March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

2781: 2707: 824: 2815: 1620: 1172: 2291: 1092: 2803: 2172: 702: 1793: 2454: 2734: 3427:(2010), p. xvi. "Violence swept the South all year. Vigilantes in Clarksdale firebombed the home of Aaron Henry, the head of Mississippi's NAACP. After a gas bomb went off in a church in Itta Bena, Mississippi, mobs threw bottles and rocks at activists spilling onto the streets. Vigilantes shot into the home of college professors helping the movement in Jackson. A civil rights worker traveling from Itta Bena to Jackson was shot in the neck and shoulder. A bomb destroyed a two-family home in Jackson. Whites in the North Carolina town of Goldsboro ran down demonstrators in a car and threw bottles and rocks. Whites in Pine Bluff, in Arkansas, attacked civil rights workers with ammonia and bottles. Someone shot into the home of an NAACP board member in Saint Augustine. When nine activists prayed in a country courthouse in Somerville, Tennessee, police allowed hoodlums into the building to beat them up." 2769: 2692: 1180: 2722: 1218: 2677: 1675:, were also adamant that the speech not be censored. The dispute continued until minutes before the speeches were scheduled to begin. Under threat of public denouncement by the religious leaders, and under pressure from the rest of his coalition, Lewis agreed to omit the 'inflammatory' passages. Many activists from SNCC, CORE, and SCLC were angry at what they considered censorship of Lewis's speech. In the end, Lewis added a qualified endorsement of Kennedy's civil rights legislation, saying: "It is true that we support the administration's Civil Rights Bill. We support it with great reservation, however." Even after toning down his speech, Lewis called for activists to "get in and stay in the streets of every city, every village and hamlet of this nation until true freedom comes". 2655: 2746: 2072: 1679: 1456: 4902:(1986), pp. 282–283. "With the program only minutes away, the leadership arrived at the Lincoln Memorial with the controversy over Lewis's text still unresolved. Rustin promised O'Boyle that the necessary changes would be made, and the cardinal agreed to appear on the platform and deliver the invocation, so long as he was handed a copy of the revised Lewis text at least ten minutes before the SNCC chairman's appearance. O'Boyle told Rustin that if it were unsatisfactory, or if Lewis delivered the original draft, he and other religious leaders would get up and leave." 2214:, William Thomas notes: "Over five hundred cameramen, technicians, and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event. More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last Presidential inauguration. One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument, to give dramatic vistas of the marchers". The major networks broadcast some of the March live, though they interspersed footage of interviews with politicians. Subsequent broadcasts focused heavily on the "I have a dream" portion of King's speech. 4152:(2010), p. 28. "The army's plan, in the event of a civil disturbance, was to roar 320 miles north into Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland and then send soldiers to the Mall by helicopter to battle the violence. The soldiers would break the mob into wedges, isolate and subdue the most violent elements, and protect the peaceable protestors. ... The soldiers at Fort Bragg were part of Operation Steep Hill, a joint battle plan of the White House, the Justice Department, the Pentagon, and the Washington Metropolitan Police." 1037:, where state troopers once used fire hoses and dogs to put down their demonstrations. It was peaceful in the Birmingham park as the marchers waited for the buses. The police, now part of a moderate city power structure, directed traffic around the square and did not interfere with the gathering ... An old man commented on the 20-hour ride, which was bound to be less than comfortable: "You forget we Negroes have been riding buses all our lives. We don't have the money to fly in airplanes." 4103:(2002), p. 150. "In coordination with the Kennedy administration, the police department proposed to keep on duty all police officers on August 28 and to commission firefighters and the police reserve as temporary officers. In addition, they decided to mobilize 2,000 National Guardsmen preemptively. Likewise, the Kennedy administration planned to turn out every Capitol, White House, and Park Police officer and arranged to supplement the 1,000 soldiers in the area with 3,000 additional men." 1019:

persuaded New York's MTA to run extra subway trains after midnight on August 28, and the New York City bus terminal was busy throughout the night with peak crowds. A total of 450 buses left New York City from Harlem. Maryland police reported that "by 8:00 a.m., 100 buses an hour were streaming through the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel." The United Automobile Workers financed bus transportation for 5,000 of its rank-and-file members, providing the largest single contingent from any organization.

3522:(2010), p. 17. "By going to the old Communists and socialists, Arnowitz later recalled, Rustin hoped to 'outflank Kennedy's labor connections' and King's moderate, nonviolent SCLC. If Rustin went to Kennedy's backers, they would report to the president. Later, in fact, when United Auto Workers joined the march effort, UAW people fed inside intelligence to the White House. In the earliest planning stages, in 1962, it was better to steer clear of Kennedy's financial and political network." 12469: 2837: 3414:(2002), p. 142. "In 1963, however, the March on Washington was but one aspect of a national explosion of actions against racial discrimination that many criticized as being outside traditional politics. ... In the South after 1960, the widespread adoption of direct action—purposeful defiance of segregation laws and injunctions against demonstrations—inspired activists and attracted new attention from the media, the federal government, and white segregationists." 3898:(1986), p. 278. "Throughout the mid-July Senate hearings on the civil rights bill, segregationist spokesmen such as Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett repeatedly made wild accusations that the civil rights movement was a Communist conspiracy, allegations that were reported under headlines such as BARNETT CHARGES KENNEDYS ASSIST RED RACIAL PLOT. Several senators asked the FBI and Justice Department to respond to these claims, and on July 25, Attorney General 1302: 1289: 1893: 4354:(2002), p. 165. "In the midst of one of these meetings, the leaders were disturbed to learn the marchers had begun their spontaneous march. Breaking off their meeting, they rushed to Constitution Avenue, already filled with marchers. There, anxious aides cleared a space so the ten leaders could link arms as though they were at the head of the crowd. Then the photographers and filmmakers shot pictures of the leaders 'leading the march' (fig. 25)." 1659:

organizers could not countenance Lewis's explicit opposition to Kennedy's civil rights bill. That night, O'Boyle and other members of the Catholic delegation began preparing a statement announcing their withdrawal from the March. Reuther convinced them to wait and called Rustin; Rustin informed Lewis at 2 A.M. on the day of the march that his speech was unacceptable to key coalition members. (Rustin also reportedly contacted

820:(CORE), who wanted to conduct direct actions against the Department of Justice, endorsed the protest before they were informed that civil disobedience would not be allowed. Finalized plans for the March were announced in a press conference on July 2. President Kennedy spoke favorably of the March on July 17, saying that organizers planned a peaceful assembly and had cooperated with the Washington, D.C., police. 698:, stating in their original plan that "integration in the fields of education, housing, transportation and public accommodations will be of limited extent and duration so long as fundamental economic inequality along racial lines persists." As they negotiated with other leaders, they expanded their stated objectives to "Jobs and Freedom", to acknowledge the agenda of groups that focused more on civil rights. 52: 8970: 2851: 4222:(2010), p. 101. "During that training, Julius Hobson emphasized the dangers posed by the FBI. Agent provocateurs would spread all over the Mall, looking for opportunities to start fights, Hobson said. The major task of the volunteer security guards, then, was to spot those agents and alert someone before any fights started. No one knew it at the time, but Hobson was a paid informant for the FBI. 2636:

economic justice. They contend that many of the March's primary goals—including housing, integrated education, and widespread employment at living wages—have not been accomplished. They further argued that although legal advances were made, black people still live in concentrated areas of poverty ("ghettoes"), where they receive inferior education and suffer from widespread unemployment.

2180: 5574:(2002), p. 153. "Segregationists and black nationalists launched scathing criticisms of the Kennedy administration for its support. For rabid segregationist Representative W.J. Bryan Dorn, a Democrat from South Carolina, the absurdity was that 'for the first time in the history of our Nation ... the Federal government has itself encouraged a "march on Washington."'" 1104:, and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area. These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina. The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs. All of the forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named "Operation Steep Hill". 421:, who built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations that came together under the banner of "jobs and freedom." Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000, but the most widely cited estimate is 250,000 people. Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black. The march was one of the largest 1143:. He believed the Lincoln Memorial would be less threatening to Congress and the occasion would be appropriate underneath the gaze of President Abraham Lincoln's statue. The committee, notably Rustin, agreed to move the site on the condition that Reuther pay for a $ 19,000 (equivalent to $ 172,500 in 2021) sound system so that everyone on the 773:. Wilkins and Young initially objected to Rustin as a leader for the march, worried that he would attract the wrong attention because he was a homosexual, a former Communist, and a draft resister. They eventually accepted Rustin as deputy organizer, on the condition that Randolph act as lead organizer and manage any political fallout. 1590:

he did not. Wilkins said: "Regardless of the fact that in his later years Dr. Du Bois chose another path, it is incontrovertible that at the dawn of the twentieth century his was the voice that was calling you to gather here today in this cause. If you want to read something that applies to 1963 go back and get a volume of

622:, along with a large group of cultural leaders, to a meeting in New York to discuss race relations. However, the meeting became antagonistic, as black delegates felt that Kennedy did not have an adequate understanding of the race problem in the nation. The public failure of the meeting, which came to be known as the 1111:, liquor sales were banned in Washington D.C. Hospitals stockpiled blood plasma and cancelled elective surgeries. Major League Baseball cancelled two games between the Minnesota Twins and the last place Washington Senators although the venue, D.C. Stadium, was nearly four miles from the Lincoln Memorial rally site. 1963:, criticized the choice of mostly white performers and the lack of group participation in the singing. Dylan himself said he felt uncomfortable as a white man serving as a public image for the Civil Rights Movement. After the March on Washington, he performed at few other immediately politicized events. 3475:(2010), pp. 120–121. "In the TV interview, Baldwin was ashen, disoriented. He had had no idea, before now, just how aloof the Kennedys appeared. He thought the administration's caution came from ruthless political calculation. But now it seemed that the pampered sons of old Joe Kennedy just had no idea— 2225:

organized a press conference for the benefit of foreign journalists, and also created a documentary film of the event for distribution to embassies abroad. Commented Michael Thelwell of SNCC: "So it happened that Negro students from the South, some of whom still had unhealed bruises from the electric

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Kennedy meets with march leaders. Left to Right – Willard Wirtz, Matthew Ahmann, Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis, Rabbi Joachin Prinz, Eugene Carson Blake, A. Philip Randolph, President John F. Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Walter Reuther, Whitney Young, Floyd McKissick, Roy Wilkins (not

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On August 28, 2021, a march calling for voting rights and statehood for Washington D.C. was held in Washington D.C on the 58th anniversary of the March on Washington. Though the numbers in the march permit revealed that 100,000 people were expected to attend, it was estimated that only 50,000 people

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The symbolism of the March has been contested since before it even took place. In the years following the March, movement radicals increasingly subscribed to Malcolm X's narrative of the March as a co-optation by the white establishment. However, some black nationalist intellectuals did not see that

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During the meeting, Reuther described to Kennedy how he was framing the civil rights issue to business leaders in Detroit, saying, "Look, you can't escape the problem. And there are two ways of resolving it; either by reason or riots." Reuther continued, "Now the civil war that this is gonna trigger

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the previous night, where he had been living in exile; the crowd observed a moment of silence in his memory. Wilkins had initially refused to announce the news because he despised Du Bois for becoming a Communist—but insisted on making the announcement when he realized that Randolph would make it if

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received a message saying its headquarters would be bombed unless it printed a message calling the president a "Nigger Lover". Five airplanes were grounded on the morning of August 28 due to bomb threats. A man in Kansas City telephoned the FBI to say he would put a hole between King's eyes; the FBI

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Liberals and conservatives tended to embrace the March, but focused mostly on King's "I Have a Dream" speech and the legislative successes of 1964 and 1965. The mass media identified King's speech as a highlight of the event and focused on this oration to the exclusion of other aspects. For several

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I saw people laughing and listening and standing very close to one another, almost in an embrace. Children of every size, pregnant women, elderly people who seemed tired but happy to be there, clothing that made me know that they struggled to make it day to day, made me know they worked in farms or

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Marcher Beverly Alston thought that the day had its greatest impact within the movement: "Culturally, there has been tremendous progress over the past forty years. Black awareness and self-determination has soared. Politically, I just don't think we've made enough progress." Fifteen-year-old Ericka

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and other SNCC activists contributed to the revision. It still complained that the Administration had not done enough to protect southern black people and civil rights workers from physical violence by whites in the Deep South. Deleted from his original speech at the insistence of more conservative

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Marchers were not supposed to create their own signs, though this rule was not completely enforced by marshals. Most of the demonstrators did carry pre-made signs, available in piles at the Washington Monument. The UAW provided thousands of signs that, among other things, read: "There Is No Halfway

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The march was not universally supported among civil rights activists. Some, including Rustin (who assembled 4,000 volunteer marshals from New York), were concerned that it might turn violent, which could undermine pending legislation and damage the international image of the movement. The march was

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Richard Brown, then a white graduate student at Harvard University, recalls that the March fostered direct actions for economic progress: "Henry Armstrong and I compared notes. I realized the Congress of Racial Equality might help black employment in Boston by urging businesses to hire contractors

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reported that the event "provided dramatic proof that the sometimes quiet and always dangerous work we did in the Deep South had had a profound national impact. The spectacle of a quarter of a million supporters and activists gave me an assurance that the work I was in the process of dedicating my

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Many participants said they felt the March was a historic and life-changing experience. Nan Grogan Orrock, a student at Mary Washington College, said: "You couldn't help but get swept up in the feeling of the March. It was an incredible experience of this mass of humanity with one mind moving down

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rejected an invitation to attend, writing: "You are committing the worst possible mistake in promoting this March. You should know that criminal, fanatical, and communistic elements, as well as crackpots, will move in to take every advantage of this mob. You certainly will have no influence on any

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After the March, the speakers travelled to the White House for a brief discussion of proposed civil rights legislation with President Kennedy. As the leaders approached The White House, the media reported that Reuther said to King, "Everything was perfect, just perfect." Kennedy had watched King's

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American democracy is on trial in the eyes of the world ... We cannot successfully preach democracy in the world unless we first practice democracy at home. American democracy will lack the moral credentials and be both unequal to and unworthy of leading the forces of freedom against the forces of

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That year violent confrontations broke out in the South: in Cambridge, Maryland; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Goldsboro, North Carolina; Somerville, Tennessee; Saint Augustine, Florida; and across Mississippi. In most cases, white people attacked nonviolent demonstrators seeking civil rights. Many people

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launched a series of reports around the theme of "The Unfinished March". These reports analyze the goals of the original march and assess how much progress has been made. They echo the message of Randolph and Rustin that civil rights cannot transform people's quality of life unless accompanied by

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A. Philip Randolph spoke first, promising: "we shall return again and again to Washington in ever growing numbers until total freedom is ours." Randolph also closed the event along with Bayard Rustin. Rustin followed King's speech by slowly reading the list of demands. The two concluded by urging

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The revolution is a serious one. Mr. Kennedy is trying to take the revolution out of the streets and put it into the courts. Listen, Mr. Kennedy. Listen, Mr. Congressman. Listen, fellow citizens. The black masses are on the march for jobs and freedom, and we must say to the politicians that there

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Although one of the officially stated purposes of the march was to support the civil rights bill introduced by the Kennedy Administration, several of the speakers criticized the proposed law as insufficient. Two government agents stood by in a position to cut power to the microphone if necessary.

