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they may never learn. Yet despite this, most lodges still use palm thatch on ranchos, and with the growing tourism industry the tradition may not be completely lost to future generations. However, while it is possible that one may work at a lodge that does thatching and have an opportunity to learn how to thatch, it is apparent that overall the traditional usage of palm for non-tourist dwellings is dwindling, and few individuals are learning to harvest thatch properly in the traditional way.
419:
336:
296:
1025:
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403:(n.d.), the Tortuguero region is an ancient flood plain with a rainfall exceeding 6,000 mm annually and an average daily temperature of 26 degrees Celsius. This area is aseasonal (Myers, 1981) and is considered among the most biologically diverse regions in the country (Koens, Dieperink and Miranda, 2009; World Headquarters, 2007). There are two protected areas that make up much of the Tortuguero region: The
44:
484:
inevitably leads to deforestation, and the loss of tropical flora and fauna biodiversity. In order to develop a banana plantation, marshes are drained, streams are channelized, and drainage canals are constructed to prevent flooding of the fields (McCracken 1998). Historically the agricultural banana industry has been a threat to the
577:
difficulty of harvest work in swamp areas, and undesirable creatures such as scorpions, snakes and bats making their homes in the thatch. It appeared that most people generally now prefer to use tin or plastic as their roofing material since it is relatively cheap and much easier to obtain and use than the
620:
In order to thatch a roof certain steps must be taken. First, one must get a permit and then collect the leaves. Once this is complete the leaves must be prepared for thatching. This is done by splitting the leaves in half by dragging a piece of wood lengthwise through the spines. When doing this it
601:
fronds may grow anywhere from two to seven meters tall, though most often leaves that are at least four to five meters in length are preferred. The number of leaves harvested from each tree also varies. Anywhere from 10 to 20 leaves are removed from a tree during a harvest, though most often locals
542:
Wildlife conservation permits in Costa Rica were established in 1992 with the Ley de
Conservacion de la Vida Silvestre, or the Law on Wildlife Conservation (hereafter referred to as Law 7317). It is possible that another permit system was in place before this law was introduced, but no evidence has
322:
is an obligate swamp species, and as most other palms, it thrives in the wet, humid conditions of tropical lowland forests. Myers (1981) states "In the humid environments of the neo-tropics there is an increase in the abundance of understory palms" (24). Further to this, lowland forests generally
602:
indicated that 10 leaves are removed. Many leaves are needed to thatch a roof. For a house it may take anywhere between 400 and 7000 leaves, and a rancho may need 1000 to 2500 leaves. Although these numbers seem surprising, the numbers are actually fewer than if other plants were used, because the
524:
from
Nicaragua immigrated into the area and primarily used palm thatch for their homes. Tortuguero village became a well-used shipping port for coconuts and bananas produced by local plantations. By 1930-1940 Walter Martinez, along with his children and two or three other families settled into the
624:
The tradition of thatching is being lost within the
Tortuguero region of Costa Rica. Fewer people are using thatch and since the process of learning thatch is done through observation, those of the younger generation may never have the opportunity to see a thatched roof being constructed and thus
576:
for thatch, such as its durability and its ability to help cool down a building as well as being waterproof, many locals were actually moving away from using the palm as roofing material. There appears to be a variety of reasons for this decline including difficulty in obtaining permits, physical
500:
Many different species of palms have been useful to humans now and throughout history. Palms of all types can be used for "thatch for houses, wood to support dwellings, ropes, strings, weavings, hunting bows, fishing line, hooks, utensils, musical instruments, and various kinds of food and drink"
443:
Anthropology field course, in conjunction with Caño Palma
Biological Station. The station lies along the Caño Palma (Palm Canal) in Tortuguero National Park, which rests within the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge. Caño Palma is a palm-filled blackwater canal made up of hydromorphic soils that
637:
harvest, special attention is given to how much of each palm was harvested for thatching purposes. Mainly, it was indicated that least three leaves are left on each tree so that the palms were able to regenerate. Also, the harvest location was rotated to further ensure that regeneration of the
483:
in Costa Rica has had a negative impact on both ecological and social aspects. The cultivation of bananas requires large amounts of land, large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides, and extensive systems of shallow canals and drainage ditches (Astorga, 1998). This alteration of the landscape
353:
The fruits grow in large clusters throughout the year, forming in shells that contain two or three seeds each. The pods fall from the tree and form mounds at the base. Eventually the spiked outer shell of the pod breaks away, revealing the smooth round seed underneath. Some mammals, such as
400:
455:
palm was highest in wet, swampy habitat with lower density at all life stages within drier substrate. Thus, this palm thrives in a very specific habitat, and destruction of that habitat by commercial agricultural drainage of wetlands can impact the population negatively.
