492:"marchans grossiers, merciers et jouailliers, de manière que soubs cet estat de grossier ont esté comprins de tout temps les marchans de drap d'or, d'argent, de soie... tapisseries, jouailleries, espiceries, merceries, cuivres de forge, fil de soye, quinqualleries, et autres semblables, auxquels il n'est permis de faire manufactures quelconque, mais seulement de vendre, achepter, estaller, parer et enjolliver de toutes espèces de marchandise"; quoted in Verlet 1958:11.
19:
167:"those who sell pictures, prints, candelabras, wall-lights, girandoles of gilded brass and bronze, crystal chandeliers, figures of bronze, marble, wood and other material; cabinets, coffers, armoires, table, little tables, and candlestands put together of wood and gilded, marble tables and other merchandise and curiosities proper for the ornament of lodgings."
250:, during which time he was bound to remain unmarried. His master could take on but one apprentice at a time, and the apprenticeships were duly enregistered at the corporation's offices in rue du Petit-Lion (rue Quincampoix). A sum changed hands, estimated by Guillaume Glorieux as averaging about 1720 500 or 600
531:
ceux qui vendent des tableaux, des estampes, des candelabras, des bras, des girandoles de cuivre doré et de bronze, des lustres de cristal, les figures de bronze, de marbre, de bois et d'autre matière, des pendules, horloges et montres; des cabinets, coffres, armoires, tables, tablettes, et gueridons
67:
can be found at the close of the 16th century, but in the 18th century marchands-merciers were shopkeepers but they also played an important role in the decoration of Paris homes. In fact, they served as general contractors, designing and commissioning pieces of the most fashionable furniture, and
514:"Ce Corps est consideré comme le plus noble et les plus excellent de tous de les Corps des Marchands, d'autant que ceux qui le composent ne travaillent point et ne font aucun ouvrage de la main, si ce n'est pour enjoliver les choses qui se sont déjà faîtes et fabriquées
141:"This Corporation is considered the noblest and most excellent of all the Corporations of Merchants, all the more because those who compose it do not labour at all and make no handiwork, if it were not to beautify those things that are already made and manufactured"
622:
Vend toute sort de clainquaillerie nouvelle et de goût, bijoux, glaces, tableaux de cabinet, pagodes, vernis et porcelaines du Japon, coquillages et autres morceaux d'histoire naturelle, cailloux, agathes, et généralement toutes marchandises curieuses et
119:, jewellery, spiced goods, textiles, hammered copper, silk thread, hardware and the like, of which it is not permitted to have any manufacture whatsoever, but only to sell, buy, display, bedeck and beautify all kinds of merchandise"
72:, responsible for many aspects of a room's decor. In Paris, the guild system, in place since the late Middle Ages, prohibited craftsmen from working with any material with which they had not undergone a formal
149:
followed narrow fields— Savary distinguished twenty— following the usages of their training and their connections, in highly competitive fields dominated by fashion. Among them a small group of
479:
There were certain cabinetmakers who, by license of the king, could overcome by patent their status as non- Parisian "foreigners" and work outside of the strictly limiting guild system,
201:
to produce furniture veneered with exotic lacquer panels shaped to fit the complex curves of Louis XV surfaces, and perhaps completed with French imitations, or entirely japanned in
153:
specialised in works of art, catering to an elite circle of connoisseurs and collectors towards the middle of the 18th century, when a vogue for exoticism expressed itself in
194:
286:
543:"In the compartmentalization imposed by the guild system, the merchants were the only ones who could coordinate the lasbour of various trades (Verlet 1958:18).
57:
under rules codified in 1613. The reduplicative term literally means a merchant of merchandise, but in the 18th century took the connotation of a merchant of
350:, lacquer and porcelain from Japan, shellwork and other specimens of natural history, stones, agates, and generally all curious and exotic merchandise".
378:
179:
with rococo lip and handle, or reversing one bowl over another, with an open-work gilt-bronze rim, to function as a perfume-burner. Only a
408:(1873), more firmly sketched by Pierre Verlet, "Le commerce des objets d'art et les marchands merciers à Paris au XVIIIe siècle",
657:
532:
de bois de raport et doré, des tables de marbre et autre marchandises et curiosités propres pour l'ornement des appartemens
171:
These entrepreneurs helped guide and even create fashions, such as that for
Chinese porcelains, mounted in purely French
187:
bought
Japanese lacquer screens and boxes, had them dismantled and their wooden backing shaved down, then commissioned
309:
205:, which might imitate Chinese blue and white porcelain decors, such as the blue-on-white ensemble of furniture
689:
134:
684:
326:
31:
575:
270:— by decree of the king, and for those who married the daughter of one of the accredited merchants.