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in interstate travel. Rustin was a long-time associate of both Randolph and Dr. King. With Randolph concentrating on building the march's political coalition, Rustin built and led the team of two hundred activists and organizers who publicized the march and recruited the marchers, coordinated the

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Although the mass media generally declared the March successful because of its high turnout, organizers were not confident that it would create change. Randolph and Rustin abandoned their belief in the effectiveness of marching on Washington. King maintained faith that action in Washington could

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Lewis' speech was distributed to fellow organizers the evening before the march; Reuther, O'Boyle, and others thought it was too divisive and militant. O'Boyle objected most strenuously to a part of the speech that called for immediate action and disavowed "patience." The government and moderate

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negotiated some security issues with the government, gaining approval for private marshals with the understanding that these would not be able to act against outside agitators. The FBI and Justice Department refused to provide preventive guards for buses traveling through the South to reach D.C.

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The people are lots better up here than they are down South. They treat you much nicer. Why, when I was out there at the march a white man stepped on my foot, and he said, "Excuse me," and I said "Certainly!" That's the first time that has ever happened to me. I believe that was the first time a

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speech, criticized the march, describing it as "a picnic" and "a circus". He said the civil rights leaders had diluted the original purpose of the march, which had been to show the strength and anger of black people, by allowing white people and organizations to help plan and participate in the

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In my view, by that time, there was, on the one hand, nothing to prevent—the March had already been co-opted—and, on the other, no way of stopping the people from descending on Washington. What struck me most horribly was that virtually no one in power (including some blacks or Negroes who were

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The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs. As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans, the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance. Dominant expectations ran from

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Rustin pushed hard for the expensive sound system, maintaining that "We cannot maintain order where people cannot hear." The system was obtained and set up at the Lincoln Memorial, but was sabotaged on the day before the March. Its operators were unable to repair it. Fauntroy contacted Attorney

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In light of the role of Negro women in the struggle for freedom and especially in light of the extra burden they have carried because of the castration of our Negro men in this culture, it is incredible that no woman should appear as a speaker at the historic March on Washington Meeting at the

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Thousands traveled by road, rail, and air to Washington, D.C., on Wednesday, August 28. Marchers from Boston traveled overnight and arrived in Washington at 7am after an eight-hour trip, but others took much longer bus rides from cities such as Milwaukee, Little Rock, and St. Louis. Organizers

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began planning the march in December 1961. They envisioned two days of protest, including sit-ins and lobbying followed by a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial. They wanted to focus on joblessness and to call for a public works program that would employ black people. In early 1963 they called

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The Kennedy Administration cooperated with the organizers in planning the March, and one member of the Justice Department was assigned as a full-time liaison. Chicago and New York City (as well as some corporations) agreed to designate August 28 as "Freedom Day" and give workers the day off.

3634:(2010), p. 22. "That plan—the elder statesman as director, the controversial organizer as the details man—broke the tension. Randolph got his deputy, but Wilkins warned Randolph that he was responsible for any controversy. He had to take the heat. And he had to control his protogé." 1002:. They promoted the march by selling buttons, featuring two hands shaking, the words "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom", a union bug, and the date August 28, 1963. By August 2, they had distributed 42,000 of the buttons. Their goal was a crowd of at least 100,000 people. 2184: 971:

Although in years past, Randolph had supported "Negro only" marches, partly to reduce the impression that the civil rights movement was dominated by white communists, organizers in 1963 agreed that white and black people marching side by side would create a more powerful image.

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march. One SNCC staffer commented during the march, "He's denouncing us as clowns, but he's right there with the clown show." But the membership of SNCC, increasingly frustrated with the tactics of the NAACP and other moderate groups, gradually embraced Malcolm X's position.

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Some people discussed racism becoming less explicit after the March. Reverend Abraham Woods of Birmingham commented: "Everything has changed. And when you look at it, nothing has changed. Racism is under the surface, and an incident that could scratch it, can bring it out."

2187: 2186: 2181: 918:(SCLC) believed it could raise both civil rights and economic issues to national attention beyond the Kennedy bill. CORE and SNCC believed the march could challenge and condemn the Kennedy administration's inaction and lack of support for civil rights for African Americans. 2618:

On August 26, 2023, a march was held in Washington D.C on the 60th anniversary of the March on Washington. Organizers include Martin Luther King III, his wife and Drum Major Institute president Arndrea Waters King, daughter Yolanda and National Action Network leader Rev.

1808:, no women gave a speech at the March. Male organizers attributed this omission to the "difficulty of finding a single woman to speak without causing serious problems vis-à-vis other women and women's groups". Hedgeman read a statement at an August 16 meeting, charging: 2188: 2152:

is not gonna be fought at Gettysburg. It's gonna to be fought in your backyard, in your plant, where your kids are growing up." The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest" and Kennedy felt it was a victory for him as well—bolstering the chances for his

3919:(2010), p. 57. "The FBI attempted to exploit fears about violence and Communist infiltration of the civil rights movement—fears that were partly the result of J. Edgar Hoover's long campaign against the movement. FBI agents made last minute-calls to celebrities. 2189: 807:

On June 22, the organizers met with President Kennedy, who warned against creating "an atmosphere of intimidation" by bringing a large crowd to Washington. The civil rights activists insisted on holding the march. Wilkins pushed for the organizers to rule out

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came together as black power organizations and emphasized the importance of the African-American freedom struggle. The march included black political parties; and William Worthy was one of many who led college students during the freedom struggle era.

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Representatives from each of the sponsoring organizations addressed the crowd from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial. Speakers (dubbed "The Big Ten") included The Big Six; three religious leaders (Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish); and labor leader

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buses and trains, provided the marshals, and set up and administered all of the logistic details of a mass march in the nation's capital. During the days leading up to the march, these 200 volunteers used the ballroom of Washington DC radio station

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Contrary to the mythology, the early moments of the March—getting there—was no picnic. People were afraid. We didn't know what we would meet. There was no precedent. Sitting across from me was a black preacher with a white collar. He was an

3095:"Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and Mathew Ahmann, Executive Director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, in a Crowd" 2085:, Kennedy "felt that he would be booed at the March, and also didn't want to meet with organizers before the March because he didn't want a list of demands. He arranged a 5 p.m. meeting at the White House with the 10 leaders on the 28th." 1833:

was on the program and had been asked to give a two-minute speech, when she arrived at the stage her chair with her name on it had been removed, and the event marshal took her microphone away after she said "hello". Richardson, along with

1159:, demanding that the government fix the system. Fauntroy reportedly told them: "We have a couple hundred thousand people coming. Do you want a fight here tomorrow after all we've done?" The system was successfully rebuilt overnight by the 3695: 2706: 2355:. Openness and nothing on guard—I saw that in everybody. I was so happy to see that in the white people that they could listen and take in and respect and believe in the words of a black person. I had never seen anything like that. 2814: 1099:

The Washington, D.C., police forces were mobilized to full capacity for the march, including reserve officers and deputized firefighters. A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty. The government mustered 2,000 men from the

1770:, who was standing near the platform while Reuther delivered his remarks, he overheard two black women talking. One asked, "Who is that white man?" The other replied, "Don't you know him? That's the white Martin Luther King." 1032:

The 260 demonstrators, of all ages, carried picnic baskets, water jugs, Bibles and a major weapon—their willingness to march, sing and pray in protest against discrimination. They gathered early this morning in Birmingham's

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On May 15, 1963, without securing the cooperation of the NAACP or the Urban League, Randolph announced an "October Emancipation March on Washington for Jobs". He reached out to union leaders, winning the support of the UAW's

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Rustin read the March's official demands for the crowd's approval, and Randolph led the crowd in a pledge to continue working for the March's goals. The program was closed with a benediction by Morehouse College president

983:(FBI) produced numerous reports suggesting the same. In the days before August 28, the FBI called celebrity backers to inform them of the organizers' communist connections and advising them to withdraw their support. When 1194:, reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King Jr. about widespread foreboding that "it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting." 5624: 2461:

The 1963 March also spurred anniversary marches that occur every five years, with the 20th and 25th being some of the most well known. The 20th Anniversary theme was "We Still have a Dream ... Jobs*Peace*Freedom."

9270: 2319:. I came out of respect for what my people are doing, not because I believe it will do any good. I thought it would do some good in the beginning. But when the march started to get all the official approval from 489:

and many poor whites, excluding them from the political system. The whites imposed social, economic, and political repression against black people into the 1960s, under a system of legal discrimination known as

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was prevented from speaking at the March because his comments would be too inflammatory. Baldwin later commented on the irony of the "terrifying and profound" requests that he prevent the March from happening:

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preacher. We talked. Every now and then, people on the bus sang 'Oh Freedom' and 'We Shall Overcome,' but for the most part there wasn't a whole bunch of singing. We were secretly praying that nothing violent

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staged a counter-protest and were quickly dispersed by police. The rest of Washington was quiet during the March. Most non-participating workers stayed home. Jailers allowed inmates to watch the March on TV.

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Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington. They envisioned several large marches during the 1940s, but all were called off (despite criticism from Rustin). Their

678:; he gathered support from radical organizers who could be trusted not to report their plans to the Kennedy administration. The unionists offered tentative support for a march that would be focused on jobs. 607:. Others argued that the civil rights movement should remain nationwide in scope, rather than focus its energies on the nation's capital and federal government. There was a widespread perception that the 1263:

House on the Road to Freedom," "Equal Rights and Jobs NOW," "UAW Supports Freedom March," "in Freedom we are Born, in Freedom we must Live," and "Before we'll be a Slave, we'll be Buried in our Grave."

1244:. Demonstrators were met at the monument by the speakers and musicians. Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue, while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media. 11841: 11836: 2513:, the organizers explained that the virtual component of the rally was organized to enable participation by people unable to travel to Washington D.C. or safely participate in the in-person event. The 3925:

that many of the march's leaders are Communists? Do you know that Communists and other leftists could create chaos at the march? Do you know that it's not too late to pull out of the march? Stay away!

2802: 11848: 804:. Together, the Big Six plus four became known as the "Big Ten." John Lewis later recalled, "Somehow, some way, we worked well together. The six of us, plus the four. We became like brothers." 11589: 5241: 1209:. With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps, the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier. Students from the 823: 2183: 1619: 1236:

Although Randolph and Rustin had originally planned to fill the streets of Washington, D.C., the final route of the March covered only half of the National Mall. The march began at the

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decades, King took center stage in narratives about the March. More recently, historians and commentators have acknowledged the role played by Bayard Rustin in organizing the event.

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During the 20th century, civil rights organizers began to develop ideas for a march on Washington, DC, to seek justice. Earlier efforts to organize such a demonstration included the

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Soon after the speakers ended their meetings with Congress to go join the March, both houses passed legislation to create a dispute arbitration board for striking railroad workers.

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Early plans for the March would have included an "Unemployed Worker" as one of the speakers. This position was eliminated, furthering criticism of the March's middle-class bias.

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tyranny unless we take bold, affirmative, adequate steps to bridge the moral gap between American democracy's noble promises and its ugly practices in the field of civil rights.

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March organizers disagreed about the purpose of the march. The NAACP and Urban League saw it as a gesture of support for the civil rights bill that had been introduced by the

2733: 2745: 2445:—its undivided support since Reconstruction among the segregated Southern states—and went on to capture a high proportion of votes from black people from the Republicans. 2171: 498:. Black people suffered discrimination from private businesses as well, and most were prevented from voting, sometimes through violent means. Twenty-one states prohibited 5736: 2222: 979:

To avoid being perceived as radical, organizers rejected support from Communist groups. However, some politicians claimed that the March was Communist-inspired, and the

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on national television and radio, announcing that he would begin to push for civil rights legislation. That night (early morning of June 12, 1963), Mississippi activist

6047: 1540:). The Eva Jessye Choir sang, and Rabbi Uri Miller (president of the Synagogue Council of America) offered a prayer. He was followed by National Urban League director 754: 592: 2721: 2497:. An online tie-in event was also planned, called the 2020 Virtual March on Washington. It was held August 27 and 28, the latter being the anniversary of the iconic " 101: 8728: 7013: 3247: 310: 261: 5826: 3163: 2019:

were among the black celebrities attending. There were also quite a few white and Latino celebrities who attended or helped fund the March in support of the cause:

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without them. The leaders met the March at Constitution Avenue, where they linked arms at the head of a crowd in order to be photographed 'leading the march'.

470: 466: 6414: 3224: 12181: 12053: 10638: 8506: 3479:—about race in America. The secret meeting was immediately leaked to the press. Within weeks, the velocity of the civil rights movement would lead President 2308:

like Armstrong. He agreed to help start a list of reliable contractors that CORE could promote. It was a modest effort—but it moved in the right direction."

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to give the most aggressive presidential address in history on race, which was quickly followed with the most comprehensive legislation in modern history.

1127:. Jerry Bruno, President Kennedy's advance man, was positioned to cut the power to the public address system in the event of any incendiary rally speech. 10355: 8800: 8648: 2226:

cattle prods which Southern police used to break up demonstrations, were recorded for the screens of the world portraying 'American Democracy at Work.'"

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was part of the planning committee and was also scheduled to perform but had to drop out at the last minute due to commitments to her TV variety series.

