Margaret Murray - Knowledge

7412: 1417:. She drew a division between what she termed "Operative Witchcraft", which referred to the performance of charms and spells with any purpose, and "Ritual Witchcraft", by which she meant "the ancient religion of Western Europe", a fertility-based faith that she also termed "the Dianic cult". She claimed that the cult had "very probably" once been devoted to the worship of both a male deity and a "Mother Goddess" but that "at the time when the cult is recorded the worship of the male deity appears to have superseded that of the female". In her argument, Murray claimed that the figure referred to as the Devil in the trial accounts was the witches' god, "manifest and incarnate", to whom the witches offered their prayers. She claimed that at the witches' meetings, the god would be personified, usually by a man or at times by a woman or an animal; when a human personified this entity, Murray claimed that they were usually dressed plainly, though they appeared in full costume for the witches' Sabbaths. 699:, a Middle Kingdom burial of two Egyptian priests, Nakht-ankh and Khnum-nakht, and it was decided that Murray would carry out the public unwrapping of the latter's mummified body. Taking place at the museum in May 1908, it represented the first time that a woman had led a public mummy unwrapping and was attended by over 500 onlookers, attracting press attention. Murray was particularly keen to emphasise the importance that the unwrapping would have for the scholarly understanding of the Middle Kingdom and its burial practices, and lashed out against members of the public who saw it as immoral; she declared that "every vestige of ancient remains must be carefully studied and recorded without sentimentality and without fear of the outcry of the ignorant". She subsequently published a book about her analysis of the two bodies, 1430:"General Meeting of all members of the religion" were known as Sabbaths, while the more private ritual meetings were known as Esbats. The Esbats, Murray claimed, were nocturnal rites that began at midnight, and were "primarily for business, whereas the Sabbath was purely religious". At the former, magical rites were performed both for malevolent and benevolent ends. She asserted the Sabbath ceremonies involved the witches paying homage to the deity, renewing their "vows of fidelity and obedience" to him, and providing him with accounts of all the magical actions that they had conducted since the previous Sabbath. Once this business had been concluded, admissions to the cult or marriages were conducted, ceremonies and fertility rites took place, and then the Sabbath ended with feasting and dancing. 1956:, James noted that her death was "an event of unusual interest and importance in the annals of the Folk-Lore Society in particular as well as in the wider sphere in which her influence was felt in so many directions and disciplines". However, later academic folklorists, such as Simpson and Wood, have cited Murray and her witch-cult theory as an embarrassment to their field, and to the Folklore Society specifically. Simpson suggested that Murray's position as President of the Society was a causal factor in the mistrustful attitude that many historians held toward folkloristics as an academic discipline, as they erroneously came to believe that all folklorists endorsed Murray's ideas. Similarly, Catherine Noble stated that "Murray caused considerable damage to the study of witchcraft". 1848:, who knew Murray through the Folklore Society, described her as a "diminutive and kindly scholar, who radiated intelligence and strength of character into extreme old age". Davidson, who also knew Murray through the Society, noted that at their meetings "she would sit near the front, a bent and seemingly guileless old lady dozing peacefully, and then in the middle of a discussion would suddenly intervene with a relevant and penetrating comment which showed that she had missed not one word of the argument". The later folklorist Juliette Wood noted that many members of the Folklore Society "remember her fondly", adding that Murray had been "especially keen to encourage younger researchers, even those who disagreed with her ideas". 1434: 1687:

inconsistencies of reasoning". He accepted that her case "could, perhaps, still be proved by somebody else, though I very much doubt it". Highlighting that there is a gap of about a thousand years between the Christianisation of Britain and the start of the witch trials there, he argues that there is no evidence for the existence of the witch-cult anywhere in the intervening period. He further criticises Murray for treating pre-Christian Britain as a socially and culturally monolithic entity, whereas in reality, it contained a diverse array of societies and religious beliefs. He also challenges Murray's claim that the majority of Britons in the Middle Ages remained pagan as "a view grounded on ignorance alone".

1773:

Murray had selected her use of evidence very specifically, particularly by ignoring and/or rationalising any accounts of supernatural or miraculous events in the trial records, thereby distorting the events that she was describing. Thus, Simpson pointed out, Murray rationalised claims that the cloven-hoofed Devil appeared at the witches' Sabbath by stating that he was a man with a special kind of shoe, and similarly asserted that witches' claims to have flown through the air on broomsticks were actually based on their practice of either hopping along on broomsticks or smearing hallucinogenic salves onto themselves. Concurring with this assessment, the historian

2253:, and sent a copy of her book to Murray in appreciation, with the two meeting for lunch shortly after. There was nevertheless some difference in their depictions of the witch-cult; whereas Murray had depicted an organised pre-Christian cult, Warner depicted a vague family tradition that was explicitly Satanic. In 1927, Warner lectured on the subject of witchcraft, exhibiting a strong influence from Murray's work. Analysing the relationship between Murray and Warner, the English literature scholar Mimi Winick characterised both as being "engaged in imagining new possibilities for women in modernity". 448: 1292: 1878:. Murray's biographer Kathleen L. Sheppard stated that she was deeply committed to public outreach, particularly when it came to Egyptology, and that as such she "wanted to change the means by which the public obtained knowledge about Egypt's history: she wished to throw open the doors to the scientific laboratory and invite the public in". She considered travel to be one of her favourite activities, although due to restraints on her time and finances she was unable to do this regularly; her salary remained small and the revenue from her books was meagre. 665:, and together they campaigned to improve the status and recognition of women in the university, with Murray becoming particularly annoyed at female staff who were afraid of upsetting or offending the male university establishment with their demands. Feeling that students should get nutritious yet affordable lunches, for many years she sat on the UCL Refectory Committee. She took on an unofficial administrative role within the Egyptology Department, and was largely responsible for introduction of a formal certificate in Egyptian archaeology in 1910. 1673:. He stated that she was not acquainted with the "careful general histories by modern scholars" and criticised her for assuming that the trial accounts accurately reflected the accused witches' genuine experiences of witchcraft, regardless of whether those confessions had been obtained through torture and coercion. He also charged her with selectively using the evidence to serve her interpretation, for instance by omitting any supernatural or miraculous events that appear in the trial accounts. W. R. Halliday was highly critical in his review for 1479:"rested upon a small amount of archival research, with extensive use of printed trial records in 19th-century editions, plus early modern pamphlets and works of demonology". He also noted that the book's tone was generally "dry and clinical, and every assertion was meticulously footnoted to a source, with lavish quotation". It was not a bestseller; in its first thirty years, only 2,020 copies were sold. However, it led many people to treat Murray as an authority on the subject; in 1929, she was invited to provide the entry on "Witchcraft" for the 707: 1825: 51: 895: 1942:

preserving a prehistoric fertility cult through the centuries is now seen to be based on deeply flawed methods and illogical arguments. The fact that, in her old age and after three increasingly eccentric books, she was made President of the Folklore Society, must certainly have harmed the reputation of the Society and possibly the status of folkloristics in this country; it helps to explain the mistrust some historians still feel towards our discipline.

1124: 7390: 1656:

trials; when she has traced back witch-sabbath and questionary through the centuries of witch and heretic hunting that precede the British; when she has trusted herself to study the work of other students and fairly to weigh their conclusions against her own in the light of the further evidence they may adduce: then perhaps she may have modified her views. Whether she changes or confirms them, she will then have earned the right to a hearing.

1288:, Cambridgeshire. Privately she expressed concern about the reality of the figures. Lethbridge subsequently authored a book championing her witch-cult theory in which he sought the cult's origins in pre-Christian culture. In 1960, she donated her collection of papers – including correspondences with a wide range of individuals across the country – to the Folklore Society Archive, where it is now known as "the Murray Collection". 633: 996: 7378: 1816:'s visionary traditions were a survival from pre-Christian practices was an idea resting on "imperfect material and conceptual foundations". He added that Ginzburg's "assumption" that "what was being dreamed about in the sixteenth century had in fact been acted out in religious ceremonies" dating to "pagan times", was entirely "an inference of his own" and not one supported by the documentary evidence. 2027: 1231: 798:, meant that Petrie and other staff members were unable to return to Egypt for excavation. Instead, Petrie and Murray spent much of the time reorganising the artefact collections that they had attained over the past decades. To aid Britain's war effort, Murray enrolled as a volunteer nurse in the Volunteer Air Detachment of the College Women's Union Society, and for several weeks was posted to 1240:

half her age and a third of the age of Ma Murray, one name. "How stupid of me, Cousin Margaret", she said, "how stupid the name has quite gone out of my head." Ma Murray focused her eyes on this old lady twenty years her junior—cold eyes in which feeling seemed extinguished in the neutrality of eternity—and said gently and kindly, "Not stupidity, my dear. Not stupidity: just mental laziness."

2111:

1960s and 1970s, many Wiccans were shocked. Some accepted that the theory was not actually legitimate, instead portraying the Murrayite story as a mythical history for the Craft and seeking to emphasise the religion's other historical antecessors. Other practitioners however vehemently defended Murray's hypothesis against academic critique, viewing it as a significant article of faith.

546: 1987:; formerly exhibited in the Petrie Gallery, it was later placed into the Art Collection stores. In 2013, on the 150th anniversary of Murray's birth and the 50th of her death, the UCL Institute of Archaeology's Ruth Whitehouse described Murray as "a remarkable woman" whose life was "well worth celebrating, both in the archaeological world at large and especially in UCL". 1399:, as well as its legacy in religion and literature, register as responses to its fantastical form and content and especially to its implication of an alternate, woman-centered history of Western religion. At least one contemporary review turns Murray's suggestion of continuity between the premodern witches and contemporary women back on her in an ad hominem attack. 1448:

animals; the sacrifice of a non-Christian child to procure magical powers; and the sacrifice of the witches' god by fire to ensure fertility. She interpreted accounts of witches shapeshifting into various animals as being representative of a rite in which the witches dressed as specific animals which they took to be sacred. She asserted that accounts of

1625:

Pan, the widespread belief that the majority of British had remained pagan long after the process of Christianisation, and the idea that folk customs represented pagan survivals. At the same time, Hutton suggested, it seemed more plausible to many than the previously dominant rationalist idea that the witch trials were the result of mass delusion.

1936:

right. By her retirement she had come to be highly regarded within the discipline, although, according to Whitehouse, Murray's reputation declined following her death, something that Whitehouse attributed to the rejection of her witch-cult theory and the general erasure of women archaeologists from the discipline's male-dominated history.

871:, in which she first articulated her version of the witch-cult theory, arguing that the witches persecuted in European history were actually followers of "a definite religion with beliefs, ritual, and organization as highly developed as that of any cult in the end". She followed this up with papers on the subject in the journals 929:, perhaps because its claims regarding an ancient secret society chimed with similar claims common among various occult groups. Murray joined the Folklore Society in February 1927, and was elected to the society's council a month later, although she stood down in 1929. Murray reiterated her witch-cult theory in her 1933 book, 1728:, Erik Midelfort, William Monter, Robert Muchembled, Gerhard Schormann, Bente Alver and Bengt Ankarloo – published in-depth studies of the archival records from the witch trials, leaving no doubt that those tried for witchcraft were not practitioners of a surviving pre-Christian religion. In 1971, the English historian 1855:, described her as a "mine of information and a perpetual inspiration ever ready to impart her vast and varied stores of specialised knowledge without reserve, or, be it said, much if any regard for the generally accepted opinions and conclusions of the experts!" Davidson described her as being "not at all assertive 1190:(then an independent institution, now part of UCL); she continued her involvement with the former and made use of the latter's library. On most days, she visited the British Museum in order to consult their library, and twice a week she taught adult education classes on Ancient Egyptian history and religion at the 1062:, the Queen consort, around the Egyptology department during the latter's visit to UCL. The pressures of teaching had eased by this point, allowing Murray to spend more time travelling internationally; in 1920 she returned to Egypt and in 1929 visited South Africa, where she attended the meeting of the 1959:

In 1935, UCL introduced the Margaret Murray Prize, awarded to the student who is deemed to have produced the best dissertation in Egyptology; it continued to be presented annually into the 21st century. In 1969, UCL named one of their common rooms in her honour, but it was converted into an office in

1624:

would be familiar with". Similarly, Hutton suggested that the cause of the Murrayite theory's popularity was because it "appealed to so many of the emotional impulses of the age", including "the notion of the English countryside as a timeless place full of ancient secrets", the literary popularity of

1420:

Members joined the cult either as children or adults through what Murray called "admission ceremonies"; Murray asserted that applicants had to agree to join of their own free will, and agree to devote themselves to the service of their deity. She also claimed that in some cases, these individuals had

1268:

to Murray to commemorate her 98th birthday. The issue contained contributions from various scholars paying tribute to her – with papers dealing with archaeology, fairies, Near Eastern religious symbols, Greek folk songs – but notably not about witchcraft, potentially because no other folklorists were

1135:

in neighbouring Jordan. Intrigued by the site, in March and April 1937 she returned in order to carry out a small excavation in several cave dwellings at the site, subsequently writing both an excavation report and a guidebook on Petra. Back in England, from 1934 to 1940, Murray aided the cataloguing

568:

This led to some issues with some of the male excavators, who disliked the idea of taking orders from a woman. This experience, coupled with discussions with other female excavators (some of whom were active in the feminist movement) led Murray to adopt openly feminist viewpoints. While excavating at

518:

though unofficial assistant, Murray began to give some of the linguistic lessons in Griffith's absence. In 1898 she was appointed to the position of junior lecturer, responsible for teaching the linguistic courses at the Egyptology department; this made her the first female lecturer in archaeology in

2077:

Noting that there is no evidence of Wicca existing before the publication of Murray's books, Merrifield commented that for those in 20th century Britain who wished to form their own witches' covens, "Murray may have seemed the ideal fairy godmother, and her theory became the pumpkin coach that could

1777:, writing with the independent author Brooks Alexander, stated that "Murray's use of sources, in general, is appalling". The pair went on to claim that "today, scholars are agreed that Murray was more than just wrong – she was completely and embarrassingly wrong on nearly all of her basic premises". 1619:

Rose suggested that the reason that Murray's theory gained such support was partly because of her "imposing credentials" as a member of staff at UCL, a position that lent her theory greater legitimacy in the eyes of many readers. He further suggested that the Murrayite view was attractive to many as

1500:

in 1931; although similar in content, unlike her previous volume it was aimed at a mass market audience. The tone of the book also differed strongly from its predecessor, containing "emotionally inflated and coloured with religious phraseology" and repeatedly referring to the witch-cult as "the Old

1447:

Deeming Ritual Witchcraft to be "a fertility cult", she asserted that many of its rites were designed to ensure fertility and rain-making. She claimed that there were four types of sacrifice performed by the witches: blood-sacrifice, in which the neophyte writes their name in blood; the sacrifice of

1364:

Oates and Wood, however, noted that Murray's interpretations of the evidence fit within wider perspectives on the past that existed at the time, stating that "Murray was far from isolated in her method of reading ancient ritual origins into later myths". In particular, her approach was influenced by

1239:

went to her hundredth birthday party where she sat enthroned—no other word for it—surrounded by family and friends. A distant cousin—what we would have called an elderly lady of eighty—was bringing greetings from even more distant relatives in Australia and suddenly forgot, as happens to many people

2184:

Members of the Wiccan community gradually became aware of academia's rejection of the witch-cult theory. Accordingly, belief in its literal truth declined during the 1980s and 1990s, with many Wiccans instead coming to view it as a myth that conveyed metaphorical or symbolic truths. Others insisted

1935:

However, according to the archaeologist Ruth Whitehouse, Murray's contributions to archaeology and Egyptology were often overlooked as her work was overshadowed by that of Petrie, to the extent that she was often thought of primarily as one of Petrie's assistants rather than as a scholar in her own

1655:

Surely, discussion of what confessedly is so unripe is premature. When Miss Murray has broadened her study to all the lands where she can find the "cult"; when she has dealt with documents worthier the name of records than the chapbooks and the formless reports that have to serve us for the British

1544:

in Gaul, and in various Scandinavian rock carvings. Claiming that this divinity had been declared the Devil by the Christian authorities, she nevertheless asserted that his worship was testified in officially Christian societies right through to the Modern period, citing folkloric practices such as

1425:

containing thirteen members, led by a coven officer who was often termed the "Devil" in the trial accounts, but who was accountable to a "Grand Master". According to Murray, the records of the coven were kept in a secret book, with the coven also disciplining its members, to the extent of executing

1257:

for the post, but he had declined, with Murray accepting the nomination several months later. Murray remained president for two terms, until 1955. In her 1954 presidential address, "England as a Field for Folklore Research", she lamented what she saw as the English people's disinterest in their own

1089:

Although having reached legal retirement age in 1927, and thus unable to be offered another five-year contract, Murray was reappointed on an annual basis each year until 1935. At this point, she retired, expressing the opinion that she was glad to leave UCL, for reasons that she did not make clear.