358:, eat the white flesh found inside seeds that have fallen and emerged from the tough outer shell, but human consumption of this fruit is not common (Myers, 1981). Since the seeds can float for extended periods of time, water is the main seed distribution method for the
642:
occurs. Although locals practice these two types of management to ensure that the palm does regenerate, they also indicated that they believe that this palm is a plant that will regenerate quickly and is not at risk of overharvesting, especially if done properly.
654:
only grows in wetland areas, clearing too many wetland areas can cause these its habitat to dry up. Continued appropriate conservation management in this important region and all wetlands where this important palm occurs will continue to ensure its survival.
362:. Seed dispersal by animals is not effective; Myers (1981) found that seeds which were partially consumed or damaged by animals were not likely to germinate (See Fig. 1). Where mammal activity is high, seed and seedling predation are also very high, so the
529:
was the preferred palm for thatching due to its wider leaves which cover more area. It was around this time that the permit system was introduced by the Costa Rican government to limit the harvesting of many natural resources, including the
378:
is an obligate swamp species which grows in freshwater swamps that are frequently flooded by rain or ocean tides. They can often be located in estuarine areas where a river feeds into the ocean, so the rivers or canals along which
543:
been found to confirm or deny this. According to
Article 1 of Law 7317, its purpose is to regulate and monitor the appropriation and trade of natural resources within Costa Rica and to assure any extraction is done so in a
621:
is important to be careful as the split leaf is very sharp, as “sharp as a machete”. After the leaves have been cut they are attached to the roof frame either by the use of knots (the older technique) or by nails.
512:. Historically, according to Lefevre (1992), the Tortuguero region was dominated by the Suerre people prior to the 16th century. The Suerre, according to linguistic analysis, are thought to be related to the
555:
to do so legally. The permit system is one of many possible factors contributing to a decline in thatch use in Costa Rica but should not be considered independent of other social and economic factors.
412:
547:. All natural resources are declared of the interest of the State and any extraction, anywhere in Costa Rica, requires a permit. More specifically, anyone in Costa Rica who wants to harvest
350:
shape, and resemble large feathers with irregular separation and serrated edges. They are stiff, tough leaves, and can actually give a sharp “paper cut” if the hand is brushed against them.
323:
have a higher density of palms than upland forests, and palms thrive better in poorly drained, wet soils than dry or well-drained soils. This particular palm can often be found mixed with
451:
From an applied
Anthropological approach, the biological and sociocultural aspects of this ecologically prominent palm species were considered. The study found that the density of the
722:
Koens, J., C. Dieperink, and M. Miranda, (2009). Ecotourism as a development strategy: experiences from Costa Rica. Environment, Development, and
Sustainability. 11:1225-1237.
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Canadian
Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (n.d.) Volunteer Information Package, Retrieved July 20 from www.coterc.org, Volunteer Information tab
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leaves and using them to build a durable roof is a complicated process which requires a great deal of knowledge, effort, and skill. The size of leaves that are harvested for
746:
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is plentiful, local people know this palm as "Palma Real", or "Royal Palm". Its heavy, large leaves are valued over other palm species as the best material for roof
492:
grows and thrives in swampland and if these areas continue to be drained for agricultural use, this species of palm, along with many others will quickly disappear.