701: 6070: 2768: 2676: 485:(in 1877) and imposed many restrictions on people of color in the South. At the turn of the century, Southern states passed constitutions and laws that 10748: 10418: 8955: 5882: 5854: 2691: 1708:" speech, which was carried live by TV stations and subsequently considered the most impressive moment of the march. In it, King called for an end to 1233:, 10 chartered airliners, and uncounted cars converged on Washington. All regularly scheduled planes, trains, and buses were also filled to capacity. 599:

put aside their differences and came together for the march. Many whites and black people also came together in the urgency for change in the nation.

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About two months before the march, the Big Six broadened their organizing coalition by bringing on board four white men who supported their efforts:

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for the inadequacies of the Civil Rights Act of 1963. Other leaders insisted that the speech be changed to be less antagonistic to the government.

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Dedrick Muhammad of the NAACP writes that racial inequality of income and homeownership have increased since 1963 and worsened during the recent

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released a carefully worded statement to the effect that no civil rights leaders were 'Communists or Communist-controlled'. That same day, the

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produced a lengthy report on August 23 suggesting that Communists had failed to appreciably infiltrate the civil rights movement, FBI Director

626:, underscored the divide between the needs of Black America and the understanding of Washington politicians. But the meeting also provoked the 5346:"[Civil rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy in the oval office of the White House after the March on Washington, D.C.]" 1792: 1022:

One reporter, Fred Powledge, accompanied African Americans who boarded six buses in Birmingham, Alabama, for the 750-mile trip to Washington.

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The cooperation of a Democratic administration with the issue of civil rights marked a pivotal moment in voter alignment within the U.S. The

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wanted to march on Washington, but disagreed over how the march should be conducted. Some called for a complete shutdown of the city through

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and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry, leading to improvements for many defense workers. Randolph called off the March.

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Other participants, more sympathetic to Malcolm X and the black nationalists, expressed ambivalence. One marcher from New York explained:

1821:, the new widow of Medgar Evers, could speak during the "Tribute to Women". However, Evers was unavailable, having missed her flight, and 12191: 11963: 9948: 8683: 8678: 8466: 8448: 7180: 7089: 4681: 2864: 2373:

would assure "full integration" based upon the existing power structures and persisting racist culture of daily life in America. Former

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Enforcement of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution by reducing congressional representation from States that disenfranchise citizens;

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Media attention gave the march national exposure, carrying the organizers' speeches and offering their own commentary. In his section

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Yet by the end of the year the company was promoting its Great March to Washington album, featuring 'I Have A Dream' in its entirety.

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the street. It was like being part of a glacier. You could feel the sense of collective will and effort in the air." SNCC organizer

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somewhere next door to power) was able, even remotely, to accept the depth, the dimension, the passion, and the faith of the people.

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In good conscience, we cannot support wholeheartedly the administration's civil rights bill, for it is too little and too late. ...

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Closing remarks were made by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, March Organizers, leading with The Pledge and a list of demands.

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Spellman, and they started setting limits on how we had to march peacefully, I knew that the march was going to be a mockery, that

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work, but determined that future marchers would need to call greater attention to economic injustice. In 1967–1968, he organized a

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launched a prominent public attack on the March as Communist, and singled out Rustin in particular as a Communist and a gay man.

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shouted from the crowd, "Tell them about the dream, Martin!", and King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised

639: 525:, Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington, in protest of discriminatory hiring during World War II by 6457: 1217: 12401: 12359: 12171: 10719: 10585: 10580: 10465: 10219: 8471: 6591: 6281: 6247: 6098: 5384: 4925: 4798: 4652: 3173: 3134:"50th Anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Panel Discussion at the Black Archives of Mid-America" 2494: 545: 6166: 4738:(1986), p. 283. "Two Kennedy aides stood ready to 'pull the plug' on the public address system in case anything went amiss." 1062:

Hazel Mangle Rivers, who had paid $ 8 for her ticket—"one-tenth of her husband's weekly salary"—was quoted in the August 29

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As the march was being planned, activists across the country received bomb threats at their homes and in their offices. The

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The March is credited with propelling the U.S. government into action on civil rights, creating political momentum for the

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Other bus rides featured racial tension, as black activists criticized liberal white participants as fair-weather friends.

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12. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. – SCLC. His "I Have a Dream" speech has become celebrated for its vision and eloquence.

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gave a speech during the preliminary offerings, but women were limited in the official program to a "tribute" led by

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Authority for the Attorney General to institute injunctive suits when constitutional rights of citizens are violated.

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The March was an early example of social movements conducting mass rallies in Washington, D.C., and was followed by

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Leaders of the March on Washington speak to the news media after meeting with President Kennedy at the White House.

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offices or even nearby for the government. I didn't see teenagers alone; I saw groups of teenagers with teachers.

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had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election, and King described Kennedy's race policy as "tokenism".

534: 12203: 12136: 12119: 12065: 12014: 11953: 11858: 11819: 11759: 11559: 10948: 10928: 10735: 10714: 10078: 9203: 8852: 8795: 8594: 6936: 6909: 6727: 6526: 2470: 1664: 627: 608: 553: 256: 5855:"NAACP plans virtual march on Washington on anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech" 5479: 630:

to take action on the civil rights of African Americans. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy gave a notable

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Walter Reuther urged Americans to pressure their politicians to act to address racial injustices. He said,

1101: 789: 721:, an umbrella group to coordinate funds and messaging. This coalition of leaders, who became known as the " 675: 506: 6466: 4717: 1732:

on the theme of "I have a dream". Over time it has been hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, added to the

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Mobilization and logistics were administered by Rustin, a civil rights veteran and organizer of the 1947

817: 770: 730: 623: 473:, and African American men were elevated to the status of citizens and granted full voting rights by the 441: 403: 286: 6532: 4626: 2071: 12309: 12246: 12236: 11786: 11544: 11504: 10861: 10555: 10214: 9114: 8825: 8693: 8663: 7647: 7402: 7291: 7221: 6692: 5218:

Positively 4th Street: The Lives and Times of Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Mimi Baez Farina and Richard Farina

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posited that full integration was "not possible within the present framework of the American system".

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Allowing civil rights leaders to engage in conversation with Kennedy may be considered an example of

1927: 1717: 1624: 1396: 875: 781: 584: 445: 330: 320: 246: 186: 142: 10362: 6483: 3008: 386:, on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of 11908: 11472: 11385: 11029: 10818: 10633: 10573: 10563: 10489: 10388: 9969: 9607: 9251: 8392: 8352: 7877: 7782: 7190: 7139: 7132: 7105: 7045: 6926: 6836: 6760: 5886: 4378: 2979: 2427: 2390: 2153: 2117: 1647: 1202: 801: 651: 580: 437: 325: 315: 281: 266: 182: 2493:, would join civil rights leaders and the families of black men and women who died as a result of 12241: 11791: 11445: 11414: 11194: 11134: 10999: 10742: 10413: 10110:

Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King

9736: 9477: 8742: 8157: 7927: 7592: 7572: 7487: 7442: 7018: 6975: 6958: 6796: 6765: 6717: 6638: 5310: 4337: 2623:. Tens of thousands of people gathered for a five-hour program that featured dozens of speakers. 2571: 2563: 2203: 2160: 1592: 945: 932:(the Supreme Court had ruled that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional in 1954, in 812:

and described this proposal as the "perfect compromise". King and Young agreed. Leaders from the

557: 1934:, as a poor white man, was not personally or primarily to blame for the murder of Medgar Evers. 1010:

did not respond. Roy Wilkins was threatened with assassination if he did not leave the country.

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Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

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Some media figures, especially conservative ones, criticized the march. Syndicated columnist

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The actual order of events differed slightly from the official printed program. Noted singer

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held radical views that only revolution could transform American society to bring about the

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William Johnson recruited more than 1,000 police officers to serve on this private force.

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was murdered in his own driveway, further escalating national tension around the issue of

8: 12256: 11614: 11529: 11009: 10798: 10688: 10618: 10299: 10251: 10056: 9828: 9706: 9219: 8573: 8534: 8082: 8042: 7992: 7902: 7862: 7837: 7792: 7597: 7552: 7397: 7377: 7346: 7341: 7284: 7195: 6990: 6943: 6893: 6854: 6426: 6075: 5859: 5831: 3700: 2382: 2316: 2121: 1869:". This was not Marian Anderson's first appearance at the Lincoln Memorial. In 1939, the 1628: 1521: 1375: 1267: 1252: 1237: 1124: 984: 860: 785: 766: 722: 695: 430: 148: 63: 12261: 5754: 5710:

Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics

12329: 12266: 12009: 11467: 11234: 11214: 11119: 11044: 10871: 10776: 10766: 10754: 10645: 10542: 10517: 9927: 9897: 9838: 9697: 9533: 9328: 9259: 9066: 9048: 8890: 8658: 8642: 8635: 8614: 8606: 8600: 8563: 8397: 8307: 8287: 8212: 8192: 8182: 8162: 8077: 7962: 7907: 7852: 7757: 7537: 7452: 7111: 7095: 7075: 6841: 6806: 6733: 6219: 5755:"LibGuides: March on Washington – 50th Anniversary (1963–2013): 50th Anniversary Stamp" 4914: 4294: 3671: 3136:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. August 7, 2013. Archived from 2591: 2125: 1672: 1486: 1361: 1024: 836: 832: 809: 662: 604: 510: 482: 478: 418: 407: 5415:"Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle: The Views in Virginia and Mississippi" 3821: 1345:; Farmer wrote that the protests would not stop "until the dogs stop biting us in the 1201:

declared that the capital was suffering "its worst case of invasion jitters since the

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Close up of some leaders of the March on Washington walking along Constitution Avenue.

796:, executive director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice; and 11776: 11497: 11159: 11129: 10724: 10481: 9814: 9787: 9643: 9469: 9400: 8758: 8673: 8668: 8628: 8501: 8272: 8257: 8222: 8002: 7922: 7867: 7652: 6816: 6811: 6683: 6669: 6662: 6623: 6514: 6478: 6390: 6375: 6346: 6331: 6313: 6305: 6294: 6277: 6259: 6243: 6225: 6205: 6191: 5713: 5538: 5483: 5380: 5221: 5075: 4921: 4840: 4834: 4794: 4263: 4253: 4129: 4030: 4020: 3899: 3705: 3659: 3649: 3283: 3276: 3169: 2954: 2870: 2431: 2259: 1971:

The event featured many prominent celebrities in addition to singers on the program.

1941: 1911: 1878: 1874: 1830: 1514: 1152: 1034: 710: 706: 671: 647: 615: 462: 350: 6548: 5996:"'We are not going to stop': Thousands gather for annual March on for Voting Rights" 4017:

American vanguard : the United Auto Workers during the Reuther years, 1935–1970

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The start of the March was delayed because its leaders were meeting with members of

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and power that was needed to end the historical facts of exclusion and inequality.

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criticized the government for cooperating with the civil rights activists. Senator

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of the NAACP and (not visible shown in the image to the right) Secretary of Labor

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across the United States. 1963 marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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The March on Washington: Jobs, Freedom, and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights

6328:

The March on Washington: Jobs, Freedom, and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights

5419: 3560: 3480: 2786: 2760: 2713: 2668: 2664: 2640: 2607: 2603: 2141: 2040: 2032: 2012: 1992: 1988: 1976: 1972: 1862: 1854: 1826: 1725: 1671:?) But Lewis did not want to change the speech. Other members of SNCC, including 1553: 1533: 1468: 1464: 1406: 1334: 1320: 1205:." The jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in 1183:

Leaders arrived late and linked arms in front of marchers on Constitution Avenue.

1115: 1080: 988: 911: 904: 864: 588: 569: 5883:"Tens of thousands march on Washington in 'Get Your Knee Off Our Necks' protest" 5345: 4682:"Civil Rights Leader Gloria Richardson Reflects on the 1963 March on Washington" 12364: 11769: 11732: 11722: 11482: 11477: 11419: 11254: 11184: 11114: 11109: 10613: 10537: 10291: 10065: 9803: 9617: 9557: 9453: 9057: 8969: 8950: 8539: 8387: 8372: 8302: 8252: 8217: 8202: 8187: 8147: 8127: 8117: 8072: 8057: 8037: 7807: 7777: 7767: 7737: 7727: 7637: 7607: 7407: 7033: 6985: 6875: 6099:"Thousands march to mark the 60th anniversary of MLK's 'I Have a Dream' speech" 6048:"Thousands expected to March On For Washington and Voting Rights this Saturday" 4239: 3646:

Nobody turn me around : a people's history of the 1963 march on Washington

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A Fair Labor Standards Act broadened to include employment areas then excluded;

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publicly for "a massive March on Washington for jobs". They received help from

556:, held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17, 1957, featured key leaders including 426: 399: 302: 172: 5304: 1704:

The speech given by SCLC president King, who spoke last, became known as the "

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Leaders of the march in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln: (sitting L-R)

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50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

2412: 2113: 2093: 2089: 2048: 1984: 1779: 1566: 1557: 1545: 1541: 1437: 1423: 1416: 1324: 1195: 1144: 1120: 879: 852: 848: 828: 797: 793: 758: 666: 619: 522: 491: 414: 154: 116: 103: 4034: 1930:", a provocative and not completely popular choice because it asserted that 11634: 11402: 11327: 11299: 11284: 11269: 11224: 11199: 11179: 11089: 11059: 11054: 11024: 10974: 10826: 10512: 10100: 10069: 10043: 9973: 9727: 9622: 9565: 9541: 9517: 9360: 9336: 8905: 8885: 8407: 8362: 8357: 8317: 8152: 8132: 8087: 8022: 7957: 7942: 7857: 7847: 7802: 7752: 7742: 7732: 7702: 7697: 7687: 7672: 7632: 7567: 7547: 7542: 7522: 7517: 7507: 7467: 7422: 7392: 6775: 6286: 5480:"The chronicle. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1961-1966, September 02, 1963, Image 4" 4302: 4293: 3769:"Nobody Turn Me Around": A People's History of the 1963 March on Washington 3013: 2881: 2821: 2698: 2587: 2583: 2530: 2466: 2378: 2060: 2024: 1996: 1960: 1818: 1612: 1607:

of SNCC was the youngest speaker at the event. He planned to criticize the

1537: 1494: 1338: 952: 726: 691: 635: 517:, president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the 4404:"The White Man Whose 'March on Washington' Speech You Should Remember Too" 433:, was the most integral and highest-ranking white organizer of the march. 11654: 11639: 11487: 11450: 11289: 11244: 11229: 10994: 10989: 10836: 10320: 10139: 10091: 9638: 9445: 9408: 9352: 8984: 8925: 8895: 8522: 8486: 8427: 8422: 8382: 8332: 8267: 8262: 8172: 8122: 8052: 8047: 7987: 7972: 7822: 7817: 7682: 7562: 7532: 7472: 7437: 6698: 6431: 6310:

Africana: the Encyclopedia of the African and African American experience

6167:

50 Years After the March On Washington: The Economic Impacts on Education

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The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation

4307:

Freedom on my Mind: African Americans and the New Century, 2000 – Present

3165:

Nobody Turn Me Around: A People's History of the 1963 March on Washington

3121:

The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation

2790: 2683: 2620: 2575: 2534: 2442: 2300: 2133: 2052: 2044: 2036: 2028: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1842:, was escorted away from the podium before Martin Luther King Jr. spoke. 1646:... We will march through the South, through the heart of Dixie, the way 1549: 1430: 1400: 1206: 844: 750: 687: 565: 518: 4820: 1740:

with an inscription on the spot where King stood to deliver the speech.

