: 3646: 3629: 3560: 3240: 3128: 3052: 3035: 2657: 2622: 263:. Breast biopsy may also be performed using a different modality, such as 6396: 6150: 5705: 5537: 5527: 5507: 5439: 5434: 5403: 5013: 4954:"Cancer screening across the world is failing people with mental illness" 4624: 4579: 3732: 3577:. Health Physics Society 2006 Summer School. Medical Physics Publishing. 2258: 608: 554: 532: 245: 192: 176: 114: 5078:

Ross E, Maguire A, Donnelly M, Mairs A, Hall C, O'Reilly D (June 2020).

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American Cancer Society: Mammograms and Other Breast Imaging Procedures

4771: 4118:"Predicting invasive breast cancer versus DCIS in different age groups" 2110: 1953:"Breast-density measurement using photon-counting spectral mammography" 1011: 759: 739: 264: 208: 204: 188: 187:), depending on the available equipment or purpose of the examination. 5118: 4317: 3264:"Genetic variants improve breast cancer risk prediction on mammograms" 2281:"American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer" 2207: 2190: 2157: 1624:

Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health

793:. By doing so, he was able to establish the difference as seen on an 352: 130: 6420: 6113: 6049: 5502: 4185: 4168: 2816: 1977: 1822: 1720: 1088:

are also less likely to attend cancer screening. In the UK, women of

858:

early diagnosis, and clinical-radiological-pathological correlation.

809: 558: 1448: 1312: 478:

History of radiation therapy to chest between 10 and 30 years of age

6136: 5355:

U.S. Preventive Task Force recommendations on screening mammography

4515:"Breast cancer treatment costs in younger, privately insured women" 3905:"Mammography-leaflet; Screening for breast cancer with mammography" 1904: 1015:

it impossible to know if they ever developed a cancer. In his book

813: 601: 292: 287: 5359: 831:

on his screening technique, and the same year, Robert Egan at the

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X-rays images to track changes in breast tissue as a result of

743: 566: 368:

death rate has been cut almost in half over the last 20 years.

249: 237: 156: 4756: 4561: 3114: 2713: 6411: 6325: 6187: 5398: 5335: 3824:"Screening Mammography Benefits and Harms in Spotlight Again" 836: 794: 762:, depending on which imaging modality shows the lesion best. 233: 148: 2191:"Impact of screening mammography on breast cancer mortality" 1853: 984:

The central harm of mammographic breast cancer screening is

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American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)

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Serwan E, Matthews D, Davies J, Chau M (September 2020).

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The American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy

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Normal (left) versus cancerous (right) mammography image

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BI-RADS 5 indicates highly suggestive of malignancy.

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The higher spatial resolution demands of mammography