22:
429:
428:
The rules were confirmed, without change, in August 1643 and were maintained until the
Revolution:
281:, marking their establishments with catchy and amusing signs; there could be found the premises of
370:
282:
206:
594:
connote small, intimately scaled, highly finished paintings suited for appreciation in a private
76:. Only a marchand-mercier who worked outside of the guild system, therefore, could mount Chinese
137:
elaborated this lapidary remark and revealed the disdain of his generation towards handcrafts:
210:
304:
107:"Wholesale merchants, drapers and jewelers, in such way that under this status of wholesaler (
574:, Paris, 2002:23, 136, 140; Glorieux's immediate context is the apprenticeship contract of
8:
278:
89:
572:À l'Enseigne de Gersaint: Edme-François Gersaint, marchand d'art sur le Pont Notre-Dame
366:
294:
69:
679:
433:
415:.1 (January/March 1958:10-29) and has been recently analyzed by Carolyn Sargentson,
468:
Régistre des délibérations et ordonnances des marchands-merciers de Paris 1596-1696
312:
eventually chose to open its porcelain shop, were
Darnault, father and son, at the
198:
335:
46:
26:
417:
Merchants and Luxury
Markets: The Marchands Merciers of Eighteenth-Century Paris
129:
595:
243:
73:
59:
673:
405:
317:
220:
202:
189:
112:
266:. There were two exceptions to this rule, made for purveyors to the Court—
145:
Though they were confined by law to no narrow specialisation, the
Parisian
81:
242:
was carefully controlled. A new member, born in France, had to undergo an
172:
155:
53:
system of craftsmen but carefully constrained by the regulations of a
359:
331:
231:. Certain forms in the Sèvres archives carry the names of well-known
77:
504:,... ("Neuchâtel", 1765) vol. 10:360, noted in Verlet 1958:11 note 1
449:"Par un pléonasme, qui paraît presque volontaire, ils s'appelaient
369:
at the apex of their profession, towards the middle of the century
116:
404:
was outlined by Louis
Courajod in his edition of the day-book of
321:
85:
373:
achieved the greatest celebrity, appearing in the popular novel
608:
93:
183:
could marshal the resources required to create such objects.
50:
334:
had premises, following an old tradition, in a house on the
176:
92:
plaques, and supply furniture with opulent gilt-bronze (or
18:
297:
and Martin-Eloi
Lignereux— Mme Dulac, Julliot, Lebrun
358:, in the Left Bank, Quai Conti at the far end of the
308:. Nearby, in rue de la Monnaie, the street where the
68:
often, in addition, worked outside of their shops as
607:
A generic term for Far
Eastern figures, rather than
49:
term for a type of entrepreneur working outside the
377:(1745) and marrying his daughter to the son of the
227:of Sèvres in 1757, representing a total of 165,876
111:) have been included at all times the merchants of
35:, in form a shop sign, though never used as such.
671:
133:as "sellers of everything, makers of nothing"".
342:"Sells all sorts of new and tasteful hardware (
246:of three years, followed by another three as a
440:(1993) 1998 Cambridge, Mass, and London, 1998.
660:, observing that she was likely to bring him
470:(Paris) 1878, noted in Verlet 1958:10 note 1.
385:in 1751, in a contract signed at Versailles.
103:were set out under Charles IX, in 1570, as:
80:with gilt-bronze handles and stands, fit the
634:These locations are given in Verlet 1958:15
219:on French porcelain is also considerable.
258:when the individual was received master (
365:Among these entrepreneurial dealers and
346:), trinkets, mirrors, cabinet pictures,
17:
672:
354:A newcomer, Granchet, opened premises
518:Dictionnaire universel du commerce...
99:The general lines permitted to their
410:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
338:. There, he advertised in 1740, he
268:marchands privilégié suivant le cour
320:. Edme-François Gersaint, for whom
254:, and a larger sum was owed to the
13:
419:(Victoria and Albert Museum) 1996.
14:
701:
289:— and later at the same premises
223:alone bought three-fifths of the
646:
637:
628:
614:
601:
585:
564:
555:
546:
537:
291:at the sign of the Golden Crown
63:. Earliest references to this
523:
507:
495:
486:
473:
460:
443:
422:
394:
1:
643:So suggests Verlet 1958:13ff.
534:"; quoted in Verlet 1958:14f.
520:1761, quoted in Verlet 1958:1
388:
175:, transforming a vase into a
580:corps des marchands merciers
310:manufacture royale of Sèvres
7:
625:; quoted in Verlet 1958:16.
438:France in the Enlightenment
135:Jacques Savary des Bruslons
84:'s furniture with Japanese
10:
706:
664:(noted by Verlet 1958:13).
578:in 1716; he discusses the
127:were characterised in the
65:Corps de la Ville de Paris
502:Dictionnaire des sciences
314:sign of the King of Spain
299:at the King of the Indies
483:, "following the Court".
115:, of silver, of silk...
235:in their designations.