352:

has suggested that Murray's Indian childhood continued to exert an influence over her throughout her life, expressing the view that Murray could be seen as having a hybrid transnational identity that was both British and Indian. During her childhood, Murray never received a formal education, and in

2110:

As the religion emerged, many practitioners saw those who suffered in the as their forebears, thus adopting the Murrayite witch-cult hypothesis which provided Wicca with a history stretching back far into the reaches of the ancient past. As historians challenged and demolished this theory in the

2057:

scholar Ethan Doyle White stated that it was the theory which "formed the historical narrative around which Wicca built itself", for on its emergence in England during the 1940s and 1950s, Wicca claimed to be the survival of this witch-cult. Wicca's theological structure, revolving around a Horned

1931:

Hutton noted that Murray was one of the earliest women to "make a serious impact upon the world of professional scholarship", and the archaeologist Niall Finneran described her as "one of the greatest characters of post-war British archaeology". Upon her death, Daniel referred to her as "the Grand

1797:

district of Northeastern Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries. Several historians and folklorists have pointed out that Ginzburg's arguments are very different to Murray's: whereas Murray argued for the existence of a pre-Christian witches' cult whose members physically met during the witches'

1784:

has been cited as being willing to give "some slight support" to Murray's theory. Ginzburg stated that although her thesis had been "formulated in a wholly uncritical way" and contained "serious defects", it did contain "a kernel of truth". He stated his opinion that she was right in claiming that

1666:

Murray's theories never received support from experts in the Early Modern witch trials, and from her early publications onward many of her ideas were challenged by those who highlighted her "factual errors and methodological failings". Indeed, the majority of scholarly reviews of her work produced

1690:

Murray did not respond directly to the criticisms of her work, but reacted to her critics in a hostile manner; in later life she asserted that she eventually ceased reading reviews of her work, and believed that her critics were simply acting out of their own Christian prejudices to non-Christian

1355:

The later folklorists Caroline Oates and Juliette Wood have suggested that Murray was best known for her witch-cult theory, with biographer Margaret S. Drower expressing the view that it was her work on this subject which "perhaps more than any other, made her known to the general public". It has

1917:

and then melted it during the First World War. Ruth Whitehouse argues that, given Murray's lack of mention of such incidents in her autobiography and generally rational approach, a "spirit of mischief" as opposed to "a real belief in the efficacy of the spells" may have motivated her practice of

1772:

Hutton stated that Murray had treated her source material with "reckless abandon", in that she had taken "vivid details of alleged witch practices" from "sources scattered across a great extent of space and time" and then declared them to be normative of the cult as a whole. Simpson outlined how

1732:

stated that on the basis of this research, there was "very little evidence to suggest that the accused witches were either devil-worshippers or members of a pagan fertility cult". He stated that Murray's conclusions were "almost totally groundless" because she ignored the systematic study of the

1459:

Murray asserted that a pre-Christian fertility-based religion had survived the Christianization process in Britain, although that it came to be "practised only in certain places and among certain classes of the community". She believed that folkloric stories of fairies in Britain were based on a

1360:

and a voice distinct from that of their interrogators. The theory was faulty, in part because all of her academic training was in Egyptology, with no background knowledge in European history, but also because she exhibited a "tendency to generalize wildly on the basis of very slender evidence".

908:

in 1929. She used the opportunity to propagate her own witch-cult theory, failing to mention the alternate theories proposed by other academics. Her entry would be included in the encyclopedia until 1969, becoming readily accessible to the public, and it was for this reason that her ideas on the

302:

Murray's work in Egyptology and archaeology was widely acclaimed and earned her the nickname of "The Grand Old Woman of Egyptology", although after her death many of her contributions to the field were overshadowed by those of Petrie. Conversely, Murray's work in folkloristics and the history of

2195:

and rejecting post-Murrayite scholarship on European witchcraft. Several prominent practitioners continued to insist that Wicca was a religion with origins stretching back to the Palaeolithic, but others rejected the validity of historical scholarship and emphasised intuition and emotion as the

1941:

No British folklorist can remember Dr Margaret Murray without embarrassment and a sense of paradox. She is one of the few folklorists whose name became widely known to the public, but among scholars, her reputation is deservedly low; her theory that witches were members of a huge secret society

1429:

Describing this witch-cult as "a joyous religion", she claimed that the two primary festivals that it celebrated were on May Eve and November Eve, although that other dates of religious observation were 1 February and 1 August, the winter and summer solstices, and Easter. She asserted that the

1840:

On researching the history of UCL's Egyptology department, the historian Rosalind M. Janssen stated that Murray was "remembered with gratitude and immense affection by all her former students. A wise and witty teacher, two generations of Egyptologists have forever been in her debt." Alongside

852:

When I suddenly realised that the so-called Devil was simply a disguised man I was startled, almost alarmed, by the way the recorded facts fell into place, and showed that the witches were members of an old and primitive form of religion, and the records had been made by members of a new and

2191:, a historical study exploring Wicca's early development; on publication in 1999 the book exerted a strong impact on the British Pagan community, further eroding belief in the Murrayite theory among Wiccans. Conversely, other practitioners clung on to the theory, treating it as an important 1686:

Soon after, one of the foremost specialists of the trial records, L'Estrange Ewen, brought out a series of books which rejected Murray's interpretation. Rose suggested that Murray's books on the witch-cult "contain an incredible number of minor errors of fact or of calculation and several

1752:

stated that although Murray's thesis was "intrinsically improbable" and commanded "little or no allegiance within the modern academy", she felt that male scholars like Thomas, Cohn, and Macfarlane had unfairly adopted an androcentric approach by which they contrasted their own, male and

1460:

surviving race of dwarfs, who continued to live on the island up until the Early Modern period. She asserted that this race followed the same pagan religion as the witches, thus explaining the folkloric connection between the two. In the appendices to the book, she also alleged that

1798:

Sabbaths, Ginzburg argued that some of the European visionary traditions that were conflated with witchcraft in the Early Modern period had their origins in pre-Christian fertility religions. Moreover, other historians have expressed criticism of Ginzburg's interpretation of the

1616:. As a result, the Canadian historian Elliot Rose, writing in 1962, claimed that the Murrayite interpretations of the witch trials "seem to hold, at the time of writing, an almost undisputed sway at the higher intellectual levels", being widely accepted among "educated people". 1512:. She further asserted that in the Bronze Age, the worship of the deity could be found throughout Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa, claiming that the depiction of various horned figures from these societies proved that. Among the evidence cited were the horned figures found at 1695:, Murray's theories were permitted "to pass unapproved but unchallenged, either out of politeness or because nobody was really interested enough to research the topic". As evidence, she noted that no substantial research articles on the subject of witchcraft were published in 391:

In 1880, they returned to Calcutta, where Margaret remained for the next seven years. She became a nurse at the Calcutta General Hospital, which was run by the Sisters of the Anglican Sisterhood of Clower, and there was involved with the hospital's attempts to deal with a

1106:

to reflect its increasing research interest in the ancient societies that surrounded and interacted with Egypt. The journal folded in 1935, perhaps due to Murray's retirement. Murray then spent some time in Jerusalem, where she aided the Petries in their excavation at

891:, and which received both criticism and support on publication. Many reviews in academic journals were critical, with historians claiming that she had distorted and misinterpreted the contemporary records that she was using, but the book was nevertheless influential. 343:

Although most of their lives were spent in the European area of Calcutta, which was walled off from the Indian sectors of the city, Murray encountered members of Indian society through her family's employment of ten Indian servants and through childhood holidays to

303:

witchcraft has been academically discredited and her methods in these areas heavily criticised. The influence of her witch-cult theory in both religion and literature has been examined by various scholars, and she herself has been dubbed the "Grandmother of Wicca".

2105:, although in that foreword she did not explicitly specify whether she believed Gardner's claim that he had discovered a survival of her witch-cult. In 2005, Noble suggested that "Murray's name might be all but forgotten today if it were not for Gerald Gardner". 2018:. Although characterising it as being "written in a clear and engaging manner", one reviewer noted that Sheppard's book focuses on Murray the "scientist" and as such neglects to discuss Murray's involvement in magical practices and her relationship with Wicca. 1723:

Murray's work was increasingly criticised following her death in 1963, with the definitive academic rejection of the Murrayite witch-cult theory occurring during the 1970s. During these decades, a variety of scholars across Europe and North America – such as

2141:

eagerly searched for what she believed were other surviving remnants of the Murrayite witch-cult around Britain. Valiente remained committed to a belief in Murray's witch-cult after its academic rejection, and she described Murray as "a remarkable woman".

661:, she successfully campaigned for UCL to open a common room for women, and later ensured that a larger, better-equipped room was converted for the purpose; it was later renamed the Margaret Murray Room. At UCL, she became a friend of fellow female lecturer 976:. Her resulting three-volume excavation report came to be seen as an important publication within the field of Maltese archaeology. During the excavations, she had taken an interest in the island's folklore, resulting in the 1932 publication of her book 1762:. Anything is possible. But it is nonsense to assert the existence of something for which no evidence exists. The Murrayites ask us to swallow a most peculiar sandwich: a large piece of the wrong evidence between two thick slices of no evidence at all. 1632:

suggested that part of the Murrayite theory's appeal was that it appeared to give a "sensible, demystifying, liberating approach to a longstanding but sterile argument" between the rationalists who denied that there had been any witches and those, like

1566:, an anthropological book that made the claim that societies all over the world sacrificed their kings to the deities of nature. In her book, she claimed that this practice had continued into medieval England, and that, for instance, the death of 2098:

and popularised the religion; according to Simpson, Gardner was the only member of the Folklore Society to "wholeheartedly" accept Murray's witch-cult hypothesis. The duo knew each other, with Murray writing the foreword to Gardner's 1954 book

328:. She lived in the city with her family: parents James and Margaret Murray, an older sister named Mary, and her paternal grandmother and great-grandmother. James Murray, born in India of English descent, was a businessman and manager of the 191:, British India, Murray divided her youth between India, Britain, and Germany, training as both a nurse and a social worker. Moving to London, in 1894 she began studying Egyptology at UCL, developing a friendship with department head 1501:

Religion". In this book she also "cut out or toned down" many of the claims made in her previous volume which would have painted the cult in a bad light, such as those which discussed sex and the sacrifice of animals and children.

2066:, both words that Murray had popularised. As with Murray's witch-cult, Wicca's practitioners entered via an initiation ceremony; Murray's claims that witches wrote down their spells in a book may have been an influence on Wicca's 519:

the United Kingdom. In this capacity, she spent two days a week at UCL, devoting the other days to caring for her ailing mother. As time went on, she came to teach courses on Ancient Egyptian history, religion, and language.

754:, and together they co-authored a variety of papers on Egyptology that were aimed at an anthropological audience. Many of these dealt with subjects that Egyptological journals would not publish, such as the "Sa" sign for the 1321:, where she could receive 24-hour care; she lived here for the final 18 months of her life. To mark her hundredth birthday, on 13 July 1963 a group of her friends, former students, and doctors gathered for a party at nearby 282:

and developed her interest in folkloristics. Awarded an honorary doctorate in 1927, she was appointed assistant professor in 1928 and retired from UCL in 1935. That year she visited Palestine to aid Petrie's excavation of

1313:, north London, where she was cared for by a retired couple who were trained nurses; from here she occasionally took taxis into central London to visit the UCL library. Amid failing health, in 1962 Murray moved into the 1583:

Upon initial publication, Murray's thesis gained a favourable reception from many readers, including some significant scholars, albeit none who were experts in the witch trials. Historians of Early Modern Britain like

1213:

that argued that Egypt influenced Greco-Roman society and thus modern Western society. This was seen as a compromise between Petrie's belief that other societies influenced the emergence of Egyptian civilisation and

423:, where her uncle John, now widowed, had moved. Here she took up employment as a social worker dealing with local underprivileged people. When her father retired and moved to England, she moved into his house in 640:

On returning to London, Murray took an active role in the feminist movement, volunteering and financially donating to the cause and taking part in feminist demonstrations, protests, and marches. Joining the

1325:. Two days later, her doctor drove her to UCL for a second birthday party, again attended by many of her friends, colleagues, and former students; it was the last time that she visited the university. In 1167:) who educated military personnel to prepare them for post-war life. Based in the city, she embarked on research into the town's Early Modern history, examining documents stored in local parish churches, 1314: 783:

editor much of the time. She also published many research articles in the journal and authored many of its book reviews, particularly of the German-language publications which Petrie could not read.

1600:

provided a foreword in which he accepted that some of Murray's "minor details may be open to criticism", but in which he was otherwise supportive of her thesis. Her theories were recapitulated by

1897:

of some sort, relating in her autobiography that she believed in "an unseen over-ruling Power", "which science calls Nature and religion calls God". She was also a believer and a practitioner of

776: 2200:, Jani Farrell-Roberts, and Ben Whitmore – published critiques in which they attacked post-Murrayite scholarship on matters of detail, but none defended Murray's original hypothesis completely. 1421:

to sign a covenant or were baptised into the faith. At the same time, she claimed that the religion was largely passed down hereditary lines. Murray described the religion as being divided into

1637:, who insisted that there had been a real Satanic conspiracy against Christendom in the Early Modern period replete with witches with supernatural powers. "How refreshing", noted the historian 692:, and it was there that many of his finds had been housed. Murray thus often travelled to the museum to catalogue these artefacts, and during the 1906–07 school year regularly lectured there. 368:, both of which she would reject, he awakened Murray's interest in archaeology through taking her to see local monuments. In 1873, the girls' mother arrived in Europe and took them with her to 1932:

Old Woman of Egyptology", with Hutton noting that Egyptology represented "the core of her academic career". In 2014, Thornton referred to her as "one of Britain's most famous Egyptologists".