306:, also known as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), 4901: 4852: 3413:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders. p. 3. 3149: 3074: 2068:"Cancer of the Breast (Female) - Cancer Stat Facts" 1805:, Weyrich MS, Thompson JH, Shah K (February 2016). 1556:"How To Perform An Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy" 3892: 3711: 3304: 3182: 2188: 1761: 1621: 1177: 750:or proceed straight to surgery depending on their 4653: 4372:20.500.11820/ed6e2e58-5cfa-4fee-8dc8-641ab03effb8 4299: 3849: 3676: 3538: 3477: 3475: 2600: 419:encourage annual mammograms beginning at age 40. 6578: 4207: 3756:"Vast Study Casts Doubts on Value of Mammograms" 1762:Gilbert FJ, Tucker L, Young KC (February 2016). 589:Significantly increased expense of the equipment 5173:"Mammography Quality Standards Act and Program" 4568:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 3158:. 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New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1308: 1306: 723:BI-RADS 4 indicates suspicious for malginancy. 6311: 5375: 3959: 3364:Classic papers in modern diagnostic radiology 3302: 2473: 2471: 2379:"Screening Mammograms: Questions and Answers" 1694:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1134:, stereotactic breast biopsy, or breast MRI. 729:BI-RADS 6 is for biopsy-proven breast cancer. 5237: 5201:Journal of the American College of Radiology 5119:Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 4015: 2635: 2529:Journal of the American College of Radiology 2308:Journal of the American College of Radiology 2189:Bleyer A, Baines C, Miller AB (April 2016). 1036:Arguments against the USPSTF recommendations 948:United States Preventive Services Task Force 800:In 1930, American physician and radiologist 645: 428:United States Preventive Services Task Force 170:As with all X-rays, mammograms use doses of 5341:Screening Mammograms: Questions and Answers 4660:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4044: 3856:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3786: 3604:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 2956: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2755:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1407: 1303: 6318: 6304: 5382: 5368: 5145:"Breast Density and Your Mammogram Report" 3152:"Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System" 2468: 2009: 1413: 622:Double reading significantly improves the 394: 46: 5095: 5012: 4929: 4919: 4878: 4679: 4587: 4538: 4429: 4419: 4370: 4325: 4276: 4184: 4143: 4133: 3875: 3645: 3515: 3279: 3051: 2825: 2815: 2774: 2206: 2165: 2043: 1986: 1976: 1903: 1830: 1738: 1338: 282:, utilizing technology developed for the 6218:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging 5284: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3150:Magny SJ, Shikhman R, Keppke AL (2024). 2943: 2919:"Mammography Frequently Asked Questions" 2479:"ACS Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines" 1615: 1613: 1611: 544:A mobile mammography unit in New Zealand 539: 531: 351: 259:Digital mammography is also utilized in 4477: 4452: 4401: 4300:Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC (July 2009). 4222:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00006 3850:Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (June 2013). 3821: 3443:"History of Cancer Detection 1851–1995" 3404: 3402: 2685:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00008 2446:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00007 1146:Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms 862:Arguments against screening mammography 785:performed a mammography study on 3,000 14: 6579: 4724:AJR. 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Archived from 2010:Ding H, Molloi S (August 2012). 1438:from the original on 2001-11-21. 1395:from the original on 13 May 2017 1057:women screened over a lifetime. 