525:
Tortuguero area and constructed four poled ranchos using palm (Lefevre, 1992). Around 1995-1996, Tortuguero’s houses were still primarily roofed with palm thatch.
439:
in more detail, an applied
Anthropological study of this palm was conducted at the southernmost tip of the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge in Costa Rica by a
552:
685:
773:. Major Research Paper, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Masters in Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario, Canada, Retrieved July 5, 2014
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developed due to poor drainage (Myers, 1981) and has an average rainfall greater than 6,000 mm annually. This habitat is a prime location for
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can be found often contain brackish water. This palm tends to dominate the middle strata with its broad leaves, and can often be found mixed with
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palm in depressions, bordering waterways, and in mixed dicotyledonous swamp forests (Myers, 1981). One important area of conservation where
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is easy to identify by the enormous, broad leaves and clusters of spiked fruit pods visible at the base of the fronds. The leaves grow in a
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Myers, R L. (1981) The
Ecology of Low Diversity Palm Swamps Near Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Ann Arbour: University Microfilms International.
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Lefevre, Harry G. (1992) Turtle Bogue: Afro-Caribbean Life and Culture in a Costa Rican Village. NJ: Associated University Presses.
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to thatch cone-shaped ranchos, and slept on palm floors. In 1502, Columbus encountered 50-80,000 people living in the area. The
613:(after the full moon), usually anywhere from 3 to 15 days. Most also agree that this is because natural pesticides found in the
534:. As of 2010, very few buildings have thatched roofs other than the ranchos that many tourist lodges provide for their guests.
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The best time to harvest leaves varies, although most locals seem to agree that one should harvest when the moon is in
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field course indicates that there has been a drastic shift within the past few decades in regards to the use of
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17:
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Ministerio de Ambiente, Energia, y Telecomunicaciones. Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion of 1995.
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Of Turtles and Tactics: Conservation and Sustainable Community Development in San Francisco, Costa Rica
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is regulating the clearing and draining of land for agriculture, highways, and other developments. As
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as roofing material for dwellings. Even though there were some obvious advantages to using the
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In summary, research revealed that what is crucial in terms of the proper management of the
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Zuchowski, W. (2007) Tropical plants of Costa Rica. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
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thrives in swamps or estuarine areas where river meets ocean. In the Tortuguero region of
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It has one of the largest known leaves in the plant kingdom (up to 8 metres in length).
8:
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Cronquist, A. (1961) Introductory Botany. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers Inc.
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288:– Central America, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northwestern Brazil
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Kricher, J. (1997) A Neotropical Companion. Princeton University Press: New Jersey
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2004:
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Canadian Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC)
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tends to thrive only in swampy regions that are less frequented by mammals.
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The Environmental Impact of the Banana Industry: A Case Study of Costa Rica
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are released at this time and prevent insects from damaging the roofing.
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To learn about the current state of the population and local use of
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The Laurentian University field researchindicates that during a
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The Impacts of Banana Plantation Development in Central America
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region of Costa Rica, “Palma Real” is mainly valued for roof
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75:
238:
755:
The Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Costa Rica.
584:
369:
516:tribes from southern Costa Rica. The Suerre used
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597:purposes may vary with regard to the fact that
757:Law on Wildlife Conservation: Law 7317 of 1992
675:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
816:
422:Lowland forests and palm swamps in Costa Rica
697:: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
759:. Pub. Gaceta 235. Retrieved August 2, 2010
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809:
42:
778:Protected Areas, Tortuguero National Park
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417:
334:
294:
229:
690:Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 468 (1791)"
14:
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668:
265:. It contains two recognized species:
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2437:
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585:Traditional harvesting and thatching
551:will need to obtain permission from
537:
764:Tortuguero National Park Costa Rica
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24:
405:Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge
25:
2728:
395:region on the northeast coast of
370:Climate and geographical location
1023:
62:
2648:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:31348-1
628:
488:population in Costa Rica. The
413:Área de Conservación Tortuguero
277:– Colombia, northwestern Brazil
787:. Retrieved from July 20, 2010
749:. (Accessed on August 2, 2010)
564:Research conducted during the
391:continues to thrive is in the
330:
13:
1:
658:
2707:Trees of Trinidad and Tobago
495:
411:, both which lie within the
7:
327:in swamps and depressions.
