Wicca - Knowledge

3799:, Murray's ideas became "so entrenched in popular culture that they will probably never be uprooted". Simpson noted that the only contemporary member of the Folklore Society who took Murray's theory seriously was Gerald Gardner, who used it as the basis for Wicca. Murray's books were the sources of many well-known motifs which have often been incorporated into Wicca. The idea that covens should have 13 members was developed by Murray, based on a single witness statement from one of the witch trials, as was her assertion that covens met on the four cross-quarter days. Murray was very interested in ascribing naturalistic or religious ceremonial explanations to some of the more fantastic descriptions found in witch trial testimony. For example, many of the confessions included the idea that Satan was personally present at coven meetings. Murray interpreted this as a witch priest wearing horns and animal skins, and a pair of forked boots to represent his authority or rank. Most mainstream folklorists, on the other hand, have argued that the entire scenario was always fictitious and does not require a naturalistic explanation, but Gardner enthusiastically adopted many of Murray's explanations into his own tradition. The witch-cult theory was "the historical narrative around which Wicca built itself", with the early Wiccans claiming to be the survivors of this ancient pagan religion. 1728: 2210:... and of course, she can turn people into frogs!" Pearson says that Wicca "provides a framework in which the image of oneself as a witch can be explored and brought into a modern context". Identifying as a witch also enables Wiccans to link themselves with those persecuted in the witch trials of the Early Modern period, often referred to by Wiccans as "the Burning Times". Various practitioners have claimed that as many as nine million people were executed as witches in the Early Modern period, thus drawing comparisons with the killing of six million Jews in the 2005: 4035: 1562: 2348: 3524:

initiates, in which case they come under the rule of the parent coven. Initiation and training of new priesthood is most often performed within a coven environment, but this is not a necessity, and a few initiated Wiccans are unaffiliated with any coven. Most covens would not admit members under the age of 18. They often do not advertise their existence, and when they do, do so through pagan magazines. Some organise courses and workshops through which prospective members can come along and be assessed.

3266: 9874: 1409: 3095: 3539:, though this is not held as a hard-and-fast rule. Indeed, many U.S. covens are far smaller, though the membership may be augmented by unaffiliated Wiccans at "open" rituals. Pearson noted that covens typically contained between five and ten initiates. They generally avoid mass recruitment due to the feasibility of finding spaces large enough to bring together greater numbers for rituals and because larger numbers inhibit the sense of intimacy and trust that covens utilise. 3568: 3528: 4354:, a characterisation that Wiccans reject. Due to negative connotations associated with witchcraft, many Wiccans continue the traditional practice of secrecy, concealing their faith for fear of persecution. Revealing oneself as a Wiccan to family, friends or colleagues is often termed "coming out of the broom-closet". Attitudes to Christianity vary within the Wiccan movement, stretching from outright rejection to a willingness to work alongside Christians in 2436: 1625:– began claiming that only they should be called "Wiccan", and that other traditions must not use it. From the late 1980s onwards, various books propagating Wicca were published that again used the former, broader definition of the word. Thus, by the 1980s, there were two competing definitions of the word "Wicca" in use among the Pagan and esoteric communities, one broad and inclusive, the other narrow and exclusionary. Among scholars of 40: 4271:

found that 62% were from Protestant backgrounds, which was consistent with the dominance of Protestantism in Britain at large. Pearson's survey also found that half of British Wiccans featured had a university education and that they tended to work in "healing professions" like medicine or counselling, education, computing, and administration. She noted that there thus was "a certain homogeneity about the background" of British Wiccans.

2718: 72: 3156:, a high priestess becomes a queen when she has successfully hived off her first new coven under a new third-degree high priestess (in the orthodox Gardnerian system). She then becomes eligible to wear the "moon crown". The sequence of high priestess and queens traced back to Gerald Gardner is known as a lineage, and every orthodox Gardnerian High Priestess has a set of "lineage papers" proving the authenticity of her status. 3397: 2632:'s supposed record of Italian witchcraft. Many Wiccans believe that performing rituals skyclad allows "power" to flow from the body in a manner unimpeded by clothes. Some also note that it removes signs of social rank and differentiation and thus encourages unity among the practitioners. Some Wiccans seek legitimacy for the practice by stating that various ancient societies performed their rituals while nude. 3160: 4311: 1618:. By adopting it for modern usage, Wiccans were both symbolically linking themselves to the ancient, pre-Christian past, and adopting a self-designation that would be less controversial than "Witchcraft". The scholar of religion and Wiccan priestess Joanne Pearson noted that while "the words 'witch' and 'wicca' are therefore linked etymologically, they are used to emphasize different things today". 1841: 3251:. The purpose of this is to present the infant to the God and Goddess for protection. Parents are advised to "give [their] children the gift of Wicca" in a manner suitable to their age. In accordance with the importance put on free will in Wicca, the child is not expected or required to adhere to Wicca or other forms of paganism should they not wish to do so when they reach adulthood. 1489:" or "way of life". Although Wicca as a religion is distinct from other forms of contemporary Paganism, there has been much "cross-fertilization" between these different Pagan faiths; accordingly, Wicca has both influenced and been influenced by other Pagan religions, thus making clear-cut distinctions between them more difficult for religious studies scholars to make. The terms 2336:"wholeness" or "completeness", which includes an acceptance of traits like anger, weakness, and pain. She contrasted the Wiccan acceptance of an "interplay between light and dark" against the New Age focus on "white light". Similarly, the scholar of religion Geoffrey Samuel noted that Wiccans devote "a perhaps surprising amount of attention to darkness and death". 4235:

it important that the latter are allowed to make their own choices about their religious identity when they are old enough. From her fieldwork among members of the Reclaiming tradition in California during 1980-90, the anthropologist Jone Salomonsen found that many described joining the movement following "an extraordinary experience of revelation".

2481: 2322:, claiming that it brought down "the curse of the goddess", it is now generally accepted in all traditions of Wicca, with groups such as the Minoan Brotherhood openly basing their philosophy upon it. Nonetheless, a variety of viewpoints exist in Wicca around this point, with some covens adhering to a hetero-normative viewpoint. Carly B. Floyd of 2311:, 30 of which exist in the Gardnerian tradition and 161 of which are in the Alexandrian tradition. Valiente, one of Gardner's original High Priestesses, argued that the first thirty of these rules were most likely invented by Gerald Gardner himself in mock-archaic language as the by-product of inner conflict within his Bricket Wood coven. 1771:

that it had Stone Age roots – and remains the underlying theological basis to his Gardnerian tradition. Gardner claimed that the names of these deities were to be kept secret within the tradition, although in 1964 they were publicly revealed to be Cernunnos and Aradia; the secret Gardnerian deity names were subsequently changed.

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estimates of world religions, cites over thirty sources with estimates of numbers of Wiccans (principally from the US and the UK). From this, they developed a median estimate of 800,000 members. As of 2016, Doyle White suggested that there were "hundreds of thousands of practising Wiccans around the globe".

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and consumer goods". Books and magazines in this vein were targeted largely at young girls and included spells for attracting or repelling boyfriends, money spells, and home protection spells. He termed this "New Age Witchcraft", and compared individuals involved in this to the participants in the New Age.

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In contrast to the British Traditional Wiccans, Reclaiming Wiccans, and various eclectic Wiccans, the sociologist Douglas Ezzy argued that there existed a "Popularized Witchcraft" that was "driven primarily by consumerist marketing and is represented by movies, television shows, commercial magazines,

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Initiation into a coven is traditionally preceded by an apprenticeship period of a year and a day. A course of study may be set during this period. In some covens a "dedication" ceremony may be performed during this period, some time before the initiation proper, allowing the person to attend certain

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of initiated priests and priestesses. Covens are autonomous and are generally headed by a High Priest and a High Priestess working in partnership, being a couple who have each been through their first, second, and third degrees of initiation. Occasionally the leaders of a coven are only second-degree

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Although different Wiccans attribute different traits to the Horned God, he is most often associated with animals and the natural world, but also with the afterlife, and he is furthermore often viewed as an ideal role model for men. The Mother Goddess has been associated with life, fertility, and the

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Wicca has been described as a non-proselytizing religion. In 1998, Pearson noted that there were very few individuals who had grown up as Wiccans although increasing numbers of Wiccan adults were themselves, parents. Many Wiccan parents did not refer to their children as also being Wiccan, believing

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The 'witch-cult' theory has since been disproven by further historical research, but it is still common for Wiccans to claim solidarity with witch trial victims. The notion that Wiccan traditions and rituals have survived from ancient times is contested by most recent researchers, who say that Wicca

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wrote that the practices and experiences within Wicca were more important than the beliefs, stating: "it's a religion of ritual rather than theology. The ritual is first; the myth is second". Similarly, Adler stated that Wicca permits "total skepticism about even its own methods, myths and rituals".

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in the participants, thereby altering their consciousness. She noted that many Wiccans remain skeptical about the existence of the supernatural but remain involved in Wicca because of its ritual experiences: she quoted one as saying that "I love myth, dream, visionary art. The Craft is a place where

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From her 1996 survey of British Wiccans, Pearson found that most Wiccans were aged between 25 and 45, with the average age being around 35. She noted that as the Wiccan community aged, so the proportion of older practitioners would increase. She found roughly equal proportions of men and women, and

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The scholar of religion Joanne Pearson noted that in her experience, most Wiccans take a "realistic view of living in the real world" replete with its many problems and do not claim that the gods "have all the answers" to these. She suggested that Wiccans do not claim to seek perfection but instead

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as the persecutors claimed, nor innocent people who confessed under threat of torture, as had long been the historical consensus. The 'Father of Wicca', Gerald Gardner, claimed his religion was a survival of this European 'witch-cult'. The 'witch-cult' theory had been first expressed by the German

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published by Oxford University Press in 1921; she claimed that this cult had venerated a Horned God at the time of the Early Modern witch trials, but centuries before it had also worshipped a Mother Goddess. This duotheistic Horned God/Mother Goddess structure was embraced by Gardner – who claimed

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The oath-based system of many Wiccan traditions makes it difficult for "outsider" scholars to study them. For instance, after the anthropologist Tanya Luhrmann revealed information about what she learned as an initiate of a Wiccan coven in her academic study, various Wiccans were upset, believing

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In 1998, the Wiccan high priestess and academic psychologist Vivianne Crowley suggested that Wicca had been less successful in propagating in countries whose populations were primarily Roman Catholic. She suggested that this might be because Wicca's emphasis on a female divinity was more novel to

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Based on her experience among British Traditional Wiccans in the UK, Pearson stated that the length of time between becoming a first-degree initiate and a second was "typically two to five years". Some practitioners nevertheless chose to remain as first-degree initiates rather than proceed to the

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of the "Guardians" of the cardinal points, alongside their respective classical elements; air, fire, water, and earth. Once the circle is cast, a seasonal ritual may be performed, prayers to the God and Goddess are said, and spells are sometimes worked; these may include various forms of 'raising

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remarked, "the instinctual position of most ... seems to be that if one makes the most of the present life, in all respects, then the next life is more or less certainly going to benefit from the process, and so one may as well concentrate on the present". It is nevertheless a common belief

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began publicising their own versions of the Craft. Gardner and others never used the term "Wicca" as a religious identifier, simply referring to the "witch cult", "witchcraft", and the "Old Religion". However, Gardner did refer to witches as "the Wica". During the 1960s, the name of the religion

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has shown significant increases in the number of self-identified Wiccans, from 8,000 in 1990, to 134,000 in 2001, and 342,000 in 2008. Wiccans have also made up significant proportions of various groups within that country; for instance, Wicca is the largest non-Christian faith practised in the

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The actual number of Wiccans worldwide is unknown, and it has been noted that it is more difficult to establish the numbers of members of Neopagan faiths than many other religions due to their disorganised structure. However, Adherents.com, an independent website which specialises in collecting

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Identification as a witch can provide a link to those persecuted and executed in the Great Witch Hunt, which can then be remembered as a holocaust against women, a repackaging of history that implies conscious victimization and the appropriation of 'holocaust' as a badge of honour — 'gendercide

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rather than genocide'. An elective identification with the image of the witch during the time of the persecutions is commonly regarded as part of the reclamation of female power, a myth that is used by modern feminist witches as an aid in their struggle for freedom from patriarchal oppression.

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for instance insisted that human souls would only incarnate into human bodies, whereas other Wiccans believe that a human soul can incarnate into any life form. There is also a common Wiccan belief that any Wiccans will come to be reincarnated as future Wiccans, an idea originally expressed by

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Wicca originated in the early decades of the twentieth century among those esoterically inclined Britons who wanted to resurrect the faith of their ancient forebears, and arose to public attention in the 1950s and 1960s, largely due to a small band of dedicated followers who were insistent on

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Various high priestesses and high priests have reported being "put on a pedestal" by new initiates, only to have those students later "kick away" the pedestal as they develop their own knowledge and experience of Wicca. Within a coven, different members may be respected for having particular

2684:, the man many consider the father of Wicca, believed strongly in sex magic. Much of Gardner's witch practice centered around the power of sex and its liberation, and that one of the most important aspects of the neo-Pagan revival has been its ties, not just to sexual liberation, but also to 2314:

In British Traditional Wicca, "sex complementarity is a basic and fundamental working principle", with men and women being seen as a necessary presence to balance each other out. This may have derived from Gardner's interpretation of Murray's claim that the ancient witch-cult was a fertility

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Pearson noted that "Wicca has evolved and, at times, mutated quite dramatically into completely different forms". Wicca has also been "customized" to the various national contexts into which it has been introduced; for instance, in Ireland, the veneration of ancient Irish deities has been

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to use in those rituals. Gardner's original intention was that every copy of the book would be different because a student would copy from their initiators, but changing things which they felt to be personally ineffective, however amongst many Gardnerian Witches today, particularly in the

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calls the "super powers that reside in the natural". Some Wiccans believe that magic is simply making full use of the five senses to achieve surprising results, whilst other Wiccans do not claim to know how magic works, merely believing that it does because they have observed it to be so.

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The Book of Shadows is not a Bible or Quran. It is a personal cookbook of spells that have worked for the owner. I am giving you mine to copy to get you started: as you gain experience discard those spells that don't work for you and substitute those that you have thought of yourselves.

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is another celebration held by Wiccans, and is the commonly used term for their weddings. Some Wiccans observe the practice of a trial marriage for a year and a day, which some traditions hold should be contracted on the Sabbat of Lughnasadh, as this was the traditional time for trial,

2423:'s Clan of Tubal Cain associated earth with south, fire with east, water with west and air with north, and each of which were controlled over by a different deity who were seen as children of the primary Horned God and Goddess. The five elements are symbolised by the five points of the 3542:

Some covens are short-lived, but others have survived for many years. Covens in the Reclaiming tradition are often single-sex and non-hierarchical in structure. Coven members who leave their original group to form another, separate coven are described as having "hived off" in Wicca.

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is a symbol commonly used by Wiccans. Wiccans often understand the pentacle's five points as representing each of the five elements: earth, air, fire, water, and aether/spirit. It is also regarded as a symbol of the human, with the five points representing the head, arms, and legs.

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The anthropologist Susan Greenwood characterised Wiccan rituals as "a form of resistance to mainstream culture". She saw these rituals as "a healing space away from the ills of the wider culture", one in which female practitioners can "redefine and empower themselves".

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Eclectic Wicca is not necessarily the complete abandonment of tradition. Eclectic practitioners may follow their own individual ideas and ritual practices, while still drawing on one or more religious or philosophical paths. Eclectic approaches to Wicca often draw on

3126:; however, the existence of this coven remains unproven. Gardner himself said that there was a traditional length of "a year and a day" between when a person began studying the Craft and when they were initiated, although he frequently broke this rule with initiates. 2411:, have claimed that the set cardinal points are only those applicable to the geography of southern England, where Wicca evolved, and that Wiccans should determine which directions best suit each element in their region. For instance, those living on the east coast of 15207: 2021:

among Wiccans that human beings have a spirit or soul that survives bodily death. Understandings of what this soul constitutes vary among different traditions, with the Feri tradition of witchcraft, for instance, having adopted a belief from the Theosophy-inspired

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Practice in Wicca (including, as an example, matters such as the varying attributions of the elements to different directions discussed in the preceding section) varies widely due to the Craft's emphasis on individual expression in one's spiritual/magical path.

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or were misunderstandings of pagan rites. This theory that accused witches were actually pagans has now been disproven using archive records of witch trials. Nevertheless, Gardner and other founders of Wicca believed the theory was true, and saw the witch as a

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government and the federal government in 1995 to allow them to perform recognised Wiccan weddings, to become prison and hospital chaplains, and (in the case of Heather Botting) to become the first officially recognized Wiccan chaplain in a public university.

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within Wicca. Scholars of religion tend to treat Wicca as a religion with denominations that differ on some important points but share core beliefs, much like Christianity and its many denominations. There are many such traditions and there are also many

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that persecuted witches had actually been followers of a surviving pagan religion, but this theory has now been proven wrong. There is no evidence that he ever called it "Wicca", although he did refer to its community of followers as "the Wica" (with one

2258:, which states, "an it harm none, do what ye will". This is usually interpreted as a declaration of the freedom to act, along with the necessity of taking responsibility for what follows from one's actions and minimising harm to oneself and others. 2809:, she stated that the four main festivals had survived Christianisation and had been celebrated in the Pagan Witchcraft religion. Subsequently, when Wicca was first developing in the 1930s through to the 1960s, many of the early groups, such as 1836:

entity who had created the "Under-Gods", among them the God and Goddess, but who was not otherwise involved in the world; alternately, other Wiccans have interpreted such an entity as a pantheistic being, of whom the God and Goddess are facets.

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Alongside "Wicca", some practitioners still call the religion "Witchcraft" or "the Craft". Using the word "Witchcraft" in this context can result in confusion with other, non-religious meanings of "witchcraft" as well as other religions—such as

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researched the Wiccan claim that ancient pagan customs have survived into modern times after being Christianised in medieval times as folk practices. Hutton found that most of the folk customs which are claimed to have pagan roots (such as the

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and as a Menstruating Goddess. According to the anthropologist Susan Greenwood, in Wicca the Goddess is "a symbol of self-transformation - she is seen to be constantly changing and a force for change for those who open themselves up to her".

1305:. Given its broadly decentralised nature, disagreements arise over the boundaries that define Wicca. Some traditions, collectively referred to as British Traditional Wicca (BTW), strictly follow the initiatory lineage of Gardner and consider 1336:

way, as having many different divine aspects which can be identified with various pagan deities from different historical pantheons. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as the "Great Goddess" and the "Great Horned God", with the

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Traditionally in the Gardnerian Craft, each element has been associated with a cardinal point of the compass; air with east, fire with south, water with west, earth with north, and the spirit with centre. However, some Wiccans, such as

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that existed within the subconscious that could be evoked in ritual. It was for this reason, she said "The Goddess and God manifest to us in dream and vision". Wiccans often believe that the gods are not perfect and can be argued with.

3137:. By holding the rank of second degree, a BTW is considered capable of initiating others into the Craft, or founding their own semi-autonomous covens. The third degree is the highest in BTW, and it involves the participation of the 2612:

may be displayed. Before entering the circle, some traditions fast for the day, and/or ritually bathe. After a ritual has finished, the God, Goddess, and Guardians are thanked, the directions are dismissed and the circle is closed.

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stated that it was "the science of the control of the secret forces of nature". Many Wiccans believe magic to be a law of nature, as yet misunderstood or disregarded by contemporary science, and as such they do not view it as being

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It was in the United States and in Australia that new, home-grown traditions, sometimes based upon earlier, regional folk-magical traditions and often mixed with the basic structure of Gardnerian Wicca, began to develop, including

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Fiveacres Country Club. Much of the coven's early membership was drawn from the club's members and its meetings were held within the club grounds. Many notable figures of early Wicca were direct initiates of this coven, including

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It was during the 1930s that the first evidence appears for the practice of a neopagan 'Witchcraft' religion (what would be recognisable now as Wicca) in England. It seems that several groups around the country, in such places as

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for involvement in Wicca. Since the 1970s, larger, more informal, often publicly advertised camps and workshops began to take place. This less formal but more accessible form of Wicca proved successful. Eclectic Wicca is the most

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which holds that whatever benevolent or malevolent actions a person performs will return to that person with triple force, or with equal force on each of the three levels of body, mind, and spirit, similar to the eastern idea of

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that "all gods are one god, and all goddesses are one goddess" – that is that the gods and goddesses of all cultures are, respectively, aspects of one supernal God and Goddess. With this mindset, a Wiccan may regard the Germanic

3718:" by scholars, Wicca was created from the patchwork adoption of various older elements, many taken from pre-existing religious and esoteric movements. Pearson characterised it as having arisen "from the cultural impulses of the 3430:, a "tradition" usually implied the transfer of a lineage by initiation. However, with the rise of more and more such groups, often being founded by those with no previous initiatory lineage, the term came to be a synonym for a 2836:, and they were only adopted in 1958 by members of the Bricket Wood coven, before they were subsequently adopted by other followers of the Gardnerian tradition. They were eventually adopted by followers of other traditions like 2230:

Bide the Wiccan laws ye must, in perfect love and perfect trust ... Mind the Threefold Law ye should – three times bad and three times good ... Eight words the Wiccan Rede fulfill – an it harm none, do what ye will.