1050:National Vital Statistics System 979: 332: 5782:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) 4846: 4812: 4794: 4750: 4715: 4696: 4647: 4604: 4555: 4506: 4492:10.1148/radiology.179.2.2014293 4471: 4446: 4395: 4342: 4293: 4244: 4160: 4109: 4068: 4057:from the original on 2011-10-27 4043: • Lay summary: 3980: 3968:from the original on 4 May 2018 3953: 3928: 3815: 3780: 3747: 3705: 3670: 3621: 3588: 3567: 3532: 3435: 3380: 3255: 3212: 3176: 3143: 3108: 3068: 3027: 2992: 2911: 2895:. March 1, 2010. Archived from 2886:"Mammography Quality Scorecard" 2878: 2842: 2791: 2742: 2707: 2664: 2629: 2555: 2520: 2495: 2425: 2401: 2371: 2360:from the original on 2013-09-04 2342: 2298: 2287:from the original on 2011-06-13 2273: 2133: 2089: 2078: 2060: 2016:Physics in Medicine and Biology 2003: 1944: 1892:Physics in Medicine and Biology 1883: 1847: 1794: 1755: 1714: 1703:from the original on 2010-11-25 1679: 1578: 1548: 1518: 1281:"Breast Cancer Early Detection" 1178:Alternative examination methods 687:. Similarly, shape can only be 347: 183:. Mammography may be 2D or 3D ( 6030:Radioactive iodine uptake test 4672:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 4030:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.476 3868:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 2767:10.1002/14651858.cd002942.pub2 1442: 1355: 1273: 1238: 1214: 917:cancers found by mammography: 829:Albert Einstein Medical Center 435:American College of Physicians 13: 1: 6479:Positron emission mammography 6010:Radionuclide ventriculography 5484:Lower gastrointestinal series 5476:Upper gastrointestinal series 5005:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30414-6 4363:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61611-0 4018:Archives of Internal Medicine 3754:Kolata G (11 February 2014). 3500:10.1590/0100-3984.2014.47.4e2 3013:10.1016/S0009-9260(03)00231-9 2924:American College of Radiology 1208: 1118: 1079: 661:American College of Radiology 487:American College of Radiology 413:American College of Radiology 304:Three-dimensional mammography 252:, or "full field" (FFDM) for 197:positron emission mammography 6201:Optical coherence tomography 6123:Myocardial perfusion imaging 5711:Dental panoramic radiography 4859:Journal of Medical Screening 3311:. National Academies Press. 2892:Food and Drug Administration 2728:10.1016/j.breast.2013.03.003 2650:10.1093/jncimono/1997.22.119 2615:10.1093/jncimono/1997.22.119 2036:10.1088/0031-9155/57/15/4719 1740:10.1016/j.breast.2016.01.002 1152:artificial intelligence (AI) 1045:mammography are increasing. 900: 569:may show up on the X-ray as 527: 509: 7: 4210:Annals of Internal Medicine 4173:Annals of Internal Medicine 3822:Mulcahy N (April 2, 2009). 2673:Annals of Internal Medicine 2434:Annals of Internal Medicine 1811:Annals of Internal Medicine 1414:Friedenson B (March 2000). 1367:European Cancer Observatory 1186: 1140: 1109:screening for breast cancer 754:. Biopsy can be done with 624:sensitivity and specificity 536:Illustration of a mammogram 320:Photon-counting mammography 10: 6618: 6005:Ventilation/perfusion scan 5480:Small-bowel follow-through 5252:10.1007/s10238-022-00895-0 5209:10.1016/j.jacr.2023.10.018 4921:10.1186/s12885-020-06959-2 3198:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.06.007 3186:European Journal of Cancer 2978:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.02.016 2966:European Journal of Cancer 2541:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.11.034 2385:. May 2006. Archived from 2320:10.1016/j.jacr.2009.09.022 1780:10.1016/j.crad.2015.11.008 1363:"Cancer screening: Breast" 874:, and radiation exposure. 769: 705:negative predictive values 650: 336: 317: 269:magnetic resonance imaging 227: 201:magnetic resonance imaging 29: 6531: 6464: 6344:Breast-conserving surgery 6334: 6275: 6254: 6246:Dynamic angiothermography 6226: 6182: 6131: 6108: 6098: 6063: 5990: 5980: 5971: 5914:Abdominal ultrasonography 5822: 5738: 5698: 5617: 5576: 5567: 5420: 5411: 5397: 5345:National Cancer Institute 5326:Resources in your library 4531:10.1007/s10549-017-4249-x 4402:Flemban AF (March 2023). 4051:The New York Times (blog) 3992:National Cancer Institute 3482:Kalaf JM (Jul–Aug 2014). 