1913:

was unworthy. Her curse entailed mixing up ingredients in a frying pan, and was undertaken in the presence of two colleagues. In another instance, she was said to have created a wax image of

1356:

been claimed that Murray's was the "first feminist study of the witch trials", as well as being the first to have actually "empowered the witches" by giving the (largely female) accused both

2121:

Murray's witch-cult theories were likely also a core influence on the non-Gardnerian Wiccan traditions that were established in Britain and Australia between 1930 and 1970 by the likes of

2185:

that the historical origins of the religion did not matter and that instead Wicca was legitimated by the spiritual experiences it gave to its participants. In response, Hutton authored

1758:

That this "old religion" persisted secretly, without leaving any evidence, is, of course, possible, just as it is possible that below the surface of the moon lie extensive deposits of

604:. Murray did not have legal permission to excavate the site, and instead spent her time transcribing the inscriptions from ten of the tombs that had been excavated during the 1860s by 1870:

Murray never married, instead devoting her life to her work, and for this reason, Hutton drew comparisons between her and two other prominent female British scholars of the period,

957: 1008: 1715:, none adopted the Murrayite framework for interpreting witchcraft beliefs, thus evidencing her claim that Murray's theories were widely ignored by scholars of folkloristics. 2276:

in 1961, and her friend Drower produced a posthumous limited bibliography in 2004, and another limited bibliography appeared in Kathleen L. Sheppard's 2013 biography of her.

412:, from which she submitted 300 entries to Murray. She continued as a volunteer until 1888, submitting a total of 5,000 entries on slips of 4" x 6" paper, as Murray required. 668:

Various museums around the United Kingdom invited Murray to advise them on their Egyptological collections, resulting in her cataloguing the Egyptian artefacts owned by the

1485:, and used it to present her interpretation of the subject as if it were universally accepted in scholarship. It remained in the encyclopedia until being replaced in 1969. 1885:

teacher to preach the faith, but after entering the academic profession she rejected religion, gaining a reputation among other members of the Folklore Society as a noted

510:. In turn, he aided and encouraged her to write her first research paper, "The Descent of Property in the Early Periods of Egyptian History", which was published in the 1253:

In 1953, Murray was appointed to the presidency of the Folklore Society following the resignation of former president Allan Gomme. The Society had initially approached

1024: 332:

paper mills who was thrice elected President of the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce. His wife, Margaret (née Carr), had moved to India from Britain in 1857 to work as a

1744:

was non-existent", adding that her ideas were "firmly set in an exaggerated and distorted version of the Frazerian mould". That same year, the historian of religion

961: 1333:, it was noted that Murray was "the only Fellow of the Institute to within living memory, if not in its whole history". That year she published two books; one was 933:, which was aimed at a wider, non-academic audience. In this book, she cut out or toned down what she saw as the more unpleasant aspects of the witch-cult, such as 1051:; she did not publish an excavation report and did not mention the event in her autobiography, with her motives for carrying out the excavation remaining unclear. 1859:

never thrust her ideas on anyone. she behaved in fact rather like someone who was a fully convinced member of some unusual religious sect, or perhaps, of the

1700: 483:. Murray began her studies at UCL at age 30 in January 1894, as part of a class composed largely of other women and older men. There, she took courses in the 553:

At this point, Murray had no experience in field archaeology, and so during the 1902–03 field season, she travelled to Egypt to join Petrie's excavations at

3535: 1609: 926: 400:(no relation) and his "general appeal to English speakers around the world to read their local books and send him words and quotations" for entry into the 522:

Among Murray's students – to whom she referred as "the Gang" – were several who went on to produce noted contributions to Egyptology, including

1254: 2122: 1976: 1867:

observed that Murray remained mentally alert into her old age, commenting that "her vigour and forthrightness and ruthless energy never deserted her".

1140:, and also gave lectures in Egyptology at the university until 1942. Her interest in folklore more broadly continued and she wrote the introduction to 1063: 2212:

made it accessible to "journalists, film-makers popular novelists and thriller writers", who adopted it "enthusiastically". It influenced the work of

1980: 1833: 527: 4357: 2273: 152: 36: 7501: 1601: 1040: 922: 653:

of June 1911. She concealed the militancy of her actions in order to retain the image of respectability within academia. Murray also pushed the

4296: 2154: 760: 502:

Murray soon got to know Petrie, becoming his copyist and illustrator and producing the drawings for the published report on his excavations at

1468:

were members of the witch-cult and were executed for it, a claim which has been refuted by historians, especially in the case of Joan of Arc.

2011: 156: 40: 7262:

Winick, Mimi (2015). "Modernist Feminist Witchcraft: Margaret Murray's Fantastic Scholarship and Sylvia Townsend Warner's Realist Fantasy".

356:

In 1870, Margaret and her sister Mary were sent to Britain, moving in with their uncle John, a vicar, and his wife Harriet at their home in

7516: 7511: 7496: 863:

Murray's interest in folklore led her to develop an interest in the witch trials of Early Modern Europe. In 1917, she published a paper in

669: 589:

in 1904; in the report, she examined the inscriptions that had been discovered at the site to discern the purpose and use of the building.

1020: 718:

with solid scholarship about Ancient Egypt, and to this end authored a series of books aimed at a general audience. In 1905 she published

211:

cemetery, both of which established her reputation in Egyptology. Supplementing her UCL wage by giving public classes and lectures at the

7541: 7526: 7491: 1413:, Murray stated that she had restricted her research to Great Britain, although made some recourse to sources from France, Flanders, and 376:. In 1875 they returned to Calcutta, staying there till 1877. They then moved with their parents back to England, where they settled in 1592:

incorporated her theories into their work, although the latter subsequently distanced himself from the theory. For the 1961 reprint of

657:

for women throughout her own career, and mentored other women in archaeology and throughout academia. As women could not use the men's

7546: 673: 266:. Although later academically discredited, the theory gained widespread attention and proved a significant influence on the emerging 833:, although few agreed with her conclusions and it was criticised for making unsubstantiated leaps with the evidence by the likes of 984:

and her friend Liza Galea. In 1932 Murray returned to Malta to aid in the cataloguing of the Bronze Age pottery collection held in

715: 228: 1785:

European witchcraft had "roots in an ancient fertility cult", something that he argued was vindicated by his work researching the

1748:

described Murray's work as "hopelessly inadequate", containing "numberless and appalling errors". In 1996, the feminist historian

1222:

view that Egypt was the source of all global civilisation. The book received a mixed reception from the archaeological community.

1039:(1931), which received largely positive reviews. In the summer of 1925 she led a team of volunteers to excavate Homestead Moat in 195:, who encouraged her early academic publications and appointed her junior lecturer in 1898. In 1902–03, she took part in Petrie's 6402: 2090:

1935 by esotericists aware of Murray's theory and who may have believed themselves to be reincarnated witch-cult members. It was

255: 1337:, in which she argued that humanity's first deities had been goddesses rather than male gods. The second was her autobiography, 734:'s "The Wisdom of the East" series. She was particularly pleased with the increased public interest in Egyptology that followed 7466: 624:

proved to be very influential in the Egyptological community, with Petrie recognising Murray's contribution to his own career.

1667:

during the 1920s and 1930s were largely critical. George L. Burr reviewed both of her initial books on the witch-cult for the

7486: 7471: 7204: 7185: 7113: 7065: 7028: 7009: 6894: 6840: 6806: 6784: 6722: 6674: 6624: 6557: 1703:'s in 1963. She highlighted that when regional studies of British folklore were published in this period by folklorists like 985: 902:

As a result of her work in this area, she was invited to provide the entry on "witchcraft" for the fourteenth edition of the

642: 243: 779:(BSAE), which was based at UCL. Given that he was often away from London excavating in Egypt, Murray was left to operate as 561:, had been excavating at the site since 1899, having taken over the archaeological investigation from French Coptic scholar 739: 565:. Murray at first joined as site nurse, but was subsequently taught how to excavate by Petrie and given a senior position. 1975:

and the other in the library of the UCL Institute of Archaeology. This sculpture was commissioned by one of her students,

7456: 7536: 1906: 1810:

were the "survival of an age-old fertility cult". Echoing these views, Hutton commented that Ginzburg's claim that the

681: 592:

During the 1903–04 field season, Murray returned to Egypt, and at Petrie's instruction began her investigations at the

3235: 7531: 7476: 340:

and educating Indian women. She continued with this work after marrying James and giving birth to her two daughters.

684:, being elected a Fellow of the latter in thanks. Petrie had established connections with the Egyptological wing of 291:

in Jordan. Taking on the presidency of the Folklore Society in later life, she lectured at such institutions as the

7506: 7451: 7446: 7382: 2058:

God and Mother Goddess, was adopted from Murray's ideas about the ancient witch-cult, and Wiccan groups were named

1964: 1219: 883: 650: 20: 1740:

commented that Murray's "knowledge of European history, even of English history, was superficial and her grasp of

1570:

was really a ritual sacrifice. No academic took the book seriously, and it was ignored by many of her supporters.

7394: 7323: 7075:

Sheppard, Kathleen L. (2012). "Between Spectacle and Science: Margaret Murray and the Tomb of the Two Brothers".

1433: 1330: 1176: 765: 7461: 2224:. Murray's ideas about religion can also be discerned in the fictions of another British historical novelist, 2031: 1160: 731: 455:

Encouraged by her mother and sister, Murray decided to enroll at the newly opened department of Egyptology at

7441: 6979:

Noble, Catherine (2005). "From Fact to Fallacy: The Evolution of Margaret Alice Murray's Witch-Cult Theory".

2540: 1829: 1589: 1187: 1164: 397: 393: 7169:

Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England

1341:, which received predominantly positive reviews. She died on 13 November 1963, and her body was cremated. 829:. Pursuing this interest, she published the paper "Egyptian Elements in the Grail Romance" in the journal 5332: 4349: 973: 353:

later life expressed pride in the fact that she had never had to sit an exam before entering university.

2826: 2808: 2454: 2435: 768:. It was at Seligman's recommendation that she was invited to become a member of the Institute in 1916. 7521: 3131: 2558: 2472: 1893:. She was openly critical of organised religion, although continued to maintain a personal belief in a 1669: 1004: 877: 751: 492: 227: – the first time that a woman had publicly unwrapped a mummy. Recognising that British 7366: 7342: 7292: 1804:; Cohn stated that there was "nothing whatsoever" in the source material to justify the idea that the 1481: 1054:

In 1924, UCL promoted Murray to the position of assistant professor, and, in 1927, she was awarded an

904: 7481: 3583: 1201:

Murray's interest in popularising Egyptology among the wider public continued; in 1949 she published

1137: 972:, all of which were threatened by the construction of a new aerodrome. In this she was funded by the 948:

in 1922. From 1921 to 1927, she led archaeological excavations on Malta, assisted by Edith Guest and

746:

in 1922. From at least 1911 until his death in 1940, Murray was a close friend of the anthropologist

472: 456: 401: 177: 103: 703:, which remained a key publication on Middle Kingdom mummification practices into the 21st century. 176:. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at 7216:"Margaret Murray (1863–1963): Pioneer Egyptologist, Feminist and First Female Archaeology Lecturer" 1729: 1210: 747: 196: 7356: 6659:

Drower, Margaret S. (2004). "Margaret Alice Murray". In Getzel M. Cohen; Martha Joukowsky (eds.).

3965: 1205:, her second work for John Murray's "The Wisdom of the East" series. That year she also published 3363: 2187: 2126: 2046: 1995: 1875: 1679: 1195: 1191: 949: 834: 654: 646: 404:. She had a routine of taking a book onto the roof in the cool early-morning air. She began with 296: 292: 6666: 6660: 3279: 1998:

authored a short biography of her, which was included as a chapter in the 2004 edited volume on

1753:

methodologically sound interpretation against Murray's "feminised belief" about the witch-cult.

246:

and devoting much time to improving women's status at UCL. Unable to return to Egypt due to the

2244: 2015: 1774: 1452:

were based on the witches' use of animals, which she divided into "divining familiars" used in

267: 3906: 1909:, when she felt that his promotion to the position of Professor of Egyptology over her friend 1733:

trial accounts provided by Ewen and instead used sources very selectively to argue her point.

1086:, and then in late 1935 she undertook a lecture tour of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia. 4104: 2850: 2178: 1567: 1350: 1066:, whose theme was the prehistory of southern Africa. In the early 1930s she travelled to the 251: 1841:

teaching them, Murray was known to socialise with her UCL students outside of class hours.

909:

subject had such a significant impact. It received a particularly enthusiastic reception by

7436: 7431: 6799:

The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

1638: 1370: 1215: 941:

sacrifice, and began describing the religion in more positive terms as "the Old Religion".

696: 582: 562: 447: 224: 7389: 6777:

Imagining the Pagan Past: Gods and Goddesses in Literature and History Since the Dark Ages

2094:, who claimed to be an initiate of the New Forest coven, who established the tradition of 8: 4536: 2415: 2010:, a biography of Murray authored by Kathleen L. Sheppard, then an assistant professor at 1871: 1691:

religion. Simpson noted that despite these critical reviews, within the field of British

1585: 1439: 1291: 1095: 826: 416: 239: 7279: 7128: 7092: 6873: 6763: 6755: 6701: 6536: 6515: 6473: 4216: 4037: 3855: 3792: 2162: 1990:

The historian of archaeology Rosalind M. Janssen titled her study of Egyptology at UCL

1910: 1898: 1629: 1055: 1031:. Murray also continued to publish works on Egyptology for a general audience, such as 523: 385: 6398: 4957: 4425: 2335: 706: 219:, it was at the latter in 1908 that she led the unwrapping of Khnum-nakht, one of the 7407: 7283: 7200: 7181: 7109: 7096: 7061: 7024: 7005: 6890: 6836: 6830: 6802: 6780: 6767: 6718: 6705: 6670: 6620: 6553: 4288: 4184: 2379: 2358: 2342: 2315: 2221: 2220:. Murray's ideas shaped the depiction of paganism in the work of historical novelist 2071: 1914: 1863:, but never on any account got into arguments about it in public." The archaeologist 1741: 1322: 1186:

room in Endsleigh Street, which was close to University College London (UCL) and the

1016: 814: 685: 496: 484: 480: 405: 321: 216: 5776: 2169:. The Murrayite witch-cult theory also provided the basis for the ideas espoused in 7416: 7304: 7271: 7250: 7227: 7153: 7084: 6988: 6921: 6863: 6745: 6693: 6647: 6603: 6580: 6494: 4280: 3772: 3619: 3540: 3203: 3155: 2773:

The Splendour that was Egypt: A General Survey of Egyptian Culture and Civilisation

2192: 2101: 2095: 2083: 1984: 1845: 1634: 1562: 1273: 1152: 934: 868: 605: 538:. She supplemented her UCL salary by teaching evening classes in Egyptology at the 377: 181: 7254: 6926: 6905: 6868: 6851: 6607: 6498: 4284: 3552: 3399: 3331: 3081:

The Dictionary People: The unsung heroes who created the Oxford English Dictionary

1159:

of London by moving to Cambridge, where she volunteered for a group (probably the

969: 364:. Although John provided them with a strongly Christian education and a belief in 7361: 7337: 6959: 6715:

Satanic Feminism: Lucifer as the Liberator of Woman in Nineteenth-Century Culture

3455: 2875: 2576: 2229: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2079: 2067: 2003: 1725: 1597: 1537: 1508:, and asserted that it was an entity who had been worshipped in Europe since the 1285: 1281: 1175:; she never published her findings. In 1945, she briefly became involved in the " 1168: 945: 938: 887:, published by Oxford University Press after receiving a positive peer review by 636:

Murray came to do much lecturing and cataloguing at Manchester Museum (pictured).