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marriages" among the Irish. A common marriage vow in Wicca is "for as long as love lasts" instead of the traditional Christian "till death do us part". The first known Wiccan wedding ceremony took part in 1960 amongst the

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Other Wiccans have adopted the original Gardnerian God/Goddess duotheistic structure but have adopted deity forms other than that of the Horned God and Mother Goddess. For instance, the God has been interpreted as the

1641:—whose practitioners also sometimes describe themselves as "Witches". Another term sometimes used as a synonym for "Wicca" is "Pagan witchcraft", although there are also other forms of modern Paganism—such as types of 1554:, who was calling it the "Craft of the Wiccens" by 1958. The first recorded use of the name "Wicca" was in 1962, and it had been popularised to the extent that several British practitioners founded a newsletter called 1875:

as an inverted imitation of Christian theology. As in other forms of Wicca, some Goddess monotheists have expressed the view that the Goddess is not an entity with a literal existence, but rather a Jungian archetype.

4132:, each of which emphasised different aspects of the faith. It was also around this time that books teaching people how to become Witches themselves without formal initiation or training began to emerge, among them 1867:, explicitly monotheistic forms of Wicca developed in the 1960s, when the U.S.-based Church of Wicca developed a theology rooted in the worship of what they described as "one deity, without gender". In the 1970s, 1277:

joined Gardner in the 1950s, further building Wicca's liturgical tradition of beliefs, principles, and practices, disseminated through published books as well as secret written and oral teachings passed along to

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have postulated that Wicca is becoming more polytheistic as it matures, tending to embrace a more traditionally Pagan worldview. Some Wiccans conceive of deities not as literal personalities but as metaphorical

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to raise magical energy for use in spellwork. In nearly all cases it is instead performed "in token", thereby merely symbolically, using the athame to symbolise the penis and the chalice to symbolise the womb.

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Based on their analysis of internet trends, the sociologists of religion Douglas Ezzy and Helen Berger argued that, by 2009, the "phenomenal growth" that Wicca has experienced in preceding years had slowed.

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who do not align themselves with any particular lineage, working alone. Some covens have formed but who do not follow any particular tradition, instead choosing their influences and practices eclectically.

1431:. Wicca has been cited as the largest, best known, most influential, and most academically studied form of modern Paganism. Within the movement, it has been identified as sitting on the eclectic end of the 3688:

presenting their faith to what at times was a very hostile world. From these humble beginnings, this radical religion spread to the United States, where it found a comfortable bedfellow in the form of the

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Pearson suggested that Wiccans "identify with the witch because she is imagined as powerful - she can make people sleep for one hundred years, she can see the future, she can curse and kill as well as heal

1550:). As a name for the religion, "Wicca" developed in Britain during the 1960s. It is not known who first used this name for the religion, although one possibility is that it might have been Gardner's rival 3145:, which is a rite often dispensed with due to its sado-masochistic overtones. By holding this rank, an initiate is considered capable of forming covens that are entirely autonomous of their parent coven. 4299:, with 1,434 airmen identifying themselves as such. In 2014, the Pew Research Center estimated 0.3% of the US population (~950,000 people) identified as Wiccan or pagan based on a sample size of 35,000. 3362:

copied from Gardner, with nothing being altered. The Book of Shadows was originally meant to be kept a secret from non-initiates into BTW, but parts of the Book have been published by authors including

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Scholars of contemporary Paganism usually capitalise "Witchcraft" when referring to Wicca, reflecting that the names of religion are typically capitalised. Many Wiccan practitioners also do the same.

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Wicca has been characterised as a life-affirming religion. Practitioners typically present themselves as "a positive force against the powers of destruction which threaten the world". There exists no

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For some Wiccans, the ritual space is a "space of resistance, in which the sexual morals of Christianity and patriarchy can be subverted", and for this reason they have adopted techniques from the

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Almost all of Murray's peers regarded the witch-cult theory as incorrect and based on poor scholarship. However, Murray was invited to write the entry on "witchcraft" for the 1929 edition of the

2194:. It proposed that historical alleged witches were actually followers of a surviving pagan religion, and that accusations of infanticide, cannibalism, Satanism, etc., were either made up by the 7914:

Much to the chagrin of practitioners of Wicca, there has been confusion in the minds of many about their religion, which is often linked with Satanism, although there are important differences.

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Following Gardner's death in 1964, the Craft continued to grow unabated despite sensationalism and negative portrayals in British tabloids, with new traditions being propagated by figures like

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Wiccan groups developed which were devoted to a singular, monotheistic Goddess; this approach was often criticised by members of British Traditional Wiccan groups, who lambasted such Goddess

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after years of dispute added the Pentacle to the list of emblems of belief that can be included on government-issued markers, headstones, and plaques honoring deceased veterans. In Canada,

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In BTW, initiation only accepts someone into the first degree. To proceed to the second degree, an initiate has to go through another ceremony, in which they name and describe the uses of

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a more detailed breakdown of responses was reported with 56,620 people identifying themselves as pagans, 11,766 as Wiccans and a further 1,276 describing their religion as "Witchcraft".

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is the dominant afterlife belief within Wicca, having been originally espoused by Gardner. Understandings of how the cycle of reincarnation operates differ among practitioners; Wiccan

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There is no overarching organisational structure to Wicca. In Wicca, all practitioners are considered to be priests and priestesses. Wicca generally requires a ritual of initiation.

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Gardner. Gardner also articulated the view that the human soul rested for a period between bodily death and its incarnation, with this resting place commonly being referred to as "

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A central aspect of Wicca (particularly in Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca), often sensationalised by the media is the traditional practice of working in the nude, also known as

2747:. Collectively, these occasions are termed the Wheel of the Year. Most Wiccans celebrate a set of eight of these Sabbats; however, other groups such as those associated with the 2295:, these being mirth, reverence, honour, humility, strength, beauty, power, and compassion. In Valiente's poem, they are ordered in pairs of complementary opposites, reflecting a 4062:, spread quickly and gained much media attention. Around this time, the term "Wicca" began to be commonly adopted over "Witchcraft" and the faith was exported to countries like 47:

necklace, a pentacle ring, and a torc. A pentacle is used by many adherents of Wicca. The pentacle is generally placed on a Wiccan altar to honour the elements and directions.

7767: 4193:, much to the criticism of traditional Wiccan groups and individuals. In response to the way that Wicca was increasingly portrayed as trendy, eclectic, and influenced by the 3463:. Other traditions trace their origins to different figures, even if their beliefs and practices have been influenced to a greater or lesser extent by Gardner. These include 4197:

movement, many Witches turned to the pre-Gardnerian origins of the Craft, and to the traditions of his rivals like Cardell and Cochrane, describing themselves as following "

1341:"great" connoting a personification containing many other deities within their own nature. Some Wiccans refer to the goddess as "Lady" and the god as "Lord" to invoke their 7782: 4365:

wrote that "the popular and prevalent media image is mostly inaccurate". Pearson similarly noted that "popular and media perceptions of Wicca have often been misleading".

628: 2315:

religion. Thus, many practitioners of British Traditional Wicca have argued that gay men and women are not capable of correctly working magic without mixed-sex pairings.

1621:

In early sources, "Wicca" referred to the whole of the religion rather than to a specific tradition. In following decades, members of certain traditions – those known as

2852:. The rituals that are observed may display cultural influences from the holidays from which they take their names as well as influences from other unrelated cultures. 2142:

in the 19th century. Some modern Wiccans, however, have stopped using the white/black magic and left/right-hand-path dichotomies, arguing for instance that the colour

2387:(or spirit), where aether unites the other four elements. Various analogies have been devised to explain the concept of the five elements; for instance, the Wiccan 13049: 12898: 8164: 7527: 2161:

by a headlong plunge back into magic" and that it was a reactionary religion which would soon die out. This view was heavily criticised in 1999 by the historian

1807:, and a Crone goddess, each of whom has different associations, namely virginity, fertility, and wisdom. Other Wiccan conceptualisations have portrayed her as a 1481:

have attempted to deny it legal recognition as such, while some Wiccan practitioners themselves eschew the term "religion" – associating the latter purely with

4082: 2329:

Mother Goddesses and Subversive Witches: Competing Narratives of Gender Essentialism, Heteronormativity, Feminism, and Queerness in Wiccan Theology and Ritual

13322: 2624: 1155: 2848:

holidays. However, the festivals are not reconstructive in nature nor do they often resemble their historical counterparts, instead, they exhibit a form of

13145: 12745: 3749: 1719:. Common to these divergent perspectives, however, is that Wicca's deities are viewed as forms of ancient, pre-Christian divinities by its practitioners. 13160: 12471: 4374:

in 1986. However, Wiccans have encountered opposition from some politicians and Christian organisations, including former president of the United States

1824:", an entity that was too complex for humans to understand. This belief has been endorsed by other practitioners, who have referred to it as "the Cosmic 13359: 13342: 13337: 13307: 12950: 2525:

In constructing his ritual system, Gardner drew upon older forms of ceremonial magic, in particular, those found in the writings of Aleister Crowley.

13317: 12873: 11479: 2709:

Some Wiccan Traditions substitute a Communion style rite in honor of the God and Goddess rather than the symbolic Great Rite in their Esbat ritual.

13347: 12435: 3190:

Some solitary Wiccans also perform self-initiation rituals, to dedicate themselves to becoming a Wiccan. The first of these to be published was in

1974:

world-view of the universe as being replete with spirit-beings. In many cases these spirits are associated with the natural world, for instance as

1762:, whose veneration had been passed down in secret right to the present. This theology derived from Egyptologist Margaret Murray's claims about the 5731: 4166:(née Harden) of the University of Victoria was the first recognized Wiccan chaplain of a public university. She is the original high priestess of 2165:

who claimed that the evidence displayed the very opposite: that "a large number were in jobs at the cutting edge , such as computer technology".

11753: 8495:

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2002). "From the Devil's Gateway to the Goddess Within: The Image of the Witch in Neopaganism". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

4340:

England, and from its inception the religion encountered opposition from certain Christian groups as well as from the popular tabloids like the

13029: 12724: 11175: 4185:(1998–2006), introducing numbers of young people to the idea of religious witchcraft. This growing demographic was soon catered to through the 4121: 3547:

rituals on a probationary basis. Some solitary Wiccans also choose to study for a year and a day before their self-dedication to the religion.

3293:(among other names), which he would frequently add to and adapt. In his Book of Shadows, there are texts taken from various sources, including 611: 7866: 15151: 15064: 9823: 2643:, who developed it from Gardner's version. Gardner's wording of the original "Charge" added extracts from Aleister Crowley's work, including 7822: 13595: 7553: 4382: 2077:, who declared that magic was "the science and art of causing change to occur in conformity with will", while another ceremonial magician, 3208:. Subsequent, more overtly pagan self-initiation rituals have since been published in books designed for solitary Wiccans by authors like 9009:

Rountree, Kathryn (2015). "Context is Everything: Plurality and Paradox in Contemporary European Paganisms". In Kathryn Rountree (ed.).

5764: 4253:, reasonably well educated, not earning much but probably not too concerned about material things, someone that demographers would call 11375: 4331: 7992: 2698:

Publicly, many Wiccan groups have tended to excise the role of sex magic from their image. This has served both to escape the tabloid

12740: 12613: 11294: 8366: 6085: 4362: 12597: 8026: 4291: 8137: 4173:

In the 1990s, amid ever-rising numbers of self-initiates, the popular media began to explore "witchcraft" in fictional films like

15269: 15239: 10978: 3732: 4231:

people raised in Protestant-dominant backgrounds. On the basis of her experience, Pearson concurred that this was broadly true.

2771:

festival is the name. Gardner himself made use of the English names of these holidays, stating that "the four great Sabbats are

15470: 12098: 10937: 2665:

Other traditions wear robes with cords tied around the waist or even normal street clothes. In certain traditions, ritualised

15439: 15376: 14314: 14071: 12714: 12674: 11472: 11254: 10998: 10968: 10861: 9765: 9721: 9598: 9579: 9358: 9155: 9091: 9018: 8847: 8767: 8744: 8683: 8523: 8355: 8234: 6912: 5755: 2203:

which derives much of its symbolic force from its implicit criticism of dominant Judaeo-Christian and Enlightenment values".

1665:, the word "Wicca" has been used as a synonym for witchcraft more generally, including in non-religious and non-Pagan forms. 6661: 14367: 13933: 13645: 12945: 12319: 11901: 11748: 11446: 11258: 10660: 9856: 8082: 6167: 4146:(1971). Similar books continued to be published throughout the 1980s and 1990s, fuelled by the writings of such authors as 3770: 3310:, whom Gardner knew personally. Also in the Book are examples of poetry largely composed by Gardner and his High Priestess 3299: 2451:

stated that Wiccan rituals were not "dry, formalised, repetitive experiences", but performed with the intent of inducing a

1655: 1087: 984: 2391:

used that of a tree, which is composed of earth (with the soil and plant matter), water (sap and moisture), fire (through

1933:

approach holds the various goddesses and gods to be separate and distinct entities in their own right. The Wiccan writers

12138: 11550: 9732: 8417:

Ezzy, Douglas; Berger, Helen (2009). "Witchcraft: Changing Patterns of Participation in the Early Twenty-First Century".

7797: 2927: 8172: 7531: 7221: 2468:

Wiccan rituals usually take place in private. The Reclaiming tradition has utilised its rituals for political purposes.

2456:

all of these things fit together – beauty, pageantry, music, dance, song, dream". The Wiccan practitioner and historian

15536: 15346: 15111: 14485: 13918: 13486: 12783: 12088: 12063: 11807: 11733: 11395: 11150: 11052: 10744: 9533: 8736: 8112: 4350:, despite important differences between these two religions. Detractors typically depict Wicca as a form of malevolent 3179:

This three-tier degree system following initiation is largely unique to BTW, and traditions heavily based upon it. The

2016:

Belief in the afterlife varies among Wiccans and does not occupy a central place within the religion. As the historian

1642: 1317:

as a broad term for a religion with denominations that differ on some key points but share core beliefs and practices.

6229: 4302:

In 2018, a Pew Research Center study estimated the number of Wiccans in the United States to be at least 1.5 million.

2649:, (especially from Ch 1, spoken by Nuit, the Star Goddess) thus linking modern Wicca irrevocably to the principles of 2102:

or "workings" intended to bring about real changes in the physical world. Common Wiccan spells include those used for

1501:

can represent an emphasis on wisdom and insight-based practices, and it is used by some interchangeably with the term

1376:

and commonly associated with the Triple Goddess, alongside the cycles of the Sun, seasonally based festivals known as

15587: 14480: 13908: 11819: 11604: 11380: 9816: 9792: 9702: 9679: 9653: 9624: 9560: 9541: 9511: 9489: 9456: 9407: 9388: 9315: 9285: 9254: 9235: 9216: 9189: 9126: 8999: 8980: 8923: 8904: 8828: 8802: 8718: 8660: 8633: 8610: 8576: 8549: 8504: 8485: 8463: 8378: 8282: 7899: 7365: 7332: 7256: 6945: 6867: 6795: 6569: 6517: 6472: 6440: 6328: 6253: 5936: 5699: 5649: 5513: 5309: 3507:). During the 1980s, Viviane Crowley, an initiate of both the Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions, merged the two. 3347:, the Book contained instructions for how to perform rituals and spells, as well as religious poetry and chants like 1259: 7103: 6835: 1645:—which also use the term "Pagan witchcraft". From the 1990s onward, various Wiccans began describing themselves as " 15577: 12629: 11768: 11718: 11465: 11314: 11160: 11003: 9616: 9478:

Gerald Gardner and the Witchcraft Revival: The Significance of His Life and Works to the Story of Modern Witchcraft

2078: 1432: 6193: 15254: 14878: 12750: 12244: 11936: 11180: 10821: 2419:, is to their east. Other Craft groups have associated the elements with different cardinal points, for instance 1162: 1124: 643: 4368:

In the United States, a number of legal decisions have improved and validated the status of Wiccans, especially

4315: 1775:

springtime, and has been described as an ideal role model for women. Wicca's duotheism has been compared to the

1285:

Many variations of the religion have grown and evolved over time, associated with a number of diverse lineages,

15234: 15095: 14460: 14086: 13801: 13530: 13150: 12687: 12531: 11896: 11839: 11653: 11021: 10988: 10906: 10816: 10354: 8942:

Pearson, Jo (2005a). "Inappropriate Sexuality? Sex Magic, S/M and Wicca (or 'Whipping Harry Potter's Arse!')".

4727: 3803:

is a 20th-century creation which combines elements of freemasonry and 19th-century occultism. In his 1999 book

3714:

called "the only full-formed religion which England can be said to have given the world". Characterised as an "

3693: 2767:

fire festivals and the Welsh God Mabon, though in most traditional Wiccan covens the only commonality with the

1099: 322: 12704: 10497: 7605: 703: 15320: 14497: 14428: 13675: 13508: 11773: 10719: 7631: 6631: 3610: 3413: 1537:—the man regarded as the "Father of Wicca"—referred to it as the "Craft of the Wise", "Witchcraft", and "the 3422:

In the 1950s through to the 1970s, when the Wiccan movement was largely confined to lineaged groups such as

1727: 15135: 13913: 11683: 11521: 11431: 11365: 11088: 10947: 10221: 10206: 9809: 8365:

Ezzy, Douglas (2002). "Religious Ethnography: Practicing the Witch's Craft". In Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy;

2274:, one of his High Priestesses. The Threefold Law was an interpretation of Wiccan ideas and ritual, made by 1800: 1699:, with some viewing the religion's deities as entities with a literal existence and others viewing them as 1325: 429: 12279: 8569:

Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration: An Investigation into the Sources of Gardnerian Witchcraft

8438:

Greenwood, Susan. "The Nature of the Goddess: Sexual Identities and Power in Contemporary Witchcraft". In

2190:

noted that the Wiccan view of witchcraft was "an outgrowth of Romantic (semi)scholarship", especially the

1349:

divinity, regarded as an impersonal force rather than a personal deity. Other traditions of Wicca embrace

14721: 14492: 13610: 13554: 12103: 11516: 11155: 10993: 10894: 9917: 8388:

Ezzy, Douglas (2003). "New Age Witchcraft? Popular Spell Books and the Re-enchantment of Everyday Life".

5708: 4074: 3890: 3689: 2604:. An altar is usually present in the circle, on which ritual tools are placed and representations of the 1403: 489: 2673:, whereby a High Priest and High Priestess invoke the God and Goddess to possess them before performing 15159: 12374: 12359: 12078: 11202: 10110: 9948: 8309:

Doyle White, Ethan (2010). "The Meaning of "Wicca": A Study in Etymology, History and Pagan Politics".

7830: 5928: 4398: 4279: 4275: 3635: 3417: 2384: 2138:" to describe magic performed with good intentions; terminology that had originated with the occultist 1795:, as well as the Sun God, Son/Lover God, and Vegetation God. He has also been seen in the roles of the 596: 581: 509: 227: 8895:

Pearson, Joanne (2002). "The History and Development of Wicca and Paganism". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

4162:, who popularised the idea of self-initiation into the Craft. Among witches in Canada, anthropologist 3791: 3575:

A large number of Wiccans do not exclusively follow any single tradition or even are initiated. These

15582: 15495: 15191: 14309: 13715: 13496: 13298: 13004: 12709: 12073: 11778: 11538: 10854: 10667: 9889: 9348: 8651:

Hutton, Ronald (2002). "Living with Witchcraft". In Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy; Graham Harvey (eds.).