10:
2733:
776:World Headquarters (2007)
769:van Oudenhoven, F. (2007)
695:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
589:The process of harvesting
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431:in Tortuguero, Costa Rica
427:Density and local use of
374:Myers (1981) states that
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196:
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59:Scientific classification
57:
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41:
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2702:Trees of Central America
766:Retrieved August 2, 2010
409:Tortuguero National Park
253:genus which is found in
762:Tortuguero Info (n.d.)
2712:Trees of South America
747:Executive Decree 24652
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423:
340:
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738:McCracken, C. (1998)
606:leaves are so large.
566:Laurentian University
462:
441:Laurentian University
421:
338:
298:
233:
501:(Kricher, 1997:28).
479:The construction of
448:to grow and thrive.
1258:Johannesteijsmannia
742:. Retrieved July 20
713:. Retrieved July 20
709:Astorga, Y. (1998)
688:Manicaria saccifera
652:Manicaria saccifera
648:Manicaria saccifera
640:Manicaria saccifera
615:Manicaria saccifera
591:Manicaria saccifera
574:Manicaria saccifera
570:Manicaria saccifera
549:Manicaria saccifera
545:sustainable fashion
527:Manicaria saccifera
518:Manicaria saccifera
486:Manicaria saccifera
473:Manicaria saccifera
465:Manicaria saccifera
446:Manicaria saccifera
437:Manicaria saccifera
429:Manicaria saccifera
399:. According to the
381:Manicaria saccifera
376:Manicaria saccifera
344:Manicaria saccifera
320:Manicaria saccifera
312:Manicaria saccifera
282:Manicaria saccifera
235:Manicaria saccifera
198:Manicaria saccifera
52:Manicaria saccifera
783:2014-11-03 at the
560:Changing attitudes
481:banana plantations
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341:
339:Germination stages
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271:Manicaria martiana
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538:The permit system
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16:(Redirected from
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2005:Archontophoenix
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1439:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1223:Rhapidophyllum
1219:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1049:
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1046:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
949:
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
887:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
867:
865:
856:
850:
849:
842:
839:
838:
828:
827:
820:
813:
805:
799:
798:
788:
774:
767:
760:
753:
750:
743:
736:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
707:
679:
678:
663:
662:
660:
657:
630:
627:
586:
583:
561:
558:
539:
536:
497:
494:
476:
469:
432:
425:
371:
368:
332:
329:
290:
289:
278:
226:
225:
214:
213:
207:
206:
201:
194:
193:
187:
186:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
27:Genus of palms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2420:
2419:
2418:Rhopaloblaste
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
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2384:
2380:
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2373:
2371:
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2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:Rhopalostylis
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:Calyptrocalyx
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:Lemurophoenix
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
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1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
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1768:
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1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