1489:, followed by a tribute to "Negro Women Fighters for Freedom", in which 1251:. To the leaders' surprise, the assembled group began to march from the 1075:

Some participants who arrived early held an all-night vigil outside the

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Despite their disagreements, the group came together on a set of goals:

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Freddie Allen, "Upcoming Washington March should again focus on jobs",

5376:

The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement

3248:"An important goal of the 1963 March on Washington remains unfulfilled" 3004: 2582:. Other speakers at the event included Democratic U.S. Representatives 2105: 2016: 1915: 1839: 1835: 1797: 1729: 1604: 1525: 1510: 1502: 1382: 856: 734: 591:. Leaders represented major civil rights organizations. Members of The 138: 11525:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

6202:

Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition

3355: 3278:

The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower

1892: 941:

A program of public works, including job training, for the unemployed;

717:

In June 1963, leaders from several different organizations formed the

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refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in

1342: 958:

Withholding Federal funds from programs that tolerate discrimination;

900: 533:

to correct that. Faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1, 1941,

51: 10450: 6274:

Nobody Turn Me Around: A People's History of the March on Washington

1829:

had addressed the crowd before the official program began. Although

1412:

7. Rabbi Uri Miller -- President of the Synagogue Council of America

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August 28, 1963: March on Washington – www.NBCUniversalArchives.com

4653:"Kennedy White House had jitters ahead of 1963 March on Washington" 4605: 3094: 2008: 1660: 1319:. None of the official speeches was by a woman. Dancer and actress 998:

Organizers worked out of a building at West 130th St. and Lenox in

11540:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

6071:"King Family Returning for March on Washington's 60th Anniversary" 5759:

Guides By Subject – LibGuides at Prince George's Community College

2884:– an American leader and activist during the Civil Rights Movement 2351:

White people standing in wonder. Their eyes were open, they were

2221:

translated the speeches and rebroadcast them in 36 languages. The

1221:

Nearly 250,000 people marched, including 60,000 white participants

10893: 9999: 9757: 8476: 4298: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 2202:. King's speech has been redacted from this video because of the 1667:. Rustin asked, "How could you do this? Do you know what Sherman 1378:– United Presbyterian Church and the National Council of Churches 6256:

Freedom: A Photographic History of the African American Struggle

1885:, Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open-air concert on 1135:

The organizers originally planned to hold the march outside the

11727: 9027: 8544: 6021:"Thousands expected for protests, rallies on the National Mall" 5042:"Meet the 1963 March on Washington Organizers | BillMoyers.com" 1949: 1886: 1341:'s speech because Farmer had been arrested during a protest in 1066:. Rivers said that she was impressed by Washington's civility: 999: 765:. King in particular had become well known for his role in the 705:

Leaders of the March on Washington meeting with Vice President

6188:

Like a Mighty Stream: The March on Washington, August 28, 1963

4176:"Behind March On Washington's 'Sunny Reputation,' A Deep Fear" 3801: 2556: 1825:

spoke briefly (less than 200 words) in place of her. Earlier,

1749:

attendees to take various actions in support of the struggle.

11539: 7279: 6508: 4461: 3565:

The Long March 'The March on Washington,' by William P. Jones

2794: 2514: 2501:" speech, and the day after President Trump was scheduled to 2482: 2092:

of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice;

2081:

speech on TV and was very impressed. According to biographer

1639:

I want to know, which side is the federal government on? ...

1586: 1230: 444:, when national media coverage contributed to passage of the 5712:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xxiv. 5478:

Humanities, National Endowment for the (September 2, 1963).

4484:"The Move to Unity, Labor's Role in the March on Washington" 2233:

called it a "public disgrace" and "the mess in Washington."

725:", included: Randolph, chosen as titular head of the march; 225: 11584: 6527:

The March, 1963, from the National Archives YouTube Channel

6479:

Annotated text of John Lewis's original speech with changes

2541:, among many others. It was a two-night event broadcast on 1139:. However, Reuther persuaded them to move the march to the 892: 6343:

Eyes on the prize: America's civil rights years, 1954–1965

1926:", for which he was joined by Baez. Dylan also performed " 593:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

10394:

Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.

6496: 6484:

March on Washington 50th Anniversary Oral History Project

6102: 5966: 4721: 1520:

Following that, speakers were Presbyterian Church leader

1226: 1041:

John Marshall Kilimanjaro, a demonstrator traveling from

4627:"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; Part 6 of 17" 3791: 3789: 3589:

The Forgotten Radical History of the March on Washington

3356:

The Impact of the Second World War on the American Negro

2562:

attended. However, the smaller crowd size did match the

1663:, who had edited the speech and inserted the line about 10025: 8729:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

8507:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 5068:"Key Figures behind the March: Reuther, the Labor Ally" 4832: 1654:

policy and burn Jim Crow to the ground—nonviolently ...

10257:

African American founding fathers of the United States

8753:

African American founding fathers of the United States

7106:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

6971:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

4916:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

4527:"Special Collections, March on Washington, Parts 1-17" 4309:. New York: Bedford, Boston/ St.Martin's. p. 667. 4019:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 388. 1857:

sang, "I've been 'buked, and I've been scorned", and "

6578: 6308:. In Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.). 6253: 6221:

Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63

5793:

How the March on Washington Flipped the Southern Vote

4313: 3786: 3774: 3749: 3456:

The 1963 March on Washington Changed Politics Forever

2294:

Leaders of the march leading marchers down the street

694:. Randolph and Rustin intended to focus the March on 10167:

Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.

3062: 2947:"Still striving for MLK's dream in the 21st century" 2832: 1889:

Sunday, 1939, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

1581:

Roy Wilkins announced that sociologist and activist

1497:, who had missed her flight. The tribute introduced 1331:

also spoke briefly (see "excluded speakers" below.)

481:, but Democrats regained power after the end of the 8801:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

6389:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 5820: 5818: 4557:"Special Collections, March on Washington, Part 17" 2476: 1095:

Aerial view of Washington Monument showing marchers

6519:is available for free viewing and download at the 5908:"Media Advisory: 2020 Virtual March on Washington" 4973:"Ten Things to Know About the March on Washington" 4913: 4693: 4691: 4121:Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65 3275: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4457:"How women's voices were excluded from the March" 4338:"Women Were 'Second Class Citizens At '63 March'" 2570:president Arndrea Waters King, daughter Yolanda, 2465:At the 50th anniversary march in 2013, President 2066: 1485:The opening remarks were given by march director 575:The 1963 march was part of the rapidly expanding 153:Mass movements and demonstrations throughout the 12486: 11575:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 7337:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 6534:Eyes on the Prize March on Washington video page 5824: 5815: 5242:"Celebrities Who Joined the March on Washington" 4599: 1459:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom program 646:, his proposal was signed into law by President 11620:Black players in professional American football 11570:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 10210:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7327:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7260:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 7151:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 4836:Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement 4790:The March on Washington: Uniting Against Racism 4688: 4675: 4673: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 2251:to occupy the National Mall with a shantytown. 1293:March on Washington, 15 hours of radio coverage 925:Passage of meaningful civil rights legislation; 436:The march is credited with helping to pass the 10363:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco 9688:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis 8806:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 6387:Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 5267:"Hollywood Who's Who Marched with King in '63" 5116:Baldwin's Harlem: A Biography of James Baldwin 4960: 4699:"Photos: The Women of the March on Washington" 3069:, National Archives and Records Administration 2613: 10466: 9634:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act 9628:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations 9172:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? 9000: 8714:List of lynching victims in the United States 7052:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 6564: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5506: 5504: 5379:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 262. 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4014: 1616:and pro-Kennedy leaders were phrases such as: 1071:white person has ever really been nice to me. 211: 11333:Historically black colleges and universities 10399:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose 6467:Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech at the March 6455:Original Program for the March on Washington 5994:Gualtieri, Allison Elyse (August 28, 2021). 5437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5368: 5366: 4670: 4602:"Book Discussion on The March on Washington" 3864: 3862: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3574: 3543: 3541: 3047:"March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom" 2517:'s Virtual March featured performances from 2407:For the 50th Anniversary, of the March, the 955:nationwide (equivalent to $ 20 in 2023); 657: 344:District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co. 9949:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story 9028:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests 7181:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 5731: 5729: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4245:Once in a great city : a Detroit story 3689: 3687: 3450: 3448: 3446: 2865:List of protest marches on Washington, D.C. 2557:2021 Voting Rights and D.C. Statehood March 2212:The March on Washington and Television News 907:, who termed it the "farce on Washington". 425:for human rights in United States history. 10473: 10459: 10368:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton) 9014: 9007: 8993: 7230:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 6571: 6557: 6493:Color photos from 1963 March on Washington 5980: 5880: 5501: 5477: 5259: 4861:"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" 4712: 4710: 4708: 4589:. H. W. Wilson Company. 1965. p. 121. 4248:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 4225: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 2874:, the award-winning documentary about the 1356:The order of the speakers was as follows: 719:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 465:were legally freed from slavery under the 402:" speech in which he called for an end to 218: 204: 50: 11550:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 9718:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 8786:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 6254:Marable, Manning; Leith Mullings (2002). 6242:, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2013; 6068: 5993: 5523: 5363: 4113: 4111: 4109: 3859: 3841: 3538: 3273: 3058: 3056: 2236: 1693: 1536:(substituting for arrested CORE director 1130: 814:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 739:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 12515:History of African-American civil rights 10431:Civil rights movement in popular culture 10237:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 10159:Civil rights movement in popular culture 9228:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 8821:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 6861:University of Georgia desegregation riot 6340: 6240:This Is the Day: The March on Washington 6224:. New York; London: Simon and Schuster. 6045: 5726: 4780: 4650: 4379:"The 1963 March on Washington in Photos" 4376: 4325: 4238: 3693: 3684: 3443: 3217:"The March on Washington and Its Impact" 3063:Bayard Rustin Papers (August 28, 1963), 3049:. Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. 2941: 2820:National Basketball Association player, 2610:, activist and brother of George Floyd. 2452: 2289: 2178: 2170: 2070: 1891: 1791: 1677: 1631:on the 50th anniversary, August 28, 2013 1618: 1454: 1216: 1178: 1170: 1090: 1086: 916:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 914:Administration. Randolph, King, and the 822: 747:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 700: 597:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 372:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 292:President Kennedy's civil rights address 27:1963 civil rights movement demonstration 12505:August 1963 events in the United States 9076:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 8735:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 8472:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 8467:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 5852: 5707: 5533:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. pp. 5343: 5065: 4985:See Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: 4705: 4679: 3245: 3161: 3032: 2282:member of Congress, including myself." 1800:was present but excluded from speaking. 1147:could hear the speakers and musicians. 477:in the years soon after the end of the 14: 12487: 12449:Topics related to the African diaspora 11555:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 8649:African-American women in the movement 7101:White House Conference on Civil Rights 6932:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 6303: 6214: 6204:University of California Press, 2002. 5737:Rustin finally getting due recognition 5413:G, Thomas, William (August 28, 2018). 5313:from the original on December 12, 2021 5234: 4911: 4600:William P. Jones (February 19, 2016). 4319: 4117: 4106: 3795: 3780: 3755: 3053: 3003: 2935: 2448: 1743: 1560:spoke, followed by SCLC president Dr. 1477:Washington's Roman Catholic Archbishop 1308:, 8/28/1963, Educational Radio Network 1295:, 8/28/1963, Educational Radio Network 544:on June 25. The order established the 12429:Landmark African-American legislation 10480: 10454: 10198: 9667: 9588: 9309: 9026: 8988: 7090:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 6552: 6190:. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2002. 6096: 5752: 5623:Brown, Richard D. (August 16, 2013). 5622: 3694:Thompson, Krissah (August 25, 2013). 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 2997: 2363: 2198:, a documentary film produced by the 1910:led the crowds in several verses of " 1903:performing at the March on Washington 1867:He's Got the Whole World in His Hands 1556:, American Jewish Congress president 1240:and was scheduled to progress to the 546:Committee on Fair Employment Practice 199: 168:200,000 to 300,000 people participate 11560:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 8858:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 7322:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 7270:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 7216:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 6693:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 6618:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 6384: 5372: 4833:Lewis, John; Michael D'Orso (1998). 4786: 4549: 3227:from the original on January 9, 2013 3123:. New York: Harper Collins. p. 177. 3009:"The March on Washington Remembered" 2905: 2418: 2404:, many of which used similar names. 2402:several other marches in the capital 1871:Daughters of the American Revolution 1773: 713:at the White House on June 22, 1963. 579:, which involved demonstrations and 521:—was a key instigator in 1941. With 12525:Protest marches in Washington, D.C. 11914:African-American Vernacular English 10409:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr. 7265:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 7201:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 6871:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 6488:District of Columbia Public Library 6432:March on Washington August 28, 1963 5401:President Kennedy: Profile of Power 4651:Matthews, David (August 28, 2013). 4519: 4435:National Museum of American History 2124:of the United Presbyterian Church; 1450: 1349:and the rats stop biting us in the 1188:paternal apprehension to dread. On 515:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 24: 11832:U.S. cities with large populations 11535:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 10312:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr. 10199: 10048:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew 9604:(now National Civil Rights Museum) 8709:African-American churches attacked 7275:Montgomery Improvement Association 7250:Georgia Council on Human Relations 7235:Council of Federated Organizations 7206:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 6964:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 6922:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 6728:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 6632:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 6381:(Johnson Publishing Company; 1963) 6293:William Morrow and Company, 1986. 6046:Gonzalez, John (August 28, 2021). 5825:Lang, Marissa J. (July 20, 2020). 3643: 3214: 3080: 1804:Despite the protests of organizer 1471:but was unable to arrive on time; 1211:University of California, Berkeley 895:as their operations headquarters. 618:invited African-American novelist 614:On May 24, 1963, Attorney General 390:. At the march, final speaker Dr. 357:23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment 311:24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment 25: 12536: 10705:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 10701:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 10508:African American founding fathers 9863:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK 9589: 8781:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 8654:Jews in the civil rights movement 6405: 6150:The Unfinished March: An Overview 6069:Silverman, Ellie (May 15, 2023). 5412: 3246:Jenkins, Alan (August 28, 2013). 2166: 2088:In full, these participants were 1752: 1643:won't be a "cooling-off" period. 487:disenfranchised most black people 12467: 11585:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 10730:Nadir of American race relations 10176:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ. 10055:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" ( 9124:Second Emancipation Proclamation 8975:Civil rights movement portal 8968: 8816:Freedom Riders National Monument 8558:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 7070:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 7029:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 6916:Second Emancipation Proclamation 6516:"The March on Washington (1963)" 6159: 6142: 6129: 6116: 6097:Olson, Emily (August 26, 2023). 6090: 6062: 6039: 6013: 5951: 5925: 5900: 5874: 5846: 5802: 5785: 5772: 5746: 5701: 5688: 5675: 5662: 5649: 5616: 5603: 5590: 5577: 5564: 5551: 5527:(1990) . George Breitman (ed.). 5517: 5471: 5458: 5445: 5406: 5393: 5337: 5324: 5297: 5284: 5207: 5194: 5177: 5164: 5151: 5138: 5125: 5108: 5091: 5059: 5034: 5021: 5008: 4995: 4979: 4947: 4934: 4905: 4892: 4879: 4853: 4826: 4814: 4680:Goodman, Amy (August 28, 2013). 4124:. Simon & Schuster. p. 2849: 2835: 2813: 2801: 2779: 2767: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2705: 2690: 2675: 2653: 2477:2020 Virtual March on Washington 2473:on Bayard Rustin and 15 others. 2200:United States Information Agency 1817:The assembled group agreed that 1596:by Du Bois, published in 1903." 1552:. After a performance by singer 1306:Dr. King's speech begins at 1:30 1300: 1287: 10591:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 10581:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 10308:Safe House Black History Museum 10227:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 8843:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 8831:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 7307:National Council of Negro Women 7245:Deacons for Defense and Justice 6434:– Civil Rights Movement Archive 5853:Feldman, Kate (July 20, 2020). 4823:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 4821:Full Text of John Lewis' Speech 4767: 4754: 4741: 4728: 4644: 4619: 4593: 4579: 4506: 4493: 4476: 4449: 4423: 4396: 4370: 4357: 4344: 4287: 4274: 4212: 4199: 4186: 4168: 4155: 4142: 4093: 4080: 4067: 4054: 4041: 4008: 3995: 3982: 3969: 3956: 3943: 3930: 3909: 3888: 3875: 3828: 3761: 3736: 3723: 3637: 3624: 3611: 3598: 3554: 3525: 3512: 3499: 3486: 3465: 3430: 3417: 3404: 3391: 3378: 3365: 3360:Journal of Contemporary History 3348: 3335: 3322: 3309: 3296: 3267: 3239: 3208: 3194:American Federation of Teachers 3182: 3155: 2808:Vocalists Peter, Paul, and Mary 2602:, of New York; NAACP president 2285: 2204:copyright held by King's estate 981:Federal Bureau of Investigation 469:and granted citizenship in the 12510:Civil rights movement protests 11580:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 10586:Civil right movement 1896–1954 10282:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture 9260:Mississippi March Against Fear 6723:Mansfield school desegregation 6372:(W.W. Norton; 2013) 296 pages; 6276:. Boston: Beacon Press, 2010. 5939:. newsone.com. August 28, 2020 5066:Euchner, Charles (Fall 2013). 3126: 3113: 2972: 2899: 2712:Major League Baseball player, 2507:Republican National Convention 2489:, in which King's oldest son, 2344:Jenkins from Washington said: 2067:Meeting with President Kennedy 1966: 1576: 1225:On August 28, more than 2,000 1013: 946:law prohibiting discrimination 494:, which were pervasive in the 13: 1: 11760:Cherokee freedmen controversy 10736:The Negro Motorist Green Book 9983:March! For Martin Luther King 9204:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 8853:National Voting Rights Museum 8796:Civil Rights Movement Archive 8595:Lynching in the United States 8482:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 6937:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 6910:University of Chicago sit-ins 6677:Davis v. Prince Edward County 4839:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3644:C., Euchner, Charles (2010). 3066:March on Washington (Program) 2888: 2727:Leaders gather for a portrait 2503:accept his party's nomination 2471:Presidential Medal of Freedom 2241: 1959:Some participants, including 1877:. With the aid of First Lady 1650:did. We shall pursue our own 1599: 1155:and his civil rights liaison 554:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 451: 10247:National Civil Rights Museum 10242:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 9085:I've Been to the Mountaintop 8848:National Civil Rights Museum 8704:March on Washington Movement 8689:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 7158:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 6444:The 1963 March on Washington 5118:; New York: Atria, 2008; p. 5099:Baldwin: A literary standard 4920:. Harvard University Press. 4377:cl_admin (August 23, 2013). 2857:Civil rights movement portal 2409:United States Postal Service 1724:. At the end of the speech, 948:in public or private hiring; 790:National Council of Churches 676:Amalgamated Clothing Workers 507:March on Washington Movement 442:Selma Voting Rights Movement 7: 11630:Black players in ice hockey 11565:National Urban League (NUL) 11391:American Society of Muslims 10629:Selma to Montgomery marches 10549:Brown v. Board of Education 10384:sculpture, Portland, Oregon 10374:Landmark for Peace Memorial 10099:"Symphony of Brotherhood" ( 10022:Pride (In the Name of Love) 9244:Selma to Montgomery marches 9143:Letter from Birmingham Jail 8492:"This Little Light of Mine" 7240:Dallas County Voters League 7186:Atlanta Negro Voters League 6949:Letter from Birmingham Jail 6656:Brown v. Board of Education 6306:"March on Washington, 1963" 5344:Leffler, Warren K. (1963). 4787:Doak, Robin Santos (2007). 