488: 476: 373: 247: 192: 7040:

A Razor for a Goat: A Discussion of Certain Problems in Witchcraft and Diabolism

6750: 6733: 4480: 4268: 4084: 2892: 2770: 1620:

it confirmed "the general picture of pre-Christian Europe a reader of Frazer or

1536:. Within continental Europe, she claimed that the Horned God was represented by 7403: 6794: 5967: 3544: 2397: 2249: 2197: 2174: 2150: 2091: 2078:

transport them into the realm of fantasy for which they longed". The historian

1824: 1781: 1759: 1465: 1378: 1373:, and she was also influenced by the interpretative approaches of E. O. James, 1310: 1131:

During Murray's 1935 trip to Palestine, she had taken the opportunity to visit

795: 662: 539: 468: 464: 349: 212: 169: 125: 7088: 6935:

Merrifield, Ralph (June 1993). "G.B. Gardner and the 20th Century 'Witches'".

6801:. Translated by John Tedeschi; Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 6651: 6585: 6568: 6552:. Sussex and London: Sussex University Press and Heinemann Educational Books. 5541: 2865: 1905:

against those she felt deserved it; in one case she cursed a fellow academic,

1560:, in which she greatly extended on the theory, taking influence from Frazer's 817:

and the folklore surrounding it which connected it to the legendary figure of

7425: 5375: 4292: 2870: 2855: 2217: 2213: 2146: 2054: 1972: 1882: 1749: 1745: 1692: 1621: 1472: 1318: 1172: 1108: 1048: 888: 791: 735: 554: 535: 428: 284: 232: 200: 165: 120: 7308: 6594:

Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1987). "Changes in the Folklore Society, 1949–1986".

3989: 3716: 1258:

folklore in favour of that from other nations. For the autumn 1961 issue of

965: 710:

Glastonbury Abbey (pictured) inspired Murray's interest in British folklore.

612:, although would not publish translations of the inscriptions until 1937 as 6887:

The First Hundred Years: Egyptology at University College London, 1892–1992

6250: 4757: 2860: 2257: 2225: 2166: 2014:; the book was based upon Sheppard's doctoral dissertation produced at the 1546: 1533: 1513: 1509: 1382: 1374: 1366: 1145: 1067: 1059: 981: 918: 914: 558: 420: 381: 337: 235:, Murray wrote several books on Egyptology targeted at a general audience. 161: 115: 7275: 7123:

Simpson, Jacqueline (1994). "Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why?".

6138: 3603: 3056: 6338: 2158: 1890: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1737: 1712: 1708: 1497: 1461: 1414: 1277: 1276:'s controversial claims that he had discovered three pre-Christian chalk 1264: 1245: 1194:; upon her retirement from this position she nominated her former pupil, 818: 806: 787: 743: 658: 627: 601: 531: 431:, living with him until his death in 1891. In 1893 she then travelled to 325: 7021:

The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations

6992: 6759: 4573: 4571: 4311: 4005: 3756: 3483: 2247:

cited Murray's work on the witch-cult as an influence on her 1926 novel

2149:

during the late 1960s, Murray's writings were among the sources used by

1148:, in which she discussed how superior women were as folklorists to men. 1058:

for her career in Egyptology. That year, Murray was tasked with guiding

894: 50: 7398: 7132: 6877: 6540: 6519: 6485:

Bonser, Wilfrid (1961). "A Bibliography of the Writings of Dr Murray".

6477: 5760: 5236: 4977: 1886: 1881:

Raised a devout Christian by her mother, Murray had initially become a

1788: 1704: 1505: 1453: 1123: 953: 822: 799: 689: 460: 436: 333: 299:, and continued to publish in an independent capacity until her death. 274:. From 1921 to 1931, she undertook excavations of prehistoric sites on 263: 184:

from 1953 to 1955, and published widely over the course of her career.

173: 130: 5008: 4821: 4705: 3303: 3263: 3187: 3087: 3040: 442: 6122: 5995: 5292: 5060: 4638: 4568: 4520: 3949: 2996: 2473: 2035: 1550: 1541: 1517: 1357: 1306: 1209:, in which she collated many of her UCL lectures. The book adopted a 1156: 1112: 1091: 1071: 1044: 910: 677: 361: 345: 329: 7232: 7215: 5872: 4021: 3812: 3687: 3533:

Mallowan, Max; Simpson, R. S. "Murray, Margaret Alice (1863–1963)".

2980: 2940: 1836:

after having been commissioned by Murray's student Violet MacDermot.

632: 475:(EEF), the department was run by the pioneering early archaeologist 6697: 6684:

Eliade, Mircea (1975). "Some Observations on European Witchcraft".

5728: 5495: 5493: 4168: 3115: 2196:

arbiter of truth. A few "counter-revisionist" Wiccans – among them

2053:, with Murray being referred to as the "Grandmother of Wicca". The 2039: 1529: 1449: 810: 570: 365: 357: 259: 204: 188: 7158: 7141: 6550:

Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt

5744: 5264: 4128: 3875: 3012: 980:, much of which was a translation of earlier stories collected by 5076: 4464: 2924: 2771: 2416: 2237: 1079: 1012: 593: 451:

Murray studied Egyptology at the UCL Wilkins Building (pictured).

432: 317: 279: 208: 72: 7106:

The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology

6636:

The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology

6617:

Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft

5983: 5856: 5490: 2008:

The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology

995: 7377: 7047:

Runciman, Steven (1962). "Foreword". In Margaret Murray (ed.).

5844: 5454: 5048: 2790: 2208:

Simpson noted that the publication of the Murray thesis in the

1794: 1521: 1183: 1075: 755: 578: 574: 424: 91: 6464:

Anonymous (1963). "Dr. Margaret Murray's Hundredth Birthday".

6278: 2621:

A Coptic Reading Book, with Glossary, for the Use of Beginners

6832:

The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft

6302: 6266: 6062: 6040: 6038: 6023: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 4809: 4733: 3223: 2165:

when she was establishing her feminist-oriented tradition of

2050: 2026: 1902: 1504:

In this book she began to refer to the witches' deity as the

1422: 1230: 1132: 805:

After being taken ill herself, she was sent to recuperate in

597: 288: 275: 271: 220: 7002:

A Coven of Scholars: Margaret Murray and her Working Methods

6441: 6011: 5629: 5627: 2827: 2746:

British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Bernard Quaritch

2619: 2045:

Murray's witch-cult theories provided the blueprint for the

1182:

After the war ended she returned to London, settling into a

1015:

from 1930 to 1931. With the aid of Guest, she excavated the

845: 549:

The Osireion (pictured), which was first excavated by Murray

7058:

A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans

6981:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

6190: 6098: 6086: 6074: 5131: 4654: 4508: 4396: 4248: 4057: 3828: 3663: 3571: 3499: 3471: 2577: 2316: 2268:

A bibliography of Murray's published work was published in

2260:

is based on the same idea of the role of the royal family.

1525: 1098:

with his wife; Murray therefore took over as editor of the

1083: 714:

Murray was dedicated to public education, hoping to infuse

545: 503: 369: 231:

reflected the existence of a widespread public interest in

160:(13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian 6429: 6417: 6354: 6290: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6178: 6166: 6110: 6050: 6035: 5931: 5900: 5430: 4933: 4921: 4897: 4873: 4837: 4785: 4592: 4590: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3419: 3387: 2956: 1118: 881:. She articulated these views more fully in her 1921 book 388:, while their father worked at his firm's London office. 6634:—— (2016b). "Review of Kathleen L. Sheppard, 6619:. Brighton, Chicago, and Toronto: Sussex Academic Press. 5706: 5704: 5702: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5624: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5529: 5478: 5442: 5365: 5363: 5202: 5200: 5097: 5095: 4998: 4996: 4671: 4669: 4556: 4496: 4372: 4236: 4144: 3351: 2475:

The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology

2228:. It was also an influence on the American horror author 1967:

visited the room and there was gifted a copy of Murray's

1894: 790:

in 1914, in which the United Kingdom went to war against

258:

were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian,

5943: 5820: 5716: 5668: 5666: 5639: 5517: 5280: 5224: 5036: 5024: 4885: 4721: 4693: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4332: 4330: 4074: 4072: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3896: 3894: 3845: 3843: 2730: 180:(UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She served as president of the 6366: 6202: 5808: 5420: 5418: 5187: 5185: 4587: 4384: 4204: 3744: 3699: 3675: 3639: 1983:. UCL also possess a watercolour painting of Murray by 944:

At UCL, Murray was promoted to lecturer in 1921 and to

6378: 6326: 6314: 5919: 5832: 5796: 5699: 5678: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5505: 5466: 5403: 5391: 5360: 5320: 5212: 5197: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5107: 5092: 4993: 4861: 4849: 4773: 4745: 4666: 4614: 4602: 4415: 4413: 4411: 3732: 3651: 3443: 3431: 3319: 3175: 3103: 3028: 999:

Murray excavated at Borġ in-Nadur in Malta (pictured).

628:

Feminism, the First World War, and folklore: 1905–1920

439:, where her sister had moved to with her new husband. 6506:

Burr, George L. (1922). "Review of Margaret Murray's

5663: 4909: 4797: 4445: 4327: 4156: 4069: 3930: 3891: 3840: 3559: 3511: 1971:. UCL also hold two busts of Murray, one kept in the 1272:

In May 1957, Murray had championed the archaeologist

6816:

Halliday, W.R. (1922). "Review of Margaret Murray's

6665:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 6527:—— (1935). "Review of Margaret Murray's 6154: 5888: 5561: 5415: 5252: 5182: 5119: 4945: 4681: 4626: 2968: 2912: 2464:

John Murray (London); The Wisdom of the East Series

2030:

A sculpture of the Horned God of Wicca found in the

1456:

and "domestic familiars" used in other magic rites.

7241:Williams, Mary (1961). "Ninety-Eight Years Young". 6640:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

5955: 5651: 5308: 5155: 5143: 4408: 2792:

The Divine King of England. A Study in Anthropology

1011:, invited her to lead excavations on the island of 512:

Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology

443:

Early years at University College London: 1894–1905

410:

Saxon Treatise concerning the Old and New Testament

7297:The Pomegranate: A New Journal of Neopagan Thought 7004:. Archive Series 1. London: The Folklore Society. 6958: 2626: 1793:, an agrarian visionary tradition recorded in the 1369:, who had argued for the existence of a pervasive 1090:In 1933, Petrie had retired from UCL and moved to 1064:British Association for the Advancement of Science 1344: 207:temple and the following season investigated the 187:Born to a wealthy middle-class English family in 7423: 7055: 6662:Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists 6399:"Lammas Night: Magical smack down on the Führer" 5499: 5460: 5385: 2407:British School of Archaeology in Egypt (London) 2307:Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art (Edinburgh) 2086:– the oldest alleged Wiccan group – was founded 2000:Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists 324:, then a major military city and the capital of 7056:Russell, Jeffrey B.; Alexander, Brooks (2007). 2300:Guide to the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities 1516:, which are often interpreted as depictions of 1395:The extreme negative and positive reactions to 577:which had been constructed by order of Pharaoh 6535:. Vol. 40, no. 3. pp. 491–492. 6514:. Vol. 27, no. 4. pp. 780–783. 2737: 2664: 2155:New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn 1767:Jeffrey B. Russell and Brooks Alexander, 2007. 1645:. A new approach, and such a surprising one." 1009:Cambridge Museum of Ethnology and Anthropology 771:In 1914, Petrie launched the academic journal 2153:in the creation of his Wiccan tradition, the 2012:Missouri University of Science and Technology 1811: 1805: 1799: 1786: 372:in Germany, where they both became fluent in 6633: 6017: 5989: 5977: 3539:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2644:Cambridge Excavations in Minorca, Sa Torreta 2399:Index of Names and Titles of the Old Kingdom 2236:in his writings about the fictional cult of 1218:'s highly unorthodox and heavily criticised 645:, she was present at large marches like the 415:In 1887, she returned to England, moving to 316:Margaret Murray was born on 13 July 1863 in 19:For other people named Margaret Murray, see 7197:T.C. Lethbridge: The Man Who Saw the Future 6614: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6148: 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6029: 5018: 4987: 4971: 4831: 4767: 4715: 4502: 3532: 2602: 467:. Having been founded by an endowment from 396:. In 1881, at age 18, Margaret heard about 238:Murray also became closely involved in the 7213: 6934: 5937: 5913: 5850: 5814: 5633: 3293: 3253: 2161:during the early 1970s, they were used by 1994:"as a tribute" to Murray. Murray's friend 1828:Bust of Murray held in the library of the 287:and in 1937 she led a small excavation at 49: 7231: 7157: 6999: 6925: 6867: 6749: 6584: 6463: 6144: 5882: 5750: 5346: 5298: 5137: 4660: 4644: 4596: 4562: 4514: 4431: 4114: 3955: 3861: 3822: 3798: 3778: 3710: 3245: 2990: 2699:Cambridge Excavations in Minorca, Trapucó 2660:Corpus of the Bronze-Age Pottery of Malta 1269:willing to defend her witch-cult theory. 1225: 990:Corpus of the Bronze Age Pottery of Malta 846:Witch-cult, Malta, and Menorca: 1921–1935 7240: 7194: 7175: 7139: 7103: 7074: 7046: 7000:Oates, Caroline; Wood, Juliette (1998). 6815: 6793: 6731: 6593: 6447: 6208: 6132: 6005: 5973: 5838: 5826: 5722: 5645: 5535: 5523: 5270: 5230: 5113: 5070: 4967: 4581: 4550: 4530: 4486: 4439: 4402: 4390: 4321: 4254: 4230: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4178: 4122: 4098: 4063: 4051: 4043: 4031: 4015: 3999: 3983: 3959: 3924: 3869: 3834: 3806: 3786: 3766: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3597: 3593: 3577: 3505: 3493: 3477: 3465: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3325: 3313: 3297: 3273: 3257: 3229: 3217: 3197: 3181: 3169: 3149: 3125: 3109: 3097: 3066: 3050: 3034: 3022: 3006: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2934: 2918: 2906: 2898: 2568:Sampson Low, Marston & Co. (London) 2025: 1851:One of Murray's friends in the Society, 1823: 1432: 1315:Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, Welwyn 1290: 1229: 1122: 994: 893: 705: 631: 608:. She published her findings in 1905 as 544: 446: 256:witch trials of Early Modern Christendom 7293:"Margaret Murray and the Rise of Wicca" 7122: 7018: 6884: 6712: 6396: 6372: 6344: 6256: 6128: 6001: 5949: 5925: 5878: 5862: 5782: 5734: 5693: 5618: 5606: 5511: 5484: 5448: 5369: 5342: 5176: 5002: 4963: 4542: 4474: 4190: 4174: 4134: 4090: 3971: 3912: 3881: 3536:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3528: 3526: 3309: 3289: 3241: 3161: 3141: 3078: 2074:were also based on Murray's framework. 1119:Petra, Cambridge, and London: 1935–1953 384:. There, they spent much time visiting 7502:Academics of University College London 7424: 7261: 7199:. Winchester and Washington: O-Books. 7166: 6969: 6956: 6947: 6828: 6774: 6683: 6658: 6566: 6484: 6435: 6423: 6384: 6360: 6348: 6332: 6320: 5961: 5802: 5790: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5738: 5710: 5591: 5579: 5551: 5472: 5436: 5409: 5397: 5381: 5350: 5338: 5302: 5274: 5218: 5206: 5101: 5082: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5014: 4983: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4648: 4620: 4608: 4577: 4546: 4526: 4490: 4458: 4435: 4419: 4378: 4336: 4317: 4269:"Obituary: Ethel H. Rudkin, 1893–1985" 4242: 4226: 4194: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4118: 4094: 4078: 4047: 4027: 4011: 3995: 3979: 3975: 3943: 3920: 3916: 3900: 3885: 3865: 3849: 3818: 3802: 3782: 3762: 3722: 3625: 3589: 3565: 3517: 3489: 3461: 3409: 3377: 3341: 3269: 3249: 3213: 3193: 3165: 3145: 3121: 3093: 3062: 3046: 3018: 3002: 2946: 2930: 2902: 2173:, a 1978 book written by the American 1677:, as was E. M. Loeb in his review for 777:British School of Archaeology in Egypt 479:, and based in the Edwards Library of 6978: 6889:. London: University College London. 6849: 6835:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6717:. Stockholm: Molin & Sorgenfrei. 6160: 5894: 5672: 5354: 5086: 4951: 4632: 4470: 4266: 4110: 3405: 3373: 3337: 3285: 3209: 3137: 2171:Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture 1718: 1573: 1295:Murray being interviewed by the BBC, 600:, which dated from the period of the 142:University College London (1898–1935) 16:Anglo-Indian Egyptologist (1863–1963) 7290: 7171:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 7042:. Toronto: Toronto University Press. 7037: 6903: 6547: 6526: 6505: 5866: 5754: 5657: 5567: 5555: 5547: 5424: 5326: 5314: 5286: 5258: 5246: 5242: 5191: 5164: 5149: 5125: 4360:from the original on 2 December 2020 3523: 988:, resulting in another publication, 7517:20th-century British archaeologists 7512:19th-century British archaeologists 7497:Alumni of University College London 2690:Egyptian Research Account (London) 2437:Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar 2371:Egyptian Research Account (London) 2327:Egyptian Research Account (London) 1641:, "and exciting her first book was 1606:Witches, Demons and Fertility Magic 1003:On the basis of her work in Malta, 724:Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar 585:. She published her site report as 311: 13: 7542:Presidents of the Folklore Society 7527:19th-century British women writers 7492:20th-century British women writers 6779:. London and New York: Routledge. 4350:"Who put Bella down the Wych Elm?" 4342: 2818:William Kimber & Co. (London) 2446:University College Press (London) 2427:Sheratt & Hughes (Manchester) 2389:University College Press (London) 1832:. The bronze cast was produced by 1648: 1309:, Murray had moved into a home in 1027:, resulting in the publication of 682:Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 643:Women's Social and Political Union 250:, she focused her research on the 244:Women's Social and Political Union 14: 7558: 7413:Works by or about Margaret Murray 7317: 7127:. Vol. 105. pp. 89–96. 6824:. Vol. 33. pp. 224–230. 6456: 6405:from the original on 25 June 2023 4299:from the original on 20 July 2023 2755:Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry 2484:Oxford University Press (Oxford) 2360:Saqqara Mastabas Part I and Gurob 1496:, published by the popular press 1203:Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry 813:, where she became interested in 7547:British people in colonial India 7388: 7376: 7049:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6950:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6908:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6818:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6508:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6390: 2234:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 2203: 1965:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 1819: 1628:Related to this, the folklorist 1594:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1578: 1490:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1477:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1411:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1397:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1029:Cambridge Excavations in Minorca 884:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 471:, one of the co-founders of the 21:Margaret Murray (disambiguation) 6734:"The Legacy of T.C. Lethbridge" 6397:Lasiter, Kelly (16 July 2010). 4260: 3072: 2782:Philosophical Library (London) 2263: 1553:as evidence of his veneration. 1371:dying-and-resurrecting god myth 1365:the work of the anthropologist 1331:Royal Anthropological Institute 1070:, where she visited museums in 952:. She excavated the Bronze Age 766:Royal Anthropological Institute 491:languages which were taught by 7404:Works by Margaret Alice Murray 7142:"Margaret Murray's Meat Curry" 4267:Brown, Theo (1 January 1986). 2525:Excavations in Malta, Part III 2072:system of seasonal festivities 2032:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic 1952:In his obituary for Murray in 1926: 1345:Murray's witch-cult hypotheses 1177:Who put Bella in the Wych Elm? 1161:Army Bureau of Current Affairs 1111:, a Bronze Age mound south of 722:which was followed in 1911 by 695:In 1907, Petrie excavated the 674:National Museum of Antiquities 573:, a temple devoted to the god 1: 7467:British women anthropologists 7255:10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717291 7108:. New York: Lexington Books. 7060:. London: Thames and Hudson. 6948:Murray, Margaret A. (1962) . 6927:10.1525/aa.1922.24.4.02a00150 6885:Janssen, Rosalind M. (1992). 6869:10.1080/0015587x.1963.9716934 6608:10.1080/0015587X.1987.9716407 6499:10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717300 4489:, pp. 157–159, 164–165; 4285:10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384 2881: 2509:Excavations in Malta, Part II 1979:, and produced by the artist 1699:between Murray's in 1917 and 1296: 840: 758:, and thus were published in 651:Women's Coronation Procession 569:Abydos, Murray uncovered the 306: 71:Calcutta, British India (now 7487:20th-century British writers 7472:British women archaeologists 7367:Resources in other libraries 7343:Resources in other libraries 5500:Russell & Alexander 2007 5461:Russell & Alexander 2007 5386:Russell & Alexander 2007 3696:, pp. 197–198, 202–205. 3553:UK public library membership 2886: 2715:Petra, the Rock City of Edom 2493:Excavations in Malta, Part I 2418:The Tomb of the Two Brothers 2347:With chapters by Kurt Sethe 1830:UCL Institute of Archaeology 1207:The Splendour That Was Egypt 775:, published through his own 701:The Tomb of the Two Brothers 7: 6751:10.1080/0015587032000059915 6615:Doyle White, Ethan (2016). 2844: 2800:Faber & Faber (London) 2589:Faber & Faber (London) 2381:Elementary Egyptian Grammar 2021: 1388: 1165:The British Way and Purpose 1136:of Egyptian antiquities at 720:Elementary Egyptian Grammar 514:in 1895. Becoming Petrie's 477:Sir William Flinders Petrie 10: 7563: 7457:British women centenarians 7051:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6965:. London: Faber and Faber. 6952:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6533:American Historical Review 6512:American Historical Review 2706:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2674:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2651:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2635:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2532:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2516:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2500:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2350:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2062:and their meetings termed 1670:American Historical Review 1558:The Divine King in England 1348: 1262:, the society published a 1104:Ancient Egypt and the East 974:Percy Sladen Memorial Fund 878:Scottish Historical Review 825:had been brought there by 752:London School of Economics 493:Francis Llewellyn Griffith 18: 7537:British women folklorists 7362:Resources in your library 7338:Resources in your library 7220:Archaeology International 7214:Whitehouse, Ruth (2013). 7178:The Rebirth of Witchcraft 7176:Valiente, Doreen (1989). 7089:10.1017/S0269889712000221 6974:. London: William Kimber. 6652:10.1163/15700593-01501015 6586:10.1017/S0003598X00068708 3596:, pp. 526, 536–537; 3152:, pp. 26, 37, 41–44. 1947:Jacqueline Simpson, 1994. 1921: 1596:, the Medieval historian 1520:, as well as the deities 1138:Girton College, Cambridge 821:and to the idea that the 726:. In 1913, she published 581:during the period of the 457:University College London 178:University College London 138: 109: 104:University College London 99: 80: 60: 48: 30: 7532:British women historians 7477:Historians of witchcraft 7195:Welbourn, Terry (2011). 7140:Thornton, Amara (2014). 6957:—— (1952) . 6732:Finneran, Niall (2003). 5057:, pp. 32–37, 43–44. 3600:, pp. 121, 126–127. 2683:Saqqara Mastabas Part II 2671:and Themosticles Zammit 2456:Ancient Egyptian Legends 2116:Ethan Doyle White, 2016. 1437:The Devil on horseback. 1211:diffusionist perspective 1188:Institute of Archaeology 1025:Sa Torreta de Tramuntana 898:Murray in London in 1928 748:Charles Gabriel Seligman 728:Ancient Egyptian Legends 697:Tomb of the Two Brothers 408:'s edition of Aelfric's 366:the inferiority of women 203:, there discovering the 94:, Hertfordshire, England 7507:British women academics 7452:British anthropologists 7447:Scientists from Kolkata 7309:10.1558/pome.v13.i10.45 7291:Wood, Juliette (2001). 7180:. London: Robert Hale. 7104:—— (2013). 7023:. Abingdon: Routledge. 7019:Purkiss, Diane (1996). 6970:—— (1963). 6914:American Anthropologist 6829:Hutton, Ronald (1999). 6775:Gibson, Marion (2013). 3079:Ogilvie, Sarah (2024). 2829:The Genesis of Religion 2210:Encyclopædia Britannica 2188:The Triumph of the Moon 2137:. The prominent Wiccan 1996:Margaret Stefana Drower 1992:The First Hundred Years 1736:In 1975, the historian 1680:American Anthropologist 1556:In 1954, she published 1482:Encyclopædia Britannica 1426:those deemed traitors. 