3631: 3605:

activity of a select few initiates in established lineages, eclectic Wiccans are more often than not

3456: 3223: 3115: 2529: 2380: 2376: 2270:. The Wiccan Rede was most likely introduced into Wicca by Gerald Gardner and formalised publicly by 1622: 991: 15521: 15299: 15289: 15199: 15071: 14360: 13525: 13386: 12908: 12719: 12618: 12451: 12324: 12093: 12014: 11999: 11703: 11673: 11646: 11626: 11555: 11340: 11008: 10963: 10266: 10190: 10170: 10003: 9988: 9776: 8780:. "Ritual is My Chosen Art Form: The Creation of Ritual as Folk Art Among Contemporary Pagans". In 8728: 8706: 8057: 4214: 4110: 3979: 3237: 3149: 2408: 2372: 1754:, with practitioners typically believing that these had been the ancient deities worshipped by the 1679: 1478: 1298: 758: 633: 559: 544: 302: 287: 3187:, does not have the three degrees of initiation, merely having the stages of novice and initiate. 2755:, only six are adhered to. The four Sabbats that are common to all British derived groups are the 2254:

followed universally by Wiccans of all traditions. However, a majority follow a code known as the

15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15315: 15127: 15079: 14866: 14748: 14540: 13998: 12982: 12940: 12204: 12024: 11990: 11589: 11234: 10749: 10228: 10120: 9958: 9448: 9049:. "Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature". In 8794: 7891: 4296: 4043: 3858: 3854: 3805: 3595: 3472: 3184: 3025: 2810: 2420: 2368: 2319: 2275: 2154: 2050: 1533:

When the religion first came to public attention, its followers commonly called it "Witchcraft".

1052: 638: 606: 519: 444: 237: 17: 7557: 6450: 6245: 15397: 15381: 15371: 15330: 15325: 15183: 15175: 14217: 14143: 14123: 13993: 13928: 13857: 13625: 13433: 13364: 13268: 12913: 12776: 12699: 12647: 12642: 12511: 12501: 12466: 12234: 11635: 11584: 11580: 11488: 11224: 10973: 10533: 10105: 9118: 3823: 3480: 3431: 3359: 3294: 3130: 2629: 2565: 2492: 1792: 1514: 1424: 1290: 1227: 848: 222: 31: 12194: 7116: 6845: 6428: 6416: 71: 15412: 15407: 15284: 14806: 14562: 14535: 14475: 13886: 13864: 13605: 13283: 13140: 13079: 12999: 12967: 12657: 12369: 12289: 12118: 11926: 11849: 11688: 11678: 11416: 11093: 10739: 10695: 10436: 10316: 10261: 10135: 10060: 10050: 10035: 9011:

Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses

8866:

Pearson, Jo (2001). ""Going Native in Reverse": The Insider as Researcher in British Wicca".

8698: 8447: 8246:

Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today

8227:

Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today

7881: 6203: 5774: 5501: 4102: 4086: 4081:

ideas with them into the movement, as reflected by the formation of groups like the UK-based

4051: 3967: 3728: 3606: 3499:, thereby distinguishing themselves from the BTW traditions, who more typically use the term 3436: 3344: 3316: 2806: 2636: 2618: 2291: 2262: 2191: 2107: 1796: 1763: 1542: 1538: 1262: 1019: 808: 753: 623: 404: 252: 177: 167: 152: 122: 15531: 15526: 15249: 15244: 15041: 14401: 14376: 14254: 13983: 13923: 13620: 13600: 13443: 13396: 13327: 13312: 13288: 13273: 13246: 13187: 12546: 12541: 12526: 12354: 12169: 12056: 11834: 11641: 11284: 11214: 10983: 10847: 10827: 10281: 9912: 8012: 4138: 3659: 3643: 3196: 2722: 2703: 2452: 2363:. These five elements are invoked during many magical rituals, notably when consecrating a 2106:, for protection, fertility, or to banish negative influences. Many early Wiccans, such as 1849: 1598: 1587: 1447: 1067: 773: 484: 11575: 6090:. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Southern Anthropological Society. Vol. 47. 4863: 3822:. He concluded that the idea that medieval revels were pagan in origin is a legacy of the 3795:, which was reprinted for decades and became so influential that, according to folklorist 8: 15417: 15402: 15143: 15103: 14758: 14743: 14545: 14440: 14435: 14411: 14353: 14319: 14046: 14041: 13988: 13958: 13953: 13837: 13513: 13438: 13401: 13202: 13099: 12883: 12663: 12623: 12566: 12536: 12506: 12164: 12029: 11916: 11812: 11330: 11321: 11289: 11219: 11185: 11170: 11165: 11040: 10916: 10806: 10760: 10754: 10734: 9953: 9832: 9303: 4355: 4198: 4058:, which was predominantly based upon Gardnerian Wicca, albeit with an emphasis placed on 3998: 3950: 3834: 3761: 3736: 3535:

A commonly quoted Wiccan tradition holds that the ideal number of members for a coven is

3464: 3443:

Those traditions which trace a line of initiatory descent back to Gerald Gardner include

3180: 2844:

tradition. The names of these holidays that are commonly used today are often taken from

2645: 2415:

should invoke water in the east and not the west because the colossal body of water, the

2388: 2299:

that is common throughout Wiccan philosophy. Some lineaged Wiccans also observe a set of

2296: 1703:

or symbols. Even among theistic Wiccans, there are divergent beliefs, and Wicca includes

1646: 1615: 1603: 1451: 1235: 1129: 1093: 1062: 778: 591: 573: 514: 11891: 10613: 10517: 9115:

Witchcraft From The Inside: Origins of the Fastest Growing Religious Movement in America

8034: 7528:"University of Victoria chaplain marks solstice with pagan rituals | Vancouver Sun" 3918:

had set themselves up after being inspired by Murray's writings about the "Witch-Cult".

3622:

variety of Wicca in America and eclectics now significantly outnumber lineaged Wiccans.

2509:. In typical rites, the coven or solitary assembles inside a ritually cast and purified 928: 723: 15294: 15226: 14470: 14259: 14163: 13978: 13891: 13869: 13752: 13700: 13640: 13535: 13293: 13261: 13251: 13212: 13207: 13177: 13167: 13024: 12682: 12456: 12394: 12389: 12154: 12108: 12083: 12068: 12009: 11980: 11787: 11758: 11738: 11209: 11110: 11098: 11062: 10921: 10724: 10702: 10326: 10095: 9851: 9691: 9058: 8959: 8883: 8756: 8405: 8334: 8141: 4254: 4202: 4125: 4090: 3958: 3796: 3715: 3492: 3484: 3233: 2818: 2748: 2674: 2236: 2115: 2099: 2062: 1963: 1700: 1607: 1482: 1450:, several scholars have referred to it as a "magico-religion". Wicca is also a form of 1397: 1026: 818: 212: 105: 100: 12409: 10766: 8887: 7852: 6404:

Simpson, Jacqueline (2005). "Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America".

6141: 1470:, although other academics, and many Wiccans themselves, dispute this categorisation. 1082: 15516: 14923: 14753: 14557: 14406: 13879: 13742: 13722: 13630: 13547: 13542: 13518: 13418: 13411: 13379: 13374: 13241: 13236: 13224: 13182: 13044: 13014: 12769: 12652: 12486: 12476: 12461: 12419: 12113: 11985: 11911: 11859: 11792: 11743: 11668: 11528: 11142: 11075: 10884: 10643: 10457: 9897: 9862: 9788: 9761: 9740: 9717: 9698: 9675: 9649: 9620: 9594: 9575: 9556: 9537: 9530:

A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States

9507: 9485: 9452: 9413: 9403: 9384: 9364: 9354: 9335: 9311: 9291: 9281: 9260: 9250: 9231: 9212: 9195: 9185: 9161: 9151: 9132: 9122: 9087: 9014: 8995: 8976: 8963: 8919: 8900: 8843: 8824: 8817: 8798: 8763: 8740: 8714: 8679: 8672: 8656: 8639: 8629: 8622: 8606: 8582: 8572: 8555: 8545: 8519: 8500: 8481: 8473: 8459: 8452: 8409: 8374: 8351: 8338: 8326: 8288: 8278: 8249: 8230: 8004: 7905: 7895: 7867:"Number Of Witches Rises Dramatically Across U.S. As Millennials Reject Christianity" 7625: 7508: 7371: 7361: 7338: 7328: 7252: 7229: 7059: 6951: 6941: 6918: 6908: 6873: 6863: 6791: 6565: 6513: 6478: 6468: 6324: 6301: 6249: 5932: 5751: 5645: 5509: 5315: 5305: 4723: 4370: 4347: 4342: 4323: 4055: 3885: 3647: 3448: 3427: 3099: 3080: 3052: 2997: 2962: 2938: 2907: 2886: 2845: 2837: 2756: 2738: 2356: 2328: 2187: 1459: 1420: 1231: 963: 663: 469: 116: 13635: 8090: 4692: 3710:

Wicca was founded in England between 1921 and 1950, representing what the historian

2004: 1653:

traditions like Luciferianism. In some popular culture, such as television programs

15490: 15006: 14726: 14607: 14597: 14530: 14423: 14301: 14242: 14091: 14076: 14066: 13777: 13747: 13615: 13501: 13491: 13428: 13217: 13194: 13172: 13019: 12893: 12878: 12379: 12224: 12214: 11963: 11871: 11844: 11802: 11723: 11663: 11658: 11599: 11309: 11299: 11279: 11116: 10911: 10729: 10688: 10674: 10321: 10180: 10125: 10115: 10085: 10080: 9922: 9846: 9784: 9641: 9608: 9329: 9110: 9070: 8951: 8875: 8777: 8426: 8397: 8318: 8270: 6241: 5297: 4402: 4190: 4175: 4159: 4078: 4059: 4015: 4010: 3975: 3946: 3871: 3865:. It was further influenced both by scholarly works on folkloristics, particularly 3842: 3838: 3675: 3651: 3587: 3444: 3423: 3358:, all copies of the Book are kept identical to the version that the High Priestess 3307: 3217: 3213: 3201: 3123: 3107: 2279: 2139: 2074: 2070: 2037: 1955: 1650: 1443: 1385: 1362: 1243: 1184: 1012: 998: 813: 601: 494: 292: 242: 232: 202: 197: 110: 95: 12299: 9074: 8478:

New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought

4472: 4278:; no detailed statistics were reported outside of the six main religions. For the 3720: 2585: 1408: 15460: 14816: 14716: 14612: 14247: 14195: 14115: 13948: 13819: 13757: 13695: 13650: 13423: 13369: 13354: 13278: 13256: 13229: 13155: 12994: 12987: 12977: 12835: 12796: 12761: 12404: 12309: 12239: 12229: 12189: 11968: 11824: 11797: 11370: 10889: 10870: 10811: 10789: 10784: 10681: 10568: 10424: 10389: 10251: 10175: 10165: 10100: 10090: 10030: 9907: 9473: 9376: 9145: 9046: 8812: 8599: 8533: 6669: 6319:

Evans, Emrys (1992). "The Celts". In Cavendish, Richard; Ling, Trevor O. (eds.).

4386: 4319: 4163: 4147: 4006: 3971: 3775: 3364: 3311: 3290: 3270: 3260: 3209: 3062: 3030: 3003: 2971: 2944: 2912: 2794: 2653:. Valiente rewrote Gardner's version in verse, keeping the material derived from 2640: 2622:. Although no longer widely used, this practice seemingly derives from a line in 2286: 2271: 2223: 2135: 2103: 1864: 1755: 1740: 1551: 1439: 1428: 1274: 1109: 1072: 1005: 953: 883: 743: 618: 479: 392: 357: 282: 217: 207: 147: 15001: 2702:

that has targeted the religion since the 1950s and the concerns surrounding the

15572: 15046: 14502: 14334: 14329: 14291: 14051: 13772: 13732: 13727: 13710: 13705: 13559: 13448: 13074: 12694: 12414: 12399: 12364: 12349: 12304: 12259: 12249: 12159: 12036: 11886: 11763: 11708: 11631: 11594: 11390: 11335: 10942: 10430: 10301: 10233: 10150: 10145: 10130: 10040: 10025: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9938: 9667: 9499: 9325: 9177: 6557: 6238:

The Goddess and the Great Rite: Sex Magic and Feminism in the Neo-Pagan Revival

6163: 5427: 4375: 4250: 4155: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4094: 4073:

During the 1970s, a new generation joined Wicca who had been influenced by the

4002: 3930: 3925:(the "Father of Wicca") in the mid-20th century. Gardner was a retired British 3922: 3765: 3757: 3697: 3627: 3476: 3468: 3372: 3349: 3331: 3265: 3248: 3119: 2814: 2699: 2681: 2416: 2400: 2392: 2360: 2158: 2131: 2042: 2022: 1915: 1804: 1751: 1736: 1574: 1534: 1463: 1302: 1247: 1220: 1148: 793: 539: 534: 499: 449: 398: 267: 262: 247: 157: 142: 55: 9748: 7323:(2003). "Why Does Aleister Crowley Still Matter?". In Metzger, Richard (ed.). 4931: 2347: 15566: 15546: 15036: 14996: 14961: 14841: 14416: 14212: 13971: 13737: 13690: 13094: 13039: 13034: 12962: 12868: 12561: 12491: 12314: 12179: 12174: 12133: 11973: 11829: 11693: 11385: 11229: 10796: 10593: 10538: 10384: 10374: 10306: 9744: 9572:

Knowledge, Belief, and Witchcraft: Analytic Experiments in African Philosophy

9278:

Progressive Witchcraft: Spirituality, Mysteries, and Training in Modern Wicca

8955: 8594: 8586: 8330: 8008: 7580: 7342: 7233: 7201: 6922: 6305: 5922: 4394: 4167: 4067: 4034: 4023: 3926: 3880: 3810: 3711: 3460: 3355: 2967: 2639:". The most commonly used version used by Wiccans today is the rescension of 2519: 2412: 2162: 2095: 2033: 2017: 1821: 1638: 1626: 1561: 1413: 1251: 1134: 908: 853: 798: 586: 352: 342: 13874: 11068: 9417: 9368: 9295: 9264: 9199: 9165: 9136: 8643: 8559: 8292: 7909: 7375: 6955: 6877: 5319: 4564: 3957:, in the late 1930s. Intent on perpetuating this craft, Gardner founded the 3609:

uninitiated in any tradition. A widening public appetite, especially in the

2743:

Wiccans celebrate several seasonal festivals of the year, commonly known as

27:

Modern syncretic pagan religion based on white magic, occultism and paganism

15511: 15167: 15119: 14903: 14856: 14851: 14811: 14572: 14455: 14324: 14264: 14227: 14128: 14081: 13943: 13896: 13767: 12636: 12571: 12516: 12384: 12284: 12269: 12199: 11948: 11864: 11565: 11545: 11426: 11131: 11123: 10899: 10771: 10441: 10379: 10160: 10140: 10065: 10055: 9963: 9943: 9902: 9663: 9339: 9173: 8879: 8430: 8401: 8322: 8253: 8222: 7320: 7043: 4390: 4337: 4262: 4151: 4129: 3987: 3866: 3862: 3861:. To a lesser extent, Wicca also drew upon folk magic and the practices of 3488: 3368: 3142: 3094: 2849: 2841: 2510: 2448: 2364: 2150: 2087: 2083: 1988:. In other cases, such beliefs are more idiosyncratic and atypical; Wiccan 1959: 1934: 1892: 1820:

Gardner stated that beyond Wicca's two deities was the "Supreme Deity" or "

1780: 1759: 1611: 1486: 1212: 1047: 524: 504: 474: 409: 347: 277: 257: 182: 172: 11457: 7512: 5717: 3619: 3567: 3118:(BTW) traditions, there is a line of initiatory descent that goes back to 2501:, worshipping the deities, and working magic. Often these take place on a 2214:

and presenting themselves, as modern witches, as "persecuted minorities".

15087: 15031: 14971: 14871: 14836: 14821: 14763: 14676: 14602: 14525: 12928: 12813: 12339: 12274: 12219: 12019: 11953: 11941: 11931: 11854: 11421: 10399: 10364: 10291: 10256: 10155: 10075: 9968: 9873: 9481: 8601:

The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy

7887: 7654: 7500: 6482: 5695: 4220: 3991: 3876: 3850: 3819: 3700:

movements which were seeking a spiritual escape from Christian hegemony.

3577: 3536: 3527: 3455:

tradition; because of their joint history, they are often referred to as

2457: 2300: 2255: 2195: 2119: 1976: 1947: 1911: 1808: 1696: 1578: 1381: 1369: 783: 748: 529: 367: 332: 272: 192: 15016: 8261:

Baker, James W. "White Witches: Historic Fact and Romantic Fantasy". In

6465:

Mastering Witchcraft: A Practical Guide for Witches, Warlocks and Covens

4720:

Wiccan Beliefs & Practices: With Rituals for Solitaries & Covens

3639: 3114:

ritual, through which somebody joins the Craft and becomes a Wiccan. In

2821:

adopted the commemoration of these four Sabbats as described by Murray.

2805:(1933), in which she dealt with what she believed had been a historical 2793:; the equinoxes and solstices are celebrated also". In the Egyptologist 2285:

Many Wiccans also seek to cultivate a set of eight virtues mentioned in

15455: 15259: 14918: 14861: 14846: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14671: 14651: 14450: 14380: 14345: 14286: 14269: 14207: 14056: 14003: 13966: 13852: 13104: 13084: 12923: 12823: 12344: 12294: 12264: 12254: 12209: 11713: 11698: 11345: 11239: 11083: 10801: 10588: 10553: 10492: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10359: 10296: 10286: 10276: 10211: 10070: 10045: 9998: 9646:

The Witch Book: The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, Wicca, and Neo-paganism

9273: 8914:

Pearson, Joanne (2002b). "Witches and Wicca". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

8027:"Barr's Witch Project: Lawmaker Wants to Ban Witches from the Military" 7638: 4959: 4492: 4456: 4133: 4047: 3942: 3915: 3753: 3583: 3205: 3191: 3138: 3134: 3111: 3110:

can be found within Wicca. Perhaps the most significant of these is an

3037: 2670: 2522:

to send healing or other magic to persons outside of the sacred space.

2514: 2111: 2066: 2046: 2045:" among the Wiccan community. This allows many Wiccans to believe that 1989: 1985: 1938: 1930: 1884: 1872: 1845: 1747: 1732: 1716: 1708: 1350: 1333: 1329: 1279: 1119: 903: 868: 788: 768: 698: 554: 434: 387: 382: 377: 327: 187: 162: 12935: 11906: 9801: 9758:

Persuasions of the Witch's Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England

9209:

The Witches' Way: Principles, Rituals and Beliefs of Modern Witchcraft

7783:

2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales

5011: 3997:

The Witchcraft religion began to grow in 1951, with the repeal of the

1593: 1582: 1442:, a term that is also embraced by many of its practitioners, and as a 1384:

is a popular expression of Wiccan morality, often with respect to the

1324:, venerating both a Goddess and a God, traditionally conceived as the 14951: 14733: 14711: 14661: 14656: 14634: 14237: 14232: 14200: 14183: 13842: 13406: 13059: 13054: 12818: 12123: 12051: 11921: 11782: 11728: 11619: 11560: 11533: 11511: 11506: 11502: 11441: 11411: 11304: 11103: 11045: 10603: 10487: 10404: 10369: 10216: 9993: 8990:

Pearson, Joanne; Roberts, Richard H.; Samuel, Geoffrey, eds. (1998).

