38:
1303:
1360:
282:
258:
246:
270:
294:
46:
306:
315:
351:, were once the dominant plant community in the ecoregion, In relatively intact woodlands the trees reach 12 to 18 meters high, and tree cover averages 50% or more. Grasses form the understory The highest-elevation areas, from 1,200 to 1,494 meters elevation, are home to a mix of lowland (Sudanian) and montane and submontane (
398:
are the most important, along with about 30 other species. Domestic sheep, goats, and cattle are kept and fed in pens during the crop-growing season, and their manure is deposited on the terraces after each harvest. Domestic animals are allowed to graze on the terraces' plant stubble after harvest to
373:
The
Mandara Mountains sustain a relatively dense population, despite the topography and relatively poor soils. Historically the mountains were a refuge for people resisting conquest or enslavement by states on the surrounding plains, and the mountains sustain a great diversity of languages and
216:, fragmenting and splitting as it was pushed to the surface. The climate was significantly wetter in those times, so enormous amounts of precipitation formed numerous rivers that rushed through these fractures, carving them deeper and wider, resulting in the range's notably rugged terrain.
377:
Local people developed a system of intensive agriculture involving the construction of terraces and measures to retain and improve soil fertility. Terraces were built on hillsides to protect soil from erosion, and can extend from valleys to the high mountain slopes. Crop rotation between
234:. In the case of the Mandara Mountains, the plugs were much more erosion-resistant than the exterior of the cones, which wore away over time. Eventually, only the plugs remained, forming the stark, needle-like spires such as Kapsiki Peak that the range is known for.
544:
Riddell, James C., and David J. Campbell. “Agricultural
Intensification and Rural Development: The Mandara Mountains of North Cameroon.” African Studies Review, vol. 29, no. 3, 1986, pp. 89–106. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/524085. Accessed 7 Aug.
327:
The ecoregion has tropical savanna climate, moderated by elevation. Average annual rainfall varies from 800 to 1000 mm depending on location. Most rain falls during the long wet season from May to
October, and the rest of the year is dry.
355:) species, including some rare and endemic plants and reptiles. The vegetation has been profoundly altered by heavy grazing, burning, and conversion to agriculture, and only fragmented and degraded areas of woodland remain.
585:
358:
761:
362:
1050:
1040:
726:
1010:
736:
902:
756:
578:
882:
1025:
965:
990:
980:
907:
365:
in
Cameroon cover lower-elevation portions of the mountains. The high peaks, which are of the greatest biological interest, are unprotected.
571:
1344:
1401:
1420:
917:
1425:
399:
ensure that the manure fertilizes the fields. Household, human, and plant waste is used to improve the soil on terraces.
342:
The higher elevation and rainfall of the mountains sustained plant communities distinct from the surrounding lowlands.
1445:
1430:
1138:
451:
17:
142:
1450:
107:
1337:
72:
1435:
1394:
386:, and legumes maintains soil fertility and reduces pests. Trees are used for shade, fodder, and green manure.
1440:
62:
1330:
731:
281:
1387:
1108:
61:
are a volcanic range extending about 190 km (about 120 mi) along the northern part of the
257:
1455:
1128:
1098:
829:
337:
245:
1143:
1123:
663:
269:
1375:
1318:
794:
751:
230:
whose vents were eventually plugged with hardening magma. These hardened cores are called
8:
1267:
1218:
1133:
824:
698:
641:
467:
1282:
1252:
1203:
1198:
1015:
804:
741:
683:
388:
209:
1088:
563:
408:
1223:
1183:
1158:
1113:
1093:
1030:
1000:
985:
932:
877:
872:
857:
447:
1178:
1153:
1148:
819:
799:
746:
721:
655:
636:
626:
347:
293:
1078:
524:
1247:
1083:
950:
922:
809:
703:
688:
678:
673:
600:
492:
213:
205:
446:. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 226–227.
1371:
1314:
1262:
1213:
1188:
1168:
1070:
1045:
867:
814:
789:
784:
779:
37:
1414:
1208:
1163:
1103:
1060:
1055:
847:
693:
621:
609:
394:
231:
227:
157:
144:
122:
109:
87:
74:
31:
1020:
1005:
995:
940:
912:
897:
892:
862:
668:
631:
615:
1118:
1035:
975:
960:
887:
852:
413:
352:
193:
192:
research has been undertaken in the
Mandara Mountains, including work at
189:
136:
66:
1302:
1257:
1242:
955:
713:
1359:
1277:
1272:
1233:
1310:
970:
50:
1367:
379:
219:
45:
945:
771:
651:
383:
305:
222:
also played a role in the formation of the range. Eruptions of
204:
The
Mandara Mountains were formed millions of years ago when a
174:
101:
182:
558:
839:
223:
178:
41:
The
Mandara Mountains looking north-east from Jimeta/Yola.
1193:
314:
593:
173:
The region is densely populated, mainly by speakers of
442:
Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980).