1335:The Genesis of Religion 1196:Veronica Seton-Williams 1192:City Literary Institute 962:Santa Maria tal-Bakkari 950:Gertrude Caton Thompson 905:Encyclopædia Britannica 742:of the tomb of Pharaoh 655:professional boundaries 557:. Petrie and his wife, 297:City Literary Institute 293:University of Cambridge 7226:(2012–2013): 120–127. 7167:Thomas, Keith (1971). 6972:My First Hundred Years 6961:The God of the Witches 6529:The God of the Witches 6401:. Fantasy Literature. 4818:, pp. 12–13, 109. 4742:, pp. 71, 79, 82. 3545:10.1093/ref:odnb/35169 2810:My First Hundred Years 2579:The God of the Witches 2318:The Osireion at Abydos 2245:Sylvia Townsend Warner 2113: 2042: 2016:University of Oklahoma 1969:My First Hundred Years 1944: 1837: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1787: 1780:The Italian historian 1775:Jeffrey Burton Russell 1764: 1658: 1494:The God of the Witches 1444: 1401: 1339:My First Hundred Years 1302: 1242: 1234: 1226:Final years: 1953–1963 1128: 1000: 931:The God of the Witches 899: 858:Margaret Murray, 1963. 855: 711: 670:Dublin National Museum 637: 618:The Osireion at Abydos 587:The Osireion at Abydos 550: 473:Egypt Exploration Fund 452: 268:new religious movement 262:religion devoted to a 254:, the theory that the 242:movement, joining the 7462:British Egyptologists 7276:10.1353/mod.2015.0051 7038:Rose, Elliot (1962). 6937:Folklore Society News 6852:"Dr. Margaret Murray" 6850:James, E. O. (1963). 6713:Faxneld, Per (2014). 6567:Daniel, Glyn (1964). 6548:Cohn, Norman (1975). 6347:, pp. 642, 644; 6145:Oates & Wood 1998 5883:Oates & Wood 1998 5751:Oates & Wood 1998 5347:Oates & Wood 1998 5299:Oates & Wood 1998 5138:Oates & Wood 1998 4661:Oates & Wood 1998 4645:Oates & Wood 1998 4597:Oates & Wood 1998 4515:Oates & Wood 1998 4432:Oates & Wood 1998 4115:Oates & Wood 1998 3956:Oates & Wood 1998 3862:Oates & Wood 1998 3823:Oates & Wood 1998 3799:Oates & Wood 1998 3779:Oates & Wood 1998 3711:Oates & Wood 1998 3246:Oates & Wood 1998 3232:, pp. 48–49, 52. 2991:Oates & Wood 1998 2851:Johann Jakob Bachofen 2762:John Murray (London) 2611:Empire Press (Malta) 2108: 2029: 1939: 1827: 1756: 1661:George L. Burr, 1922. 1653: 1436: 1393: 1351:Witch-cult hypothesis 1349:Further information: 1329:, the journal of the 1294: 1237: 1233: 1126: 1102:journal, renaming it 1007:, the curator of the 998: 897: 867:, the journal of the 850: 764:, the journal of the 709: 635: 548: 481:UCL's South Cloisters 450: 252:witch-cult hypothesis 149:Margaret Alice Murray 65:Margaret Alice Murray 7442:Writers from Kolkata 7385:at Wikimedia Commons 6904:Loeb, E. M. (1922). 6686:History of Religions 5853:, pp. 120, 125. 5789:, pp. 200–201; 5769:, pp. 196–204; 5245:, pp. 780–783; 4766:, pp. 190–191; 4320:, pp. 130–131; 4197:, pp. 127–128; 3998:, pp. 121–122; 3725:, pp. 118–119; 3252:, pp. 112–113; 3065:, pp. 110–111; 2838:Kegan Paul (London) 2282:Year of publication 1701:Rossell Hope Robbins 1639:Hilda Ellis Davidson 1471:The later historian 1216:Grafton Elliot Smith 1142:Lincolshire Folklore 786:The outbreak of the 225:Tomb of two Brothers 7264:Modernism/Modernity 6993:10.1558/pome.v7i1.5 6450:, pp. 253–254. 6438:, pp. 135–140. 6426:, pp. 560–566. 6363:, pp. 576–577. 5992:, pp. 155–156. 5439:, pp. 152–153. 5289:, pp. 476–478. 5249:, pp. 491–492. 4942:, pp. 270–279. 4930:, pp. 14, 238. 4906:, pp. 205–208. 4882:, pp. 152–162. 4846:, pp. 111–112. 4794:, pp. 194–200. 4553:, pp. 230–231. 4405:, pp. 178–188. 4381:, pp. 131–132. 4257:, pp. 226–227. 4245:, pp. 128–129. 4233:, pp. 224–226. 4153:, pp. 124–125. 4066:, pp. 144–150. 4054:, pp. 212–215. 4018:, pp. 210–211. 4002:, pp. 207–210. 3986:, pp. 169–171. 3872:, pp. 168–169. 3837:, pp. 166–166. 3809:, pp. 164–165. 3769:, pp. 98, 162. 3729:, pp. 199–201. 3672:, pp. 140–141. 3616:, pp. 126–129. 3580:, pp. 106–107. 3508:, pp. 111–112. 3496:, pp. 110–111. 3480:, pp. 108–109. 2965:, pp. 3–4, 13. 2550:Duckworth (London) 2082:suggested that the 1586:George Norman Clark 1440:Nuremberg Chronicle 1096:Mandatory Palestine 827:Joseph of Aramathea 614:Saqqara Mastabas II 240:first-wave feminist 223:recovered from the 7393:Works by or about 7351:By Margaret Murray 7077:Science in Context 6287:, pp. 77, 82. 6263:, pp. 17, 81. 4545:, pp. 80–81; 4517:, pp. 32, 35. 4434:, pp. 9, 91; 3428:, pp. 60, 75. 3396:, pp. 60, 68. 3220:, pp. 39, 47. 2598:Maltese Folk-Tales 2542:Egyptian Sculpture 2256:The fantasy novel 2163:Zsuzsanna Budapest 2047:contemporary Pagan 2043: 1911:Walter Bryan Emery 1838: 1719:Academic rejection 1630:Jacqueline Simpson 1610:Pennethorne Hughes 1574:Academic reception 1445: 1404:Mimi Winick, 2015. 1303: 1235: 1198:, to replace her. 1129: 1056:honorary doctorate 1033:Egyptian Sculpture 1001: 927:J. W. Brodie Innes 900: 853:persecuting form. 712: 638: 622:Saqqara Mastabas I 610:Saqqara Mastabas I 551: 524:Reginald Engelbach 453: 386:The Crystal Palace 7522:British feminists 7408:Project Gutenberg 7381:Media related to 7324:Library resources 7206:978-1-84694-500-7 7187:978-0-7090-3715-6 7115:978-0-7391-7417-3 7067:978-0-500-28634-0 7030:978-0-415-08762-9 7011:978-0-903515-16-0 6896:978-0-902137-33-2 6842:978-0-19-820744-3 6808:978-0-8018-4386-0 6786:978-0-415-67419-5 6724:978-91-87515-04-0 6676:978-0-472-11372-9 6626:978-1-84519-754-4 6559:978-0-435-82183-8 6311:, pp. 82–83. 6275:, pp. 81–83. 6071:, pp. 97–98. 6032:, pp. 16–17. 6018:Doyle White 2016b 5990:Doyle White 2016b 5978:Doyle White 2016b 5621:, pp. 30–31. 5558:, pp. 46–47. 5487:, pp. 90–91. 5451:, pp. 62–63. 5329:, pp. 56–61. 5140:, pp. 28–29. 5045:, pp. 28–29. 5033:, pp. 24–27. 4894:, pp. 30–32. 4730:, pp. 28–31. 4702:, pp. 11–12. 4663:, pp. 16–18. 4356:. 24 April 2015. 3551:(Subscription or 3416:, pp. 70–76. 3384:, pp. 66–67. 3360:, pp. 64–66. 3348:, pp. 61–63. 3316:, pp. 90–91. 3276:, pp. 52–53. 3260:, pp. 52–53. 3200:, pp. 45–46. 3172:, pp. 44–45. 3100:, pp. 24–25. 3069:, pp. 22–24. 3053:, pp. 21–22. 3009:, pp. 16–20. 2842: 2841: 2732:A Street in Petra 2222:Rosemary Sutcliff 1915:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1742:historical method 1612:in his 1952 book 1604:in his 1947 book 1528:in Egypt and the 1323:Ayot St. Lawrence 1255:John Mavrogordato 1220:hyperdiffusionist 978:Maltese Folktales 815:Glastonbury Abbey 686:Manchester Museum 596:cemetery near to 497:Walter Ewing Crum 322:Bengal Presidency 217:Manchester Museum 172:, historian, and 146: 145: 7554: 7482:Pseudohistorians 7417:Internet Archive 7392: 7380: 7312: 7287: 7258: 7237: 7235: 7210: 7191: 7172: 7163: 7161: 7136: 7119: 7100: 7071: 7052: 7043: 7034: 7015: 6996: 6975: 6966: 6964: 6953: 6944: 6931: 6929: 6900: 6881: 6871: 6846: 6825: 6812: 6790: 6771: 6753: 6728: 6709: 6680: 6655: 6630: 6611: 6590: 6588: 6563: 6544: 6523: 6502: 6481: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6309:Doyle White 2016 6306: 6300: 6297:Doyle White 2016 6294: 6288: 6285:Doyle White 2016 6282: 6276: 6273:Doyle White 2016 6270: 6264: 6261:Doyle White 2016 6254: 6248: 6245:Doyle White 2016 6242: 6236: 6233:Doyle White 2016 6230: 6224: 6221:Doyle White 2016 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6197:Doyle White 2016 6194: 6188: 6185:Doyle White 2016 6182: 6176: 6173:Doyle White 2016 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6149:Doyle White 2016 6142: 6136: 6126: 6120: 6117:Doyle White 2016 6114: 6108: 6105:Doyle White 2016 6102: 6096: 6093:Doyle White 2016 6090: 6084: 6081:Doyle White 2016 6078: 6072: 6069:Doyle White 2016 6066: 6060: 6057:Doyle White 2016 6054: 6048: 6045:Doyle White 2016 6042: 6033: 6030:Doyle White 2016 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5876: 5870: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5780: 5774: 5764: 5758: 5748: 5742: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5697: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5090: 5080: 5074: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5019:Doyle White 2016 5012: 5006: 5000: 4991: 4988:Doyle White 2016 4981: 4975: 4972:Doyle White 2016 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4832:Doyle White 2016 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4768:Doyle White 2016 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4716:Doyle White 2016 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4540: 4534: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4503:Doyle White 2016 4500: 4494: 4484: 4478: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4443: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4325: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4188: 4182: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4132: 4126: 4108: 4102: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4041: 4035: 4025: 4019: 4009: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3969: 3963: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3928: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3879: 3873: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3816: 3810: 3796: 3790: 3776: 3770: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3607: 3601: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3307: 3301: 3283: 3277: 3267: 3261: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3207: 3201: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3159: 3153: 3135: 3129: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3060: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3016: 3010: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2953:, pp. 8–10. 2944: 2938: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2896: 2831: 2794: 2775: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2581: 2560:Egyptian Temples 2477: 2420: 2337:Saqqara Mastabas 2320: 2279: 2278: 2193:article of faith 2123:Bob Clay-Egerton 2117: 2102:Witchcraft Today 2096:Gardnerian Wicca 2084:New Forest coven 2070:. Wicca's early 1985:Winifred Brunton 1977:Violet MacDermot 1948: 1858: 1846:Ralph Merrifield 1815: 1809: 1803: 1792: 1768: 1662: 1635:Montague Summers 1590:Christopher Hill 1563:The Golden Bough 1488:Murray followed 1405: 1301: 1298: 1274:T. C. Lethbridge 1249: 1155:, Murray evaded 1153:Second World War 1037:Egyptian Temples 869:Folklore Society 859: 649:of 1907 and the 606:Auguste Mariette 485:Ancient Egyptian 394:cholera outbreak 348:. The historian 312:Youth: 1863–1893 182:Folklore Society 159: 87: 84:13 November 1963 53: 43: 28: 27: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7422: 7421: 7395:Margaret Murray 7383:Margaret Murray 7373: 7372: 7371: 7348: 7347: 7332: 7331: 7329:Margaret Murray 7327: 7320: 7315: 7233:10.5334/ai.1608 7207: 7188: 7116: 7068: 7031: 7012: 6897: 6843: 6809: 6795:Ginzburg, Carlo 6787: 6725: 6677: 6627: 6560: 6459: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6143: 6139: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5976:, p. vii; 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952:, p. xiii. 5948: 5944: 5938:Whitehouse 2013 5936: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5914:Whitehouse 2013 5912: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5877: 5873: 5861: 5857: 5851:Whitehouse 2013 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5815:Whitehouse 2013 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5781: 5777: 5765: 5761: 5749: 5745: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5700: 5692: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5634:Merrifield 1993 5632: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554:, p. 378; 5550:, p. 223; 5546: 5542: 5538:, p. xiii. 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384:, p. 362; 5380: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5353:, p. 198; 5341:, p. 516; 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5085:, p. 272; 5081: 5077: 5069:, p. 272; 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4994: 4986:, p. 196; 4982: 4978: 4970:, p. 169; 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4588: 4580:, p. 132; 4576: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549:, p. 132; 4541: 4537: 4529:, p. 132; 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4485: 4481: 4473:, p. 569; 4469: 4465: 4457: 4446: 4438:, p. 132; 4430: 4426: 4418: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4354:Strange Remains 4348: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4328: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229:, p. 128; 4225:, p. 434; 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4133: 4129: 4121:, p. 115; 4113:, p. 569; 4109: 4105: 4097:, p. 115; 4089: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050:, p. 123; 4046:, p. 434; 4042: 4038: 4030:, p. 112; 4026: 4022: 4014:, p. 112; 4010: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3982:, p. 119; 3978:, p. 196; 3970: 3966: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3931: 3923:, p. 119; 3919:, p. 199; 3911: 3907: 3899: 3892: 3880: 3876: 3868:, p. 195; 3860: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821:, p. 104; 3817: 3813: 3805:, p. 118; 3797: 3793: 3785:, p. 118; 3777: 3773: 3765:, p. 118; 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632:, p. 526; 3628:, p. 116; 3624: 3620: 3612:, p. 539; 3608: 3604: 3592:, p. 116; 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492:, p. 118; 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412:, p. 114; 3408:, p. 569; 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380:, p. 114; 3376:, p. 569; 3372:, p. 434; 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344:, p. 113; 3340:, p. 569; 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3296:, p. 121; 3294:Whitehouse 2013 3288:, p. 568; 3284: 3280: 3272:, p. 115; 3268: 3264: 3256:, p. 120; 3254:Whitehouse 2013 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216:, p. 112; 3212:, p. 568; 3208: 3204: 3196:, p. 112; 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168:, p. 111; 3160: 3156: 3148:, p. 111; 3140:, p. 568; 3136: 3132: 3124:, p. 111; 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096:, p. 111; 3092: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3061: 3057: 3049:, p. 110; 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021:, p. 110; 3017: 3013: 3005:, p. 110; 3001: 2997: 2989:, p. 434; 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949:, p. 110; 2945: 2941: 2933:, p. 110; 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905:, p. 110; 2901:, p. 433; 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2876:Flinders Petrie 2847: 2739: 2738: 2666: 2665: 2629:Dorothy Pilcher 2628: 2627: 2604: 2603: 2440:(2nd ed. 1927) 2266: 2230:H. P. Lovecraft 2206: 2139:Doreen Valiente 2135:Rosaleen Norton 2131:Charles Cardell 2127:Robert Cochrane 2119: 2115: 2080:Philip Heselton 2068:Book of Shadows 2024: 2004:Lexington Books 1981:Stephen Rickard 1950: 1946: 1929: 1924: 1856: 1834:Stephen Rickard 1822: 1770: 1766: 1726:Alan Macfarlane 1721: 1664: 1660: 1651: 1649:Early criticism 1598:Steven Runciman 1581: 1576: 1475:commented that 1407: 1403: 1391: 1353: 1347: 1299: 1286:Gog Magog Hills 1282:Wandlebury Hill 1251: 1244: 1228: 1179:" murder case. 1169:Downing College 1121: 946:senior lecturer 861: 857: 848: 843: 788:First World War 630: 563:Émile Amélineau 528:Georgina Aitken 445: 314: 309: 248:First World War 193:Flinders Petrie 151: 100:Alma mater 95: 89: 88:(aged 100) 85: 76: 69: 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 33: 32:Margaret Murray 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7420: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7386: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318:External links 7316: 7314: 7313: 7288: 7270:(3): 565–592. 