8541: 4548: 4063: 3954: 3938: 3304: 3244: 3014: 2790: 2772: 2726: 2666: 2502: 2424: 2211: 1943: 1918: 1880: 1853: 1712: 1704: 1566: 1455: 1354: 1346: 1338: 1321: 1313:

traditions. Other traditions, as well as scholars of religion, apply

1216: 918: 693: 549: 439: 372: 337: 14507: 11570: 10477: 9504:

Crafting the Art of Magic: A History of Modern Witchcraft, 1939–1964

8916:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

8897:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

8497:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

3594:

of a variety of religious traditions connected to Wicca and broader

3551:

knowledge of specific areas, such as the Qabalah, astrology, or the

3154:

Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopaedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions

2951: 2763:. The names of these festivals are in some cases taken from the Old 2717: 1897: 683: 30:

This article is about the duotheistic religion. For other uses, see

15542:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

15465: 15208:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

15026: 14908: 14826: 14666: 14629: 14445: 14168: 14158: 14153: 13938: 12972: 12918: 12903: 12888: 12792: 12334: 12041: 11958: 11881: 11609: 11197: 11136: 11057: 10628: 10623: 10608: 10578: 10462: 10331: 10185: 9733:"Recent Developments in the Study of The Great European Witch Hunt" 8758:

Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions

8165:"University of Victoria chaplain marks solstice with pagan rituals" 7939: 6087:

Casting Your Own Spell: The Role of Individualism in Wiccan Beliefs

4351: 4186: 3962: 3934: 3911: 3894: 3744: 3740: 3384: 3340: 3228: 2829: 2824:

The other four festivals commemorated by many Wiccans are known as

2752: 2730: 2685: 2589: 2577: 2435: 2127: 2026: 1922: 1908: 1857: 1788: 1684: 1634: 1474: 1342: 1266: 1255: 1223: 1057: 943: 938: 923: 893: 823: 668: 297: 77: 44: 39: 14465: 10839: 9082:

Strmiska, Michael F. (2005). "Modern Paganism in World Cultures".

9037:

Salomonsen, Jone. "Feminist Witchcraft and Holy Hermeneutics". In

6728: 6726: 6639: 4624: 4596: 3774:. The theory's most notable advocate was the English Egyptologist 3760:. In the late 19th century, it was then adopted by two Americans, 2751:

only follow four. In the rare case of the Ros an Bucca group from

1649:", although this term was also employed by practitioners of other 1629:, it is the older, broader, inclusive meaning which is preferred. 1345:. These two deities are sometimes viewed as facets of a universal 15011: 14941: 14831: 14592: 14567: 14138: 13901: 13762: 13064: 12808: 12521: 12046: 12004: 11436: 11274: 11190: 10618: 10598: 10502: 10482: 10467: 10394: 10336: 8857:

Pearson, Joanne. "Assumed Affinities: Wicca and the New Age". In

6907:. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. pp. 299–301. 6618:

Wicca: History, Belief & Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft

4508: 4194: 4181: 4019: 3983: 3907: 3846: 3827: 3815: 3655: 3396: 3172: 3168: 3164: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2875: 2833: 2782: 2764: 2744: 2650: 2609: 2597: 2581: 2440: 2009: 1981: 1971: 1951: 1888: 1746:

Most early Wiccan groups adhered to the duotheistic worship of a

1692: 1661: 1467: 1239: 1114: 933: 913: 828: 708: 688: 673: 362: 14133: 12329: 8937:. Vol. 14. Detroit: Macmaillan Reference USA. p. 9730. 8348:

Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft

6209: 5923:

Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon; Zell-Ravenheart, Morning Glory (2006).

4580: 3768:, the latter of whom promoted a variant of it in his 1899 book, 3243:

Infants in Wiccan families may be involved in a ritual called a

1914:

each as manifestations of one supreme Goddess and likewise, the

1454:, and more specifically a part of the esoteric current known as 15021: 14976: 14946: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14801: 14784: 14779: 14706: 14281: 14222: 14178: 14173: 13391: 13089: 13009: 12957: 12592: 12587: 12551: 12496: 11876: 11614: 10583: 10573: 10563: 10548: 10543: 10472: 8868:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

8819:

The witch-cult in Western Europe : a study in anthropology

8695:

The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present

7955:

Believe me, coming out of the "broom closet" is a one-way trip.

7325:

Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult

6862:(1st ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. 6723: 3614: 3591: 3452: 3282: 3159: 3066: 3041: 2923: 2786: 2601: 2593: 2569: 2498: 2484: 2396: 2251: 2049:

can contact the spirits of the deceased, a belief adopted from

1926: 1868: 1803:, thereby being a triadic deity comprising a Maiden goddess, a 1776: 1688: 1377: 1358: 1270: 1077: 898: 888: 878: 863: 858: 678: 12184: 9553:

Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America

8538:

Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival

7768:"Census 2001 Key Statistics – Local Authorities KS07 Religion" 7697: 4987: 4947: 4839: 4410:

that she had broken the oaths of secrecy taken at initiation.

4201:". Groups within this Traditional Witchcraft revival included 3830:

movement and also differs markedly in its general philosophy.

2318:

Although Gerald Gardner initially demonstrated an aversion to

2069:". Many Wiccans agree with the definition of magic offered by 1528: 1446:. However, given that Wicca also incorporates the practice of 15551: 14991: 14986: 14966: 14956: 14883: 14794: 14789: 14738: 14646: 14624: 14619: 14276: 14148: 11246: 10779: 10633: 10558: 10512: 10311: 10271: 8933:

Pearson, Joanne E. (2005). "Wicca". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

8624:

The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft

7289: 7277: 7265: 7189: 7146: 7033: 7031: 6053: 5410: 5408: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5177: 4975: 4800: 4798: 4378:, who stated that he did not believe Wicca to be a religion. 3778:, who promoted it in a series of books – most notably 1921's 3602: 3552: 3520: 3286: 3278: 3007: 2768: 2506: 2267: 2247: 2244: 2143: 1993: 1901: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1373: 1104: 948: 873: 803: 763: 718: 9445:

Coming to the Edge of the Circle: A Wiccan Initiation Ritual

9308:

The Wicca Bible: the Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft

7733: 7018: 7016: 6111: 6109: 5945: 5678: 5676: 5584: 5582: 5482: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5131: 5083: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5032: 5030: 4310: 4219:

Originating in Britain, Wicca then spread to North America,

3277:

In Wicca, there is no set sacred text such as the Christian

3273:', sitting on a Wiccan altar, alongside plants and crystals. 2359:, although they are seen as symbolic representations of the 14981: 14913: 14681: 14639: 14190: 12556: 12481: 10638: 10507: 9084:

Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives

8419:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

8311:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

7750: 7748: 7675: 7673: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6183: 6181: 6179: 5827: 5825: 5812: 5810: 5785: 5783: 5621: 5460: 5458: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4741: 4739: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 2896: 2692: 2573: 2123: 2029:, and other sources, that the human being has three souls. 1904: 1799:

and the Lord of Death. The Goddess is often portrayed as a

1438:

Several academics have also categorised Wicca as a form of

1286: 1199: 958: 713: 8058:"Use of Wiccan Symbol on Veterans' Headstones Is Approved" 7919: 7798:"Real Witches Practice Samhain: Wicca on the Rise in U.S." 7685: 7471: 7469: 7158: 7134: 7079: 7028: 6823: 6279: 6277: 6065: 5599: 5597: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5405: 5370: 5278: 4999: 4919: 4895: 4883: 4851: 4827: 4795: 3141:, either actual or symbolically, and in some cases ritual 2403:), all of which are believed to be united through spirit. 2326:

has published an informative white paper on this subject:

2065:, a manipulative force exercised through the practice of " 1970:

Many Wiccans also adopt a more explicitly polytheistic or

13069: 12593:

INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)

8199: 7013: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6538: 6489: 6106: 5837: 5795: 5673: 5579: 5567: 5470: 5355: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5201: 5143: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5054: 5027: 4785: 4783: 4524: 4014:

normalised to "Wicca". Gardner's tradition, later termed

3204:

backwards as a symbol of defiance against the historical

2916: 2777: 2605: 2480: 2339:

Many Wiccans are involved in environmentalist campaigns.

1739:

crafted by Bel Bucca and owned by the "Mother of Wicca",

1687:

views within Wicca are diverse. The religion encompasses

1193: 9228:

The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity

8791:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

7883:

New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America

7745: 7721: 7709: 7670: 7418: 6804: 6767: 6755: 6738: 6701: 6699: 6632:"Beaufort House Index of English Traditional Witchcraft" 6578: 6385: 6373: 6349: 6176: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5849: 5822: 5807: 5780: 5663: 5661: 5522: 5455: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5189: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4751: 4736: 4661: 4640: 4612: 4393:("Pan"), the original high priestess and high priest of 4346:. Some Christians still believe that Wicca is a form of 3495:. Some of these groups prefer to refer to themselves as 3133:. It is also at this ceremony that they are given their 2497:

Many rituals within Wicca are used when celebrating the

2146:

should not necessarily have any associations with evil.

1929:

as aspects of a single, archetypal god. A more strictly

9061:(1994). "Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her, and Why?". 8973:

Wicca and the Christian Heritage: Ritual, Sex and Magic

8516:

Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism

7466: 7430: 7406: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7122: 6979: 6977: 6711: 6274: 6262: 6142:"A Turning on the Wheel of Life: Wiccan Rites of Death" 5609: 5594: 5555: 5438: 4907: 4322:

has contributed to the misidentification of Wiccans as

4274:

In the United Kingdom, census figures on religion were

3491:, whose followers often trace their influences back to 2323: 9781:

The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism

9613:

Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America

9086:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 1–53. 8187: 7770:. United Kingdom Office for National Statistics. 2001. 7481: 7454: 7394: 7108: 7106: 7091: 6989: 6884: 6590: 6361: 6337: 5957: 5904: 5266: 5167: 5165: 5163: 4780: 4768: 4205:'s Cultus Sabbati and the Cornish Ros an Bucca coven. 4029: 7972: 7960: 7382: 7301: 6696: 6684: 6526: 6323:. New York: Little Brown & Company. p. 170. 6094: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5892: 5873: 5861: 5658: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5393: 5326: 4810: 2536:

Purification of the sacred space and the participants

2094:

During ritual practices, which are often staged in a

1196: 1190: 13809: 13472: 12845: 9050: 9038: 8989: 8858: 8439: 8301: 7442: 7170: 6974: 6121: 4673: 4536: 3183:, which is not BTW, but based upon the teachings of 2505:, or in some cases a new moon, which is known as an 8992:

Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World

8140:. Aquarian Tabernacle Church Canada. Archived from 7001: 6962: 5160: 3961:with his wife Donna in the 1940s, after buying the 3889:, and pre-existing modern pagan groups such as the 3833:Other influences upon early Wicca included various 3601:While the origins of modern Wiccan practice lie in 2635:One of Wicca's best known liturgical texts is "The 2114:

and Alex Winfield, referred to their own magic as "

