137:
403:, he failed to take Cyzicus and its rich stores. Lucullus blocked inland supply routes. The multitudinous Pontic troops were weakened and reduced by famine and plague, and finally Mithradates was compelled to retreat by ship. He placed 30,000 ground troops under the command of Marius and Hermaios. They enabled the king to escape, but lost 11,000 men at the
446:; Lucullus then sent infantry by land across Neae to their rear, killing many and forcing the rest back to sea. Lucullus sunk or captured 32 ships of the royal fleet provided by Mithradates and additional transport vessels. Dionysios committed suicide, but Alexandros was captured and held for display in Lucullus's anticipated
372:
Mithradates' motive for this siege has sometimes been construed as retribution for the aid given by
Cyzicus to the Romans at Chalcedon, but was also a strategic decision. Cyzicus was weakened from losing a significant number of troops at Chalcedon, and its capture would provide him with an abundant
457:
Like
Sertorius himself, Marius at some point had lost an eye; when Lucullus gave the order to track down enemy survivors, he specified that no one-eyed men should be killed, so that he could personally oversee the renegade's death: "Lucullus wished Marius to die under the most shameful insults."
364:
No battle occurred. For Marius, delay posed a logistical problem. He had only a few days of supplies for his troops. Lucullus learned of the shortage through prisoner interrogations and decided to wait him out. Marius was forced to move on without the fight he had sought, but the delay allowed
504:
and then lopped off his hands, feet, nose, and ears, pruning him like a fig tree in winter. It was a deliberately brutal message, and its effect was not lost, for it caused most of the other exiled Romans fighting for Pontus to scatter in discouragement."
373:
and much-needed food supply, as well as access to an excellent harbor and major inland routes. After taking up a position, he divided his forces for a three-prong invasion of the interior. His general
Eumachus headed to Phrygia, where he advanced into
796:
The timing of the fleet's departure for Spain is not altogether clear in the ancient sources, and reconstructions by modern scholars place it variously: before Marius went East, shortly after his arrival, or after
Mithradates broke off his siege at
144:
Sertorius sent Marcus Marius as a military advisor and his representative to
Mithradates during the protracted negotiations between the two over an alliance. By 75 BC, Mithradates offered to recognize Sertorius as head of the Roman state, and sent
343:
But presently, as they were on the point of joining battle, with no apparent change of weather, but all on a sudden, the sky burst asunder, and a huge, flame-like body was seen to fall between the two armies. In shape, it was most like a wine-jar
478:: "I eat like a soldier, I march like a soldier, and by the gods I fight like a soldier — a Roman soldier." Ford imagines that this Marius was a nephew of the seven-time consul — a grandnephew would be more likely, since the consul's nephew
310:
Lucullus landed in
Anatolia during the fall of 74. Mithradates saw his opportunity, and invaded Cappadocia and Bithynia. During this period, Marcus Marius served as advisor and co-commander to the Pontic king. At
339:). Although Lucullus commanded 30,000 infantry and 2,500 horse, he was daunted by the size of the opposing army and reluctant to engage. The arrival of an omen, as reported by Plutarch, was thus fortuitous:
334:
with its rich potential for loot. Lucullus preferred to concentrate on
Mithridates himself, and headed toward Chalcedon. Marius blocked and confronted him. They faced off at Otroea near Nicaea (present-day
192:, he entered at least two Asian cities and granted them and a number of others independent status and tax exemptions on behalf of the Sertorian government; in effect, he assumed possession of Asia with
974:
229:) and by the "rapacity and insolence" of the soldiers stationed there. Marius's policy is consistent with that of Sertorius in cultivating the goodwill of the provincials under his government.
385:. Lucius Magius remained with Mithradates and appears from this point to have begun misleading him, perhaps because he had heard what may have been still only a rumor of Sertorius's death.
599:
396:, rejoining the Pontic forces only later in the siege; this is not entirely clear in the ancient sources, which may be recounting operations he conducted earlier upon arrival.
319:
he didn't want to share. Cotta was instead crushed and forced to withdraw within the town. Marius held joint command with
Mithradates' general Eumachos at Chalcedon and in
232:
Mithradates permitted Marius to assert Roman primacy as agreed. The treaty with the Pontic king was concluded in the summer of 74, in anticipation of what would become the
652:
388:
According to some reconstructions of events, it was at this time that Marius assumed the governorship of the Roman province of Asia, where he gained immediate control of
86:, but no further association is recorded with the man who was the prime instigator of Sertorius's assassination a few years later. Given that Marcus Marius was among the
787:, does seem to indicate that the king treated Sertorius in something like the same way that Sertorius treated himself — as the leader of a government in exile" (p. 142).