7259: 7249:(3): 433–437. 7238: 7211: 7205: 7192: 7186: 7173: 7164: 7137: 7120: 7114: 7101: 7083:(4): 525–549. 7072: 7066: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7029: 7016: 7010: 6997: 6976: 6967: 6954: 6945: 6932: 6901: 6895: 6882: 6862:(4): 568–569. 6847: 6841: 6826: 6813: 6807: 6791: 6785: 6772: 6744:(1): 107–114. 6729: 6723: 6710: 6698:10.1086/462721 6692:(3): 149–172. 6681: 6675: 6656: 6646:(1): 154–156. 6631: 6625: 6612: 6602:(2): 123–130. 6591: 6564: 6558: 6545: 6524: 6503: 6493:(3): 560–566. 6482: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6389: 6387:, p. 565. 6377: 6375:, p. 645. 6365: 6353: 6351:, p. 565. 6337: 6335:, p. 144. 6325: 6323:, p. 294. 6313: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6259:, p. 95; 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6199:, p. 188. 6189: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6151:, p. 186. 6147:, p. 14; 6137: 6135:, p. 177. 6131:, p. 89; 6121: 6109: 6107:, p. 132. 6097: 6095:, p. 120. 6085: 6083:, p. 101. 6073: 6061: 6049: 6034: 6022: 6020:, p. 156. 6010: 6008:, p. 176. 6004:, p. 89; 5994: 5982: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5940:, p. 120. 5930: 5918: 5916:, p. 125. 5899: 5887: 5881:, p. 89; 5871: 5865:, p. 89; 5855: 5843: 5831: 5829:, p. 108. 5819: 5807: 5805:, p. 120. 5795: 5793:, p. 121. 5785:, p. 31; 5775: 5773:, p. 200. 5759: 5753:, p. 12; 5743: 5741:, p. 200. 5737:, p. 89; 5727: 5725:, p. 532. 5715: 5713:, p. 194. 5698: 5677: 5675:, p. 568. 5662: 5650: 5648:, p. 123. 5638: 5623: 5611: 5596: 5594:, p. 277. 5584: 5582:, p. 278. 5572: 5570:, p. 223. 5560: 5540: 5528: 5526:, p. xix. 5516: 5504: 5502:, p. 154. 5489: 5477: 5475:, p. 196. 5465: 5453: 5441: 5429: 5427:, p. 109. 5414: 5412:, p. 514. 5402: 5400:, p. 362. 5390: 5388:, p. 154. 5374: 5359: 5349:, p. 28; 5345:, p. 90; 5331: 5319: 5307: 5305:, p. 198. 5301:, p. 28; 5291: 5279: 5277:, p. 198. 5263: 5261:, p. 781. 5251: 5235: 5233:, p. 169. 5223: 5221:, p. 152. 5211: 5209:, p. 198. 5196: 5194:, p. 782. 5181: 5169: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5128:, p. 108. 5118: 5106: 5104:, p. 515. 5091: 5075: 5073:, p. 170. 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5017:, p. 13; 5007: 4992: 4976: 4966:, p. 89; 4956: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4870:, p. 169. 4860: 4858:, p. 124. 4848: 4836: 4830:, p. 97; 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4782:, p. 186. 4772: 4756: 4754:, p. 225. 4744: 4732: 4720: 4714:, p. 13; 4704: 4692: 4680: 4678:, p. 570. 4665: 4653: 4651:, p. 119. 4647:, p. 16; 4637: 4625: 4623:, p. 569. 4613: 4611:, p. 567. 4601: 4586: 4584:, p. 231. 4567: 4565:, p. 106. 4563:Anonymous 1963 4555: 4535: 4533:, p. 230. 4519: 4507: 4495: 4479: 4463: 4461:, p. 132. 4444: 4442:, p. 229. 4424: 4407: 4395: 4393:, p. 140. 4383: 4371: 4341: 4339:, p. 131. 4326: 4324:, p. 228. 4310: 4279:(2): 222–223. 4259: 4247: 4235: 4215: 4213:, p. 201. 4203: 4201:, p. 224. 4193:, p. 30; 4183: 4177:, p. 22; 4167: 4165:, p. 125. 4155: 4143: 4141:, p. 121. 4137:, p. 21; 4127: 4103: 4093:, p. 10; 4083: 4081:, p. 124. 4068: 4056: 4036: 4034:, p. 210. 4020: 4004: 3988: 3974:, p. 93; 3964: 3962:, p. 175. 3948: 3946:, p. 199. 3929: 3927:, p. 169. 3915:, p. 89; 3905: 3903:, p. 119. 3890: 3888:, p. 198. 3884:, p. 90; 3874: 3864:, p. 12; 3854: 3852:, p. 195. 3839: 3827: 3811: 3801:, p. 19; 3791: 3789:, p. 163. 3781:, p. 18; 3771: 3755: 3753:, p. 161. 3743: 3731: 3715: 3698: 3686: 3684:, p. 152. 3674: 3662: 3650: 3648:, p. 121. 3638: 3636:, p. 130. 3618: 3602: 3582: 3570: 3568:, p. 116. 3558: 3522: 3520:, p. 115. 3510: 3498: 3482: 3470: 3468:, p. 117. 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3398: 3386: 3362: 3350: 3330: 3318: 3312:, p. 14; 3302: 3292:, p. 12; 3278: 3262: 3244:, p. 11; 3234: 3222: 3202: 3186: 3174: 3164:, p. 10; 3154: 3144:, p. 10; 3130: 3114: 3102: 3086: 3071: 3055: 3039: 3027: 3011: 2995: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2939: 2923: 2911: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2274:Wilfrid Bonser 2265: 2262: 2250:Lolly Willowes 2205: 2202: 2198:Donald H. Frew 2175:gay liberation 2151:Aidan A. Kelly 2107: 2092:Gerald Gardner 2023: 2020: 1963:In June 1983, 1938: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1907:Jaroslav Černý 1844:Archaeologist 1821: 1818: 1782:Carlo Ginzburg 1760:Stilton cheese 1755: 1720: 1717: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643:at that period 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1466:Gilles de Rais 1392: 1390: 1387: 1379:Herbert Fleure 1346: 1343: 1311:North Finchley 1305:Crippled with 1236: 1227: 1224: 1127:Murray in 1938 1120: 1117: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 796:Ottoman Empire 663:Winifred Smith 629: 626: 540:British Museum 499:respectively. 469:Amelia Edwards 465:Central London 444: 441: 406:William L'Isle 350:Amara Thornton 313: 310: 308: 305: 213:British Museum 170:anthropologist 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 126:anthropologist 123: 118: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 90: 82: 78: 77: 70: 64: 62: 58: 57: 55:Murray in 1928 54: 46: 45: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7559: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7310: 7306: 7303:(15): 45–54. 7302: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7159:10.5334/pp.59 7155: 7151: 7147: 7146:Present Pasts 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6920:(4): 476–78. 6919: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6449: 6448:Sheppard 2013 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6299:, p. 82. 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6247:, p. 63. 6246: 6241: 6235:, p. 59. 6234: 6229: 6223:, p. 55. 6222: 6217: 6211:, p. 24. 6210: 6209:Valiente 1989 6205: 6198: 6193: 6187:, p. 38. 6186: 6181: 6175:, p. 34. 6174: 6169: 6163:, p. 17. 6162: 6157: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6133:Sheppard 2013 6130: 6125: 6119:, p. 28. 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6059:, p. 87. 6058: 6053: 6047:, p. 77. 6046: 6041: 6039: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6006:Sheppard 2013 6003: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5979: 5975: 5974:Sheppard 2013 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5928:, p. 88. 5927: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5897:, p. 24. 5896: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5869:, p. 45. 5868: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5839:Thornton 2014 5835: 5828: 5827:Finneran 2003 5823: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5757:, p. 46. 5756: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5723:Sheppard 2012 5719: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5696:, p. 89. 5695: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5660:, p. 45. 5659: 5654: 5647: 5646:Davidson 1987 5642: 5636:, p. 10. 5635: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5615: 5609:, p. 79. 5608: 5603: 5601: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5536:Ginzburg 1983 5532: 5525: 5524:Ginzburg 1983 5520: 5514:, p. 95. 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5463:, p. 42. 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5372:, p. 94. 5371: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5317:, p. 56. 5316: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5271:Halliday 1922 5267: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5231:Sheppard 2013 5227: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5179:, p. 90. 5178: 5173: 5167:, p. 15. 5166: 5161: 5159: 5152:, p. 14. 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5114:Runciman 1962 5110: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5089:, p. 12. 5088: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5071:Sheppard 2013 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5021:, p. 87. 5020: 5016: 5011: 5005:, p. 93. 5004: 4999: 4997: 4990:, p. 16. 4989: 4985: 4980: 4974:, p. 16. 4973: 4969: 4968:Sheppard 2013 4965: 4960: 4954:, p. 14. 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4918:, p. 19. 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4834:, p. 16. 4833: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4806:, p. 15. 4805: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4770:, p. 16. 4769: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4718:, p. 16. 4717: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4635:, p. 12. 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4583: 4582:Sheppard 2013 4579: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4551:Sheppard 2013 4548: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4531:Sheppard 2013 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4505:, p. 16. 4504: 4499: 4493:, p. 94. 4492: 4488: 4487:Welbourn 2011 4483: 4477:, p. 94. 4476: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4440:Sheppard 2013 4437: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4404: 4403:Sheppard 2013 4399: 4392: 4391:Sheppard 2013 4387: 4380: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4322:Sheppard 2013 4319: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4255:Sheppard 2013 4251: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4231:Sheppard 2013 4228: 4224: 4223:Williams 1961 4219: 4212: 4211:Sheppard 2013 4207: 4200: 4199:Sheppard 2013 4196: 4192: 4187: 4181:, p. 99. 4180: 4179:Sheppard 2013 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4125:, p. 97. 4124: 4123:Sheppard 2013 4120: 4117:, p. 9; 4116: 4112: 4107: 4101:, p. 97. 4100: 4099:Sheppard 2013 4096: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064:Sheppard 2013 4060: 4053: 4052:Sheppard 2013 4049: 4045: 4044:Williams 1961 4040: 4033: 4032:Sheppard 2013 4029: 4024: 4017: 4016:Sheppard 2013 4013: 4008: 4001: 4000:Sheppard 2013 3997: 3992: 3985: 3984:Sheppard 2013 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3960:Sheppard 2013 3958:, p. 9; 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3925:Sheppard 2013 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3870:Sheppard 2013 3867: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3835:Sheppard 2013 3831: 3825:, p. 18. 3824: 3820: 3815: 3808: 3807:Sheppard 2013 3804: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3787:Sheppard 2013 3784: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3767:Sheppard 2013 3764: 3759: 3752: 3751:Sheppard 2013 3747: 3741:, p. 97. 3740: 3739:Sheppard 2013 3735: 3728: 3727:Sheppard 2013 3724: 3719: 3713:, p. 13. 3712: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3694:Sheppard 2013 3690: 3683: 3682:Sheppard 2013 3678: 3671: 3670:Sheppard 2013 3666: 3660:, p. 89. 3659: 3658:Sheppard 2013 3654: 3647: 3646:Sheppard 2013 3642: 3635: 3634:Sheppard 2013 3631: 3630:Sheppard 2012 3627: 3622: 3615: 3614:Sheppard 2013 3611: 3610:Sheppard 2012 3606: 3599: 3598:Sheppard 2013 3595: 3594:Sheppard 2012 3591: 3586: 3579: 3578:Sheppard 2013 3574: 3567: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3506:Sheppard 2013 3502: 3495: 3494:Sheppard 2013 3491: 3486: 3479: 3478:Sheppard 2013 3474: 3467: 3466:Sheppard 2013 3463: 3458: 3452:, p. 86. 3451: 3450:Sheppard 2013 3446: 3440:, p. 60. 3439: 3438:Sheppard 2013 3434: 3427: 3426:Sheppard 2013 3422: 3415: 3414:Sheppard 2013 3411: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3394:Sheppard 2013 3390: 3383: 3382:Sheppard 2013 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370:Williams 1961 3366: 3359: 3358:Sheppard 2013 3354: 3347: 3346:Sheppard 2013 3343: 3339: 3334: 3328:, p. 84. 3327: 3326:Sheppard 2013 3322: 3315: 3314:Sheppard 2013 3311: 3306: 3300:, p. 87. 3299: 3298:Sheppard 2013 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3274:Sheppard 2013 3271: 3266: 3259: 3258:Sheppard 2013 3255: 3251: 3248:, p. 9; 3247: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3230:Sheppard 2013 3226: 3219: 3218:Sheppard 2013 3215: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3198:Sheppard 2013 3195: 3190: 3184:, p. 45. 3183: 3182:Sheppard 2013 3178: 3171: 3170:Sheppard 2013 3167: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3150:Sheppard 2013 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3128:, p. 26. 3127: 3126:Sheppard 2013 3123: 3118: 3112:, p. 25. 3111: 3110:Sheppard 2013 3106: 3099: 3098:Sheppard 2013 3095: 3090: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3067:Sheppard 2013 3064: 3059: 3052: 3051:Sheppard 2013 3048: 3043: 3037:, p. 21. 3036: 3035:Sheppard 2013 3031: 3025:, p. 21. 3024: 3023:Sheppard 2013 3020: 3015: 3008: 3007:Sheppard 2013 3004: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2987:Williams 1961 2983: 2976: 2975:Thornton 2014 2971: 2964: 2963:Sheppard 2013 2959: 2952: 2951:Sheppard 2013 2948: 2943: 2936: 2935:Sheppard 2013 2932: 2927: 2920: 2919:Sheppard 2013 2915: 2908: 2907:Sheppard 2013 2904: 2900: 2899:Williams 1961 2895: 2891: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2871:Robert Graves 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2856:Howard Carter 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Robert Graves 2215: 2214:Aldous Huxley 2211: 2204:In literature 2201: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:San Francisco 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2055:Pagan studies 2052: 2048: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:Petrie Museum 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901:, performing 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883:Sunday School 1879: 1877: 1876:Jessie Weston 1873: 1872:Jane Harrison 1868: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1820:Personal life 1817: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1750:Diane Purkiss 1747: 1746:Mircea Eliade 1743: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693:folkloristics 1688: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1657: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:Arno Runeberg 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1579:Early support 1571: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1473:Ronald Hutton 1469: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Hertfordshire 1316: 1312: 1308: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173:Ely Cathedral 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1109:Tall al-Ajjul 1105: 1101: 1100:Ancient Egypt 1097: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1049:Hertfordshire 1046: 1042: 1041:Whomerle Wood 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 997: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:Borġ in-Nadur 967: 963: 959: 956:monuments of 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:Ralph Shirley 920: 916: 912: 907: 906: 896: 892: 890: 889:Henry Balfour 886: 885: 880: 879: 874: 870: 866: 860: 854: 838: 836: 835:Jessie Weston 832: 831:Ancient Egypt 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 773:Ancient Egypt 769: 767: 763: 762: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736:Howard Carter 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 708: 704: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 634: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 566: 564: 560: 556: 547: 543: 541: 537: 536:Myrtle Broome 533: 529: 525: 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 449: 440: 438: 434: 430: 429:Hertfordshire 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 351: 347: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326:British India 323: 319: 304: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 285:Tall al-Ajjul 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 233:Ancient Egypt 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 201:Abydos, Egypt 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 166:archaeologist 163: 158: 154: 150: 141: 137: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 121:archaeologist 119: 117: 114: 113: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 93: 83: 79: 74: 63: 59: 52: 47: 42: 38: 29: 26: 22: 7357:Online books 7350: 7328: 7300: 7296: 7267: 7263: 7246: 7242: 7223: 7219: 7196: 7177: 7168: 7149: 7145: 7124: 7105: 7080: 7076: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7020: 7001: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6960: 6949: 6940: 6936: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6886: 6859: 6855: 6831: 6821: 6817: 6798: 6776: 6741: 6737: 6714: 6689: 6685: 6661: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6616: 6599: 6595: 6579:(149): 1–6. 