1863:Although Gardner criticised monotheism, citing the 1332:, respectively. These deities may be regarded in a 1242:during the first half of the 20th century, and was 1187: 12791: 9690: 8816: 8793:. New York: American Heritage Publishing. p. 8755: 8671: 8655:. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. pp. 171–187. 8621: 8598: 8451: 8373:. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. pp. 113–128. 8300:Crowley, Vivianne. "Wicca as Nature Religion". In 7780:Office for National Statistics, 11 December 2012, 5534: 5071: 4444: 4249:a man in his forties, or a woman in her thirties, 3692:and came to be championed by those sectors of the 2584:, but other tools include a broomstick known as a 2032:Although not accepted by all Wiccans, a belief in 1887:, thereby believing that there are many different 13581: 8840:Never Again the Burning Times: Paganism Revisited 3200:(1970), and unusually involved recitation of the 2487:, ritual knife or dagger used in Wiccan practices 2261:Another common element of Wiccan morality is the 2008:A Wiccan altar decorated to mark the festival of 1891:. Some accept the view espoused by the occultist 1505:for their common roots in the meaning of gaining 1380:and commonly associated with the Horned God. The 1309:specific to similar traditions, excluding newer, 15564: 8628:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5639: 3613:, made traditional initiation unable to satisfy 3586:spiritual paths by adopting and reinventing the 2130:. Sanders also used the similar terminology of " 9521: 9431: 9182:A Witches' Bible: The Complete Witches Handbook 8083:"George W. Bush Justifies Off-The-Cuff Bigotry" 7612:. Archived from the original on October 2, 2003 6620:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 160–162. 3900: 15065:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 12725:Religious discrimination against modern pagans 6298:Traditional Witchcraft: A Cornish Book of Ways 5644:. Providence: Olympian Press. pp. 60–61. 4122:New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn 3826:. Hutton noted that Wicca predates the modern 1832:". Gardner envisioned this Supreme Deity as a 1569:, with practitioners carrying a pentacle, 2006 15152:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 14361: 12777: 11473: 10855: 9817: 8518:(2nd ed.). London: Hurst & Company. 6940:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley. p. 125. 5302:Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Millennium 3705:— Religious studies scholar Ethan Doyle White 1391: 1156: 9244: 9225: 9206: 9172: 7879: 7556:. Aquarian Tabernacle Church. Archived from 6434: 6422: 6234:Magic and Feminism in the Neo-Pagan Revival" 6215: 6139: 6115: 5789: 5183: 4383:United States Department of Veterans Affairs 1954:. Such a view is held by the High Priestess 1815: 11487: 8458:(2nd ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. 8345: 8308: 7295: 7283: 7271: 7195: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7085: 7073: 7053: 7037: 7022: 6615: 5414: 5387: 5364: 5349: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5154: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5065: 5048: 5036: 5021: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4953: 4941: 4937: 4925: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4873: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4804: 4762: 4745: 4667: 4655: 4618: 4606: 4574: 4558: 4530: 4502: 4486: 4466: 2564:These rites often include a special set of 2157:claimed in 1985 that Wicca had "reacted to 14368: 14354: 12784: 12770: 11480: 11466: 10862: 10848: 9824: 9810: 9271: 9036: 8494: 8472: 8454:The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft 8416: 7925: 7703: 7691: 7660: 6829: 6071: 5682: 5588: 5573: 5272: 4462: 4332:Religious discrimination against Neopagans 3303:(1899) and the works of 19th–20th century 2657:, but removing the material from Crowley. 2568:. These usually include a knife called an 2355:Many traditions hold a belief in the five 2181:— Religious studies scholar Joanne Pearson 1962:, who considered the Wiccan deities to be 1950:, thereby technically allowing them to be 1163: 1149: 12614:Academic study of new religious movements 11295:Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans 9302: 8994:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 8776: 8437: 7937: 7069: 6510:Coven Craft: Witchcraft for Three or More 6495: 6391: 6379: 6246:10.1525/california/9780520247765.003.0008 6083: 6059: 5963: 5951: 5831: 5816: 5528: 5488: 5195: 4570: 3752:in 1828, before being endorsed by German 3122:, and from him is said to go back to the 2560:Farewell to the quarters and participants 2447:The Wiccan high priestess and journalist 14375: 12598:World Religions and Spirituality Project 9693:What Witches Do: A Modern Coven Revealed 9436: 9397: 9375: 9245:Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1992) . 9143: 9109: 9081: 9027: 9008: 8941: 8918:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 133–172. 8913: 8842:. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. 8566: 8532: 8499:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 295–312. 8055: 7754: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7679: 7664: 7644: 7578: 7530:. Blogs.vancouversun.com. Archived from 7436: 7412: 7388: 7307: 7207: 7128: 6857: 6817: 6788:Covencraft: Witchcraft for Three or More 6773: 6761: 6749: 6732: 6717: 6584: 6556: 6437:, Chapter III – Third Degree Initiation. 6425:, Chapter II – Second Degree Initiation. 6283: 6268: 6187: 5999: 5987: 5801: 5770: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5561: 5449: 4913: 4774: 4717: 4554: 4542: 4518: 4514: 4498: 4309: 4292:American Religious Identification Survey 4223:, continental Europe, and South Africa. 4033: 3566: 3526: 3395: 3264: 3158: 3093: 2716: 2479: 2434: 2346: 2003: 1839: 1726: 1560: 1541:" during the 1950s. Gardner believed in 1407: 38: 13674: 9831: 9346: 9324: 9226:Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1987). 9207:Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1984). 9057: 8970: 8932: 8894: 8865: 8856: 8713:. Sutton Mallet, England: Green Magic. 8299: 8269: 8205: 8193: 7966: 7795: 7648: 7487: 7475: 7448: 7183: 7097: 6890: 6705: 6690: 6603: 6544: 6403: 6367: 6343: 6127: 6100: 5910: 5898: 5886: 5867: 5843: 5500: 5426: 5337: 5296: 5171: 5017: 4965: 4789: 4630: 4482: 4478: 3739:were actually followers of a surviving 3471:, both of which trace their origins to 3148:According to new-age religious scholar 2056: 1368:Wiccan celebrations encompass both the 14: 15565: 15471:List of people executed for witchcraft 12472:Classifications of religious movements 12099:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God 9147:Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft 9045: 8899:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 15–54. 8811: 8788: 8733:Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft 8705: 8692: 8669: 8650: 8619: 8593: 8513: 8446: 8275:Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age 7978: 7823:"Respect healthy for different faiths" 7820: 7499: 7460: 7424: 7400: 7355: 7112: 7049: 6968: 6902: 6841: 6532: 6355: 6199: 6162: 5975: 5694: 5667: 5549: 5476: 5399: 5077: 4869: 4821: 4679: 4590: 1597: 1586: 1497:are sometimes discouraged altogether. 1466:have categorised Wicca as part of the 1433:eclectic to reconstructionist spectrum 15440:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 14349: 14315:Christianization of saints and feasts 14072:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 14026: 13817: 13673: 13580: 13471: 13125: 12853: 12765: 11461: 11255:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 10843: 9805: 9714:Witchcraft: A Very Short Introduction 9381:An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present 9280:. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Age Books. 9013:. New York: Berghahn. pp. 1–23. 8837: 8781: 8753: 8727: 8262: 8260: 8243: 8221: 7880:Davis, Derek; Hankins, Barry (2003). 7319: 7246: 7219: 7065: 6935: 6462: 6446: 6318: 6227: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5855: 5745: 5464: 5284: 4602: 4450: 3837:traditions and practices, among them 3680: 2733:, displaying all eight of the Sabbats 2557:Wine, cakes, chanting, dancing, games 2513:. Casting the circle may involve the 2134:" to describe malevolent magic, and " 1883:, many Wiccans accept the concept of 1573:Although pronounced differently, the 1521:, while non-Wiccans are often termed 1427:, and more specifically as a form of 12320:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 11749:International Peace Mission movement 11259:Foundation for Traditional Religions 10661:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 9591:Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia 9102: 9051:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 9039:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8859:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8440:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8387: 8364: 8302:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8162: 7990: 7796:Goldman, Russell (30 October 2009). 7007: 6995: 6983: 6467:. New York: Putnum. pp. 22–23. 6295: 6169:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 4634: 4586: 3771:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 3300:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 2712: 985:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 12139:World Mission Society Church of God 11551:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis 10869: 9716:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9672:The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance 9466: 8678:. London: Hambledon and Continuum. 8350:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 7360:. London: Robert Hale. p. 51. 5640:Mathiesin, Robert; Theitic (2005). 4030:Adaptation and spread, 1960–present 4018:, soon became the dominant form in 3314:, the most notable of which is the 3089: 2475: 1310: 24: 15537:Left-hand path and right-hand path 15112:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 12715:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 12089:Unitarian Universalist Association 10745:Left-hand path and right-hand path 9570:Hallen, B.; Sodipo, J. O. (1997). 9534:University of South Carolina Press 9426: 9402:. London: Robert Hale Publishing. 9249:. London: Robert Hale Publishing. 9230:. London: Robert Hale Publishing. 8975:. London and New York: Routledge. 8737:State University of New York Press 8163:Todd, Douglas (16 December 2010). 7327:. New York: Disinformation Books. 6785: 6562:Witchcraft and the Book of Shadows 6507: 4722:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 7. 4179:(1996) and television series like 3400:A Wiccan couple getting handfasted 3254: 1992:for instance endorsed a belief in 25: 15599: 11820:Moorish Science Temple of America 11605:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star 9310:. New York: Sterling Publishing. 8248:(3rd ed.). London: Penguin. 8056:Banerjee, Neela (24 April 2007). 8033:. 1 November 1999. Archived from 7993:"Something Wiccan This Way Comes" 7220:Allen, Charlotte (January 2001). 6638:. 15 January 1999. Archived from 5925:Creating Circles & Ceremonies 5304:. London: Thorsons. p. 129. 4693:"Wizard Definition & Meaning" 4022:and spread to other parts of the 3921:The history of Wicca starts with 3562: 3519:Lineaged Wicca is organised into 2721:Painted Wheel of the Year at the 2706:hysteria in the 1980s and 1990s. 2542:Calling of the elemental quarters 2427:, the most-used symbol of Wicca. 1614:, respectively, that was used in 1577:term "Wicca" is derived from the 1529:Wiccan definition of "Witchcraft" 13473:Middle-Eastern and North African 12630:Journal of Contemporary Religion 10400:Spellwork / Incantation 9872: 9617:University of Pennsylvania Press 8156: 8130: 8105: 8075: 8049: 8019: 7984: 7931: 7873: 7859: 7845: 7821:Holmes, Erik (17 January 2010). 7814: 7789: 7774: 7760: 7598: 7572: 7546: 7525: 7519: 7493: 7349: 7313: 7240: 7213: 6938:Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies 6929: 6896: 6851: 6779: 6654: 6624: 6609: 6550: 6501: 6456: 6397: 6312: 6289: 6230:"The Goddess and the Great Rite 6221: 6156: 6152:: 22 – via IUScholarWorks. 6133: 6077: 5750:. UK: Capall Bann. p. 218. 4285: 3780:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 3077:No historical pagan equivalent. 2799:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 2669:is performed in the form of the 2342: 1768:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1183: 368:Spellwork / Incantation 70: 12094:United Submitters International 10822:Witchcraft Research Association 8674:Witches, Druids and King Arthur 8229:. New York City: Viking Press. 6662:"Different types of Witchcraft" 5916: 5739: 5724: 5688: 5633: 5494: 5420: 5290: 4711: 4685: 4425: 4336:Wicca emerged in predominantly 4208: 3531:A modern pagan witchcraft altar 3131:the ritual tools and implements 2695:subculture into their rituals. 2528:The classical ritual scheme in 1828:", "Supreme Cosmic Power", or " 1125:Witchcraft Research Association 644:Witchcraft Research Association 15235:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 15096:Summis desiderantes affectibus 14087:Polytheistic reconstructionism 12688:Christian countercult movement 12532:Polytheistic reconstructionism 11897:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha 11654:Chinese salvationist religions 10817:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic 10229:Holly King / Oak King 9731:Gibbons, Jenny (August 1998). 9593:. Melbourne University Press. 9184:. London: Phoenix Publishing. 9117:(3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: 8214: 7606:"Statistical summary pages: W" 7581:"How Many "Pagans" Are There?" 7507:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 7222:"The Scholars and the Goddess" 6560:(2004a). Naylor, A. R. (ed.). 5931:: New Page Books. p. 42. 4401:, successfully campaigned the 4361:The religious studies scholar 3933:, with a broad familiarity in 3818:dance) actually date from the 3756:and then the French historian 3504: 3479:, which traces itself back to 2600:and a curved blade known as a 2122:", which they associated with 1100:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic 445:Holly King / Oak King 13: 1: 13582:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 11315:Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism 9574:. Stanford University Press. 9334:. London: Rider and Company. 9075:10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715877 9030:Witchcraft Out of the Shadows 8789:Morris, William, ed. (1969). 8754:Lewis, James R., ed. (1999). 8089:. 1 June 1999. Archived from 7938:Bewitched (4 December 2003). 6228:Urban, Hugh B. (2006-10-04). 5775:Preface to the Second Edition 4413: 4305: 3407: 3240:and his first wife, Gillian. 2518:energy', including raising a 2168: 15240:accusations against children 15136:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 13126: 11684:Church of the Guanche People 11432:Platonism in the Renaissance 10720:List of Wiccan organisations 9522:Wicca in different countries 9443:Bado-Fralick, Nikki (2005). 9432:Significant historical works 9347:Gardner, Gerald B. (2004) . 8171:. The Search. Archived from 7786:. Accessed 12 December 2012. 6140:Bado-Fralick, Nikki (1998). 4438: 4144:Lady Sheba's Book of Shadows 3901:Early development, 1936–1959 3727:Wicca took as its basis the 3414:List of Wiccan organisations 3391: 3378: 2660: 2430: 2395:) and air (the formation of 2324:Illinois Wesleyan University 1999: 1722: 7: 12104:Universal White Brotherhood 9918:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca 9150:. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn. 8823:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8346:Doyle White, Ethan (2016). 7853:"Religious Landscape Study" 7210:, 10: Roots of Modern Wica. 6616:Doyle White, Ethan (2015). 6300:. Troy Books. p. 147. 4397:and founding elders of the 4075:counterculture of the 1960s 3891:Order of Woodcraft Chivalry 3733:those persecuted as witches 2759:, sometimes referred to as 2351:Five elements with pentacle 2278:and further popularized by 2217: 1673: 1404:Modern paganism and New Age 612:New Reformed Orthodox Order 490:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca 10: 15604: 15160:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 13818: 12375:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 12360:Joseph Franklin Rutherford 12079:Unarius Academy of Science 11396:Writers on modern paganism 9949:Church and School of Wicca 9870: 9697:. Robert Hale Publishing. 9634: 9383:. Robert Hale Publishing. 9144:Buckland, Raymond (1986). 8540:. Freshfields, Chieveley, 8277:. London: Aquarian Press. 7991:Silk, Mark (Summer 1999). 6858:Roderick, Timothy (2005). 6790:. Llewellyn. p. 228. 6636:Beaufort House Association 6512:. Llewellyn. p. 280. 4399:Aquarian Tabernacle Church 4329: 4290:In the United States, the 4212: 3941:. He claimed to have been 3673: 3669: 3418:Category:Wiccan traditions 3411: 3258: 3247:, which is analogous to a 3116:British Traditional Wiccan 2813:'s Clan of Tubal Cain and 2736: 2490: 2439:A Wiccan altar erected at 2221: 2118:", which contrasted with " 1677: 1668: 1401: 1395: 1392:Definition and terminology 629:SpiralScouts International 597:Church and School of Wicca 582:Aquarian Tabernacle Church 510:Church and School of Wicca 43:Wiccan jewelry, showing a 29: 15504: 15483: 15448: 15432: 15390: 15339: 15308: 15277: 15268: 15225: 15218: 15192:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 15055: 14932: 14772: 14585: 14518: 14394: 14387: 14310:Christianity and paganism 14300: 14114: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14022: 13830: 13826: 13813: 13800: 13686: 13682: 13669: 13591: 13587: 13576: 13482: 13478: 13467: 13136: 13132: 13121: 12864: 12860: 12854: 12849: 12832: 12804: 12733: 12710:Persecution of Falun Gong 12673: 12606: 12580: 12444: 12428: 12280:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi 12147: 12074:Twelve Tribes communities 12064:Transcendental Meditation 11495: 11404: 11358: 11267: 11030: 11019: 10956: 10930: 10877: 10712: 10668:The Meaning of Witchcraft 10652: 10526: 10450: 10345: 10242: 10199: 10016: 9931: 9888: 9881: 9839: 9551:Clifton, Chas S. (2006). 9528:Berger, Helen A. (1999). 9400:The Rebirth of Witchcraft 9398:Valiente, Doreen (1989). 9350:The Meaning of Witchcraft 9247:Eight Sabbats for Witches 8571:. Somerset: Capall Bann. 8567:Heselton, Philip (2003). 8087:Positive Atheism Magazine 7630:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7554:"ATC Affiliates – Canada" 5746:Adams, Luthaneal (2011). 5506:The Alex Sanders Lectures 4242: 3731:. This was the idea that 3514: 3511:incorporated into Wicca. 3457:British Traditional Wicca 2994:31 October to 1 November 2880:31 October to 1 November 2530:British Traditional Wicca 2282:, in his books on Wicca. 1879:As well as pantheism and 1816:Monotheism and polytheism 1623:British Traditional Wicca 1473:Although recognised as a 992:The Meaning of Witchcraft 15588:1950s in modern paganism 15522:Christian views on magic 15200:The Discovery of Witches 15072:Directorium Inquisitorum 12720:Persecution of Rastafari 12619:Anthropology of religion 12452:African-initiated church 12325:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby 12015:Shri Ram Chandra Mission 11704:The Family International 11674:Church of Divine Science 11627:Charismatic Christianity 11132:Daco-Thracian (Romanian) 10267:Wiccan views of divinity 10004:Universal Eclectic Wicca 9756:Luhrmann, T. M. (1994). 9689:Farrar, Stewart (1983). 9353:. Boston: Weiser Books. 8971:Pearson, Joanne (2007). 8956:10.1177/1355835805051876 8944:Theology & Sexuality 8935:Encyclopedia of Religion 8113:"Veteran Pentacle Quest" 7579:Bonewits, Isaac (2005). 7247:Davis, Philip G (1998). 6903:Howard, Michael (2010). 6435:Farrar & Farrar 1984 6423:Farrar & Farrar 1984 6216:Farrar & Farrar 1984 6172:. David Nutt. p. 7. 6116:Farrar & Farrar 1981 6084:McDermott, Matt (2023). 5790:Farrar & Farrar 1992 5184:Farrar & Farrar 1987 4418: 4215:Demographics of paganism 4005:and then others such as 3163:Handfasting ceremony at 2891:Death and the ancestors 2688:and women's liberation. 2367:. The five elements are 2061:Many Wiccans believe in 1925:and the Judeo-Christian 1680:Wiccan views of divinity 1656:Buffy the Vampire Slayer 1412:Wiccan priestess in the 1386:ritual practice of magic 1299:organisational structure 1244:introduced to the public 1234:, the path evolved from 759:Wiccan views of divinity 634:Universal Eclectic Wicca 560:Universal Eclectic Wicca 15578:New religious movements 15128:De praestigiis daemonum 15080:De maleficis mulieribus 12751:New religious movements 12205:Chinmayananda Saraswati 11991:Joy of Satan Ministries 11769:Kingdom of Jesus Christ 11590:Black Hebrew Israelites 11489:New religious movements 10750:Cunning folk in Britain 9674:. London: Robert Hale. 9449:Oxford University Press 8838:Orion, Loretta (1994). 8693:Hutton, Ronald (2017). 8670:Hutton, Ronald (2003). 8620:Hutton, Ronald (1999). 8514:Harvey, Graham (2007). 7892:Baylor University Press 6860:Wicca: A Year and a Day 5434:. Boxtree. p. 120. 4718:Cantrell, Gary (2001). 4297:United States Air Force 4276:first collected in 2001 4050:, and most importantly 3806:The Triumph of the Moon 3792:Encyclopædia Britannica 3083:; the harvest of grain 3026:Early Germanic calendar 2915:and the rebirth of the 2263:Law of Threefold Return 1797:Leader of the Wild Hunt 1053:Cunning folk in Britain 639:Wiccan Church of Canada 607:Covenant of the Goddess 15184:Compendium Maleficarum 15176:Magical Investigations 15067:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 14218:Religion and mythology 14144:Dying and rising deity 14124:Veneration of the dead 13858:Native American Church 12705:Persecution of Baháʼís 12700:Persecution of Ahmadis 12648:Psychology of religion 12643:Philosophy of religion 12512:Japanese new religions 12502:Hindu reform movements 12467:Christian denomination 10969:German-speaking Europe 10534:Magical tools in Wicca 10106:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti 9211:. Phoenix Publishing. 9119:Llewellyn Publications 9028:Ruickbie, Leo (2004). 8888:10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.52 8880:10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.52 8813:Murray, Margaret Alice 8448:Guiley, Rosemary Ellen 8431:10.1558/pome.v11i2.165 8402:10.1080/01438300302813 8323:10.1558/pome.v12i2.185 8244:Adler, Margot (2005). 7855:. Pew Research Center. 7704:Ezzy & Berger 2009 6735:, pp. 17, 18, 53. 6564:. Thame: I-H-O Books. 5642:The Rede of the Wiccae 5273:Farrar & Bone 2004 4327: 4259: 4199:traditional witchcraft 4039: 4038:Wiccan event in the US 3824:Protestant Reformation 3784:The God of the Witches 3702: 3607:solitary practitioners 3582:each create their own 3572: 3532: 3437:solitary practitioners 3432:religious denomination 3401: 3339:Similar in use to the 3328: 3295:Charles Godfrey Leland 3274: 3176: 3103: 3002:The full flowering of 2803:The God of the Witches 2734: 2493:Magical tools in Wicca 2488: 2444: 2352: 2303:, commonly called the 2233: 2178: 2013: 1860: 1848:of Wicca found in the 1743: 1570: 1479:evangelical Christians 1425:new religious movement 1416: 1228:new religious movement 849:Magical tools in Wicca 223:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti 48: 32:Wicca (disambiguation) 14807:Cloak of invisibility 14563:Solitary practitioner 14476:Witch-cult hypothesis 12658:Sociology of religion 12370:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar 12290:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 12119:The Way International 11850:New Kadampa Tradition 11679:Church of Scientology 11447:Traditionalist School 11417:Witch-cult hypothesis 10931:Arts and institutions 10740:Witch-cult hypothesis 10696:Charge of the Goddess 10437:Solitary practitioner 10355:Drawing down the Moon 10136:Cerridwen Fallingstar 9857:Wicca and LGBT people 9775:Rabinovitch, Shelly; 9648:. Visible Ink Press. 9437:Practices and beliefs 8699:Yale University Press 8653:Researching Paganisms 8474:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 8371:Researching Paganisms 7356:Bourne, Lois (1998). 6936:Smith, Diane (2005). 5287:, pp. 25, 34–35. 