287:. Sertorius probably made his arrangements before that time, or at least before he was aware that the death had created a new Roman province in Anatolia. Its first
861:
The start date of the Third
Mithridatic War has been a vexed scholarly question divided into camps advocating the spring either of 74 or of 73; see McGing,
251:
were fixtures of some longevity at the Pontic court. None of these men was a political moderate, and all had strong ties to vehement or even extremist
586:
1119:
Plutarch; Keaveney has
Mithradates sending ships to Sertorius only at this point, which likely would mean they arrived only after his assassination.
879:
620:
315:, a maritime town of Bithynia, they marched and sailed against Cotta, who rushed into battle before Lucullus could join him, prematurely savoring a
616:
1274:
239:
Sertorius and M. Marius were not the only Romans who preferred an alliance to a war with Mithradates. Two former officers of the notorious
801:. Konrad argues that the fleet was sent after Marius's arrival and probably arrived in Spain sometime between summer 75 and spring 74.
669:
574:
The following 19th-century historians present narrative reconstructions of strategy and military operations at Chalcedon and Cyzicus:
1021:
330:
in Bithynia when he received news of Cotta's defeat. His soldiers urged him to leave Cotta to his own folly and march on undefended
438:. The main Pontic force, however, had drawn their ships to shore at a site difficult of approach, the small island of Neae between
357:
352:, and in colour, like molten silver. Both sides were astonished at the sight, and separated. This marvel, as they say, occurred in
223:
In Plutarch's view, the province welcomed the new regime, because it had been oppressed by Rome's tax collectors and contractors (
1284:
240:
1264:
635:
292:
1249:
1078:
1063:
533:
526:
497:
488:
Gratidianus, died in the proscriptions — and that his presence at the Pontic court was meant to draw the support of
112:(φυγάς), a fugitive or exile, in keeping with the "peculiar legal situation" of Sertorius's men, some of whom were
454:. Marius at first escaped, possibly from a sinking ship, since he was later found ashore taking refuge in a cave.
120:, "public enemies." In both cases, their lives and property were forfeit, and their sons and grandsons lost the
1254:
1259:
430:, but Lucullus mounted an attack against them. He captured a detachment of 13 ships between the island of
266:
542:
775:(Brill, 1986), notes that "it is not completely clear whether Mithridates treated with Sertorius as a
422:"), he was placed in joint command of 50 ships and 10,000 handpicked men, among them, in the words of
890:
479:
1279:
780:
280:
244:
47:
546:
451:
418:
Marius then took to the sea. Along with Alexandros the Paphlagonian and Dionysios Eunuchos ("the
105:
426:, "the flower of the Roman emigrants." Their intention seems to have been to sail east into the
1082:
784:
578:
496:
who had served under Fimbria. Ford's fictional description of Marius's execution recalls the
233:
162:
83:
51:
94:, his politics are not likely to have been antithetical to those of the better-known Marian
276:
150:
8:
1226:
776:
467:
39:
717:
248:
408:
157:) and a fleet of 40 ships; in return, he asked that Sertorius recognize his claims in
910:
668:(1976) 120 ff for analysis of Sertorius's policy toward Mithradates. Limited preview
331:
279:
thus continued in the East and merged into the Third Mithridatic War. In late 75 BC,
121:
43:
35:
930:
90; this long friendship, however, ended with Attidius's execution in a conspiracy.
902:
688:
615:. Routledge, 1992. See especially Keaveney's narrative of Chalcedon and Cyzicus in
557:
458:
Orosius reports that he atoned for his rebellious spirit with penalties he earned.
381:. Metrophanes and the Roman renegade Lucius Fannius penetrated as far as northeast
500:: "he had Marius mounted on a crosstree in that barbaric exercise the Romans call
307:
and eventually Asia, along with the chief command of the war against Mithradates.
1163:
591:
475:
423:
125:
563:
474:(2004). He is depicted as maintaining a rugged and arrogant ideal of Republican
1269:
1192:
956:, places Magius in particular among the "extremists" (p. 59). See also Konrad,
779:, or as a rebel. … Plutarch's story, however, of Marius taking precedence over
733:
721:
435:
412:
300:
288:
166:
101:
27:
1243:
906:
447:
400:
327:
316:
640:
Konrad, Christoph F. "From the Gracchi to the First Civil War (133–70)." In
1086:
1026:
493:
136:
87:
71:
1015:, p. 185. The ancient sources on Marius's military role include Plutarch,
169:
and acquired — he insisted — legitimately, but he asserted no rights over
501:
174:
31:
1115:, pp. 78–79 and 83, who regards Marius's governorship as unsuccessful,
427:
200:, that is, under the auspices of Sertorius and without holding his own
178:
75:
489:
393:
312:
253:
243:, Lucius Magius and Lucius Fannius, joined the Pontic king, and both
212:
193:
154:
104:
implies, but does not directly state, that he was on the list of the
96:
969:
C.F. Konrad, "From the Gracchi to the First Civil War (133–70)," in
749:, p. 182, says that he "can be safely counted among the proscribed."