3019:Public Broadcasting Service 2828: 2739:Four young marchers singing 2626: 2614:2023 60th Anniversary March 2369:the liberal reforms of the 2275:William Jennings Bryan Dorn 1734:National Recording Registry 1714:Declaration of Independence 1710:racism in the United States 1623:John Lewis speaking in the 1482:delivered the invocation. 1274: 935:Brown v. Board of Education 818:Congress of Racial Equality 771:Letter from Birmingham Jail 731:Congress of Racial Equality 413:The march was organized by 394:, standing in front of the 374:, also known as simply the 10: 12541: 11787:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 11545:Nashville Student Movement 10556:Children of the plantation 10272:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity 10215:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 9996:Martin Luther King's Dream 9310: 8826:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 8694:Holt Street Baptist Church 8664:16th Street Baptist Church 7648:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 7292:Nashville Student Movement 7222:An Appeal for Human Rights 6122:"King's unfinished work", 4912:Carson, Clayborne (1981). 4865:kinginstitute.stanford.edu 4587:Current biography yearbook 2906:Ward, Brian (April 1998). 2646: 2578:and Washington D.C. Mayor 2304:life to was worth doing." 2273:Segregationists including 2267:Message to the Grass Roots 2254: 1848: 1722:United States Constitution 1697: 1665:Sherman's March to the Sea 1493:spoke briefly in place of 1467:was scheduled to lead the 1440:– American Jewish Congress 1043:Greensboro, North Carolina 788:, former president of the 455: 398:, delivered his historic " 12457: 12424:Index of related articles 12302: 12217: 11941: 11874: 11812: 11712: 11673: 11605: 11598: 11513: 11433: 11425:Doctrine of Father Divine 11371: 11313: 10962: 10817: 10809:Women's suffrage movement 10762:Reconstruction Amendments 10569:Voting Rights Act of 1965 10488: 10425:America in the King Years 10205: 10194: 10150: 9960: 9939: 9888: 9779: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9663: 9597: 9584: 9419: 9320: 9316: 9305: 9279:Memphis sanitation strike 9183: 9095: 9037: 9033: 9022: 8964: 8866: 8768: 8582: 8515: 8457: 8436: 8323:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 8293:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 7365: 7357:Women's Political Council 7352:Wednesdays in Mississippi 7347:United Auto Workers (UAW) 7332:Southern Regional Council 7302:Northern Student Movement 7211:Committee for Freedom Now 7171: 7118:Memphis sanitation strike 7084:Voting Rights Act of 1965 7006: 6827:Savannah Protest Movement 6789: 6647: 6608:Journey of Reconciliation 6600: 6587: 6154:Economic Policy Institute 5105:43(27), 14 February 2008. 4988:America in the King Years 3274:Weinstein, Allen (2002). 3162:Euchner, Charles (2010). 2793:, Executive Secretary of 2633:Economic Policy Institute 2553:and on online platforms. 2509:. Addressing the ongoing 2223:United Information Agency 1928:Only a Pawn in Their Game 1718:Emancipation Proclamation 1299: 1286: 1281: 1107:For the first time since 928:Immediate elimination of 876:Journey of Reconciliation 782:United Automobile Workers 658:Planning and organization 585:Emancipation Proclamation 527:U.S. military contractors 446:Voting Rights Act of 1965 380:Great March on Washington 321:Voting Rights Act of 1965 262:Strom Thurmond filibuster 247:Journey of Reconciliation 239: 187:Voting Rights Act of 1965 162: 143:Emancipation Proclamation 132: 88: 70: 49: 41: 36: 12495:1963 in Washington, D.C. 12474:United States portal 11909:African-American English 11338:Inventors and scientists 11030:George Washington Carver 10634:Chicago Freedom Movement 10232:National Historical Park 9970:Abraham, Martin and John 9448:(strategist / colleague) 9252:Chicago Freedom Movement 7191:Atlanta Student Movement 7140:Civil Rights Act of 1968 7065:1964–1965 Scripto strike 7046:Civil Rights Act of 1964 6944:1963 Birmingham campaign 6837:Civil Rights Act of 1960 6761:Civil Rights Act of 1957 5708:Johnson, Cedric (2007). 4793:. Capstone. p. 69. 3648:. Boston: Beacon Press. 2428:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2391:redistribution of wealth 2118:American Jewish Congress 1736:and memorialized by the 1475:performed in her place. 1266:About 50 members of the 1203:First Battle of Bull Run 1166: 802:American Jewish Congress 652:Civil Rights Act of 1964 581:nonviolent direct action 438:Civil Rights Act of 1964 326:Civil Rights Act of 1968 316:Civil Rights Act of 1964 282:Civil Rights Act of 1960 267:Civil Rights Act of 1957 183:Civil Rights Act of 1964 12397:African-American firsts 11446:Back-to-Africa movement 11415:Black Hebrew Israelites 11195:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 10743:Partus sequitur ventrem 10414:King County, Washington 10267:FBI–King suicide letter 8743:Voter Education Project 8497:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 8158:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 7593:Josephine Dobbs Clement 7019:Chester school protests 7014:Twenty-fourth Amendment 6976:Detroit Walk to Freedom 6718:Tallahassee bus boycott 6639:Baton Rouge bus boycott 6341:Williams, Juan (1987). 6312:. Basic Civitas Books. 6139:(NNPA), 14 August 2013. 4118:Branch, Taylor (1998). 3477:no understanding at all 3196:. Fall 2013. p. 35 2943:King III, Martin Luther 2572:National Action Network 2564:National Action Network 2469:conferred a posthumous 2161:speaking truth to power 1593:The Souls of Black Folk 1419:– National Urban League 1371:– Little Rock, Arkansas 991:rejected its contents. 903:, spokesperson for the 624:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting 287:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting 12520:Martin Luther King Jr. 12365:Spingarn Medal winners 11854:States and territories 11625:Black NFL quarterbacks 11125:Martin Luther King Jr. 10657:Dred Scott v. Sandford 10596:Montgomery bus boycott 10277:Season for Nonviolence 10090:"Never Alone Martin" ( 9812:"Great X-Pectations" ( 9748:King in the Wilderness 9369:Martin Luther King Sr. 9345:Martin Luther King III 9287:Poor People's Campaign 9236:St. Augustine movement 9196:Montgomery bus boycott 9016:Martin Luther King Jr. 8956:Movement photographers 8198:Bernice Johnson Reagon 7918:Martin Luther King Sr. 7913:Martin Luther King Jr. 7483:William Holmes Borders 7255:Highlander Folk School 7145:Poor People's Campaign 6998:St. Augustine movement 6848:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 6771:Katz Drug Store sit-in 6742:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 6704:Montgomery bus boycott 5810:Marching on Washington 5572:Marching on Washington 5512:Marching on Washington 5453:Marching on Washington 5292:Marching on Washington 5133:Marching on Washington 5029:Marching on Washington 4942:Marching on Washington 4501:Marching on Washington 4365:Marching on Washington 4352:Marching on Washington 4163:Marching on Washington 4101:Marching on Washington 4015:Barnard, John (2004). 4003:Marching on Washington 3883:Marching on Washington 3870:Marching on Washington 3854:Marching on Washington 3836:Marching on Washington 3744:Marching on Washington 3731:Marching on Washington 3507:Marching on Washington 3412:Marching on Washington 3306:(2002), pp. 31, 34–36. 3282:. DK Publishing, Inc. 3119:Hansen, D. D. (2003). 2491:Martin Luther King III 2481:On July 20, 2020, the 2458: 2415:that commemorated it. 2371:Johnson administration 2357: 2341: 2295: 2249:Poor People's Campaign 2237:Responses and memories 2207: 2176: 2102:Martin Luther King Jr. 2077: 1924:When the Ship Comes In 1904: 1815: 1801: 1790: 1764: 1694:Martin Luther King Jr. 1690: 1683:Martin Luther King Jr. 1656: 1632: 1609:Kennedy Administration 1562:Martin Luther King Jr. 1460: 1222: 1184: 1176: 1161:U.S. Army Signal Corps 1131:Venue and sound system 1096: 1073: 1057: 1039: 871: 841:Martin Luther King Jr. 743:Martin Luther King Jr. 714: 628:Kennedy administration 609:Kennedy administration 562:Martin Luther King Jr. 513:—the president of the 392:Martin Luther King Jr. 331:Poor People's Campaign 177:Martin Luther King Jr. 76:; 61 years ago 11675:Athletic associations 11610:Negro league baseball 11381:African-American Jews 11100:Ketanji Brown Jackson 11065:Henry Highland Garnet 10924:Negro National Anthem 10674:George Floyd protests 10639:Post–civil rights era 9385:Christine King Farris 9377:Alberta Williams King 9162:Conscience for Change 9105:Stride Toward Freedom 8791:Civil Rights Memorial 8679:Bethel Baptist Church 8328:Charles Kenzie Steele 7773:Audrey Faye Hendricks 7678:Myrlie Evers-Williams 7658:Patricia Stephens Due 7628:Abraham Lincoln Davis 7563:Colia Lafayette Clark 7317:Operation Breadbasket 7312:National Urban League 7059:Katzenbach v. McClung 6927:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 6580:Civil rights movement 6304:Tuttle, Kate (1999). 6186:Bass, Patrick Henry. 6156:Report, 18 June 2013. 6124:Philadelphia Inquirer 5780:Nobody Turn Me Around 5683:Nobody Turn Me Around 5657:Nobody Turn Me Around 5559:Nobody Turn Me Around 5466:Nobody Turn Me Around 5271:realclearpolitics.com 5220:; New York: Picador; 5202:Nobody Turn Me Around 5172:Nobody Turn Me Around 5148:(2002), pp. 109, 111. 4887:Nobody Turn Me Around 4775:Nobody Turn Me Around 4762:Nobody Turn Me Around 4684:– via AlterNet. 4514:Nobody Turn Me Around 4431:"March on Washington" 4282:Nobody Turn Me Around 4220:Nobody Turn Me Around 4207:Nobody Turn Me Around 4194:Nobody Turn Me Around 4150:Nobody Turn Me Around 4075:Nobody Turn Me Around 4062:Nobody Turn Me Around 3990:Nobody Turn Me Around 3977:Nobody Turn Me Around 3964:Nobody Turn Me Around 3951:Nobody Turn Me Around 3938:Nobody Turn Me Around 3917:Nobody Turn Me Around 3632:Nobody Turn Me Around 3549:Nobody Turn Me Around 3533:Nobody Turn Me Around 3520:Nobody Turn Me Around 3473:Nobody Turn Me Around 3438:Nobody Turn Me Around 3425:Nobody Turn Me Around 3386:Nobody Turn Me Around 3317:Nobody Turn Me Around 3099:World Digital Library 2980:"March on Washington" 2908:"Recording the Dream" 2876:Civil Rights Movement 2598:, both of Texas, and 2505:for president at the 2456: 2346: 2313: 2293: 2192: 2174: 2098:National Urban League 2074: 1895: 1883:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1810: 1795: 1785: 1759: 1738:National Park Service 1681: 1634: 1622: 1458: 1220: 1182: 1174: 1094: 1087:Security preparations 1077:Department of Justice 1068: 1047: 1030: 888:racial discrimination 826: 763:National Urban League 709:and Attorney General 704: 577:Civil Rights Movement 538:Franklin D. Roosevelt 458:Civil rights movement 228:Civil rights movement 117:38.88917°N 77.05000°W 44:Civil Rights Movement 11882:Afro-Seminole Creole 11408:Azusa Street Revival 11280:Booker T. Washington 10804:Underground Railroad 10669:Free people of color 10523:Atlantic slave trade 10436:Lee–Jackson–King Day 10389:Kennedy–King College 9848:"Return of the King" 8836:other King memorials 8811:Freedom Rides Museum 8748:1960s counterculture 8699:Edmund Pettus Bridge 8378:Walter Francis White 8283:Alexander D. Shimkin 6797:New Year's Day March 6766:Ministers' Manifesto 6613:Executive Order 9981 6385:Lyon, Danny (1992). 6379:The Day They Marched 6345:. New York: Viking. 5812:(2002), pp. 173–174. 5696:Like a Mighty Stream 5670:Like a Mighty Stream 5611:Like a Mighty Stream 5598:Like a Mighty Stream 5585:Like a Mighty Stream 5514:(2002), pp. 176–178. 5373:Hill, Lance (2006). 5332:Like a Mighty Stream 5159:Like a Mighty Stream 5146:Like a Mighty Stream 5003:Like a Mighty Stream 4944:(2002), pp. 169–170. 4764:(2010), pp. 180–181. 4749:Like a Mighty Stream 4516:(2010), pp. 130–131. 4088:Like a Mighty Stream 4049:Like a Mighty Stream 3904:Atlanta Constitution 3838:(2002), pp. 156–157. 3733:(2002), pp. 147–148. 3619:Like a Mighty Stream 3608:(1986), pp. 269–270. 3494:Like a Mighty Stream 3399:Like a Mighty Stream 3373:Like a Mighty Stream 3343:Like a Mighty Stream 3330:Like a Mighty Stream 3304:Like a Mighty Stream 2843:United States portal 2568:Drum Major Institute 2525:, and speeches from 1938:Peter, Paul and Mary 1932:Byron De La Beckwith 1806:Anna Arnold Hedgeman 1532:, and CORE chairman 1028:carried his report: 632:civil rights address 542:Executive Order 8802 500:interracial marriage 471:Fourteenth Amendment 467:Thirteenth Amendment 337:District of Columbia 252:Executive Order 9981 74:August 28, 1963 12277:Trinidad and Tobago 11892:Black American Sign 11719:By African descent 11713:Ethnic subdivisions 11700:Southwestern (SWAC) 11615:Baseball color line 11530:Black Panther Party 11434:Political movements 11351:in computer science 11010:Carol Moseley Braun 10799:Tulsa race massacre 10792:Treatment of slaves 10624:March on Washington 10619:Birmingham movement 10301:Hope Moving Forward 10066:Shed a Little Light 9829:New York Undercover 9824:"The Promised Land" 9651:Conspiracy theories 9432:(mentor, colleague) 9220:Birmingham campaign 8574:Mary McLeod Bethune 8535:Sermon on the Mount 8502:"We Shall Overcome" 8083:William Lewis Moore 7863:Frank Minis Johnson 7838:Richie Jean Jackson 7793:Donald L. Hollowell 7598:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 7403:Gwendolyn Armstrong 7398:William G. Anderson 7378:Victoria Gray Adams 7342:The Freedom Singers 7196:Black Panther Party 6981:March on Washington 6894:Garner v. Louisiana 6855:Boynton v. Virginia 6509:John Lewis's speech 6438:March on Washington 6427:Stanford University 6412:March on Washington 6165:Dedrick Muhammad, " 6076:The Washington Post 5832:The Washington Post 5637:on December 3, 2015 5185:March on Washington 4437:. December 17, 2012 3701:The Washington Post 3587:William P. Jones, " 3190:"American Educator" 3007:(August 28, 2003). 2951:The Washington Post 2945:(August 25, 2010). 2449:Anniversary marches 2383:Black Panther Party 2122:Eugene Carson Blake 1946:Blowin' in the Wind 1744:Randolph and Rustin 1629:Library of Congress 1548:, and NAACP leader 1522:Eugene Carson Blake 1376:Eugene Carson Blake 1268:American Nazi Party 1253:Washington Monument 1238:Washington Monument 1125:agents provocateurs 1083:who attacked them. 985:William C. Sullivan 886:ruling that banned 878:, the first of the 861:Eugene Carson Blake 800:, president of the 786:Eugene Carson Blake 780:, president of the 767:Birmingham campaign 761:, president of the 753:, president of the 745:, president of the 729:, president of the 696:economic inequality 558:Adam Clayton Powell 475:Fifteenth Amendment 431:United Auto Workers 429:, president of the 376:March on Washington 297:March on Washington 149:Birmingham campaign 122:38.88917; -77.05000 113: / 64:Washington Monument 37:March on Washington 18:March on Washington 12375:US representatives 12370:US cabinet members 12262:Dominican Republic 11849:Metropolitan areas 11690:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 11515:Civic and economic 11493:Self-determination 11314:Education, science 11235:Fred Shuttlesworth 11215:A. Philip Randolph 11120:Coretta Scott King 11045:Frederick Douglass 10872:Harlem Renaissance 10777:Separate but equal 10767:Reconstruction era 10755:Plessy v. Ferguson 10646:Cornerstone Speech 10560:Civil Rights Acts 10543:Black Lives Matter 10518:American Civil War 10295:sculpture, Atlanta 10079:Up to the Mountain 9866:(2011 documentary) 9839:Selma, Lord, Selma 9761:(2020 documentary) 9751:(2018 documentary) 9721:(2008 documentary) 9698:Our Friend, Martin 9691:(1970 documentary) 9534:Fred Shuttlesworth 9329:Coretta Scott King 9067:How Long, Not Long 9049:Give Us the Ballot 8891:Michael Eric Dyson 8776:In popular culture 8659:Fifth Circuit Four 8643:Loving v. Virginia 8636:Hernandez v. Texas 8615:Buchanan v. Warley 8607:Separate but equal 8601:Plessy v. Ferguson 8564:Frederick Douglass 8398:Robert F. Williams 8308:Kelly Miller Smith 8288:Fred Shuttlesworth 8213:Frederick D. Reese 8193:George Raymond Jr. 8183:A. Philip Randolph 8163:Fay Bellamy Powell 8078:Queen Mother Moore 7963:Z. Alexander Looby 7908:Coretta Scott King 7853:Barbara Rose Johns 7833:Jimmie Lee Jackson 7758:William E. Harbour 7538:Stokely Carmichael 7453:Randolph Blackwell 7123:King assassination 7112:Loving v. Virginia 7096:March Against Fear 7076:How Long, Not Long 6954:Children's Crusade 6905:Cambridge movement 6842:Ax Handle Saturday 6807:Greensboro sit-ins 6734:Give Us the Ballot 6472:2017-12-22 at the 6460:2011-08-15 at the 6417:2009-03-21 at the 6376:Saunders, Doris E. 6368:Jones, William P. 6326:Jones, William P. 6272:Euchner, Charles. 6148:Algernon Austin, " 5753:Sims-Wood, Janet. 5741:Pacific Daily News 5735:DeWayne Wickham, " 5685:(2010), pp. 81–82. 5659:(2010), pp. 24–25. 5403:(1993) pp. 580–584 5246:washingtonpost.com 4975:. August 28, 2012. 4889:(2010), pp. 45–49. 4724:. August 28, 2013. 4340:. August 28, 2013. 4303:Waldo E. Martin Jr 4295:Deborah Gray White 4196:(2010), pp. 60–62. 4077:(2010), pp. 43–44. 3979:(2010), pp. 63–65. 3940:(2010), pp. 57–58. 3923:the agents asked, 3767:Euchner, Charles, 3621:(2002), pp. 66–67. 3496:(2002), pp. 67–69. 3388:(2010), pp. 16–17. 3375:(2002), pp. 51–52. 3362:6(2), 1971; p. 46. 3345:(2002), pp. 49–51. 3332:(2002), pp. 44–46. 3143:on October 4, 2015 2953:. Washington, DC. 2592:Sheila Jackson Lee 2459: 2385:member and lawyer 2364:Effects and legacy 2296: 2208: 2177: 2126:A. Philip Randolph 2078: 1905: 1802: 1691: 1673:Stokely Carmichael 1633: 1487:A. Philip Randolph 1461: 1362:A. Philip Randolph 1223: 1185: 1177: 1097: 1081:white supremacists 1025:The New York Times 930:school segregation 872: 837:A. Philip Randolph 833:Cleveland Robinson 810:civil disobedience 737:, chairman of the 715: 663:A. Philip Randolph 642:. After Kennedy's 605:civil disobedience 511:A. Philip Randolph 483:Reconstruction era 479:American Civil War 440:. It preceded the 419:A. Philip Randolph 408:racial segregation 12482: 12481: 12310:African Americans 12182:Dallas–Fort Worth 11777:Black Southerners 11708: 11707: 11160:Thurgood Marshall 11130:Bernard Lafayette 10725:Million Man March 10482:African Americans 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10419:Eponymous streets 10262:Authorship issues 10190: 10189: 10186: 10185: 9952:(1957 comic book) 9815:A Different World 9792:(1978 miniseries) 9659: 9658: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9470:Bernard Lafayette 9401:James Albert King 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9152:Why We Can't Wait 8982: 8981: 8759:Eyes on the Prize 8674:A.G. Gaston Motel 8669:Kelly Ingram Park 8629:Sweatt v. Painter 8313:Mary Louise Smith 8273:Cleveland Sellers 8258:Michael Schwerner 8223:Gloria Richardson 8003:Thurgood Marshall 7923:Bernard Lafayette 7653:John Wesley Dobbs 7167: 7166: 6886:Birmingham attack 6866:Rock Hill sit-ins 6817:Sibley Commission 6812:Nashville sit-ins 6684:Gebhart v. Belton 6670:Briggs v. Elliott 6663:Bolling v. Sharpe 6624:Sweatt v. Painter 6423:King Encyclopedia 6282:978-0-8070-0059-5 6258:. Phaidon Press. 