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1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:Wendlandiella
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1686:Chamaedoreeae
1683:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:Pseudophoenix
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1500:Ceroxyloideae
1497:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:Chuniophoenix
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:Pholidocarpus
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1193:Trachycarpeae
1190:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1083:Cryosophileae
1080:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
993:
991:
990:
986:
984:
983:
979:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
958:
956:
955:
951:
950:
948:
946:
942:
936:
935:
931:
929:
928:
924:
922:
921:
917:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
894:
893:
889:
888:
886:
884:
883:Lepidocaryeae
880:
874:
873:
869:
868:
866:
864:
860:
857:
855:
851:
846:
840:
836:
833:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
806:
803:
797:
796:9780801445880
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
737:
735:
734:9780945636236
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
698:
696:
691:
689:
683:
682:
676:
671:
669:
664:
656:
653:
649:
644:
641:
636:
626:
622:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
600:
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582:
580:
575:
571:
567:
557:
554:
550:
546:
535:
533:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
493:
491:
487:
482:
474:
466:
461:
457:
454:
449:
447:
442:
438:
430:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
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390:
386:
382:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
337:
328:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
293:
284:
283:
279:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
264:
263:South America
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
192:
188:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2447:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2390:Heterospathe
2388:
2383:Dransfieldia
2381:
2376:Dictyosperma
2374:
2369:Cyrtostachys
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2327:Nephrosperma
2325:
2318:
2311:
2306:Wallaceodoxa
2304:
2297:
2290:
2285:Ptychococcus
2283:
2276:
2269:
2264:Drymophloeus
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2215:Ptychosperma
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:Cyphophoenix
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2019:Chambeyronia
2017:
2012:Actinokentia
2010:
2003:
1998:Actinorhytis
1996:
1976:
1969:
1962:Pelagodoxeae
1949:
1942:
1937:Calyptronoma
1935:
1930:Calyptrogyne
1928:
1921:
1914:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1721:
1714:
1709:Synechanthus
1707:
1700:
1693:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1654:Dictyocaryum
1652:
1645:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1592:Sclerosperma
1590:
1583:
1576:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1328:Washingtonia
1326:
1319:
1312:
1307:Colpothrinax
1305:
1298:
1291:
1286:Acoelorraphe
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1216:Trachycarpus
1214:
1207:
1200:
1180:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1141:Chelyocarpus
1139:
1132:
1127:Leucothrinax
1125:
1118:
1113:Coccothrinax
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1070:
1054:Coryphoideae
1041:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
932:
925:
920:Lepidocaryum
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
870:
863:Eugeissoneae
843:Baker &
700:. Retrieved
693:
687:
651:
647:
645:
639:
634:
632:
629:Conservation
623:
619:
614:
610:
608:
603:
598:
590:
588:
578:
573:
569:
563:
548:
541:
531:
526:
517:
503:
499:
489:
485:
478:
472:
464:
452:
450:
445:
436:
434:
428:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