492:
sympathizers supposed to have been among Lucullus's forces from the
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296:
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82:. M. Marius is supposed to have arrived in Spain in the company of
23:
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79:
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call him Marius in contexts that indicate the same man is meant.
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389:
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189:
59:
399:
Despite the size of Mithradates' forces and his awe-inspiring
913:, when he calls Magius and Fannius "Sertorians"; see Konrad,
382:
336:
303:
and acquire a more ambitious playing field: the provinces of
91:
773:
The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus
649:
The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus
634:. University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Limited preview
70:
No connection has been established between this Marius and
299:, managed to jettison his originally assigned province of
874:
On the politics of Magius and Fannius, see Emilio Gabba,
695:(American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, p. 93.
146:
185:; these, he said, "had nothing to do with the Romans."
712:, (University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 200.
450:. Among the dead were a number of men who had been on
161:. Sertorius reserved in his own name Rome's claim to
519:
Livy 91 fr. 22.70 W-M (= Loeb vol. 14, p. 194)
295:, the consul of 74. The other consul of that year,
65:
1111:This sequence of events is presented by Keaveney,
1241:
54:. He is named as or more likely confused with a
878:(University of California Press, 1976), p. 113
365:Mithradates to leave Chalcedon and set out for
623:: "When did the Third Mithridatic War begin?"
260:
50:as an advisor and military commander in the
666:Republican Rome: The Armies and the Allies
188:Marius went East with troops. Bearing the
1029:) 434 F (1.28.3) = Memnon 28–29; Appian,
1022:Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker
954:Republican Rome, the Army, and the Allies
876:Republican Rome, The Army, and the Allies
569:
1233:(St. Martin's Press, 2004), pp. 227–228.
605:
326:Lucullus was camped somewhere along the
135:
470:'s historical novel about Mithradates,
283:died, leaving his kingdom to Rome as a
1242:
1085:translation, Bill Thayer's edition at
973:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, 2010), p. 185
216:(στρατηγός), "general," rather than a
131:
1275:People executed by the Roman Republic
1033:68, 76, 77; Orosius 6.2; and Cicero,
693:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
585:. London, 1869, vol. 3, p. 9ff.
271:With the alliance between Pontus and
124:, but the proscribed in addition had
1231:The Last King: Rome's Greatest Enemy
472:The Last King: Rome's Greatest Enemy
13:
658:
513:
46:. Marius was sent by Sertorius to
14:
1296:
971:A Companion to the Roman Republic
941:The Foreign Policy of Mithridates
642:A Companion to the Roman Republic
909:). Appian is misleading, or the
466:Marcus Marius is a character in
66:Family and political connections
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651:. Brill, 1986. Limited preview
434:and the mainland harbor of the
196:powers. His authority was held
1285:People of the Mithridatic Wars
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804:
790:
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682:
644:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, 2010.
1:
1265:Executed ancient Roman people
863:Foreign Policy of Mithridates
675:
583:Decline of the Roman Republic
461:
498:dismemberment of Gratidianus
7:
1037:33 (where he is not named).
553:(Οὐάριος) instead of Marius
267:Battle of Chalcedon (74 BC)
10:
1301:
508:
452:Sulla's proscription lists
264:
261:Military command and death
116:, and others of whom were
74:or the other contemporary
16:Roman quaestor and general
1250:1st-century BC executions
1002:(Routledge, 1992), p. 77.
816:mêden prosêkonta Rômaiois
710:: A Historical Commentary
632:: A Historical Commentary
598:. vol. 4, p. 326ff.
165:, already organized as a
1019:8.5 and 12.2–5; Memnon,
297:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
281:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia
1083:Loeb Classical Library
835:, pp. 187 and 201–202.
570:19th-century histories
362:
141:
140:Coin of Mithradates VI
1255:1st-century BC Romans
911:text has been misread
891:M. Marius Gratidianus
882:A Publius Magius was
704:Christoph F. Konrad,
626:Konrad, Christoph F.
606:Selected bibliography
341:
293:Marcus Aurelius Cotta
236:in the spring of 73.