53:
is one of the most photographed parts of the
Mandara.
139:, at 1,494 m (4,900 ft) above sea level (
1412:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
441:
1395:
1338:
579:
426:
1402:
1388:
1345:
1331:
586:
572:
135:). The highest elevation is the summit of
540:
538:
44:
36:
14:
1413:
535:
345:Open woodlands, dominated by the tree
27:Mountain range in Nigeria and Cameroon
567:
519:
517:
515:
513:
468:"A Dormant Volcanic Range in Adamawa"
1354:
1297:
918:West and Central African Rift System
594:Major African geological formations
212:deep beneath the African continent
24:
510:
25:
1467:
552:
493:"Les Diy-Gid-Biy du Mont Mandara"
1358:
1301:
313:
304:
292:
280:
268:
256:
244:
485:
460:
177:languages, including both the
13:
1:
419:
30:For the Indian mountain, see
1374:. You can help Knowledge by
1317:. You can help Knowledge by
444:Natural Wonders of the World
7:
1421:Mountain ranges of Cameroon
402:
359:Mozogo-Gokoro National Park
287:View of a pointed Rock form
10:
1472:
1426:Mountain ranges of Nigeria
1353:
1296:
732:Central African Shear Zone
497:UNESCO World Heritage List
335:
331:
322:
199:
29:
1232:
1109:Central Pangean Mountains
1069:
931:
838:
770:
762:Western Meseta Shear Zone
712:
650:
599:
368:
363:Mayo-Louti Forest Reserve
1446:Cameroon geography stubs
1431:Volcanic plugs of Africa
525:"Mandara Plateau mosaic"
1451:Nigeria geography stubs
374:traditional religions.
263:View of small Mountains
100:) to the north-west of
63:Cameroon–Nigeria border
1370:location article is a
1313:location article is a
1129:Eastern Rift mountains
1051:Tanzania Coastal Basin
830:Terra Australis Orogen
531:. World Wildlife Fund.
529:Terrestrial Ecoregions
338:Mandara Plateau mosaic
54:
42:
1436:Volcanoes of Cameroon
1144:Great Karas Mountains
1124:Eastern Arc Mountains
664:Arabian-Nubian Shield
251:Cross sectional view
48:
40:
1441:Volcanoes of Nigeria
1041:Somali Coastal Basin
752:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
1219:Teffedest Mountains
1134:Ethiopian Highlands
825:Pan-African orogens
795:East African Orogen
727:Broodkop Shear Zone
699:West African Craton
642:Victoria Microplate
154: /
119: /
84: /
1283:List of inselbergs
1253:Jugurtha Tableland
1204:Sankwala Mountains
1199:Rwenzori Mountains
1016:Ouled Abdoun Basin
1011:Orange River Basin
933:Sedimentary basins
742:Foumban Shear Zone
684:Saharan Metacraton
389:Khaya senegalensis
55:
49:Kapsiki Peak near
43:
1383:
1382:
1326:
1325:
1291:
1290:
1224:Tibesti Mountains
1184:Mitumba Mountains
1174:Mandara Mountains
1159:Imatong Mountains
1114:Chaillu Mountains
1094:Bambouk Mountains
1031:Rio del Rey Basin
1001:Niger Delta Basin
986:Iullemmeden Basin
878:Gulf of Suez Rift
873:East African Rift
858:Bahr el Arab rift
805:Gondwanide Orogen
737:Chuan Shear Zones
275:The mountain peak
220:Volcanic activity
206:continental plate
158:10.883°N 13.783°E
59:Mandara Mountains
18:Mandara mountains
16:(Redirected from
1463:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1305:
1298:
1179:Marrah Mountains
1154:Hoggar Mountains
1149:Guinea Highlands
1139:Great Escarpment
903:Sangha Aulacogen
820:Mauritanide Belt
747:Kandi Fault Zone
722:Aswa Dislocation
637:Seychelles Plate
627:Madagascar Plate
588:
581:
574:
565:
564:
546:
542:
533:
532:
521:
508:
507:
505:
503:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
464:
458:
457:
439:
348:Isoberlinia doka
317:
308:
296:
284:
272:
260:
248:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
21:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1352:
1351:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1248:Mount Gorongosa
1228:
1089:Aurès Mountains
1084:Atlas Mountains
1071:Mountain ranges
1065:
951:Blue Nile Basin
927:
923:White Nile rift
834:
800:Eburnean Orogen
766:
757:Todi Shear Zone
708:
704:Zimbabwe Craton
689:Tanzania Craton
679:Kalahari Craton
674:Kaapvaal Craton
646:
595:
592:
555:
550:
549:
543:
536:
523:
522:
511:
501:
499:
491:
490:
486:
476:
474:
466:
465:
461:
454:
440:
427:
422:
409:Pico CĂŁo Grande
405:
371:
340:
334:
325:
318:
309:
300:
297:
288:
285:
276:
273:
264:
261:
252:
249:
202:
185:ethnic groups.