6248:978-1-60606-121-3 6173:, 13 August 2013. 6126:, 16 August 2013. 6027:. August 28, 2021 5799:, 16 August 1963. 5791:Bruce Bartlett, " 5743:, 15 August 2013. 5399:Reeves, Richard, 5386:978-0-8078-5702-1 5076:American Educator 5016:Bearing the Cross 4927:978-0-674-44726-4 4900:Bearing the Cross 4800:978-0-7565-3339-7 4736:Bearing the Cross 4567:. August 28, 1963 4537:. August 28, 1963 3900:Robert F. Kennedy 3896:Bearing the Cross 3606:Bearing the Cross 3571:, 15 August 2013. 3454:Bruce Bartlett, " 3175:978-0-8070-9552-2 3101:. August 28, 1963 2871:Eyes on the Prize 2774:Food service crew 2751:Charlton Heston, 2511:COVID-19 pandemic 2432:Voting Rights Act 2419:Political effects 2260:Black nationalist 2190: 2154:civil rights bill 1942:If I Had a Hammer 1912:We Shall Overcome 1879:Eleanor Roosevelt 1875:Constitution Hall 1831:Gloria Richardson 1813:Lincoln Memorial. 1774:Excluded speakers 1712:. It invoked the 1544:, NCCIJ director 1515:Gloria Richardson 1312: 1311: 1153:Robert F. Kennedy 1035:Kelly Ingram Park 1007:Los Angeles Times 847:; (standing L-R) 711:Robert F. Kennedy 707:Lyndon B. Johnson 672:Stanley Aronowitz 648:Lyndon B. Johnson 640:racial inequality 616:Robert F. Kennedy 529:and demanding an 463:African Americans 423:political rallies 388:African Americans 365: 364: 351:Bolling v. Sharpe 257:Prayer Pilgrimage 242:National movement 194: 193: 181:Catalyst to pass 16:(Redirected from 12532: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12434:Lynching victims 11933:Louisiana Creole 11904:American English 11792:Louisiana Creole 11765:Choctaw freedmen 11603: 11602: 11140:Huddie Ledbetter 11080:Fannie Lou Hamer 11050:W. E. B. Du Bois 11040:Claudette Colvin 11035:Shirley Chisholm 10852:Family structure 10720:Military history 10602:Browder v. 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Williamson 8368:Wyatt Tee Walker 8233:Bernice Robinson 8178:Lincoln Ragsdale 8168:Rodney N. Powell 8063:Douglas E. Moore 7938:Sanford R. Leigh 7873:J. Charles Jones 7748:Fannie Lou Hamer 7663:Joseph Ellwanger 7623:Jonathan Daniels 7613:Claudette Colvin 7603:Annie Lee Cooper 7588:Kathleen Cleaver 7583:Eldridge Cleaver 7558:Shirley Chisholm 7448:Gloria Blackwell 7039:workers' murders 6986:"I Have a Dream" 6881:Anniston bombing 6832:Greenville Eight 6747:Little Rock Nine 6710:Browder v. Gayle 6598: 6597: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6521:Internet Archive 6495:, Collection by 6400: 6356: 6330:. 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Archived from 3814: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3641: 3635: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3585: 3572: 3558: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3509:(2002), p. 144. 3503: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3469: 3463: 3462:, 9 August 2013. 3460:The Fiscal Times 3452: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3168:. Beacon Press. 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3142: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2920:on June 28, 2011 2916:. 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Du Bois 1524:, SNCC chairman 1473:Camilla Williams 1451:Official program 1364:– March Director 1304: 1303: 1291: 1290: 1279: 1278: 1257:Lincoln Memorial 1242:Lincoln Memorial 1141:Lincoln Memorial 1137:Capitol Building 595:(NAACP) and the 448:that same year. 396:Lincoln Memorial 384:Washington, D.C. 234: 220: 213: 206: 197: 196: 128: 127: 125: 124: 123: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 94:Washington, D.C. 84: 82: 77: 58:Lincoln Memorial 54: 34: 33: 21: 12540: 12539: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12468: 12466: 12453: 12419:Historic places 12412:US state firsts 12298: 12213: 11937: 11870: 11842:2010 majorities 11837:2000 majorities 11808: 11755:Black Seminoles 11704: 11695:Southern (SIAC) 11678: 11677:and conferences 11676: 11669: 11665:Serena Williams 11660:Jackie Robinson 11594: 11518: 11516: 11509: 11429: 11396:Nation of Islam 11367: 11315: 11309: 11250:Sojourner Truth 11240:Clarence Thomas 11205:Gabriel Prosser 11105:Michael Jackson 10980:Crispus Attucks 10970:Ralph Abernathy 10958: 10914:Musical theater 10813: 10679:Great Migration 10651:COVID-19 impact 10609:Sit-in movement 10484: 10479: 10449: 10440: 10303:statue, Atlanta 10201: 10182: 10173: 10164: 10157: 10146: 10134: 10117: 10107: 10098: 10089: 10076: 10063: 10054: 10041: 10032: 10019: 10006: 9993: 9980: 9967: 9956: 9946: 9935: 9925: 9915: 9908:The Mountaintop 9905: 9895: 9884: 9870: 9860: 9846: 9836: 9822: 9811: 9799:The First Store 9796: 9786: 9775: 9765: 9755: 9745: 9735: 9725: 9715: 9705: 9701:(1999 animated) 9695: 9685: 9670: 9655: 9593: 9572: 9564: 9556: 9548: 9540: 9532: 9524: 9516: 9508: 9500: 9492: 9484: 9476: 9468: 9460: 9452: 9444: 9436: 9430:Ralph Abernathy 9428: 9421: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9367: 9359: 9351: 9343: 9335: 9327: 9312: 9293: 9285: 9277: 9266: 9258: 9250: 9242: 9234: 9226: 9218: 9212:Albany Movement 9210: 9202: 9194: 9186: 9179: 9169: 9159: 9149: 9140: 9130: 9121: 9112: 9102: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9064: 9055: 9046: 9029: 9018: 9013: 8983: 8978: 8967: 8960: 8941:Thomas E. Ricks 8931:Diane McWhorter 8916:Vincent Harding 8901:Adam Fairclough 8868: 8862: 8764: 8719:Freedom Schools 8578: 8511: 8459: 8453: 8444:Omaha, Nebraska 8432: 8348:Hartman Turnbow 8338:Dorothy Tillman 8298:Glenn E. Smiley 8278:Charles Sherrod 8238:Jo Ann Robinson 8113:Charles Neblett 8103:Elijah Muhammad 8068:Harriette Moore 8028:Floyd McKissick 8013:Franklin McCain 7948:Stanley Levison 7813:T. R. M. Howard 7763:Vincent Harding 7693:Walter Fauntroy 7578:Xernona Clayton 7528:John H. Calhoun 7513:Aurelia Browder 7503:Stanley Branche 7498:Raylawni Branch 7478:Joseph E. Boone 7463:Ezell Blair Jr. 7458:Unita Blackwell 7433:Harry Belafonte 7373:Ralph Abernathy 7361: 7297:Nation of Islam 7173: 7163: 7002: 6959:Birmingham riot 6900:Albany Movement 6822:Atlanta sit-ins 6802:Sit-in movement 6785: 6781:Biloxi wade-ins 6753:Cooper v. Aaron 6643: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6540: 6538: 6531: 6513:The short film 6474:Wayback Machine 6462:Wayback Machine 6446:– slideshow by 6419:Wayback Machine 6408: 6403: 6397: 6362:Further reading 6359: 6353: 6320: 6266: 6238:Leonard Freed, 6232: 6177: 6171:Huffington Post 6164: 6160: 6147: 6143: 6134: 6130: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6044: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5992: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5823: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5790: 5786: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5751: 5747: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5706: 5702: 5698:(2002), p. 101. 5693: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5621: 5617: 5608: 5604: 5600:(2002), p. 142. 5595: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5455:(2002), p. 175. 5450: 5446: 5430: 5429: 5420:Southern Spaces 5411: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5371: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5294:(2002), p. 172. 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5212: 5208: 5204:(2010), p. 109. 5199: 5195: 5182: 5178: 5174:(2010), p. 159. 5169: 5165: 5161:(2002), p. 108. 5156: 5152: 5143: 5139: 5135:(2002), p. 158. 5130: 5126: 5113: 5109: 5103:Baystate Banner 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5031:(2002), p. 171. 5026: 5022: 5018:(1986), p. 284. 5013: 5009: 5005:(2002), p. 126. 5000: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4785: 4781: 4777:(2010), p. 183. 4772: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4751:(2002), p. 122. 4746: 4742: 4733: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4678: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4503:(2002), p. 162. 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4275: 4260: 4240:Maraniss, David 4237: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4209:(2010), p. 102. 4204: 4200: 4191: 4187: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4165:(2002), p. 160. 4160: 4156: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4042: 4027: 4013: 4009: 4005:(2002), p. 161. 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3957: 3953:(2010), p. 116. 3948: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3914: 3910: 3893: 3889: 3885:(2002), p. 159. 3880: 3876: 3872:(2002), p. 156. 3867: 3860: 3856:(2002), p. 151. 3851: 3842: 3833: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3802: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746:(2002), p. 149. 3741: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3692: 3685: 3669: 3668: 3656: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3575: 3561:David J. Garrow 3559: 3555: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3487: 3481:John F. Kennedy 3470: 3466: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3354:Neil A. Wynn, " 3353: 3349: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3319:(2010), p. 128. 3314: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3141:(press release) 3140: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2940: 2936: 2923: 2921: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2806: 2797: 2787:Sammy Davis Jr. 2784: 2775: 2772: 2763: 2761:Harry Belafonte 2749: 2740: 2737: 2728: 2725: 2716: 2714:Jackie Robinson 2710: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2680: 2671: 2669:Charlton Heston 2665:Harry Belafonte 2658: 2649: 2641:Great Recession 2629: 2616: 2608:Philonise Floyd 2604:Derrick Johnson 2559: 2479: 2451: 2421: 2375:Communist Party 2366: 2350: 2288: 2257: 2244: 2239: 2179: 2169: 2142:Floyd McKissick 2128:; labor leader 2069: 2041:Joanne Woodward 2033:Charlton Heston 2013:Diahann Carroll 1993:Sammy Davis Jr. 1989:Jackie Robinson 1977:Harry Belafonte 1973:Josephine Baker 1969: 1944:" and Dylan's " 1863:Marian Anderson 1855:Mahalia Jackson 1851: 1827:Josephine Baker 1796:Actress/singer 1776: 1755: 1746: 1726:Mahalia Jackson 1702: 1696: 1602: 1579: 1554:Mahalia Jackson 1534:Floyd McKissick 1528:, labor leader 1480:Patrick O'Boyle 1469:national anthem 1465:Marian Anderson 1453: 1407:Floyd McKissick 1335:Floyd McKissick 1321:Josephine Baker 1301: 1288: 1277: 1229:, 21 chartered 1169: 1133: 1116:Walter Fauntroy 1089: 1016: 989:J. Edgar Hoover 905:Nation of Islam 865:Floyd McKissick 660: 589:Abraham Lincoln 570:Mahalia Jackson 531:Executive Order 460: 454: 368: 367: 366: 361: 277:2nd Youth March 272:1st Youth March 235: 232:Washington D.C. 226: 224: 175:" delivered by 141:signing of the 121: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 102: 100: 99: 98: 97: 80: 78: 75: 66: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12538: 12528: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12476: 12464: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12385:Visual artists 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12345:Mathematicians 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12223: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12169: 12164: 12162:South Carolina 12159: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12132:North Carolina 12129: 12128: 12127: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12100: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12077:Massachusetts 12075: 12074: 12073: 12063: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12046: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12029: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12012: 12007: 12006: 12005: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11988: 11978: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11956: 11951: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11919:social context 11916: 11906: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11884: 11878: 11876: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11851: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11816: 11814: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11770:Creek Freedmen 11767: 11762: 11757: 11747: 11745:Alabama Creole 11742: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11685:Central (CIAA) 11681: 11679: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11606: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11521: 11519: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11478:Pan-Africanism 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11448: 11443: 11437: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11420:Black theology 11417: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11383: 11377: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11361:in STEM fields 11358: 11353: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11319: 11317: 11316:and technology 11311: 11310: 11308: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11255:Harriet Tubman 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11185:Michelle Obama 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11115:Barbara Jordan 11112: 11110:Harriet Jacobs 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 11000:Amelia Boynton 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10966: 10964: 10963:Notable people 10960: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10899:LGBT community 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10823: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10751: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10698: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10614:Freedom Riders 10611: 10606: 10598: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10558: 10553: 10545: 10540: 10538:Black genocide 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10494: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10478: 10477: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10378: 10376:, Indianapolis 10370: 10365: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10310: 10305: 10297: 10293:Homage to King 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10212: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200:Related topics 10192: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10171: 10162: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10132: 10115: 10105: 10096: 10087: 10074: 10061: 10052: 10039: 10030: 10017: 10009:Happy Birthday 10004: 9991: 9978: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9923: 9913: 9903: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9868: 9858: 9844: 9834: 9820: 9809: 9804:The Jeffersons 9794: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9763: 9753: 9743: 9733: 9723: 9713: 9703: 9693: 9682: 9680: 9672: 9671: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9636: 9631: 9625: 9620: 9618:James Earl Ray 9615: 9610: 9605: 9602:Lorraine Motel 9598: 9595: 9594: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9562: 9558:Hosea Williams 9554: 9546: 9538: 9530: 9522: 9514: 9506: 9498: 9490: 9482: 9474: 9466: 9458: 9454:Dorothy Cotton 9450: 9442: 9434: 9425: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9405: 9397: 9389: 9381: 9373: 9365: 9357: 9349: 9341: 9333: 9324: 9322: 9314: 9313: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9283: 9275: 9264: 9256: 9248: 9240: 9232: 9224: 9216: 9208: 9200: 9191: 9189: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9167: 9157: 9147: 9138: 9128: 9119: 9110: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9080: 9071: 9062: 9058:I Have a Dream 9053: 9043: 9041: 9031: 9030: 9020: 9019: 9012: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8980: 8979: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8951:Akinyele Umoja 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8597: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8540:Mahatma Gandhi 8537: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8449:South Carolina 8446: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8388:Hosea Williams 8385: 8380: 8375: 8373:Hollis Watkins 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8303:A. Maceo Smith 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8253:Bernie Sanders 8250: 8245: 8243:Angela Russell 8240: 8235: 8230: 8228:David Richmond 8225: 8220: 8218:Walter Reuther 8215: 8210: 8205: 8203:Cordell Reagon 8200: 8195: 8190: 8188:George Raymond 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8148:Charles Person 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8118:Huey P. Newton 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8073:Harry T. Moore 8070: 8065: 8060: 8058:Cecil B. Moore 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8038:James Meredith 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7868:Clarence Jones 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7808:Zilphia Horton 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7778:Lola Hendricks 7775: 7770: 7768:Dorothy Height 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7738:Lawrence Guyot 7735: 7730: 7728:Jack Greenberg 7725: 7720: 7715: 7713:Andrew Goodman 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7638:Joseph DeLaine 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7608:Dorothy Cotton 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7553:J. L. Chestnut 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7488:Amelia Boynton 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7408:Arnold Aronson 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7034:Freedom Summer 7031: 7026: 7024:Bloody Tuesday 7021: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6628: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6529: 6524: 6511: 6500: 6499: 6490: 6481: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6441: 6440:, WDAS History 6435: 6429: 6407: 6406:External links 6404: 6402: 6401: 6396:978-0807843864 6395: 6382: 6373: 6365: 6358: 6357: 6352:978-0245546686 6351: 6338: 6336:978-0393240580 6324: 6319:978-0465000715 6318: 6301: 6284: 6270: 6265:978-0714845173 6264: 6251: 6236: 6231:978-0671687427 6230: 6216:Branch, Taylor 6212: 6198: 6183: 6176: 6175: 6158: 6141: 6128: 6115: 6089: 6061: 6038: 6012: 5979: 5950: 5924: 5899: 5873: 5845: 5814: 5801: 5784: 5771: 5745: 5725: 5719:978-0816644773 5718: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5672:(2002), p. 72. 