4573:, pp. 101, 102; 4313: 4247: 4089:, Cora Anderson, and 4037: 3729:witch-cult hypothesis 3690:1960s counter-culture 3685: 3570: 3530: 3399: 3323: 3317:Charge of the Goddess 3268: 3162: 3097: 2970:and the beginning of 2720: 2637:Charge of the Goddess 2548:Drawing down the Gods 2483: 2438: 2350: 2292:Charge of the Goddess 2228: 2173: 2149:Scholars of religion 2086:, but a part of what 2007: 1843: 1731:Altar statues of the 1730: 1564: 1485:– instead favouring " 1411: 1260:20th-century hermetic 1020:Charge of the Goddess 624:The Rowan Tree Church 405:Solitary practitioner 323:Drawing down the Moon 253:Cerridwen Fallingstar 123:Witch-cult hypothesis 42: 15527:Magical organization 15042:Witches of Benevento 13487:Ancient Near Eastern 13274:Hellenistic religion 12547:Religious syncretism 12542:Religious conversion 12527:Open-source religion 12355:Charles Taze Russell 12170:Herbert W. Armstrong 12057:Theosophical Society 11835:New Apostolic Church 11285:Church of All Worlds 10957:By country or region 10938:Festivals and events 9913:Central Valley Wicca 9712:Gaskill, M. (2010). 9589:Hume, Lynne (1997). 9304:Gallagher, Ann-Marie 8711:Fifty Years of Wicca 8390:Culture and Religion 7997:Religion in the News 7358:Dancing With Witches 7226:The Atlantic Monthly 7052:, pp. 279–230; 6463:Huson, Paul (1970). 6296:Gary, Gemma (2008). 6240:. pp. 162–190. 5730:Lembke, Karl (2002) 4940:, pp. 196–197; 4389:("Lady Aurora") and 4189:and by authors like 4139:Mastering Witchcraft 4083:Pagans Against Nukes 3845:and his religion of 3809:, English historian 3345:ceremonial magicians 3197:Mastering Witchcraft 3181:Cochranian tradition 3102:wearing a moon crown 3046:31 July or 1 August 2864:Southern Hemisphere 2861:Northern Hemisphere 2723:Museum of Witchcraft 2704:Satanic ritual abuse 2453:religious experience 2071:ceremonial magicians 2057:Magic and spellcraft 1921:, the ancient Greek 1850:Museum of Witchcraft 1423:classify Wicca as a 1297:, each with its own 1250:, a retired British 1232:scholars of religion 574:Wiccan organisations 485:Central Valley Wicca 15144:Newes from Scotland 15104:Malleus Maleficarum 14481:Anglo-Saxon England 14320:Constantinian shift 14042:Neopagan witchcraft 13676:Sub-Saharan African 12664:When Prophecy Fails 12624:History of religion 12567:Spiritual evolution 12537:Prosperity theology 12507:In-group favoritism 12477:Conspiracy theories 12165:Marshall Applewhite 11917:Ramakrishna Mission 11585:Jehovah's Witnesses 11381:LGBTQ+ and paganism 11322:Neopagan witchcraft 11290:Church of Aphrodite 11186:Peterburgian Vedism 10917:Western esotericism 10761:Malleus Maleficarum 10755:European witchcraft 10735:Neopagan witchcraft 9890:British Traditional 9833:Neopagan witchcraft 9059:Simpson, Jacqueline 9053:, pp. 123–140. 9041:, pp. 143–156. 8442:, pp. 101–110. 8304:, pp. 170–179. 8265:, pp. 171–192. 8138:"Wiccan Chaplaincy" 8037:on 29 February 2000 7742:, pp. 143–144. 7706:, pp. 165–166. 6218:, pp. 156–174. 6062:, pp. 101–102. 5858:, pp. 130–131. 5748:The Book of Mirrors 5716:(3). Archived from 5630:, pp. 163–164. 5508:. Magickal Childe. 5491:, pp. 250–265. 5479:, pp. 394–395. 5467:, pp. 158–159. 4996:, pp. 199–201. 4956:, pp. 197–198. 4848:, pp. 191–192. 3999:Witchcraft Act 1735 3762:Matilda Joslyn Gage 3737:early modern Europe 3071:21 or 22 September 2959:21 or 22 September 2646:The Book of the Law 2389:Ann-Marie Gallagher 2192:'witch cult' theory 1647:Traditional Witches 1616:Anglo-Saxon England 1517:are referred to as 1477:by academics, some 1452:Western esotericism 1320:Wicca is typically 1254:. Wicca draws upon 1236:Western esotericism 1094:Malleus Maleficarum 1063:European witchcraft 592:Children of Artemis 15496:Witches in fiction 15484:In popular culture 15058:historic treatises 14260:Trees in mythology 14255:Supernatural magic 14164:Magic and religion 12746:In popular culture 12683:Anti-cult movement 12457:Buddhist modernism 12395:Emanuel Swedenborg 12390:Nirmala Srivastava 12155:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 12109:Vipassana movement 12084:Unification Church 12069:True Buddha School 12010:Shambhala Buddhism 11981:The Satanic Temple 11902:The Process Church 11788:Maha Bodhi Society 11759:Invitation to Life 11739:Humanistic Judaism 10922:Western philosophy 10776:Magical alphabets 10725:Bricket Wood coven 10703:Enchanted Feminism 10096:Zsuzsanna Budapest 9852:Etymology of Wicca 9555:. AltaMira Press. 9326:Gardner, Gerald B. 8784:, pp. 93–119. 8093:on 2 February 2009 8062:The New York Times 7251:. Dallas: Spence. 6786:K., Amber (1998). 6508:K., Amber (1998). 5954:, pp. 77, 78. 5846:, pp. 69, 75. 4984:, pp. 4, 198. 4328: 4316:inverted pentagram 4255:lower middle class 4126:Zsuzsanna Budapest 4091:Gwydion Pendderwen 4040: 3959:Bricket Wood coven 3797:Jacqueline Simpson 3750:Karl Ernest Jarcke 3716:invented tradition 3681:Origins, 1921–1935 3573: 3533: 3493:Zsuzsanna Budapest 3485:Gwydion Pendderwen 3459:, particularly in 3402: 3275: 3234:Bricket Wood coven 3177: 3104: 2991:30 April to 1 May 2901:21 or 22 December 2883:30 April to 1 May 2819:Bricket Wood coven 2757:cross-quarter days 2749:Clan of Tubal Cain 2735: 2675:sexual intercourse 2539:Casting the circle 2489: 2445: 2357:classical elements 2353: 2237:Lady Gwen Thompson 2155:William Bainbridge 2014: 1964:Jungian archetypes 1861: 1744: 1701:Jungian archetypes 1571: 1483:organised religion 1417: 1398:Etymology of Wicca 1370:cycles of the Moon 1363:Goddess monotheism 1207:), also known as " 1027:Enchanted Feminism 614:of the Golden Dawn 213:Zsuzsanna Budapest 106:Bricket Wood coven 101:Etymology of Wicca 49: 15560: 15559: 15517:Witch (archetype) 15479: 15478: 15428: 15427: 14754:Sympathetic magic 14581: 14580: 14343: 14342: 14108: 14107: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14013: 13794: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13665: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13572: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13458: 13412:Mysteries of Isis 13117: 13116: 13113: 13112: 12759: 12758: 12653:Religious studies 12487:Cybersectarianism 12462:Chabad messianism 12436:Pacific Northwest 12420:Poykayil Yohannan 12235:Josemaría Escrivá 12114:Eastern Lightning 11912:Rajneesh movement 11860:Religious Science 11793:Messianic Judaism 11779:Latter Day Saints 11744:Iglesia ni Cristo 11669:Christian Science 11529:Aetherius Society 11455: 11454: 11354: 11353: 11143:Kemetic Orthodoxy 11104:Ossetian-Scythian 11089:Canarian (Berber) 10907:Reconstructionism 10837: 10836: 10458:Wheel of the Year 10111:Patricia Crowther 10012: 10011: 9898:Alexandrian Wicca 9863:Dettmer v. Landon 9767:978-0-330-32946-0 9723:978-0-19-923695-4 9642:Buckland, Raymond 9609:Magliocco, Sabina 9600:978-0-522-84782-6 9581:978-0-8047-2823-2 9360:978-1-57863-309-8 9157:978-0-87542-050-9 9111:Buckland, Raymond 9103:Wiccan literature 9093:978-1-85109-608-4 9020:978-1-78238-646-9 8861:, pp. 45–56. 8849:978-0-88133-835-5 8778:Magliocco, Sabina 8769:978-1-57607-134-2 8746:978-0-7914-2890-0 8685:978-1-85285-397-6 8525:978-1-85065-272-4 8480:. Leiden: Brill. 8357:978-1-84519-754-4 8271:Crowley, Vivianne 8236:978-0-670-28342-2 8208:, pp. 55–56. 8031:LawStreet Journal 7427:, pp. 30–31. 7298:, pp. 20–22. 7286:, pp. 19–20. 7274:, pp. 17–18. 7198:, pp. 16–17. 7155:, pp. 15–16. 6998:, pp. 48–49. 6914:978-0-7387-1588-9 6547:, pp. 14–15. 6358:, pp. 16–17. 5978:, pp. 88–89. 5804:, pp. 70–71. 5757:978-1-86163-325-5 5733:The Threefold Law 5700:"Exegesis on the 5352:, pp. 95–96. 5298:Crowley, Vivianne 5227:, pp. 92–93. 5186:, pp. 29–37. 5140:, pp. 89–90. 5092:, pp. 87–88. 5051:, pp. 86–87. 4637:, pp. 49–50. 4403:British Columbian 4371:Dettmer v. Landon 4343:News of the World 4124:, and eventually 4056:Alexandrian Wicca 3886:The White Goddess 3449:Alexandrian Wicca 3428:Alexandrian Wicca 3087: 3086: 3053:Celtic polytheism 2998:Celtic polytheism 2963:Germanic paganism 2939:Celtic polytheism 2908:Germanic paganism 2887:Celtic polytheism 2838:Alexandrian Wicca 2739:Wheel of the Year 2713:Wheel of the Year 2201:positive antitype 2188:Wouter Hanegraaff 2079:MacGregor Mathers 1844:Sculpture of the 1599:[ˈwittʃe] 1588:[ˈwittʃɑ] 1460:Wouter Hanegraaff 1458:. Academics like 1421:religious studies 1293:, referred to as 1173: 1172: 664:Wheel of the Year 470:Alexandrian Wicca 316:Rites and rituals 228:Patricia Crowther 117:Dettmer v. Landon 16:(Redirected from 15595: 15583:1950s in England 15491:Magic in fiction 15321:Northern Moravia 15275: 15274: 15255:Papua New Guinea 15223: 15222: 15007:Nine sorceresses 14759:Witches' Sabbath 14608:Ceremonial magic 14598:Apotropaic magic 14392: 14391: 14370: 14363: 14356: 14347: 14346: 14302:Christianization 14092:Secular paganism 14077:Goddess movement 14047:Cochrane's Craft 14035: 14034: 14024: 14023: 13828: 13827: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13684: 13683: 13671: 13670: 13589: 13588: 13578: 13577: 13480: 13479: 13469: 13468: 13284:Sacred mysteries 13134: 13133: 13123: 13122: 12862: 12861: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12836:ethnic religions 12786: 12779: 12772: 12763: 12762: 12581:Public education 12380:Shiv Dayal Singh 12245:Charles Fillmore 12225:Aleister Crowley 12215:Helena Blavatsky 11927:Risshō Kōsei Kai 11892:Pilgrims of Arès 11872:Nuwaubian Nation 11845:New Confucianism 11664:Christadelphians 11659:Chinmaya Mission 11600:Branch Davidians 11539:Lahore Ahmadiyya 11482: 11475: 11468: 11459: 11458: 11405:Related articles 11310:Pagan Federation 11300:Goddess movement 11280:Christo-Paganism 11176:Rodnovery (list) 11028: 11027: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10841: 10840: 10807:Witches' Sabbath 10730:New Forest coven 10689:Witchcraft Today 10675:The Spiral Dance 10222:Spirit of nature 10181:Silver RavenWolf 10126:Scott Cunningham 10116:Vivianne Crowley 10086:Raymond Buckland 9954:Cochrane's Craft 9923:Gardnerian Wicca 9886: 9885: 9876: 9847:History of Wicca 9826: 9819: 9812: 9803: 9802: 9798: 9771: 9752: 9747:. Archived from 9727: 9708: 9696: 9685: 9659: 9630: 9604: 9585: 9566: 9547: 9517: 9495: 9474:Heselton, Philip 9467:History of Wicca 9462: 9421: 9394: 9377:Valiente, Doreen 9372: 9343: 9331:Witchcraft Today 9321: 9299: 9268: 9241: 9222: 9203: 9169: 9140: 9097: 9078: 9054: 9047:Samuel, Geoffrey 9042: 9033: 9024: 9005: 8986: 8967: 8938: 8929: 8910: 8891: 8862: 8853: 8834: 8822: 8808: 8785: 8773: 8761: 8750: 8724: 8707:Lamond, Frederic 8702: 8689: 8677: 8666: 8647: 8627: 8616: 8604: 8590: 8563: 8534:Heselton, Philip 8529: 8510: 8491: 8469: 8457: 8443: 8434: 8413: 8384: 8361: 8342: 8305: 8296: 8266: 8257: 8240: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8117:Circle Sanctuary 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8011:. Archived from 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7950: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7886:(2nd ed.). 7877: 7871: 7870: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7829:. Archived from 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7793: 7787: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7668: 7658: 7652: 7651:, pp. ix–x. 7642: 7636: 7635: 7629: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7296:Doyle White 2016 7293: 7287: 7284:Doyle White 2016 7281: 7275: 7272:Doyle White 2016 7269: 7263: 7262: 7249:Goddess Unmasked 7244: 7238: 7237: 7228:. No. 287. 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7196:Doyle White 2016 7193: 7187: 7181: 7168: 7165:Doyle White 2016 7162: 7156: 7153:Doyle White 2016 7150: 7144: 7141:Doyle White 2016 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7110: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7086:Doyle White 2016 7083: 7077: 7074:Doyle White 2016 7063: 7057: 7054:Doyle White 2016 7047: 7041: 7038:Doyle White 2016 7035: 7026: 7023:Doyle White 2016 7020: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6855: 6849: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6802: 6801: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6736: 6730: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6668:. Archived from 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6460: 6454: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6174: 6173: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5820: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5778: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5743: 5737: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5592: 5586: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5453: 5447: 5436: 5435: 5432:The A–Z of Wicca 5424: 5418: 5415:Doyle White 2016 5412: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5388:Doyle White 2016 5385: 5368: 5365:Doyle White 2016 5362: 5353: 5350:Doyle White 2016 5347: 5341: 5335: 5324: 5323: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5261:Doyle White 2016 5258: 5252: 5249:Doyle White 2016 5246: 5240: 5237:Doyle White 2016 5234: 5228: 5225:Doyle White 2016 5222: 5216: 5213:Doyle White 2016 5210: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5158: 5155:Doyle White 2016 5152: 5141: 5138:Doyle White 2016 5135: 5129: 5126:Doyle White 2016 5123: 5117: 5114:Doyle White 2016 5111: 5105: 5102:Doyle White 2016 5099: 5093: 5090:Doyle White 2016 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5066:Doyle White 2016 5063: 5052: 5049:Doyle White 2016 5046: 5040: 5037:Doyle White 2016 5034: 5025: 5022:Doyle White 2016 5015: 5009: 5006:Doyle White 2010 5003: 4997: 4994:Doyle White 2010 4991: 4985: 4982:Doyle White 2016 4979: 4973: 4970:Doyle White 2016 4963: 4957: 4954:Doyle White 2010 4951: 4945: 4942:Doyle White 2016 4938:Doyle White 2010 4935: 4929: 4926:Doyle White 2010 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4902:Doyle White 2010 4899: 4893: 4890:Doyle White 2010 4887: 4881: 4878:Doyle White 2016 4874:Doyle White 2010 4872:, p. 1548; 4867: 4861: 4858:Doyle White 2010 4855: 4849: 4846:Doyle White 2010 4843: 4837: 4834:Doyle White 2010 4831: 4825: 4819: 4808: 4805:Doyle White 2010 4802: 4793: 4787: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4763:Doyle White 2016 4760: 4749: 4746:Doyle White 2016 4743: 4734: 4733: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4668:Doyle White 2016 4665: 4659: 4656:Doyle White 2016 4653: 4638: 4628: 4622: 4619:Doyle White 2016 4616: 4610: 4607:Doyle White 2016 4600: 4594: 4584: 4578: 4575:Doyle White 2016 4568: 4562: 4559:Doyle White 2016 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4531:Doyle White 2010 4528: 4522: 4512: 4506: 4503:Doyle White 2010 4496: 4490: 4487:Doyle White 2016 4476: 4470: 4467:Doyle White 2016 4460: 4454: 4448: 4432: 4429: 4266: 4191:Silver RavenWolf 4160:Scott Cunningham 4093:established the 4079:environmentalist 4060:ceremonial magic 4011:Cecil Williamson 3872:The Golden Bough 3843:Aleister Crowley 3839:ceremonial magic 3835:Western esoteric 3754:Franz Josef Mone 3706: 3676:History of Wicca 3632:ancient Egyptian 3559:higher degrees. 3465:Cochrane's Craft 3445:Gardnerian Wicca 3424:Gardnerian Wicca 3335: 3334:to his followers 3308:Aleister Crowley 3218:Silver RavenWolf 3214:Scott Cunningham 3124:New Forest coven 3108:rites of passage 3090:Rites of passage 3081:Autumnal equinox 2932:1 or 2 February 2855: 2854: 2476:Ritual practices 2361:phases of matter 2280:Raymond Buckland 2239: 2209: 2182: 2140:Helena Blavatsky 2075:Aleister Crowley 2038:Raymond Buckland 2012:(30 April/1 May) 1956:Vivianne Crowley 1756:hunter-gatherers 1651:magico-religious 1601: 1590: 1565:Wiccan event in 1444:mystery religion 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1182: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1130:Witches' Sabbath 1013:Witchcraft Today 999:The Spiral Dance 602:Circle Sanctuary 515:Cochrane's Craft 495:Gardnerian Wicca 293:Silver RavenWolf 243:Scott Cunningham 233:Vivianne Crowley 203:Raymond Buckland 111:New Forest coven 96:History of Wicca 89:History of Wicca 80: 74: 51: 50: 21: 15603: 15602: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15556: 15500: 15475: 15444: 15424: 15386: 15340:Northern Europe 15335: 15304: 15264: 15214: 15057: 15051: 14934: 14928: 14867:Magical weapons 14817:Flying ointment 14768: 14613:Magical formula 14577: 14514: 14461:Greece and Rome 14383: 14374: 14344: 14339: 14296: 14196:Myth and ritual 14116:Myth and ritual 14110: 14109: 14096: 14029: 14010: 13963:Turko-Mongolic 13822: 13803: 13796: 13795: 13782: 13678: 13657: 13583: 13564: 13474: 13455: 13128: 13109: 12978:Hindu mythology 12856: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12828: 12800: 12797:modern paganism 12790: 12760: 12755: 12729: 12669: 12602: 12576: 12440: 12424: 12410:Chögyam Trungpa 12405:Joseph W. Tkach 12310:Elijah Muhammad 12240:Louis Farrakhan 12230:Mary Baker Eddy 12190:Sathya Sai Baba 12148:Notable figures 12143: 12000:Sathya Sai Baba 11969:Church of Satan 11825:Nation of Islam 11798:Modern paganism 11647:Neo-charismatic 11491: 11486: 11456: 11451: 11400: 11371:Crypto-paganism 11350: 11263: 11015: 10952: 10926: 10890:Nature religion 10873: 10871:Modern paganism 10868: 10838: 10833: 10812:Flying ointment 10708: 10682:What Witches Do 10648: 10569:Book of Shadows 10522: 10446: 10425:Rite of passage 10390:Herbal medicine 10347: 10341: 10252:Wiccan morality 10244: 10238: 10195: 10176:Rosaleen Norton 10171:Frederic Lamond 10166:Philip Heselton 10121:Robert Cochrane 10101:Charles Cardell 10091:Eddie Buczynski 10061:Victor Anderson 10031:Doreen Valiente 10018: 10008: 9927: 9908:Blue Star Wicca 9877: 9868: 9835: 9830: 9795: 9779:, eds. (2002). 9777:Lewis, James R. 9774: 9768: 9755: 9737:The Pomegranate 9730: 9724: 9711: 9705: 9688: 9682: 9668:Farrar, Stewart 9662: 9656: 9640: 9637: 9627: 9607: 9601: 9588: 9582: 9569: 9563: 9550: 9544: 9527: 9524: 9514: 9500:Kelly, Aidan A. 9498: 9492: 9472: 9469: 9459: 9442: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9427:Further reading 9424: 9410: 9391: 9361: 9318: 9288: 9272:Farrar, Janet; 9257: 9238: 9219: 9192: 9178:Farrar, Stewart 9158: 9129: 9105: 9100: 9094: 9032:. London: Hale. 9021: 9002: 8983: 8926: 8907: 8850: 8831: 8805: 8770: 8747: 8729:Lewis, James R. 8721: 8686: 8663: 8636: 8613: 8579: 8552: 8544:: Capall Bann. 8526: 8507: 8488: 8466: 8381: 8358: 8285: 8237: 8217: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8175:on 4 March 2016 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8015:on 24 May 2007. 7989: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7948: 7946: 7936: 7932: 7926:Hanegraaff 2002 7924: 7920: 7902: 7878: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7834: 7833:on 18 July 2012 7827:Air Force Times 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7794: 7790: 7779: 7775: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7692:Salomonsen 1998 7690: 7686: 7678: 7671: 7663:, p. 305; 7661:Hanegraaff 2002 7659: 7655: 7647:, p. 144; 7643: 7639: 7623: 7622: 7615: 7613: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7534:on 4 March 2016 7526:Todd, Douglas. 7524: 7520: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7368: 7354: 7350: 7335: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7245: 7241: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7068:, p. 187; 7064: 7060: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7029: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6948: 6934: 6930: 6915: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6870: 6856: 6852: 6840: 6836: 6830:Salomonsen 1998 6828: 6824: 6816: 6805: 6798: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6739: 6731: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6672:on 18 June 2007 6660: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6558:Gardner, Gerald 6555: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6475: 6461: 6457: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6317: 6313: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6177: 6164:Leland, Charles 6161: 6157: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6082: 6078: 6072:Hanegraaff 2002 6070: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5781: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5744: 5740: 5729: 5725: 5720:on 14 May 2007. 5693: 5689: 5683:Hanegraaff 2002 5681: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5595: 5589:Hanegraaff 2002 5587: 5580: 5574:Hanegraaff 2002 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5439: 5428:Dunwich, Gerina 5425: 5421: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5371: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5327: 5312: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5161: 5153: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5028: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972:, pp. 1–2. 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880:, pp. 4–5. 4876:, p. 187; 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4811: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4697:Merriam-Webster 4691: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4641: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4601: 4597: 4589:, p. 117; 4585: 4581: 4569: 4565: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4481:, p. 170; 4477: 4473: 4463:Hanegraaff 1996 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4387:Heather Botting 4334: 4320:Church of Satan 4314:The use of the 4308: 4288: 4268: 4261: 4245: 4217: 4211: 4203:Andrew Chumbley 4164:Heather Botting 4148:Doreen Valiente 4111:Joseph Wilson's 4103:Victor Anderson 4087:Victor Anderson 4085:. In the U.S., 4077:. Many brought 4044:Robert Cochrane 4032: 4007:Charles Cardell 3980:Frederic Lamond 3972:Doreen Valiente 3903: 3776:Margaret Murray 3708: 3704: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3565: 3517: 3481:Victor Anderson 3473:Robert Cochrane 3420: 3410: 3394: 3381: 3365:Charles Cardell 3337: 3330: 3312:Doreen Valiente 3291:Book of Shadows 3271:Book of Shadows 3263: 3261:Book of Shadows 3257: 3255:Book of Shadows 3238:Frederic Lamond 3210:Doreen Valiente 3185:Robert Cochrane 3092: 3031:Summer solstice 2956:21 or 22 March 2943:First signs of 2913:Winter solstice 2867:Origin of Name 2828:. They are the 2811:Robert Cochrane 2795:Margaret Murray 2761:Greater Sabbats 2741: 2715: 2663: 2641:Doreen Valiente 2532:traditions is: 2495: 2478: 2433: 2421:Robert Cochrane 2409:Frederic Lamond 2345: 2287:Doreen Valiente 2272:Doreen Valiente 2241: 2235: 2226: 2224:Wiccan morality 2220: 2207: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2136:right-hand path 2098:, Wiccans cast 2059: 2002: 1865:Problem of Evil 1818: 1741:Doreen Valiente 1725: 1682: 1676: 1671: 1552:Charles Cardell 1531: 1440:nature religion 1429:modern Paganism 1406: 1400: 1394: 1275:Doreen Valiente 1238:, developed in 1226:. Considered a 1186: 1180: 1179: 1169: 1140: 1139: 1073:Flying ointment 1043: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1006:What Witches Do 979: 978: 969: 968: 954:Theban alphabet 884:Book of Shadows 844: 843: 834: 833: 744:Wiccan morality 739: 738: 729: 728: 659: 658: 649: 648: 619:Panthean Temple 613: 577: 576: 565: 564: 480:Blue Star Wicca 465: 464: 455: 454: 425: 424: 415: 414: 393:Rite of passage 358:Herbal medicine 318: 317: 308: 307: 288:Frederic Lamond 283:Philip Heselton 238:Robert Cochrane 218:Charles Cardell 208:Eddie Buczynski 178:Victor Anderson 148:Doreen Valiente 138: 137: 136:Notable figures 128: 127: 91: 90: 81: 76: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15601: 15591: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15558: 15557: 15555: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15508: 15506: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15493: 15487: 15485: 15481: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15452: 15450: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15442: 15436: 15434: 15430: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15394: 15392: 15391:Western Europe 15388: 15387: 15385: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15343: 15341: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15312: 15310: 15309:Eastern Europe 15306: 15305: 15303: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15281: 15279: 15272: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15231: 15229: 15220: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15212: 15204: 15196: 15188: 15180: 15172: 15164: 15156: 15148: 15140: 15132: 15124: 15116: 15108: 15100: 15092: 15084: 15076: 15068: 15061: 15059: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15047:Witch of Endor 