162:
160:
156:
153:
148:
145:
143:
141:
140:
127:
125:
121:
118:
113:
110:
108:
106:
105:
92:
90:
86:
83:
78:
75:
73:
71:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1306:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:Mont Niénokoué
1265:
1263:Mulanje Massif
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:Serra da Chela
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Nuba Mountains
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Loma Mountains
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Blue Mountains
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:Taoudeni Basin
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Lamu Embayment
880:
875:
870:
868:Blue Nile rift
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
842:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:Kibaran Orogen
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
785:Cape Fold Belt
782:
776:
774:
768:
767:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
716:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
660:
658:
648:
647:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
614:Minor plates:
612:
608:Major plates:
605:
603:
597:
596:
591:
590:
583:
576:
568:
562:
561:
554:
553:External links
551:
548:
547:
534:
509:
484:
459:
452:
424:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
411:
404:
401:
370:
367:
336:Main article:
333:
330:
324:
321:
320:
319:
312:
310:
303:
301:
298:
291:
289:
286:
279:
277:
274:
267:
265:
262:
255:
253:
250:
243:
232:volcanic plugs
228:volcanic cones
201:
198:
190:archaeological
163:10.883; 13.783
104:in the north (
69:in the south (
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1468:
1457:
1456:Adamawa State
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Serra da Leba
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Rif Mountains
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Jebel Uweinat
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Cameroon line
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:AĂŻr Mountains
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1061:Turkana Basin
1059:
1057:
1056:Tindouf Basin
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:Reggane Basin
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:Afar Triangle
846:
845:
843:
841:
837:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Kuunga Orogen
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:Damara Orogen
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Alpine Orogen
778:
777:
775:
773:
769:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
715:
711:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
694:Tuareg Shield
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:Lwandle Plate
620:Microplates:
619:
617:
613:
611:
610:African Plate
607:
606:
604:
602:
598:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
569:
566:
560:
559:Mandaras.info
557:
556:
541:
539:
530:
526:
520:
518:
516:
514:
498:
494:
488:
473:
472:Folio Nigeria
469:
463:
455:
453:0-89577-087-3
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
425:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
400:
397:
396:
395:Acacia albida
391:
390:
385:
381:
375:
366:
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
349:
343:
339:
329:
316:
311:
307:
302:
295:
290:
283:
278:
271:
266:
259:
254:
247:
242:
241:
240:
239:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
210:basement rock
207:
197:
196:(DGB) sites.
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
138:
132:
123:11.0°N 13.9°E
103:
97:
68:
64:
60:
52:
47:
39:
33:
32:Mount Mandara
19:
1376:expanding it
1365:
1319:expanding it
1308:
1293:
1236:(aka koppie)
1173:
1021:Owambo Basin
1006:Ogaden Basin
996:Murzuq Basin
966:Douala Basin
941:Angola Basin
913:Urema Valley
898:Red Sea Rift
893:Muglad Basin
863:Benue Trough
669:Congo Craton
632:Rovuma Plate
616:Somali Plate
528:
500:. Retrieved
496:
487:
475:. Retrieved
471:
462:
443:
393:
387:
376:
372:
357:
346:
344:
341:
326:
237:
236:
218:
203:
187:
172:
88:9.3°N 12.8°E
58:
56:
1119:Drakensberg
1036:Sirte Basin
991:Kufra Basin
981:Gabon Basin
976:Karoo Basin
961:Congo Basin
908:Atbara rift
888:Melut Basin
853:Anza trough
714:Shear zones
414:Tororo Rock
353:Afromontane
299:Sunset view
194:Diy-Gid-Biy
161: /
137:Mount Oupay
126: /
91: /
67:Benue River
65:, from the
1415:Categories
1258:Mount Mabu
1243:Anti-Atlas
1234:Inselbergs
956:Chad Basin
420:References
188:Extensive
128:11.0; 13.9
1278:Zuma Rock
1273:Wase Rock
477:17 August
93:9.3; 12.8
1311:Cameroon
971:El Djouf
403:See also
181:and the
51:Rhumsiki
1368:Nigeria
772:Orogens
656:shields
652:Cratons
380:sorghum
332:Ecology
323:Climate
238:Gallery
226:formed
214:rose up
200:Geology
149:13°47′E
146:10°53′N
114:13°54′E
111:11°00′N
79:12°48′E
946:Aoukar
601:Plates
502:29 May
450:
384:millet
369:People
175:Chadic
102:Maroua
76:9°18′N
1366:This
1309:This
840:Rifts
545:2021.
183:Kirdi
1372:stub
1315:stub
654:and
504:2016
479:2020
448:ISBN
392:and
361:and
224:lava
179:Mofu
57:The
208:of
170:).
1417::
537:^
527:.
512:^
495:.
470:.
428:^
382:,
1403:e
1396:t
1389:v
1378:.
1346:e
1339:t
1332:v
1321:.
587:e
580:t
573:v
506:.
481:.
456:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