2383:National Cancer Institute 1526:"Mammography (Mammogram)" 1115:were taken into account. 1096:women faced cultural and 952:statistically significant 646:Interpretation of results 424:National Cancer Institute 417:Society of Breast Imaging 365:National Cancer Institute 278:Digital mammography is a 127: 113: 101: 87: 75: 65: 57: 45: 40: 6602:Projectional radiography 6236:Non-contact thermography 6015:Radionuclide angiography 5867:Doppler echocardiography 4871:10.1177/0969141319887405 4135:10.1186/1471-2407-14-584 3939:. Scibner. p. 193. 1922:10.1088/1361-6560/aaea83 1560:www.theradiologyblog.com 1198:Molecular breast imaging 781:In 1913, German surgeon 222: 6556:Breast self-examination 6551:Breast cancer screening 6020:Radioisotope renography 5150:American Cancer Society 4085:10.1145/1882992.1883005 3595:Skloot R (April 2001). 2577:10.6004/jnccn.2020.0017 1869:10.1148/radiol.13131181 1461:: an initiative of the 632:morbidity and mortality 518: 492:American Cancer Society 439:American Cancer Society 405:American Cancer Society 395:When to start screening 384:British Medical Journal 155:) to examine the human 32:Breast cancer screening 6544:Fine-needle aspiration 6055:Gastric emptying study 4993:The Lancet. Psychiatry 4455:The politics of cancer 3801:10.1001/jama.2014.1398 3575:Medical Health Physics 3096:Cite journal requires 2859:(IAEA). Archived from 1259:10.1001/jama.2024.5534 1159:screening approaches. 1017:The Politics of Cancer 946:A 2016 review for the 907:Cochrane Collaboration 883:Cochrane Collaboration 545: 537: 381:A recent study in the 357: 284:Hubble Space Telescope 6566:Breast duct endoscopy 6454:Central duct excision 6432:Interventions on the 6426:Breast reconstruction 5716:X-ray motion analysis 5599:X-ray microtomography 5518:Hysterosalpingography 5425:Pneumoencephalography 5097:10.1093/eurpub/ckz220 4269:10.1093/epirev/mxr009 4257:Epidemiologic Reviews 3647:10.3138/cbmh.20.2.299 3573:Medich DC, Martel C. 3488:Radiologia Brasileira 3129:10.1148/rg.2016150178 3053:10.1056/nejmoa0803545 543: 535: 355: 236:film to help examine 6597:Diagnostic radiology 6241:Contact thermography 5951:Emergency ultrasound 5889:Transcranial Doppler 5640:Abdominal and pelvis 4625:10.1056/NEJMp2307229 4580:10.47176/mjiri.37.89 3733:10.1056/NEJMp1401875 3343:on February 15, 2020 2850:"Clinical Artefacts" 2259:10.2214/AJR.17.18707 1090:South Asian heritage 735:screening mammograms 288:Fujifilm Corporation 6383:Breast augmentation 6359:Wide local excision 6354:Segmental resection 6208:Confocal microscopy 6086:Indium-111 WBC scan 5909:Echoencephalography 5645:Virtual colonoscopy 5285:Reynolds H (2012). 5057:10.3310/alert_46400 4966:10.3310/alert_40317 4832:10.3310/alert_41135 4736:10.2214/AJR.10.5609 4453:Epstein SS (1979). 4421:10.3390/jpm13030523 4357:(9855): 1778–1786. 3937:Hippocrates' Shadow 2535:(3 Pt A): 408–414. 2028:2012PMB....57.4719D 1969:2017MedPh..44.3579J 1914:2018PMB....63w5003F 1331:10.1503/cmaj.110334 1075:Society and culture 821:Jacob Gershon-Cohen 791:microcalcifications 659:, developed by the 640:digital mammography 579:digital mammography 261:stereotactic biopsy 165:microcalcifications 151:(usually around 30 6376:Radical mastectomy 6196:Optical tomography 6045:Dacryoscintigraphy 6040:Immunoscintigraphy 5679:Whole body imaging 5430:Dental radiography 5179:. December 1, 2023 4772:10.1002/cncr.25650 4079:. pp. 76–82. 3935:Newman DH (2008). 3761:The New York Times 3628:Lerner BH (2003). 3001:Clinical Radiology 2111:10.1002/cncr.28199 1768:Clinical Radiology 1113:social deprivation 1086:ethnic communities 1027:Cost-effectiveness 999:Cancer Research UK 819:As early as 1937, 802:Stafford L. Warren 756:the help of x-rays 611:, but may also be 546: 538: 358: 172:ionizing radiation 6574: 6573: 6518:Scintimammography 6506:Breast ultrasound 6434:Lactiferous ducts 6293: 6292: 6255:Target conditions 6178: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6094: 6093: 6035:Bone scintigraphy 6000:Scintimammography 5995:Cholescintigraphy 5840:contrast-enhanced 5734: 5733: 5694: 5693: 5684:Full-body CT scan 5584:General operation 5563: 5562: 5533:Angiocardiography 5312:Library resources 5296:978-0-8014-5093-8 4619:(12): 1061–1064. 