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14938: 14936: 14930: 14929: 14927: 14926: 14924:Witch's ladder 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14798: 14797: 14787: 14782: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14622: 14617: 14616: 14615: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14583: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14554: 14553: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14522: 14520: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14511: 14510: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14433: 14432: 14431: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14398: 14396: 14389: 14385: 14384: 14373: 14372: 14365: 14358: 14350: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14335:Virtuous pagan 14332: 14330:Religio licita 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14306: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14294: 14292:Animal worship 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14273: 14272: 14267: 14257: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14245: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14198: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14120: 14118: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14052:Feri Tradition 14049: 14044: 14038: 14031: 14030: 14020: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13969: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13877: 13867: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13855: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13840: 13831: 13824: 13823: 13808: 13806: 13798: 13797: 13792: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13693: 13687: 13680: 13679: 13667: 13666: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13592: 13585: 13584: 13574: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13551: 13550: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13516: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13494: 13489: 13483: 13476: 13475: 13465: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13351: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13281: 13276: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13239: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13197: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13170: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13143: 13137: 13130: 13129: 13119: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13050:Tibeto-Burmese 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12865: 12858: 12857: 12844: 12842: 12839:(existing and 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12789: 12788: 12781: 12774: 12766: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12741:Academic study 12737: 12735: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12695:Anti-Mormonism 12692: 12691: 12690: 12679: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12633: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12432: 12430: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12415:Ellen G. White 12412: 12407: 12402: 12400:Rudolf Steiner 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12365:Ahn Sahng-hong 12362: 12357: 12352: 12350:Helena Roerich 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12305:Sun Myung Moon 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12260:L. Ron Hubbard 12257: 12252: 12250:Kelsang Gyatso 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12160:Noble Drew Ali 12157: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12037:Sukyo Mahikari 12034: 12033: 12032: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11983: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11887:Peoples Temple 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11840:The New Church 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11764:Jewish Renewal 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11709:Friends of Man 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11595:Brahma Kumaris 11592: 11587: 11581:Bible Students 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11531: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11509: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11492: 11485: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11462: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11408: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11391:Technopaganism 11388: 11383: 11378: 11376:Discrimination 11373: 11368: 11362: 11360: 11356: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11198:Turko-Mongolic 11195: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11134: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11120: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11072: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11034: 11032: 11025: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11001: 10999:United Kingdom 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10934: 10932: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10892: 10887: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10867: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10844: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10831: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10644:Witch's ladder 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10589:Chalice/Goblet 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10431:Eko Eko Azarak 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10302:The Summerland 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10248: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10234:Mother goddess 10231: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10214: 10209: 10207:Triple Goddess 10203: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10151:Raven Grimassi 10148: 10146:Stewart Farrar 10143: 10138: 10133: 10131:Phyllis Curott 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10041:Maxine Sanders 10038: 10033: 10028: 10026:Gerald Gardner 10022: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9984:Odyssean Wicca 9981: 9979:Georgian Wicca 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9939:1734 Tradition 9935: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9894: 9892: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9829: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9793: 9772: 9766: 9753: 9751:on 2003-05-05. 9739:. No. 5. 9728: 9722: 9709: 9703: 9686: 9680: 9660: 9654: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9625: 9605: 9599: 9586: 9580: 9567: 9561: 9548: 9542: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9512: 9496: 9490: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9457: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9408: 9395: 9389: 9373: 9359: 9344: 9322: 9316: 9300: 9286: 9269: 9255: 9242: 9236: 9223: 9217: 9204: 9190: 9170: 9156: 9141: 9127: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9092: 9079: 9069:(1–2): 89–96. 9055: 9043: 9034: 9025: 9019: 9006: 9000: 8987: 8981: 8968: 8939: 8930: 8924: 8911: 8905: 8892: 8863: 8854: 8848: 8835: 8829: 8809: 8803: 8786: 8774: 8768: 8751: 8745: 8731:, ed. (1996). 8725: 8719: 8703: 8690: 8684: 8667: 8661: 8648: 8634: 8617: 8611: 8595:Hutton, Ronald 8591: 8577: 8564: 8550: 8530: 8524: 8511: 8505: 8492: 8486: 8470: 8464: 8444: 8435: 8425:(2): 165–180. 8414: 8385: 8379: 8362: 8356: 8343: 8317:(2): 185–207. 8306: 8297: 8283: 8267: 8258: 8241: 8235: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8198: 8186: 8155: 8144:on 10 May 2013 8129: 8104: 8074: 8048: 8018: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7930: 7928:, p. 309. 7918: 7900: 7894:. p. 75. 7872: 7858: 7844: 7813: 7788: 7773: 7759: 7757:, p. 145. 7744: 7732: 7730:, p. 144. 7720: 7718:, p. 177. 7708: 7696: 7694:, p. 144. 7684: 7682:, p. 141. 7669: 7667:, p. 136. 7653: 7637: 7597: 7571: 7560:on 10 May 2013 7545: 7518: 7505:The New Pagans 7492: 7480: 7478:, p. 176. 7465: 7463:, p. vii. 7453: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7403:, p. 289. 7393: 7381: 7366: 7348: 7333: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7257: 7239: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7102: 7090: 7078: 7072:, p. 94; 7070:Magliocco 1996 7058: 7042: 7027: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6986:, p. 117. 6973: 6961: 6946: 6928: 6913: 6895: 6883: 6868: 6850: 6834: 6832:, p. 143. 6822: 6820:, p. 136. 6803: 6796: 6778: 6776:, p. 139. 6766: 6764:, p. 138. 6754: 6752:, p. 142. 6737: 6722: 6710: 6695: 6683: 6653: 6642:on 8 July 2011 6623: 6608: 6589: 6587:, p. 135. 6577: 6570: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6518: 6500: 6498:, p. 370. 6496:Gallagher 2005 6488: 6473: 6455: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6396: 6392:Gallagher 2005 6384: 6380:Gallagher 2005 6372: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6329: 6311: 6288: 6273: 6261: 6254: 6220: 6208: 6192: 6190:, p. 157. 6175: 6155: 6146:Folklore Forum 6132: 6120: 6105: 6093: 6076: 6074:, p. 305. 6064: 6060:Greenwood 1998 6052: 6050:, p. 174. 6040: 6038:, p. 173. 6028: 6026:, p. 172. 6016: 6014:, p. 164. 6004: 6002:, p. 264. 5992: 5990:, p. 124. 5980: 5968: 5964:Gallagher 2005 5956: 5952:Gallagher 2005 5944: 5937: 5929:Franklin Lakes 5915: 5913:, p. 178. 5903: 5891: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5834:, p. 106. 5832:Greenwood 1998 5821: 5819:, p. 105. 5817:Greenwood 1998 5806: 5794: 5779: 5763: 5756: 5738: 5723: 5687: 5685:, p. 306. 5672: 5670:, p. 128. 5657: 5650: 5632: 5620: 5618:, p. 167. 5608: 5606:, p. 163. 5593: 5591:, p. 304. 5578: 5576:, p. 303. 5566: 5564:, p. 164. 5554: 5533: 5531:, p. 321. 5529:Gallagher 2005 5521: 5514: 5493: 5489:Gallagher 2005 5481: 5469: 5454: 5452:, p. 231. 5437: 5419: 5417:, p. 147. 5404: 5402:, p. 393. 5392: 5390:, p. 146. 5369: 5354: 5342: 5325: 5310: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5200: 5198:, p. 103. 5196:Greenwood 1998 5188: 5176: 5159: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5053: 5041: 5026: 5020:, p. 49; 5010: 5008:, p. 199. 4998: 4986: 4974: 4968:, p. 52; 4958: 4946: 4930: 4928:, p. 194. 4918: 4916:, p. 146. 4906: 4904:, p. 195. 4894: 4892:, p. 187. 4882: 4862: 4860:, p. 193. 4850: 4838: 4836:, p. 190. 4826: 4824:, p. 121. 4809: 4807:, p. 188. 4794: 4792:, p. 171. 4779: 4767: 4750: 4735: 4728: 4710: 4699:. 29 June 2024 4684: 4672: 4660: 4639: 4633:, p. 45; 4623: 4611: 4595: 4593:, p. 172. 4579: 4571:Greenwood 1998 4563: 4557:, p. 21; 4547: 4535: 4533:, p. 185. 4523: 4507: 4505:, p. 185. 4501:, p. 47; 4491: 4485:, p. 44; 4471: 4465:, p. 87; 4455: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4376:George W. Bush 4330:Main article: 4307: 4304: 4287: 4284: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4213:Main article: 4210: 4207: 4156:Stewart Farrar 4114:1734 Tradition 4107:Feri Tradition 4095:Feri Tradition 4031: 4028: 4003:Gerald Gardner 4001:, after which 3947:witches' coven 3931:anthropologist 3923:Gerald Gardner 3902: 3899: 3879:writings like 3766:Charles Leland 3758:Jules Michelet 3743:religion; not 3698:gay liberation 3684: 3682: 3679: 3674:Main article: 3671: 3668: 3628:Earth religion 3564: 3563:Eclectic Wicca 3561: 3516: 3513: 3469:1734 Tradition 3409: 3406: 3393: 3390: 3380: 3377: 3373:Stewart Farrar 3367:, Lady Sheba, 3360:Monique Wilson 3350:Eko Eko Azarak 3332:Gerald Gardner 3322: 3259:Main article: 3256: 3253: 3152:, in his book 3150:James R. Lewis 3120:Gerald Gardner 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3019:21 or 22 June 3017: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2975: 2974: 2968:Vernal equinox 2965: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2920: 2919: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2846:Germanic pagan 2826:Lesser Sabbats 2815:Gerald Gardner 2737:Main article: 2714: 2711: 2700:sensationalism 2682:Gerald Gardner 2662: 2659: 2630:Charles Leland 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2491:Main article: 2477: 2474: 2432: 2429: 2417:Atlantic Ocean 2401:carbon dioxide 2393:photosynthesis 2344: 2341: 2276:Monique Wilson 2227: 2222:Main article: 2219: 2216: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2159:secularisation 2132:left-hand path 2058: 2055: 2043:The Summerland 2001: 1998: 1817: 1814: 1805:Mother goddess 1801:Triple Goddess 1752:Mother Goddess 1737:Mother Goddess 1724: 1721: 1678:Main article: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1575:Modern English 1535:Gerald Gardner 1530: 1527: 1464:Tanya Luhrmann 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1326:Triple Goddess 1303:centralisation 1248:Gerald Gardner 1221:earth-centered 1171: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1090: 1088:LGBT and Wicca 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 980: 976: 975: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 964:Witch's ladder 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 904:Chalice/Goblet 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 845: 841: 840: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 794:The Summerland 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 740: 736: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 656: 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 578: 572: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 540:Odyssean Wicca 537: 535:Georgian Wicca 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 500:1734 Tradition 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 466: 462: 461: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 450:Mother goddess 447: 442: 437: 432: 430:Triple Goddess 426: 422: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 402: 399:Eko Eko Azarak 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 319: 315: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 268:Raven Grimassi 265: 263:Stewart Farrar 260: 255: 250: 248:Phyllis Curott 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 158:Maxine Sanders 155: 150: 145: 143:Gerald Gardner 139: 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 113: 108: 103: 98: 92: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 75: 67: 66: 60: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15600: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15570: 15568: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15547:Folk religion 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15503: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15488: 15486: 15482: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15447: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15431: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15338: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15307: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15267: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15210: 15209: 15205: 15202: 15201: 15197: 15194: 15193: 15189: 15186: 15185: 15181: 15178: 15177: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15157: 15154: 15153: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15141: 15138: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15129: 15125: 15122: 15121: 15117: 15114: 15113: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15101: 15098: 15097: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15054: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15037:Three Witches 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14997:Morgan le Fay 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14931: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14842:Kitchen witch 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14493:Latin America 14491: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14417:Witch smeller 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14403: 14400: 14399: 14397: 14393: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14371: 14366: 14364: 14359: 14357: 14352: 14351: 14348: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14299: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14240: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14213:Reincarnation 14211: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14189: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14025: 14021: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13973: 13972:Vattisen Yaly 13970: 13968: 13965: 13964: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13832: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13816: 13812: 13807: 13805: 13799: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13698: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13672: 13668: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13626:Cook Islander 13624: 13623: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13593: 13590: 13586: 13579: 13575: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13549: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13541: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13481: 13477: 13470: 13466: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13434:Baltic Finnic 13432: 13431: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13402:Imperial cult 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13306: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13267: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13148: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13124: 13120: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12963:Sunda Wiwitan 12961: 12959: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12899:Austroasiatic 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12852: 12848: 12843: 12837: 12831: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12798: 12794: 12787: 12782: 12780: 12775: 12773: 12768: 12767: 12764: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12732: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12666: 12665: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12634: 12632: 12631: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12579: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12562:Self religion 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12492:Doomsday cult 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12315:Nakayama Miki 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12300:Nikkyō Niwano 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12180:Sri Aurobindo 12178: 12176: 12175:Shoko Asahara 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12134:Word of Faith 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11974:Temple of Set 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11830:New Acropolis 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11734:Heaven's Gate 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11694:Discordianism 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11556:Anthroposophy 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11478: 11476: 11471: 11469: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11386:Pagan studies 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11331:Cochranianism 11329: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11144: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11073: 11071: 11070: 11066: 11065: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11018: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11004:United States 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10865: 10860: 10858: 10853: 10851: 10846: 10845: 10842: 10829: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10797:Witching hour 10795: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10704: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10527:Paraphernalia 10525: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10385:Cone of power 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10375:Fivefold kiss 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10307:Reincarnation 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10262:Rule of Three 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10241: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10191:Joseph Wilson 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10081:Jack Bracelin 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10015: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9959:Coven of Atho 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9865: 9864: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9827: 9822: 9820: 9815: 9813: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9796: 9794:0-8065-2406-5 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9759: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9704:0-919345-17-4 9700: 9695: 9694: 9687: 9683: 9681:0-7090-3319-2 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9664:Farrar, Janet 9661: 9657: 9655:1-57859-114-7 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9628: 9626:0-8122-3803-6 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9592: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9573: 9568: 9564: 9562:0-7591-0201-5 9558: 9554: 9549: 9545: 9543:0-585-33796-9 9539: 9535: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9515: 9513:0-87542-370-1 9509: 9506:. Llewellyn. 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9491:1-872189-16-4 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9460: 9458:0-19-516645-0 9454: 9450: 9446: 9441: 9440: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9409:0-7090-3715-5 9405: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9390:0-919345-77-8 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9317:1-4027-3008-X 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9287:1-56414-719-3 9283: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9256:0-7090-4778-9 9252: 9248: 9243: 9239: 9237:0-7090-2800-8 9233: 9229: 9224: 9220: 9218:0-919345-71-9 9214: 9210: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9191:0-919345-92-1 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9174:Farrar, Janet 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9128:1-56718-101-5 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9095: 9089: 9085: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9007: 9003: 9001:9780748610570 8997: 8993: 8988: 8984: 8982:9780415254144 8978: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8925:9780754608202 8921: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8906:9780754608202 8902: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8830:9781594623479 8826: 8821: 8820: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8804:0-395-09066-0 8800: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8760: 8759: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8720:0-9547230-1-5 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8668: 8664: 8662:9780759105232 8658: 8654: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8635:0-19-820744-1 8631: 8626: 8625: 8618: 8614: 8612:0-631-17288-2 8608: 8605:. Blackwell. 8603: 8602: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8578:1-86163-164-2 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8551:1-86163-110-3 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8506:9780754608202 8502: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8487:90-04-10696-0 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8465:0-8160-3849-X 8461: 8456: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8380:9780759105232 8376: 8372: 8368: 8367:Graham Harvey 8363: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8284:0-85030-737-6 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8223:Adler, Margot 8220: 8219: 8207: 8202: 8196:, p. 56. 8195: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8169:Vancouver Sun 8166: 8159: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7981:, p. 35. 7980: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7922: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7901:0-918954-92-4 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7876: 7868: 7862: 7854: 7848: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7802: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7763: 7756: 7755:Pearson 2002b 7751: 7749: 7741: 7740:Pearson 2002b 7736: 7729: 7728:Pearson 2002b 7724: 7717: 7716:Ruickbie 2004 7712: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7680:Pearson 2002b 7676: 7674: 7666: 7665:Pearson 2002b 7662: 7657: 7650: 7646: 7645:Pearson 2002b 7641: 7633: 7627: 7611: 7610:Adherents.com 7607: 7601: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7490:, p. 38. 