6576: 6572: 6549: 6532: 6528: 6511: 6507: 6490: 6486: 6469: 6465: 6457:Bibliography 6443: 6431: 6419: 6407:. Retrieved 6392: 6380: 6373:Faxneld 2014 6368: 6356: 6345:Faxneld 2014 6340: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6257:Simpson 1994 6252: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6140: 6129:Simpson 1994 6124: 6112: 6100: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6052: 6025: 6013: 6002:Simpson 1994 5997: 5985: 5969: 5957: 5950:Janssen 1992 5945: 5933: 5926:Janssen 1992 5921: 5890: 5885:, p. 8. 5879:Simpson 1994 5874: 5863:Simpson 1994 5858: 5846: 5841:, p. 1. 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5783:Janssen 1992 5778: 5762: 5746: 5735:Simpson 1994 5730: 5718: 5694:Simpson 1994 5653: 5641: 5619:Janssen 1992 5614: 5607:Janssen 1992 5587: 5575: 5563: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5512:Simpson 1994 5507: 5485:Simpson 1994 5480: 5468: 5456: 5449:Purkiss 1996 5444: 5432: 5405: 5393: 5377: 5370:Simpson 1994 5357:, p. 5. 5343:Simpson 1994 5334: 5322: 5310: 5294: 5282: 5266: 5254: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5177:Simpson 1994 5172: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5116:, p. 5. 5109: 5078: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5010: 5003:Simpson 1994 4979: 4964:Simpson 1994 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4707: 4695: 4690:, p. 6. 4683: 4656: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4599:, p. 7. 4558: 4543:Janssen 1992 4538: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4482: 4475:Simpson 1994 4466: 4427: 4422:, p. 2. 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362:. Retrieved 4353: 4344: 4313: 4301:. Retrieved 4276: 4272: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4218: 4206: 4191:Janssen 1992 4186: 4175:Janssen 1992 4170: 4158: 4146: 4135:Janssen 1992 4130: 4106: 4091:Janssen 1992 4086: 4059: 4039: 4023: 4007: 3991: 3972:Simpson 1994 3967: 3951: 3913:Simpson 1994 3908: 3882:Simpson 1994 3877: 3857: 3830: 3814: 3794: 3774: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3718: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3621: 3605: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3534: 3513: 3501: 3485: 3473: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3401: 3389: 3365: 3353: 3333: 3321: 3310:Janssen 1992 3305: 3290:Janssen 1992 3281: 3265: 3242:Janssen 1992 3237: 3225: 3205: 3189: 3177: 3162:Janssen 1992 3157: 3142:Janssen 1992 3133: 3117: 3105: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3058: 3042: 3030: 3014: 2998: 2993:, p. 9. 2982: 2977:, p. 5. 2970: 2958: 2942: 2937:, p. 6. 2926: 2921:, p. 2. 2914: 2909:, p. 2. 2894: 2861:James Frazer 2828: 2809: 2791: 2772: 2754: 2731: 2714: 2698: 2682: 2659: 2643: 2620: 2597: 2578: 2559: 2541: 2524: 2508: 2492: 2474: 2455: 2436: 2417: 2398: 2380: 2365: 2359: 2336: 2317: 2299: 2269: 2267: 2264:Bibliography 2258:Lammas Night 2255: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2232:, who cited 2226:Henry Treece 2209: 2207: 2186: 2183: 2179:Arthur Evans 2170: 2167:Dianic Wicca 2144: 2120: 2114: 2109: 2100: 2087: 2076: 2063: 2059: 2049:religion of 2044: 2007: 1999: 1991: 1989: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1880: 1869: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1757: 1735: 1730:Keith Thomas 1722: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1654: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1605: 1593: 1582: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1547:Dorset Ooser 1534:Minoan Crete 1514:Mohenjo-Daro 1510:Palaeolithic 1503: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1458: 1446: 1438: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1383:Harold Peake 1375:Karl Pearson 1367:James Frazer 1363: 1354: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1304: 1278:hill figures 1271: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1243: 1238: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1181: 1150: 1146:Ethel Rudkin 1141: 1130: 1103: 1099: 1088: 1068:Soviet Union 1060:Mary of Teck 1053: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1005:Louis Clarke 1002: 989: 986:Malta Museum 982:Manuel Magri 977: 943: 930: 919:Lewis Spence 915:Dion Fortune 903: 901: 882: 876: 872: 864: 862: 856: 851: 830: 804: 802:in France. 785: 780: 772: 770: 759: 727: 723: 719: 713: 700: 694: 667: 639: 621: 617: 613: 609: 591: 586: 567: 559:Hilda Petrie 552: 521: 515: 511: 507: 501: 454: 425:Bushey Heath 421:Warwickshire 414: 409: 398:James Murray 390: 382:South London 355: 342: 338:Christianity 336:, preaching 315: 301: 237: 186: 162:Egyptologist 148: 147: 116:Egyptologist 86:(1963-11-13) 68:13 July 1863 25: 7437:1963 deaths 7432:1863 births 6987:(1): 5–26. 6906:"Review of 6569:"Editorial" 6436:Drower 2004 6424:Bonser 1961 6385:Winick 2015 6361:Winick 2015 6349:Winick 2015 6333:Gibson 2013 6321:Hutton 1999 5962:Drower 2004 5803:Drower 2004 5791:Drower 2004 5787:Hutton 1999 5771:Hutton 1999 5767:Murray 1963 5739:Hutton 1999 5711:Hutton 1999 5592:Hutton 1999 5580:Hutton 1999 5552:Hutton 1999 5473:Hutton 1999 5437:Eliade 1975 5410:Thomas 1971 5398:Hutton 1999 5382:Hutton 1999 5351:Hutton 1999 5339:Thomas 1971 5303:Hutton 1999 5275:Hutton 1999 5219:Eliade 1975 5207:Hutton 1999 5102:Thomas 1971 5083:Hutton 1999 5067:Hutton 1999 5055:Murray 1952 5043:Murray 1952 5031:Murray 1952 5015:Murray 1952 4984:Hutton 1999 4940:Murray 1962 4928:Murray 1962 4916:Murray 1962 4904:Murray 1962 4892:Murray 1962 4880:Murray 1962 4868:Murray 1962 4856:Murray 1962 4844:Murray 1962 4828:Murray 1962 4816:Murray 1962 4804:Murray 1962 4792:Murray 1962 4780:Murray 1962 4764:Murray 1962 4752:Murray 1962 4740:Murray 1962 4728:Murray 1962 4712:Murray 1962 4700:Murray 1962 4688:Murray 1962 4676:Winick 2015 4649:Drower 2004 4621:Winick 2015 4609:Winick 2015 4578:Drower 2004 4547:Drower 2004 4527:Drower 2004 4491:Gibson 2013 4459:Drower 2004 4436:Drower 2004 4420:Daniel 1964 4379:Drower 2004 4337:Drower 2004 4318:Drower 2004 4303:16 November 4243:Drower 2004 4227:Drower 2004 4195:Drower 2004 4163:Drower 2004 4151:Drower 2004 4139:Drower 2004 4119:Drower 2004 4095:Drower 2004 4079:Drower 2004 4048:Drower 2004 4028:Drower 2004 4012:Drower 2004 3996:Drower 2004 3980:Drower 2004 3976:Hutton 1999 3944:Hutton 1999 3921:Drower 2004 3917:Hutton 1999 3901:Drower 2004 3886:Hutton 1999 3866:Hutton 1999 3850:Hutton 1999 3819:Murray 1963 3803:Drower 2004 3783:Drower 2004 3763:Drower 2004 3723:Drower 2004 3626:Drower 2004 3590:Drower 2004 3566:Drower 2004 3518:Drower 2004 3490:Drower 2004 3462:Drower 2004 3410:Drower 2004 3378:Drower 2004 3342:Drower 2004 3270:Drower 2004 3250:Drower 2004 3214:Drower 2004 3194:Drower 2004 3166:Drower 2004 3146:Drower 2004 3122:Drower 2004 3094:Drower 2004 3063:Drower 2004 3047:Drower 2004 3019:Drower 2004 3003:Drower 2004 2947:Drower 2004 2931:Drower 2004 2903:Drower 2004 2866:René Girard 2740:J. C. Ellis 2667:Horace Beck 2368:by L. Loat 2288:Co-authors 2243:The author 2159:Los Angeles 2002:. In 2013, 1927:In academia 1891:rationalist 1865:Glyn Daniel 1853:E. O. James 1738:Norman Cohn 1713:Enid Porter 1709:Ruth Tongue 1608:as well as 1540:in Greece, 1498:Sampson Low 1462:Joan of Arc 1415:New England 1300: 1960 1265:festschrift 1246:Glyn Daniel 1151:During the 1035:(1930) and 958:Santa Sofia 819:King Arthur 807:Glastonbury 744:Tutankhamun 732:John Murray 716:Egyptomania 659:common room 602:Old Kingdom 583:New Kingdom 532:Guy Brunton 229:Egyptomania 197:excavations 110:Occupations 7426:Categories 7399:Wikisource 7152:(1): 1–7. 6161:Noble 2005 5895:Noble 2005 5673:James 1963 5355:Noble 2005 5087:Noble 2005 4952:Noble 2005 4633:Noble 2005 4471:James 1963 4364:17 January 4111:James 1963 3555:required.) 3406:James 1963 3374:James 1963 3338:James 1963 3286:James 1963 3210:James 1963 3138:James 1963 3083:. Vantage. 2882:References 2583:(Ed/1960) 2291:Publisher 2006:published 1861:Freemasons 1813:benandanti 1807:benandanti 1801:benandanti 1789:benandanti 1705:Theo Brown 1568:William II 1506:Horned God 1454:divination 966:Għar Dalam 954:megalithic 911:occultists 841:Later life 823:Holy Grail 800:Saint-Malo 690:Manchester 680:, and the 461:Bloomsbury 437:Tamil Nadu 334:missionary 307:Early life 264:Horned God 174:folklorist 131:folklorist 7284:143216129 7097:144547116 6797:(1983) . 6768:216644161 6706:161503454 6573:Antiquity 5867:Wood 2001 5755:Wood 2001 5658:Wood 2001 5568:Cohn 1975 5556:Wood 2001 5548:Cohn 1975 5425:Cohn 1975 5327:Rose 1962 5315:Rose 1962 5287:Loeb 1922 5259:Burr 1922 5247:Burr 1935 5243:Burr 1922 5192:Burr 1922 5165:Rose 1962 5150:Rose 1962 5126:Cohn 1975 4293:0015-587X 2887:Footnotes 2343:Part II. 2177:activist 2036:Boscastle 1551:Puck Fair 1542:Cernunnos 1518:Pashupati 1450:familiars 1358:free will 1307:arthritis 1157:the Blitz 1092:Jerusalem 1072:Leningrad 1045:Stevenage 1019:sites of 1017:talaiotic 740:discovery 678:Edinburgh 647:Mud March 459:(UCL) in 362:Berkshire 346:Mussoorie 330:Serampore 7243:Folklore 7125:Folklore 6856:Folklore 6822:Folklore 6760:30035070 6738:Folklore 6596:Folklore 6487:Folklore 6403:Archived 4358:Archived 4297:Archived 4273:Folklore 2845:See also 2722:Blackie 2605:L. Galea 2339:. Part I 2270:Folklore 2040:Cornwall 2022:In Wicca 1954:Folklore 1697:Folklore 1675:Folklore 1549:and the 1530:Minotaur 1389:Argument 1260:Folklore 1043:near to 913:such as 875:and the 865:Folklore 811:Somerset 794:and the 781:de facto 571:Osireion 516:de facto 378:Sydenham 358:Lambourn 318:Calcutta 205:Osireion 189:Calcutta 153:FSA Scot 139:Employer 75:, India) 37:FSA Scot 7415:at the 7133:1260633 6878:1258738 6667:109–141 6541:1838913 6520:1837549 6478:2796898 6472:: 106. 6409:25 June 2238:Cthulhu 1960:1989. 1918:magic. 1887:sceptic 1614:Witches 1443:(1493). 1284:in the 1080:Kharkiv 1021:Trepucó 1013:Menorca 792:Germany 750:of the 616:. Both 594:Saqqara 280:Menorca 221:mummies 209:Saqqara 73:Kolkata 7326:about 7282: 7203: 7184: 7131: 7112: 7095: 7064: 7027: 7008: 6893: 6876: 6839: 6805: 6783: 6766: 6758: 6721: 6704: 6673: 6623: 6556: 6539: 6518: 6476: 4291: 3549: 2285:Title 2133:, and 2064:esbats 2060:covens 1922:Legacy 1903:curses 1889:and a 1857: 1795:Friuli 1622:Graves 1522:Osiris 1423:covens 1381:, and 1248:, 1964 1184:bedsit 1171:, and 1082:, and 1076:Moscow 968:, and 935:animal 925:, and 756:uterus 672:, the 579:Seti I 575:Osiris 555:Abydos 534:, and 508:Koptos 489:Coptic 433:Madras 374:German 92:Welwyn 7280:S2CID 7129:JSTOR 7093:S2CID 6943:: 10. 6874:JSTOR 6764:S2CID 6756:JSTOR 6702:S2CID 6537:JSTOR 6516:JSTOR 6474:JSTOR 2823:1963 2805:1963 2787:1954 2767:1949 2751:1949 2727:1940 2711:1939 2695:1938 2679:1937 2656:1934 2640:1934 2616:1933 2594:1932 2573:1931 2555:1931 2537:1930 2521:1929 2505:1925 2489:1923 2469:1921 2451:1913 2432:1911 2412:1910 2394:1908 2376:1905 2366:Gurob 2355:1905 2332:1905 2312:1904 2296:1903 2157:. In 2088:circa 2051:Wicca 1899:magic 1711:, or 1492:with 1133:Petra 939:child 598:Cairo 417:Rugby 289:Petra 276:Malta 272:Wicca 260:pagan 155: 39: 7201:ISBN 7182:ISBN 7110:ISBN 7062:ISBN 7025:ISBN 7006:ISBN 6891:ISBN 6837:ISBN 6803:ISBN 6781:ISBN 6719:ISBN 6671:ISBN 6621:ISBN 6554:ISBN 6411:2023 4366:2018 4305:2020 4289:ISSN 2216:and 1874:and 1588:and 1545:the 1526:Amon 1524:and 1464:and 1113:Gaza 1084:Kyiv 1023:and 937:and 730:for 620:and 504:Qift 495:and 487:and 370:Bonn 295:and 278:and 215:and 157:FRAI 81:Died 61:Born 41:FRAI 7406:at 7397:at 7305:doi 7272:doi 7251:doi 7228:doi 7154:doi 7085:doi 6989:doi 6922:doi 6864:doi 6820:". 6746:doi 6742:114 6694:doi 6648:doi 6638:". 6604:doi 6581:doi 6531:". 6510:". 6495:doi 6466:Man 4281:doi 3541:doi 2272:by 2145:In 2034:in 1895:God 1538:Pan 1532:of 1409:In 1327:Man 1280:on 1163:or 1144:by 1094:in 873:Man 761:Man 738:'s 688:in 676:in 402:OED 270:of 199:at 7428:: 7301:13 7299:. 7295:. 7278:. 7268:22 7266:. 7247:72 7245:. 7224:16 7222:. 7218:. 7148:. 7144:. 7091:. 7081:25 7079:. 6983:. 6941:17 6939:. 6918:24 6916:. 6912:. 6872:. 6860:74 6858:. 6854:. 6762:. 6754:. 6740:. 6736:. 6700:. 6690:14 6688:. 6669:. 6644:16 6642:. 6600:98 6598:. 6577:38 6575:. 6571:. 6491:72 6489:. 6470:63 6468:. 6037:^ 5902:^ 5701:^ 5680:^ 5665:^ 5626:^ 5599:^ 5492:^ 5417:^ 5362:^ 5273:; 5199:^ 5184:^ 5157:^ 5094:^ 4995:^ 4668:^ 4589:^ 4570:^ 4447:^ 4410:^ 4352:. 4329:^ 4295:. 4287:. 4277:97 4275:. 4271:. 4071:^ 3932:^ 3893:^ 3842:^ 3701:^ 3525:^ 3464:; 2835:— 2815:— 2797:— 2779:— 2759:— 2719:— 2703:— 2687:— 2648:— 2586:— 2565:— 2547:— 2529:— 2513:— 2497:— 2481:— 2461:— 2443:— 2424:— 2404:— 2386:— 2341:; 2324:— 2304:— 2240:. 2181:. 2129:, 2125:, 2038:, 1707:, 1683:. 1385:. 1377:, 1317:, 1297:c. 1115:. 1078:, 1074:, 1047:, 992:. 964:, 960:, 921:, 917:, 837:. 809:, 542:. 530:, 526:, 506:, 463:, 435:, 427:, 419:, 380:, 360:, 320:, 168:, 164:, 7311:. 7307:: 7286:. 7274:: 7257:. 7253:: 7236:. 7230:: 7209:. 7190:. 7162:. 7156:: 7150:6 7135:. 7118:. 7099:. 7087:: 7070:. 7033:. 7014:. 6995:. 6991:: 6985:7 6930:. 6924:: 6910:" 6899:. 6880:. 6866:: 6845:. 6811:. 6789:. 6770:. 6748:: 6727:. 6708:. 6696:: 6679:. 6654:. 6650:: 6629:. 6610:. 6606:: 6589:. 6583:: 6562:. 6543:. 6522:. 6501:. 6497:: 6480:. 6413:. 5980:. 5964:. 5817:. 4368:. 4307:. 4283:: 3547:. 3543:: 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.