195:Bernard II Vanrisamberg
163:detailed the wares of:
576:Edme-François Gersaint
352:
327:L'Enseigne de Gersaint
287:Simon-Philippe Poirier
209:delivered in 1743 for
169:
143:
121:
36:
32:L'Enseigne de Gersaint
23:Edme-François Gersaint
455:mercatores-mercatores
340:
215:The influence of the
207:Thomas-Joachim HĂ©bert
165:
139:
105:
21:
690:Obsolete occupations
592:Peintures de cabinet
552:Verlet 1958:18, 19.
367:interior decorators
305:château de Bellevue
70:interior decorators
457:" (Verlet 1958:10)
451:marchands-merciers
402:marchands-merciers
356:Au petit Dunkerque
295:Dominique Daguerre
275:marchands-merciers
238:Membership in the
233:marchands-merciers
217:marchands-merciers
185:Marchands-merciers
151:marchands-merciers
147:marchands-merciers
125:marchands-merciers
37:
652:And noted in his
434:Arthur Goldhammer
109:estat de grossier
697:
685:Arts occupations
665:
662:beaucoup de bien
650:
644:
641:
635:
632:
626:
618:
612:
605:
599:
589:
583:
568:
562:
559:
553:
550:
544:
541:
535:
527:
521:
511:
505:
499:
493:
490:
484:
477:
471:
464:
458:
447:
441:
426:
420:
398:
383:femme de chambre
279:rue Saint-Honoré
199:Joseph Baumhauer
181:marchand-mercier
90:Sèvres porcelain
42:marchand-mercier
705:
704:
700:
699:
698:
696:
695:
694:
670:
669:
668:
651:
647:
642:
638:
633:
629:
619:
615:
606:
602:
590:
586:
569:
565:
561:Verlet 1958:19.
560:
556:
551:
547:
542:
538:
528:
524:
512:
508:
500:
496:
491:
487:
481:suivant le Cour
478:
474:
465:
461:
448:
444:
427:
423:
399:
395:
391:
344:Clainquaillerie
336:Pont Notre-Dame
277:congregated in
27:Antoine Watteau
12:
11:
5:
703:
693:
692:
687:
682:
667:
666:
645:
636:
627:
613:
600:
584:
563:
554:
545:
536:
522:
506:
494:
485:
472:
466:Saint-Joanny,
459:
442:
421:
392:
390:
387:
244:apprenticeship
74:apprenticeship
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
702:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
663:
659:
658:duc de Luynes
655:
649:
640:
631:
624:
617:
610:
604:
597:
593:
588:
581:
577:
573:
567:
558:
549:
540:
533:
526:
519:
515:
510:
503:
498:
489:
482:
476:
469:
463:
456:
452:
446:
439:
435:
431:
425:
418:
414:
411:
407:
406:Lazare Duvaux
403:
397:
393:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
339:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
318:Lazare Duvaux
315:
311:
307:
306:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:The Parisian
271:
269:
265:
262:), some 1700
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Lazare Duvaux
218:
213:
212:
211:Mme de Mailly
208:
204:
203:Vernis Martin
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
164:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
142:
138:
136:
132:
131:
126:
120:
118:
114:
113:cloth of gold
110:
104:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
34:
33:
28:
24:
20:
16:
661:
653:
648:
639:
630:
621:
616:
603:
591:
587:
579:
571:
566:
557:
548:
539:
530:
525:
517:
513:
509:
501:
497:
488:
480:
475:
467:
462:
454:
450:
445:
437:
430:Daniel Roche
424:
416:
412:
409:
401:
400:The role of
396:
382:
374:
364:
355:
353:
347:
343:
341:
325:
313:
302:
298:
293:his partner
290:
274:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
232:
228:
225:total output
224:
216:
214:
188:
184:
180:
170:
166:
161:Dictionnaire
160:
159:. Savary's
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
130:Encyclopédie
128:
124:
122:
108:
106:
100:
98:
82:cabinetmaker
64:
60:objets d'art
58:
54:
41:
40:
38:
30:
25:'s shop, in
15:
623:étrangères"
516:", Savary,
256:corporation
173:gilt bronze
156:chinoiserie
55:corporation
674:Categories
570:Glorieux,
389:References
301:and Tuard
117:tapestries
96:) mounts.
78:porcelains
582:pp 136ff.
381:'s first
375:Thémidore
360:Pont Neuf
332:shop sign
248:compagnon
190:ébénistes
123:Thus the
680:Artisans
654:MĂ©moires
432:, (tr.
379:Dauphine
324:painted
656:by the
609:pagodas
596:cabinet
322:Watteau
260:maîtris
86:lacquer
371:HĂ©bert
348:pagods
316:, and
283:HĂ©bert
264:livres
252:livres
229:livres
101:métier
94:ormolu
47:French
330:as a
240:corps
193:like
51:guild
45:is a
177:ewer
436:),
303:au
197:or
88:or
29:'s
676::
453:,
413:13
362:.
285:,
39:A
620:"
611:.
598:.
529:"
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