7489: 7484: 7477: 7472: 7470: 7462: 7457: 7450: 7445: 7439:, p. 56. 7438: 7437:Valiente 1989 7433: 7426: 7421: 7415:, p. 60. 7414: 7413:Valiente 1989 7409: 7402: 7397: 7390: 7389:Heselton 2003 7385: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7367:0-7090-6223-0 7363: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7334:0-9713942-7-X 7330: 7326: 7322: 7321:Drury, Nevill 7316: 7309: 7308:Heselton 2000 7304: 7297: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7260: 7258:0-9653208-9-8 7254: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7208:Buckland 2002 7204: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7167:, p. 16. 7166: 7161: 7154: 7149: 7143:, p. 15. 7142: 7137: 7131:, p. 96. 7130: 7129:Buckland 2002 7125: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7100:, p. 32. 7099: 7094: 7088:, p. 13. 7087: 7082: 7076:, p. 14. 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7056:, p. 14. 7055: 7051: 7046: 7040:, p. 14. 7039: 7034: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7010:, p. 50. 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6947:0-7645-7834-0 6943: 6939: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6893:, p. 51. 6892: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6869:0-7387-0621-3 6865: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6818:Pearson 2002b 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6799: 6797:1-56718-018-3 6793: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6774:Pearson 2002b 6770: 6763: 6762:Pearson 2002b 6758: 6751: 6750:Pearson 2002b 6746: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6733:Buckland 1986 6729: 6727: 6720:, p. 16. 6719: 6718:Rountree 2015 6714: 6707: 6702: 6700: 6692: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6619: 6612: 6606:, p. 54. 6605: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6586: 6585:Pearson 2002b 6581: 6573: 6571:1-872189-52-0 6567: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6535:, p. 14. 6534: 6529: 6521: 6519:1-56718-018-3 6515: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6474:0-595-42006-0 6470: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6394:, p. 72. 6393: 6388: 6382:, p. 67. 6381: 6376: 6370:, p. 23. 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6346:, p. 10. 6345: 6340: 6332: 6330:0-316-84763-1 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6286:, p. 32. 6285: 6284:Pearson 2005a 6280: 6278: 6271:, p. 36. 6270: 6269:Pearson 2005a 6265: 6257: 6255:9780520247765 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6188:Pearson 2002b 6184: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6001: 6000:Valiente 1973 5996: 5989: 5988:Valiente 1989 5984: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5940: 5938:1-56414-864-5 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5901:, p. 48. 5900: 5895: 5889:, p. 49. 5888: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5870:, p. 47. 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5826: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5802:Valiente 1989 5798: 5791: 5786: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5771:Buckland 1986 5767: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5651:0-9709013-1-3 5647: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5628:Pearson 2002b 5624: 5617: 5616:Pearson 2002b 5612: 5605: 5604:Pearson 2002b 5600: 5598: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5562:Pearson 2002b 5558: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5517: 5515:0-939708-05-1 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502:Sanders, Alex 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5450:Valiente 1973 5446: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5367:, p. 96. 5366: 5361: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5340:, p. 52. 5339: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5311:0-7225-3271-7 5307: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5263:, p. 95. 5262: 5257: 5251:, p. 94. 5250: 5245: 5239:, p. 93. 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5215:, p. 92. 5214: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5157:, p. 90. 5156: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5134: 5128:, p. 89. 5127: 5122: 5116:, p. 88. 5115: 5110: 5104:, p. 91. 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5068:, p. 87. 5067: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5039:, p. 86. 5038: 5033: 5031: 5024:, p. 86. 5023: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4914:Pearson 2002b 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4777:, p. 19. 4776: 4775:Rountree 2015 4771: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4682:, p. 36. 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4605:, p. 6; 4604: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4555:Strmiska 2005 4551: 4544: 4543:Strmiska 2005 4539: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4519:Rountree 2015 4517:, p. 2; 4516: 4515:Strmiska 2005 4511: 4504: 4500: 4499:Strmiska 2005 4495: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4453:, p. 10. 4452: 4447: 4443: 4428: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395:Coven Celeste 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4363:Graham Harvey 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4286:North America 4283: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4168:Coven Celeste 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4068:United States 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4024:British Isles 4021: 4017: 4016:Gardnerianism 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976:Jack Bracelin 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927:civil servant 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3881:Robert Graves 3878: 3875:, as well as 3874: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3811:Ronald Hutton 3808: 3807: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3721:fin de siècle 3717: 3713: 3712:Ronald Hutton 3707: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3677: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3611:United States 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461:North America 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3398: 3389: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3356:United States 3352: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3285:, or Islamic 3284: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:Lord's Prayer 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3057:First fruits 3056: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2870:Associations 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:magical tools 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2545:Cone of power 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2520:cone of power 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:North America 2410: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2343:Five elements 2340: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2320:homosexuality 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2166: 2164: 2163:Ronald Hutton 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096:sacred circle 2092: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2034:reincarnation 2030: 2028: 2024: 2023:Huna movement 2019: 2018:Ronald Hutton 2011: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760:Old Stone Age 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:Luciferianism 1636: 1630: 1628: 1627:Pagan studies 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:denominations 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1414:United States 1410: 1405: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301:and level of 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:denominations 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256:ancient pagan 1253: 1252:civil servant 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1177: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1135:Witching hour 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 993: 989: 987: 986: 982: 981: 973: 972: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 842:Paraphernalia 838: 837: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 799:Reincarnation 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 754:Rule of Three 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 653: 652: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 587:Coven Celeste 585: 583: 580: 579: 575: 569: 568: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 520:Coven of Atho 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 459: 458: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 419: 418: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 400: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 353:Cone of power 351: 349: 346: 344: 343:Fivefold kiss 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 312: 311: 304: 303:Joseph Wilson 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 198:Jack Bracelin 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 132: 131: 124: 121: 119: 118: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 85: 84: 79: 73: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15512:Witch (word) 15461:Witch's mark 15270:Early Modern 15206: 15198: 15190: 15182: 15174: 15168:Daemonologie 15166: 15158: 15150: 15142: 15134: 15126: 15120:Laienspiegel 15118: 15110: 15102: 15094: 15086: 15078: 15070: 15002:Muma Pădurii 14933:Folklore and 14904:Sator Square 14857:Magic circle 14852:Magic carpet 14812:Crystal ball 14749:Spiritualism 14573:Witch doctor 14550: 14456:Cunning folk 14325:Neoplatonism 14265:Tree of life 14228:Sacred grove 14129:Bear worship 14082:Neoshamanism 14061: 13944:Zalmoxianism 13897:Adyghe Habze 13802:Modern pagan 13509:Mesopotamian 13365:Paleo-Balkan 13299:Samothracian 13178:Old Prussian 13075:Bongthingism 12662: 12637:Nova Religio 12635: 12628: 12572:UFO religion 12517:Neoshamanism 12385:Joseph Smith 12285:Lu Sheng-yen 12270:David Koresh 12200:Alice Bailey 12128: 12025:Spiritualism 11949:Santa Muerte 11865:Unity Church 11719:Fung Loy Kok 11576:Baháʼí Faith 11566:Armstrongism 11546:Ananda Marga 11496:Major groups 11427:Neotribalism 11325: 11253:Interfaith: 11141: 11122: 11115: 11074: 11067: 10994:South Africa 10900:Neoshamanism 10828:Fluffy Bunny 10772:Cunning folk 10767:Granny woman 10759: 10701: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10666: 10659: 10442:Spiral dance 10429: 10380:Magic circle 10161:Yvonne Frost 10141:Janet Farrar 10056:Margot Adler 10036:Alex Sanders 9964:Dianic Wicca 9944:Celtic Wicca 9903:Algard Wicca 9861: 9780: 9757: 9749:the original 9736: 9713: 9692: 9671: 9645: 9612: 9590: 9571: 9552: 9529: 9503: 9477: 9444: 9399: 9380: 9349: 9330: 9307: 9277: 9246: 9227: 9208: 9181: 9146: 9114: 9083: 9066: 9062: 9029: 9010: 8991: 8972: 8950:(2): 31–42. 8947: 8943: 8934: 8915: 8896: 8874:(1): 52–63. 8871: 8867: 8839: 8818: 8790: 8782:Lewis (1996) 8762:. ABC-CLIO. 8757: 8735:. New York: 8732: 8710: 8694: 8673: 8652: 8623: 8600: 8568: 8537: 8515: 8496: 8477: 8453: 8422: 8418: 8396:(1): 47–65. 8393: 8389: 8370: 8347: 8314: 8310: 8274: 8263:Lewis (1996) 8245: 8226: 8206:Pearson 2001 8201: 8194:Pearson 2001 8189: 8177:. Retrieved 8173:the original 8168: 8158: 8146:. Retrieved 8142:the original 8132: 8120:. Retrieved 8116: 8107: 8095:. Retrieved 8091:the original 8086: 8077: 8065:. Retrieved 8061: 8051: 8039:. Retrieved 8035:the original 8030: 8021: 8013:the original 8000: 7996: 7986: 7974: 7969:, p. x. 7967:Pearson 2007 7962: 7954: 7947:. Retrieved 7943: 7933: 7921: 7913: 7882: 7875: 7861: 7847: 7835:. Retrieved 7831:the original 7826: 7816: 7804:. Retrieved 7800: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7762: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7656: 7649:Pearson 2007 7640: 7614:. Retrieved 7609: 7600: 7588:. Retrieved 7585:Neopagan.net 7584: 7574: 7562:. Retrieved 7558:the original 7548: 7536:. Retrieved 7532:the original 7521: 7504: 7501:Holzer, Hans 7495: 7488:Pearson 1998 7483: 7476:Crowley 1998 7456: 7449:Gardner 1954 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7357: 7351: 7324: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7267: 7248: 7242: 7225: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7184:Simpson 1994 7160: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7098:Pearson 2002 7093: 7081: 7061: 7045: 7025:, p. 2. 7003: 6991: 6964: 6937: 6931: 6905:Modern Wicca 6904: 6898: 6891:Pearson 1998 6886: 6859: 6853: 6837: 6825: 6787: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6713: 6708:, p. 3. 6706:Pearson 2007 6693:, p. 2. 6691:Pearson 2007 6686: 6674:. Retrieved 6670:the original 6665: 6656: 6644:. Retrieved 6640:the original 6635: 6626: 6617: 6611: 6604:Pearson 1998 6580: 6561: 6552: 6545:Crowley 1989 6540: 6528: 6509: 6503: 6491: 6464: 6458: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6368:Crowley 1989 6363: 6351: 6344:Gardner 2004 6339: 6320: 6314: 6297: 6291: 6264: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6211: 6195: 6168: 6158: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6128:Crowley 1989 6123: 6103:, p. 5. 6101:Pearson 2007 6096: 6086: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5959: 5947: 5924: 5918: 5911:Crowley 1998 5906: 5899:Pearson 1998 5894: 5887:Pearson 1998 5868:Pearson 1998 5863: 5851: 5844:Gardner 2004 5839: 5797: 5766: 5747: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5718:the original 5713: 5707: 5701: 5696:Harrow, Judy 5690: 5641: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5569: 5557: 5524: 5505: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5431: 5422: 5395: 5345: 5338:Pearson 1998 5301: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5191: 5179: 5172:Pearson 2005 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5044: 5018:Pearson 1998 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4966:Pearson 2001 4961: 4949: 4944:, p. 5. 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4790:Crowley 1998 4770: 4765:, p. 4. 4748:, p. 1. 4719: 4713: 4701:. 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Picador. 9482:I-H-O Books 9274:Bone, Gavin 8215:Works cited 8122:28 December 8097:30 November 7979:Harvey 2007 7940:"Witch Way" 7806:10 November 7461:Hutton 1999 7425:Lamond 2004 7401:Hutton 1999 7113:Guiley 1999 7050:Hutton 2003 6969:Hutton 1991 6842:Guiley 1999 6666:Hex Archive 6533:Lamond 2004 6356:Lamond 2004 6200:Guiley 1999 5976:Lamond 2004 5668:Samuel 1998 5550:Hutton 1999 5477:Hutton 1999 5400:Hutton 1999 5078:Murray 1921 4870:Morris 1969 4822:Hutton 2017 4680:Harvey 2007 4591:Hutton 2002 4280:2011 census 4221:Australasia 4142:(1970) and 4118:Aidan Kelly 3992:Lois Bourne 3877:romanticist 3851:Freemasonry 3820:Middle Ages 3782:and 1933's 3644:Anglo-Saxon 3249:Christening 3224:Handfasting 3049:1 February 2801:(1921) and 2458:Aidan Kelly 2301:Wiccan Laws 2256:Wiccan Rede 2196:Inquisition 2120:black magic 2116:white magic 1977:genius loci 1912:Virgin Mary 1822:Prime Mover 1717:polytheists 1709:monotheists 1685:Theological 1579:Old English 1382:Wiccan Rede 1372:, known as 1347:pantheistic 1322:duotheistic 1267:theological 1246:in 1954 by 784:White magic 749:Wiccan Rede 530:Faery Wicca 333:Handfasting 273:Gavin Frost 193:Lois Bourne 15567:Categories 15532:Maleficium 15456:Witch-hunt 15260:Witch camp 14919:Witch ball 14862:Magic ring 14847:Love charm 14702:Necromancy 14697:Moon magic 14692:Mediumship 14687:Love magic 14672:Gray magic 14652:Divination 14451:Benandanti 14381:witchcraft 14287:Witchcraft 14270:World tree 14208:Orthopraxy 14057:Stregheria 14004:Udmurt Vos 13967:Burkhanism 13875:Dievturība 13853:Mexicayotl 13621:Polynesian 13601:Melanesian 13596:Australian 13514:Babylonian 13328:Lusitanian 13323:Gallaecian 13313:Cantabrian 13289:Eleusinian 13203:Circassian 13199:Caucasian 13188:Lithuanian 13105:Sanamahism 13085:Donyi-Polo 12946:Philippine 12924:Kaharingan 12909:Vietnamese 12824:Polytheism 12675:Opposition 12345:Prem Rawat 12295:Meher Baba 12265:Li Hongzhi 12255:Hak Ja Han 12210:David Berg 12124:Weixinjiao 11714:Fourth Way 11699:Falun Gong 11689:Creativity 11359:In society 11346:Stregheria 11341:Reclaiming 11084:Burkhanism 10878:Approaches 10802:Witch-hunt 10653:Literature 10634:Tarot deck 10493:Lughnasadh 10420:Initiation 10415:Invocation 10410:Divination 10360:Great rite 10348:and ritual 10327:Watchtower 10297:Otherworld 10287:Witchcraft 10277:Craft name 10212:Horned God 10071:Gavin Bone 10046:Sybil Leek 9999:Stregheria 9989:Reclaiming 9882:Traditions 9785:Kensington 7837:20 October 7115:, p. 7066:Baker 1996 6844:, p. 6449:, p. 6447:Lewis 1999 6202:, p. 6048:Adler 2005 6036:Adler 2005 6024:Adler 2005 6012:Adler 2005 5856:Adler 1979 5465:Adler 1979 5285:Adler 1979 4729:1567181120 4603:Orion 1994 4451:Adler 2005 4414:References 4356:interfaith 4306:Acceptance 4134:Paul Huson 4048:Sybil Leek 3951:New Forest 3916:New Forest 3748:Professor 3660:Polynesian 3603:covenantal 3412:See also: 3408:Traditions 3236:, between 3206:Witch Hunt 3192:Paul Huson 3139:Great Rite 3135:craft name 3112:initiation 3038:Lughnasadh 3008:fairy folk 2807:Witch-Cult 2775: [ 2671:Great Rite 2554:Great Rite 2515:invocation 2305:Craft Laws 2186:Historian 2169:Witchcraft 2112:Sybil Leek 2073:, such as 2067:spellcraft 1990:Sybil Leek 1986:elementals 1944:archetypes 1939:Gavin Bone 1885:polytheism 1873:monotheism 1846:Horned God 1793:Holly King 1779:system of 1764:witch-cult 1748:Horned God 1733:Horned God 1713:duotheists 1705:pantheists 1556:The Wiccan 1543:the theory 1539:Witch-cult 1519:traditions 1509:and being 1402:See also: 1351:polytheism 1330:Horned God 1295:traditions 1273:purposes. 1181:English: 1120:Witch-hunt 977:Literature 949:Tarot deck 819:Watchtower 789:Otherworld 779:Witchcraft 769:Craft name 699:Lughnasadh 555:Stregheria 545:Reclaiming 463:Traditions 435:Horned God 388:Initiation 383:Invocation 378:Divination 328:Great rite 188:Gavin Bone 163:Sybil Leek 15433:Classical 14952:Baba Yaga 14935:mythology 14744:Spiritism 14734:Sex magic 14712:Shamanism 14707:Occultism 14662:Evocation 14657:Entheogen 14635:Damnation 14586:Practices 14238:Sacrifice 14233:Holy well 14201:Mythology 14184:Stone row 13994:Hungarian 13924:Hellenism 13919:Heathenry 13887:Caucasian 13849:American 13843:Godianism 13804:movements 13536:Canaanite 13439:Hungarian 13407:Mithraism 13338:Camunnian 13279:Hero cult 13146:Anatolian 13060:Benzhuism 13055:Bathouism 12983:Dravidian 12914:Indonesia 12884:Mongolian 12819:Pantheism 12429:By region 12052:Theosophy 12030:Spiritism 11922:Rastafari 11813:Rodnovery 11808:Heathenry 11783:Mormonism 11729:Godianism 11620:Noahidism 11561:Antoinism 11534:Ahmadiyya 11512:Adventism 11507:Brahmoism 11503:Adi Dharm 11442:Theosophy 11412:Ariosophy 11366:Criticism 11305:Ivanovism 11268:Syncretic 11225:Hungarian 11053:Heathenry 11046:Godianism 11009:Minnesota 10964:Australia 10604:Parchment 10518:Wild Hunt 10488:Midsummer 10405:Banishing 10370:Wiccaning 10217:Green Man 9994:Seax-Wica 9745:1528-0268 9113:(2002) . 8964:145251262 8587:182799618 8542:Berkshire 8410:144927811 8339:154160260 8331:1528-0268 8009:1525-7207 7944:Slate.com 7343:815051948 7234:202832236 7008:Ezzy 2003 6996:Ezzy 2003 6984:Ezzy 2002 6923:706883219 6321:Mythology 6306:935742668 4635:Ezzy 2003 4587:Ezzy 2002 4439:Footnotes 4338:Christian 4324:Satanists 4251:Caucasian 4176:The Craft 4064:Australia 3955:Hampshire 3943:initiated 3939:occultism 3859:Theosophy 3745:Satanists 3584:syncretic 3505:Etymology 3392:Structure 3379:Symbolism 3341:grimoires 3305:occultist 3281:, Jewish 3245:Wiccaning 3074:21 March 3065:, a.k.a. 3040:, a.k.a. 2981:, a.k.a. 2935:1 August 2928:Candlemas 2926:, a.k.a. 2834:equinoxes 2830:solstices 2791:Halloween 2773:Candlemas 2727:Boscastle 2667:sex magic 2661:Sex magic 2503:full moon 2431:Practices 2425:pentagram 2212:Holocaust 2000:Afterlife 1972:animistic 1919:Cernunnos 1881:duotheism 1854:Boscastle 1723:Duotheism 1697:agnostics 1643:Heathenry 1610:term for 1604:masculine 1567:Minnesota 1558:in 1968. 1456:occultism 1355:pantheism 1339:honorific 1280:initiates 1217:syncretic 1209:The Craft 919:Parchment 724:Wild Hunt 694:Midsummer 550:Seax-Wica 440:Green Man 373:Banishing 338:Wiccaning 15466:Pricking 15377:Scotland 15300:Virginia 15290:New York 15285:Maryland 15278:Americas 15027:Sorginak 15017:Pasiphaë 14909:Talisman 14879:Mojo bag 14827:Grimoire 14722:Regional 14667:Familiar 14630:Anathema 14546:Neopagan 14541:Medieval 14446:Akelarre 14169:Megalith 14159:Idolatry 14154:Folklore 13984:Estonian 13939:Kemetism 13914:Canarian 13865:Armenian 13834:African 13753:Malagasy 13723:Dahomean 13701:Bushongo 13646:Tahitian 13641:Rapa Nui 13631:Hawaiian 13519:Sumerian 13497:Egyptian 13419:Scythian 13380:Thracian 13375:Illyrian 13343:Ligurian 13252:Frankish 13242:Germanic 13237:Etruscan 13213:Ossetian 13208:Georgian 13168:Armenian 13161:Phrygian 13141:Albanian 13127:European 13095:Kiratism 13015:Ryukyuan 12973:Hinduism 12919:Parmalim 12904:Sarnaism 12889:Tengrism 12841:extinct) 12793:Paganism 12445:Concepts 12335:Rajneesh 12042:Tenrikyo 11986:Theistic 11959:Satanism 11937:Sant Mat 11882:Opus Dei 11774:Kopimism 11610:Caodaism 11215:Estonian 11156:Hellenic 11151:Germanic 11137:Egyptian 11094:Caucasic 11069:Dievturi 11058:Armenian 11037:African 10885:Eclectic 10629:Talisman 10609:Pentacle 10579:Cauldron 10463:Solstice 10451:Holidays 10332:Familiar 10322:Summoner 10245:concepts 10186:Starhawk 9670:(1989). 9644:(2002). 9611:(2004). 9502:(1991). 9476:(2001). 9418:59694320 9379:(1973). 9369:53903657 9328:(1954). 9306:(2005). 9296:53223741 9276:(2004). 9265:26673966 9200:62866821 9180:(1981). 9166:14167961 9137:31781774 9063:Folklore 8815:(1921). 8709:(2004). 8644:41452625 8597:(1991). 8560:46955899 8536:(2000). 8476:(1996). 8450:(1999). 8369:(eds.). 8293:25787829 8273:(1989). 8225:(1979). 8179:27 March 8067:1 August 7910:52895492 7801:ABC News 7626:cite web 7503:(1972). 7376:39117828 6956:61395185 6878:57010157 6406:Folklore 6166:(1899). 5698:(1985). 5504:(1984). 5430:(1998). 5320:34190941 5300:(1996). 4352:Satanism 4348:Satanism 4187:Internet 4066:and the 4054:, whose 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11571:Bábism 11240:Udmurt 11210:Uralic 11171:Slavic 11111:Celtic 11099:Abkhaz 11076:Romuva 11063:Baltic 11031:Ethnic 10790:Hebrew 10785:Theban 10624:Statue 10584:Censer 10564:Boline 10549:Athame 10544:Amulet 10478:Ostara 10473:Imbolc 9791: 9764: 9743: 9720: 9701: 9678: 9652: 9623: 9597: 9578: 9559: 9540: 9510: 9488: 9455: 9416: 9406: 9387: 9367: 9357: 9338: 9314: 9294: 9284: 9263: 9253: 9234: 9215: 9198: 9188: 9164: 9154: 9135: 9125: 9090: 9017: 8998: 8979: 8962: 8922: 8903: 8886: 8846: 8827: 8801: 8766: 8743: 8717: 8682: 8659: 8642: 8632: 8609: 8585: 8575: 8558: 8548: 8522: 8503: 8484: 8462: 8408: 8377: 8354: 8337: 8329: 8291: 8281: 8252: 8233: 8007: 7949:16 May 7908: 7898: 7513:281240 7511: 7374: 7364: 7341: 7331: 7255: 7232: 6954: 6944: 6921: 6911: 6876: 6866: 6794: 6568: 6516: 6481: 6471: 6327: 6304: 6252: 5935: 5754: 5648: 5512: 5318: 5308: 4726: 4703:1 July 4265:(2004) 4243:Europe 4158:, and 3990:, and 3857:, and 3658:, and 3656:Jewish 3648:Celtic 3615:demand 3521:covens 3515:Covens 3501:Wiccan 3487:; and 3453:Algard 3283:Tanakh 3067:Modron 3042:Lammas 3004:spring 2972:spring 2952:Ostara 2945:spring 2924:Imbolc 2842:Dianic 2789:, and 2787:Lammas 2769:Celtic 2655:Aradia 2625:Aradia 2602:boline 2580:and a 2570:athame 2485:Athame 2397:oxygen 2385:aether 2383:, and 2208: 2100:spells 1994:angels 1984:, and 1927:Yahweh 1916:Celtic 1907:, and 1898:Ēostre 1869:Dianic 1777:Taoist 1750:and a 1715:, and 1695:, and 1602:, the 1523:cowans 1507:wisdom 1499:Wizard 1491:wizard 1374:Esbats 1361:, and 1359:monism 1289:, and 1271:ritual 1263:motifs 1110:Theban 1078:Goetia 939:Statue 899:Censer 879:Boline 864:Athame 859:Amulet 684:Ostara 679:Imbolc 15573:Wicca 15552:Adept 15413:Spain 15408:Italy 15295:Salem 15250:Nepal 15245:India 15056:Major 14992:Medea 14987:Kalku 14967:Drude 14962:Dayan 14957:Circe 14884:Nkisi 14795:besom 14790:Broom 14717:Black 14647:Demon 14625:Curse 14620:Coven 14551:Wicca 14471:Völva 14466:Seiðr 14441:Italy 14412:Ghana 14388:Types 14377:Magic 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