363:
359:
352:
343:
342:
325:Raphia palms
319:
311:
303:
302:
299:Illustration
291:
280:
269:
245:
244:
243:
234:
218:
217:
197:
191:Type species
178:
177:
167:
121:
108:
95:
82:
51:
35:
29:
18:Manicariinae
2565:iNaturalist
2472:Wikispecies
2397:Hydriastele
2362:Clinostigma
2250:Carpentaria
2208:Tectiphiala
2180:Laccospadix
2124:Clinosperma
2117:Cyphokentia
2110:Neoveitchia
2089:Physokentia
2075:Cyphosperma
1907:Geonomateae
1820:Astrocaryum
1764:Allagoptera
1716:Chamaedorea
1627:Leopoldinia
1606:Reinhardtia
1558:Phytelephas
1362:Nannorrhops
1321:Pritchardia
1230:Maxburretia
1148:Cryosophila
1120:Hemithrinax
989:Plectocomia
934:Mauritiella
906:Laccosperma
899:Eremospatha
892:Oncocalamus
854:Calamoideae
331:Description
168:Manicarieae
154:Subfamily:
128:Commelinids
102:Angiosperms
2697:Arecoideae
2691:Categories
2411:Loxococcus
2355:Bentinckia
2187:Oncosperma
2166:Linospadix
2103:Satakentia
2096:Carpoxylon
2054:Basselinia
2026:Kentiopsis
1971:Pelagodoxa
1944:Asterogyne
1896:Oenocarpus
1806:Parajubaea
1750:Jubaeopsis
1647:Iriartella
1638:Iriarteeae
1578:Podococcus
1569:Arecoideae
1530:Oraniopsis
1436:Bismarckia
1355:Kerriodoxa
1314:Copernicia
1202:Chamaerops
1173:Phoeniceae
1099:Trithrinax
996:Myrialepis
975:Metroxylon
954:Korthalsia
872:Eugeissona
845:Dransfield
702:2007-02-19
659:References
514:Talamancan
506:Tortuguero
397:Costa Rica
393:Tortuguero
308:Costa Rica
158:Arecoideae
2478:Manicaria
2448:Manicaria
2341:Roscheria
2320:Hedyscepe
2271:Normanbya
2145:Marojejya
1978:Sommieria
1866:Euterpeae
1841:Desmoncus
1813:Acrocomia
1757:Voanioala
1695:Hyophorbe
1620:Hyospathe
1613:Manicaria
1599:Roystonea
1516:Ceroxylon
1443:Satranala
1427:Borasseae
1407:Corypheae
1380:Caryoteae
1244:Livistona
1162:Sabinaria
1034:Nypoideae
982:Pigafetta
961:Eleiodoxa
832:Arecaceae
635:Manicaria
611:menguante
604:Manicaria
599:Manicaria
595:thatching
579:Manicaria
532:Manicaria
496:Human use
490:Manicaria
453:Manicaria
389:Manacaria
364:Manicaria
360:Manicaria
356:peccaries
316:thatching
310:, where
304:Manicaria
246:Manicaria
219:Pilophora
179:Manicaria
148:Arecaceae
72:Kingdom:
36:Manicaria
2661:40013245
2656:Tropicos
2463:Q2712880
2457:Wikidata
2404:Iguanura
2299:Manjekia
2292:Jailoloa
2257:Wodyetia
2243:Veitchia
2229:Adonidia
2194:Deckenia
1882:Prestoea
1848:Barcella
1827:Aiphanes
1734:Cocoseae
1675:Wettinia
1668:Socratea
1661:Iriartea
1551:Aphandra
1544:Ammandra
1485:Borassus
1471:Lodoicea
1450:Hyphaene
1092:Schippia
1063:Sabaleae
945:Calameae
927:Mauritia
781:Archived
415:(ACTO).
255:Trinidad
211:Synonyms
144:Family:
138:Arecales
115:Monocots
2596:1322636
2583:31348-1
2544:2735043
2222:Ponapea
2152:Masoala
2047:Pinanga
1989:Areceae
1951:Geonoma
1875:Euterpe
1834:Bactris
1799:Syagrus
1771:Attalea
1723:Gaussia
1537:Ravenea
1464:Latania
1457:Medemia
1416:Corypha
1389:Caryota
1293:Serenoa
1279:Lanonia
1272:Saribus
1251:Licuala
1209:Guihaia
1182:Phoenix
1134:Thrinax
1010:Calamus
968:Salacca
522:Miskito
504:In the
475:habitat
348:pinnate
286:Gaertn.
259:Central
203:Gaertn.
184:Gaertn.
174:Genus:
164:Tribe:
134:Order:
76:Plantae
2635:679374
2622:115495
2570:365694
2492:412105
2236:Balaka
2131:Dypsis
1916:Welfia
1855:Elaeis
1792:Jubaea
1585:Orania
1523:Juania
1396:Arenga
1369:Tahina
1300:Brahea
1237:Rhapis
1106:Zombia
913:Raphia
835:genera
794:
732:
581:palm.
553:MINAET
510:thatch
385:Raphia
275:Burret
2591:IRMNG
2531:1MNQG
2518:35141
2505:8VZ5B
2173:Howea
2040:Nenga
2033:Areca
1785:Cocos
1778:Butia
1155:Itaya
1072:Sabal
249:is a
222:Jacq.
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
2643:POWO
2617:NCBI
2578:IPNI
2557:7233
2552:GRIN
2539:GBIF
2526:EPPO
2487:BOLD
1043:Nypa
792:ISBN
730:ISBN
407:and
261:and
251:palm
239:MHNT
2669:WFO
2604:NBN
2513:EoL
2500:CoL
318:.
2693::
2671::
2658::
2645::
2632::
2619::
2606::
2593::
2580::
2567::
2554::
2541::
2528::
2515::
2502::
2489::
2474::
2459::
692:.
667:^
257:,
237:–
124::
111::
98::
85::
824:e
817:t
810:v
705:.
686:"
20:)
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