4464:978-0-385-15167-2 4318:10.1136/bmj.b2587 4094:978-1-4503-0030-8 4024:(22): 2043–2046. 3962:"Wrap-Up Session" 3946:978-1-4165-5153-9 3795:(13): 1327–1335. 3727:(21): 1965–1967. 3490:(in Portuguese). 3420:978-0-7216-9563-1 3362:Thomas A (2005). 3318:978-0-309-07283-0 3192:(13): 1905–1917. 3046:(16): 1675–1684. 2866:on 29 August 2017 2208:10.1002/ijc.29925 2158:10.1136/bmj.h4901 2105:(18): 2839–2846. 2022:(15): 4719–4738. 1639:978-0-19-974045-1 1452:(24 April 2014), 1325:(17): 1991–2001. 1132:breast ultrasound 1098:language barriers 1094:British-Pakistani 994:Peter C. Gotzsche 638:may be used with 433:In contrast, the 138: 137: 103:OPS-301 code 16:(Redirected from 6609: 6592:Cancer screening 6407:Breast reduction 6320: 6313: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6283: 6282: 6106: 6105: 5988: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5862:Echocardiography 5721:Hounsfield scale 5574: 5573: 5493:Cholecystography 5418: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5300: 5272: 5271: 5246:(6): 2341–2356. 5235: 5229: 5228: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5016: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4933: 4923: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4730:(2): W112–W116. 4719: 4713: 4712: 4711:(23-05303-EF-2). 4709:AHRQ Publication 4700: 4694: 4693: 4683: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4423: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4374: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4329: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4186:10.7326/M15-0969 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4137: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4041: 4013: 4000: 3999: 3994:. 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Gilbert Welch 748:local anesthesia 628:health insurance 327:spectral imaging 131:edit on Wikidata 123: 97: 50: 38: 37: 21: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6527: 6491:Xeromammography 6460: 6449:Microdochectomy 6330: 6324: 6294: 6289: 6271: 6250: 6222: 6170: 6156:PET mammography 6127: 6090: 6076:Gallium-67 scan 6071:Octreotide scan 6059: 5967: 5818: 5730: 5690: 5613: 5594:High-resolution 5559: 5523:Skeletal survey 5489:Cholangiography 5402: 5393: 5391:Medical imaging 5388: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5280: 5278:Further reading 5275: 5236: 5232: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5153:. 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5702: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5486: 5473: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5406: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306:External links 5304: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5230: 5190: 5164: 5136: 5111: 5090:(3): 396–401. 5070: 5036: 4979: 4945: 4894: 4865:(3): 130–137. 4845: 4811: 4793: 4766:(4): 714–722. 4749: 4714: 4695: 4646: 4603: 4554: 4525:(2): 429–436. 4505: 4486:(2): 463–468. 4470: 4463: 4445: 4394: 4341: 4292: 4263:(1): 111–121. 4243: 4216:(7): 502–510. 4200: 4179:(4): 244–255. 4159: 4108: 4093: 4067: 4001: 3998:on 2014-12-17. 3979: 3952: 3945: 3927: 3891: 3837: 3814: 3779: 3746: 3704: 3685:(9): 731–738. 3669: 3640:(2): 299–321. 3620: 3587: 3566: 3531: 3471: 3459: 3434: 3419: 3398: 3379: 3372: 3354: 3324: 3317: 3295: 3254: 3227:(5): 421–427. 3221:Histopathology 3211: 3175: 3142: 3123:(3): 623–639. 3107: 3098:|journal= 3067: 3026: 3007:(9): 733–738. 2991: 2972:(6): 798–807. 2942: 2910: 2877: 2841: 2810:(3): 233–242. 2790: 2741: 2722:(4): 389–394. 2706: 2679:(7): 516–526. 2663: 2628: 2590: 2571:(4): 380–391. 2554: 2519: 2494: 2483:www.cancer.org 2467: 2440:(7): 511–515. 2424: 2400: 2370: 2341: 2297: 2272: 2253:(2): 264–270. 2230: 2181: 2132: 2088: 2077: 2059: 2002: 1943: 1898:(23): 235003. 1882: 1863:(2): 345–355. 1846: 1817:(4): 268–278. 1803:Miglioretti DL 1793: 1774:(2): 141–150. 1754: 1713: 1678: 1653: 1638: 1607: 1577: 1547: 1517: 1480: 1441: 1406: 1376: 1373:on 2012-02-11. 1354: 1302: 1287:. 2013-09-17. 