234:Third Mithridatic War
149:in the form of 3,000
139:
122:rights of citizenship
108:. He was certainly a
52:Third Mithridatic War
48:Mithradates of Pontus
1260:Ancient Roman exiles
958:Plutarch's Sertorius
915:Plutarch's Sertorius
850:Plutarch's Sertorius
833:Plutarch's Sertorius
760:Plutarch's Sertorius
747:Plutarch's Sertorius
356:, at a place called
1227:Michael Curtis Ford
1168:The History of Rome
777:government in exile
596:The History of Rome
468:Michael Curtis Ford
132:Mission to the East
40:government in exile
611:Keaveney, Arthur.
245:Appuleius Decianus
142:
1170:, vol. 4, p. 329.
998:Arthur Keaveney,
820:Life of Sertorius
549:, under the name
531:Life of Sertorius
277:Sulla's civil war
36:Quintus Sertorius
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128:on their heads.
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648:
641:
631:
627:
612:
595:
582:
579:Long, George
573:
550:
539:
530:
529:, 12.5, and
523:
483:
471:
465:
456:
417:
398:
387:
371:
363:
345:
342:
325:
309:
270:
252:
238:
231:
224:
222:
211:
210:calls him a
201:
198:pro praetore
197:
187:
153:(72 million
143:
117:
113:
109:
95:
72:Gaius Marius
69:
55:
19:
18:
564:6.2 (Latin)
502:crucifixion
194:proconsular
175:Paphlagonia
32:proquaestor
1244:Categories
1204:Plutarch,
1195:6.2.21–22.
1179:Keaveney,
1150:Keaveney,
1141:Memnon 28.
1128:Plutarch,
1098:Keaveney,
1074:Plutarch,
1059:Plutarch,
1046:Keaveney,
1035:Pro Murena
844:Plutarch,
736:6.2.21–22.
706:Plutarch's
676:References
664:E. Gabba,
628:Plutarch's
621:Appendix 2
522:Plutarch,
490:popularist
462:In fiction
401:siegecraft
265:See also:
179:Cappadocia
114:proscripti
106:proscribed
1013:Companion
989:, p. 185.
987:Companion
960:, p. 198.
943:, p. 145.
852:, p. 202.
846:Sertorius
762:, p. 182.
708:Sertorius
630:Sertorius
562:Orosius,
476:manliness
394:Lampsacus
313:Chalcedon
254:populares
226:publicani
213:stratêgos
155:sesterces
97:populares
90:who fled
1206:Lucullus
1183:, p. 85.
1181:Lucullus
1152:Lucullus
1130:Lucullus
1113:Lucullus
1102:, p. 78.
1100:Lucullus
1061:Lucullus
1050:, p. 77.
1048:Lucullus
1017:Lucullus
1011:Konrad,
985:Konrad,
939:McGing,
926:Appian,
831:Konrad,
810:Appian,
758:Konrad,
745:Konrad,
714:Plutarch
556:Memnon,
538:Appian,
485:cognomen
436:Achaeans
413:Granicus
247:and the
208:Plutarch
203:imperium
171:Bithynia
167:province
159:Anatolia
126:bounties
88:senators
84:Perperna
24:quaestor
1193:Orosius
975:online.
952:Gabba,
880:online.
799:Cyzicus
781:Eupator
734:Orosius
722:Orosius
670:online.
653:online.
636:online.
600:online.
587:online.
509:Sources
494:legions
448:triumph
432:Tenedos
424:Mommsen
405:Aesepus
379:Isauria
375:Pisidia
367:Cyzicus
354:Phrygia
321:Phrygia
317:triumph
305:Cilicia
285:bequest
241:Fimbria
218:praetor
183:Galatia
151:talents
102:Orosius
80:Arpinum
26:of the
1154:p. 84.
1117:contra
907:Stangl
822:23–24.
720:, and
718:Memnon
551:Varius
547:76, 77
444:Scyros
440:Lemnos
428:Aegean
420:Eunuch
411:) and
390:Parium
358:Otryae
348:pithos
332:Pontus
181:, and
60:Appian
56:Varius
34:under
22:was a
1270:Marii
1208:12.5.
1079:8.6–7
886:plebs
558:28–29
534:23–24
409:Gönen
383:Lydia
337:Iznik
110:fugas
92:Sulla
76:Marii
44:Spain
905:95 (
814:68:
785:Asia
619:and
442:and
392:and
377:and
291:was
163:Asia
1132:10.
783:in
527:8.5
147:aid
78:of
58:in
42:in
38:'s
1246::
1229:,
1166:,
1081:,
1064:8.
716:,
691:,
594:.
581:.
545:,
543:68
369:.
323:.
275:,
257:.
220:.
206:.
177:,
173:,
62:.
1089:.
1025:(
893:.
360:.
350:)
346:(
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