5661: 5648: 5615: 5613:(2002), p. 38. 5602: 5589: 5587:(2002), p. 95. 5576: 5563: 5561:(2010), p. 16. 5550: 5543: 5516: 5500: 5470: 5468:(2010), p. 70. 5457: 5444: 5405: 5392: 5385: 5362: 5336: 5334:(2002), p. 94. 5323: 5296: 5283: 5258: 5233: 5226:978-1429961769 5206: 5193: 5176: 5163: 5150: 5137: 5124: 5107: 5097:Talia Whyte, " 5090: 5058: 5046:BillMoyers.com 5033: 5020: 5007: 4994: 4978: 4959: 4946: 4933: 4926: 4904: 4891: 4878: 4867:. July 6, 2017 4852: 4845: 4825: 4813: 4799: 4779: 4766: 4753: 4740: 4727: 4704: 4687: 4669: 4643: 4618: 4592: 4578: 4548: 4518: 4505: 4492: 4475: 4448: 4422: 4395: 4369: 4356: 4343: 4324: 4322:, p. 876. 4312: 4286: 4273: 4259:978-1476748399 4258: 4224: 4211: 4198: 4185: 4167: 4154: 4141: 4134: 4105: 4092: 4090:(2002), p. 24. 4079: 4066: 4064:(2010), p. 25. 4053: 4051:(2002), p. 81. 4040: 4026:978-0814332979 4025: 4007: 3994: 3992:(2010), p. 73. 3981: 3968: 3966:(2010), p. 71. 3955: 3942: 3929: 3908: 3887: 3874: 3858: 3840: 3827: 3800: 3798:, p. 874. 3785: 3783:, p. 871. 3773: 3760: 3758:, p. 872. 3748: 3735: 3722: 3683: 3655:978-0807001554 3654: 3636: 3623: 3610: 3597: 3595:, Spring 2013. 3573: 3569:New York Times 3553: 3551:(2010), p. 21. 3537: 3535:(2010), p. 20. 3524: 3511: 3498: 3485: 3464: 3442: 3429: 3416: 3403: 3401:(2002), p. 75. 3390: 3377: 3364: 3347: 3334: 3321: 3308: 3295: 3289:978-0789489036 3288: 3266: 3238: 3215:Dubrin, Doug. 3207: 3181: 3174: 3154: 3125: 3112: 3079: 3052: 3031: 2996: 2971: 2934: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2846: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2766: 2764: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2661:Sidney Poitier 2659: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2628: 2625: 2615: 2612: 2600:Mondaire Jones 2590:, of Alabama, 2558: 2555: 2539:Mahershala Ali 2499:I Have a Dream 2478: 2475: 2450: 2447: 2420: 2417: 2365: 2362: 2287: 2284: 2256: 2253: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2231:David Lawrence 2168: 2167:Media coverage 2165: 2130:Walter Reuther 2068: 2065: 2057:Burt Lancaster 1981:Sidney Poitier 1968: 1965: 1859:How I Got Over 1853:Gospel legend 1850: 1847: 1775: 1772: 1754: 1753:Walter Reuther 1751: 1745: 1742: 1706:I Have a Dream 1700:I Have a Dream 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1687:I Have a Dream 1652:scorched earth 1601: 1598: 1578: 1575: 1530:Walter Reuther 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1393:Walter Reuther 1389: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1317:Walter Reuther 1310: 1309: 1297: 1296: 1284: 1283: 1282:External audio 1276: 1273: 1191:Meet the Press 1168: 1165: 1157:Burke Marshall 1132: 1129: 1102:National Guard 1088: 1085: 1064:New York Times 1015: 1012: 993:Strom Thurmond 969: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 951:A $ 2-an-hour 949: 942: 939: 926: 869:Walter Reuther 778:Walter Reuther 684:Walter Reuther 659: 656: 509:of the 1940s. 496:American South 456:Main article: 453: 450: 427:Walter Reuther 400:I Have a Dream 382:, was held in 363: 362: 360: 359: 354: 347: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 307: 306: 303:I Have a Dream 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 240: 237: 236: 223: 222: 215: 208: 200: 192: 191: 190: 189: 179: 173:I Have a Dream 169: 164: 160: 159: 158: 157: 151: 145: 134: 130: 129: 92: 90: 86: 85: 72: 68: 67: 56:View from the 55: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12537: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12500:1963 protests 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12475: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12444:Neighborhoods 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12407:Sports firsts 12405: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12395: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12210: 12209:West Virginia 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12151: 12148: 12147: 12146:Pennsylvania 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12126: 12125:New York City 12123: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11999: 11996: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11969:San Francisco 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11942:By state/city 11940: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11887:American Sign 11885: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11873: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11820:Neighborhoods 11818: 11817: 11815: 11811: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11750:Black Indians 11748: 11746: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11711: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11672: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11512: 11506: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11401: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11328:Black schools 11326: 11324: 11323:Black studies 11321: 11320: 11318: 11312: 11306: 11305:Whitney Young 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11295:Oprah Winfrey 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11265:Denmark Vesey 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:Joseph Rainey 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11165:Toni Morrison 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11150:Joseph Lowery 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11095:Jesse Jackson 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11085:Kamala Harris 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11070:Marcus Garvey 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11020:Blanche Bruce 11018: 11016: 11015:Edward Brooke 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11005:James Bradley 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10985:James Baldwin 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10929:Neighborhoods 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10782:Silent Parade 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10738: 10737: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10710:Jim Crow laws 10708: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10533:Black cowboys 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10476: 10471: 10469: 10464: 10462: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10197: 10193: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10093: 10088: 10084: 10083:Patti Griffin 10080: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10062: 10058: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10013:Stevie Wonder 10010: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9853:The Boondocks 9849: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9591:Assassination 9587: 9583: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9526:Bayard Rustin 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9502:Benjamin Mays 9499: 9495: 9494:Joseph Lowery 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9462:Jesse Jackson 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9418: 9410: 9406: 9403:(grandfather) 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9308: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9182: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9116: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9086: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9010: 9005: 9003: 8998: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8963: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Timothy Tyson 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8876:Taylor Branch 8874: 8873: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8724:Freedom songs 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8590:Jim Crow laws 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8487:"Oh, Freedom" 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8413:Whitney Young 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8393:Kale Williams 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8353:Albert Turner 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8343:A. P. Tureaud 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8248:Bayard Rustin 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8098:William Moyer 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8033:Joseph McNeil 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8018:Charles McDew 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8008:Benjamin Mays 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7993:Vivian Malone 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7968:Joseph Lowery 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Clyde Kennard 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7883:Vernon Jordan 7881: 7879: 7878:Matthew Jones 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7843:T. J. Jemison 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828:Jesse Jackson 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7718:Robert Graetz 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7708:Golden Frinks 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7668:Charles Evers 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618:Vernon Dahmer 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Septima Clark 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7493:Bruce Boynton 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:James Baldwin 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7388:Mathew Ahmann 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7285:Youth Council 7283: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7170: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7085: 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6671: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601:Prior to 1954 6599: 6596: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6541:September 19, 6536: 6535: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6449:Life magazine 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6299:0-688-04794-7 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287:Garrow, David 6285: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6210:0-520-22713-1 6207: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6196:0-7624-1292-5 6193: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6137:Madison Times 6132: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6042: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5805: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5782:(2010), p. 89 5781: 5775: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5544:0-8021-3213-8 5540: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5461: 5454: 5448: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5062: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4957:(2003) p. 177 4956: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4848: 4846:0-15-600708-8 4842: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4763: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4582: 4571:September 15, 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4541:September 15, 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4496: 4489:. p. 39. 4485: 4479: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4135:0-684-80819-6 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3440:(2010), p. 2. 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3067: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2913:History Today 2909: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2833: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2757:Marlon Brando 2754: 2753:James Baldwin 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2631:In 2013, the 2624: 2622: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580:Muriel Bowser 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:ABC News Live 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Stacey Abrams 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2416: 2414: 2413:forever stamp 2410: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:Willard Wirtz 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:Joachim Prinz 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Whitney Young 2091: 2090:Mathew Ahmann 2086: 2084: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:Marlon Brando 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:James Baldwin 1982: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1954:I'm On My Way 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1780:James Baldwin 1771: 1769: 1766:According to 1763: 1758: 1750: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1567:Benjamin Mays 1563: 1559: 1558:Joachim Prinz 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:Mathew Ahmann 1543: 1542:Whitney Young 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:Prince E. Lee 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1438:Joachim Prinz 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424:Mathew Ahmann 1421: 1418: 1417:Whitney Young 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1325:Bayard Rustin 1322: 1318: 1307: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1280: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1181: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1145:National Mall 1142: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121:Julius Hobson 1117: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1011: 1008: 1003: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 973: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 950: 947: 943: 940: 937: 936: 931: 927: 924: 923: 922: 919: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 899:condemned by 896: 894: 889: 885: 884:Supreme Court 881: 880:Freedom Rides 877: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853:Joachim Prinz 850: 849:Mathew Ahmann 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829:Whitney Young 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 805: 803: 799: 798:Joachim Prinz 795: 794:Mathew Ahmann 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759:Whitney Young 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 712: 708: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 686:, but not of 685: 679: 677: 673: 668: 667:Bayard Rustin 664: 655: 653: 649: 645: 644:assassination 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:James Baldwin 617: 612: 610: 606: 600: 598: 594: 590: 587:by President 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 549: 547: 543: 539: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:Bayard Rustin 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 492:Jim Crow laws 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 449: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:Bayard Rustin 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 358: 355: 353: 352: 348: 346: 345: 341: 340: 339: 338: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 304: 300: 299: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 243: 238: 233: 229: 221: 216: 214: 209: 207: 202: 201: 198: 188: 184: 180: 178: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 161: 156: 155:United States 152: 150: 146: 144: 140: 137: 136: 135: 131: 126: 95: 91: 87: 73: 69: 65: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 12360:Sportspeople 12330:Billionaires 12247:Sierra Leone 12150:Philadelphia 11986:Jacksonville 11813:Demographics 11645:Jack Johnson 11635:Muhammad Ali 11468:Conservatism 11403:Black church 11300:Andrew Young 11285:Ida B. Wells 11275:David Walker 11270:C. T. Vivian 11225:Paul Robeson 11220:Hiram Revels 11200:Colin Powell 11180:Barack Obama 11135:James Lawson 11090:Jimi Hendrix 11060:James Farmer 11055:Medgar Evers 11025:Ralph Bunche 10975:Maya Angelou 10949:Middle class 10827:Afrofuturism 10753: 10741: 10734: 10655: 10623: 10600: 10547: 10513:Afrocentrism 10503:Abolitionism 10423: 10381: 10373: 10300: 10292: 10174: 10165: 10138:(Common and 10113:(1995 album) 10108: 10101:Miri Ben-Ari 10070:James Taylor 10057:Public Enemy 10044:King Holiday 9947: 9926: 9916: 9906: 9896: 9877: 9871: 9861: 9851: 9837: 9827: 9813: 9802: 9788: 9766: 9756: 9746: 9737: 9726: 9716: 9707: 9696: 9686: 9623:Jack Kershaw 9566:Andrew Young 9550:Wyatt Walker 9542:C. T. Vivian 9518:James Orange 9478:James Lawson 9361:Bernice King 9337:Yolanda King 9271:War movement 9268:Anti-Vietnam 9227: 9187:and protests 9170: 9160: 9150: 9131: 9115:What Is Man? 9103: 8966: 8906:David Garrow 8886:John Dittmer 8757: 8684:Brown Chapel 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8599: 8556: 8408:Andrew Young 8363:A. T. Walden 8358:C. T. Vivian 8318:Maxine Smith 8153:Homer Plessy 8133:James Orange 8088:Irene Morgan 8043:William Ming 8023:Ralph McGill 7958:Viola Liuzzo 7943:Jim Letherer 7928:James Lawson 7858:Vernon Johns 7848:Esau Jenkins 7803:Myles Horton 7753:Fred Hampton 7743:Prathia Hall 7733:Dick Gregory 7703:Marie Foster 7698:James Forman 7688:James Farmer 7673:Medgar Evers 7633:Angela Davis 7568:Ramsey Clark 7548:James Chaney 7543:Johnnie Carr 7523:Ralph Bunche 7518:H. Rap Brown 7508:Ruby Bridges 7468:Joanne Bland 7443:Claude Black 7423:Marion Barry 7393:Muhammad Ali 7220: 7156: 7149: 7110: 7088: 7057: 7050: 6980: 6892: 6853: 6846: 6776:Kissing Case 6751: 6708: 6691: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6630: 6622: 6539:, retrieved 6533: 6515: 6502: 6501: 6447: 6422: 6386: 6378: 6369: 6361: 6360: 6342: 6327: 6309: 6290: 6273: 6255: 6239: 6220: 6201: 6187: 6180:Bibliography 6179: 6178: 6170: 6161: 6144: 6136: 6131: 6123: 6118: 6106:. Retrieved 6092: 6080:. Retrieved 6074: 6064: 6052:. Retrieved 6041: 6029:. Retrieved 6015: 6003:. Retrieved 5972:September 3, 5970:. Retrieved 5962: 5953: 5943:September 3, 5941:. Retrieved 5936: 5927: 5917:September 3, 5915:. Retrieved 5911: 5902: 5892:September 3, 5890:. Retrieved 5876: 5864:. Retrieved 5858: 5848: 5836:. Retrieved 5830: 5809: 5804: 5797:Fiscal Times 5796: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5762:. Retrieved 5758: 5748: 5740: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5656: 5651: 5639:. 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