1272: 1237: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1120: 1117: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1007: 1004: 981: 978: 960: 957: 940: 939: 936: 933:over-treatment 929:over-diagnosis 925: 922: 902: 899: 872:over-treatment 863: 860: 783:Albert Salomon 771: 768: 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 677:micropapillary 652: 649: 647: 644: 595: 594: 590: 587: 529: 526: 520: 517: 511: 508: 506: 503: 483: 482: 479: 476: 473: 472:gene mutation. 462: 461:gene mutation. 446: 443: 396: 393: 349: 346: 337:Main article: 334: 331: 318:Main article: 315: 312: 300: 299:3D mammography 297: 229: 226: 224: 221: 136: 135: 128: 125: 124: 117: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 91: 85: 84: 79: 73: 72: 69: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6614: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Ductal lavage 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6539:Breast biopsy 6537: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6496:Galactography 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486:Tomosynthesis 6484: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:Ductal lavage 6437: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6286: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081:Ga-68-DOTATOC 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5894:Intravascular 5892: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5814:Synthetic MRI 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604:Electron beam 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5555:Orbital x-ray 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5450:Bronchography 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049:NIHR Evidence 5046: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5014:11577/3383784 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958:NIHR Evidence 4955: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824:NIHR Evidence 4821: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4802:"Tabar et al" 4797: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3917:on 2012-09-05 3913: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3597:"Taboo Organ" 3591: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541:Radiographics 3535: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3373:3-540-21927-7 3369: 3365: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117:Radiographics 3111: 3103: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2931:on 2007-09-28 2930: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2899:on 2007-04-03 2898: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2389:on 2007-04-15 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1682: 1668:on 2013-01-02 1667: 1663: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048:According to 1046: 1043: 1033: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1003: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 986:overdiagnosis 980:Overdiagnosis 977: 973: 969: 967: 956: 953: 949: 944: 937: 934: 930: 926: 923: 920: 919: 918: 914: 910: 908: 898: 894: 890: 886: 884: 879: 875: 873: 867: 859: 856: 851: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 767: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 712: 711: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:circumscribed 664: 662: 658: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 613:radiographers 610: 605: 603: 598: 591: 588: 585: 584: 583: 580: 575: 572: 568: 564: 563:talcum powder 560: 556: 551: 542: 534: 525: 516: 502: 500: 495: 493: 488: 480: 477: 474: 471: 467: 463: 460: 456: 453:Have a known 452: 451: 450: 442: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 392: 388: 386: 385: 379: 376: 375: 369: 366: 363:According to 361: 354: 345: 340: 339:Galactography 333:Galactography 330: 328: 321: 311: 309: 308:tomosynthesis 305: 296: 294: 289: 285: 281: 280:NASA spin-off 276: 272: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:breast cancer 239: 235: 220: 217: 214:In 2023, the 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185:tomosynthesis 182: 178: 173: 168: 166: 162: 161:breast cancer 158: 154: 150: 146: 143:(also called 142: 132: 126: 122: 118: 116: 112: 109: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 78: 74: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 49: 44: 39: 36: 33: 19: 6523:Elastography 6473: 6262:Acute stroke 6228:Thermography 5983:scintigraphy 5973:Radionuclide 5961:pre-hospital 5807:Tractography 5726:Radiodensity 5628:calcium scan 5589:Quantitative 5497: 5316: 5286: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5200: 5193: 5183:December 13, 5181:. Retrieved 5176: 5167: 5157:December 13, 5155:. Retrieved 5148: 5139: 5128:. Retrieved 5124: 5114: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5048: 5039: 4999:(1): 52–63. 4996: 4992: 4982: 4957: 4948: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4698: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4454: 4448: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4076: 4070: 4059:. Retrieved 4050: 4021: 4017: 3996:the original 3991: 3988:"Mammograms" 3982: 3970:. Retrieved 3955: 3936: 3930: 3919:. Retrieved 3912:the original 3859: 3855: 3827: 3817: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3770:. Retrieved 3759: 3749: 3724: 3720: 3707: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3590: 3574: 3569: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3491: 3487: 3450:. Retrieved 3437: 3410: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3363: 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3341:the original 3306: 3298: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3167:. Retrieved 3155: 3145: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3089:cite journal 3070: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2969: 2965: 2933:. Retrieved 2929:the original 2922: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2897:the original 2889: 2880: 2868:. Retrieved 2861:the original 2844: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2606: 2602: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2511:. Retrieved 2509:. 2023-04-13 2506: 2497: 2486:. Retrieved 2482: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2416:. Retrieved 2412: 2403: 2391:. Retrieved 2387:the original 2373: 2362:. Retrieved 2353: 2344: 2314:(1): 18–27. 2311: 2307: 2300: 2289:. Retrieved 2275: 2250: 2246: 2198: 2195:Int J Cancer 2194: 2184: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2085:(Otto et al) 2080: 2071: 2062: 2019: 2015: 2005: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1814: 1810: 1796: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1705:. Retrieved 1693: 1681: 1670:. Retrieved 1666:the original 1656: 1623: 1598:. Retrieved 1589: 1580: 1568:. Retrieved 1559: 1550: 1538:. Retrieved 1529: 1520: 1508:. Retrieved 1499: 1472:, retrieved 1468:the original 1457: 1444: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1397:. Retrieved 1388: 1379: 1371:the original 1366: 1357: 1322: 1318: 1293:. Retrieved 1284: 1275: 1250: 1240: 1229:. 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5343:, from the 5317:Mammography 5125:www.fda.gov 3274:: 876–885. 2507:www.cdc.gov 841:Mammography 593:evaluation. 555:motion blur 240:tissue for 199:(PEM), and 193:ductography 177:radiography 145:mastography 141:Mammography 115:MedlinePlus 61:Mastography 58:Other names 52:Mammography 41:Mammography 6581:Categories 6501:Breast MRI 6444:Ductoscopy 6371:Mastectomy 6349:Lumpectomy 6064:Full body: 5850:endoscopic 5824:Ultrasound 5753:functional 5550:Lymphogram 5545:Venography 5513:Arthrogram 5130:2019-04-18 4914:(1): 452. 4908:BMC Cancer 4414:(3): 523. 4128:(1): 584. 4122:BMC Cancer 4061:2011-10-28 3921:2012-06-24 3583:1930524315 3395:: 113–124. 3335:Ingram A. 3169:2024-01-24 3156:StatPearls 2513:2024-01-18 2488:2024-01-18 2418:2024-01-18 2364:2013-09-11 2291:2011-06-16 1905:2101.02755 1707:2010-12-20 1672:2010-09-13 1285:cancer.org 1231:2024-02-01 1209:References 1150:Recently, 1119:Regulation 1080:Attendance 760:ultrasound 740:ultrasound 681:indistinct 415:, and the 265:ultrasound 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