505:. Other possible functions include intraspecific communication for mating purposes or as a visual display of territorial protection, as seen in many common day organisms such as red-breasted robins. The frills also could have been used for species recognition purposes, as they seem to develop fairly early in life. There has also been evidence that ceratopsians care for their young, as bone-beds have been found of adult individuals with a nest of juveniles, although some refute this as viable evidence of care for young. There have also been bone-beds found with hundreds of adult ceratopsians, indicating herd activity. A few specimens have been found with puncture wounds, supporting the use of horns as protective or combative weapons. Other research examining juvenile ceratopsians reveals a change in horn morphology over time, suggesting frills and horns could have been used for intraspecific communication of age. Horns also could have been used for thermoregulation as indicated by
402:, or "thick-headed reptiles", have primitive features that include basally small sized bodies, obligate bipedalism, and simple teeth with one row in operation at a time that are replaced as they are worn down. As they evolved, pachycephalosaurs evolved much thicker and advanced skull roofs including dome forms with horn-like ornamentation. Some research suggests these domes were used like helmets for protection while head-butting members in intraspecific combat. Some research suggests their necks were not strong enough to support such an impact. Flat-headed pachycephalosaur specimens have been found in Asia, and there is great controversy on the meaning of these flat heads. Recent research suggests the flat heads could be a juvenile state before developing the dome shape in the adult stage. It could also be evidence of sexual dimorphism with the female being more flat-headed.
3912:
1501:
132:
3919:
3932:
3939:
3925:
408:, or "horned-faces", differ from pachycephalosaurs in the presence of a rostral bone, or beak. They are also known for having a jugal horn and a thin parietal-squamosal shelf that extends back and up into a frill. This frill could have been used for anchoring jaw muscles, as well as for display. The horns were likely used for establishing dominance, or defending territories. It is also possible they were a factor in sexual display and species recognition. One of the basalmost members of this group is
155:
113:
3089:
453:. Another adaptation for advanced vegetation digestion is seen in Ceratopsians, which evolved features to improve their chewing apparatus. Derived ceratopsians have vertical grinding surfaces on their teeth to maximize break-down of tough vegetation. There is also evidence of advanced adductor musculature that extends from a large
528:, a pachycephalosaur, can be segregated into two groups based on the size and shape of their skulls. These two group classifications separated the species population in half, which is highly indicative of sexual dimorphism. However, some report that the two groups may actually represent two separate species.
483:
Pachycephalosaurs, with their dome-shaped heads, are commonly thought to have used their thick skulls for butting into each other. Their brains and vertebrae are positioned in ways to protect from the impact of head-butting. Also, the columnar structure found in bone remains is consistent with models
448:
Marginocephalians have simple, peg-like teeth surrounded by rhamphotheca, a horny sheath of keratin. The teeth are arranged in batteries for easy replacement and have serrations which may have been useful for cutting up vegetation. Marginocephalia evolved several methods for breaking down vegetation.
556:
is bipedal. All the derived forms were strong quadrupeds, although their stance is controversial. Some think they were fairly columnar, with front limbs erect under the body, which would have been more efficient for speed. Others think the legs were more sprawling, as evidenced by the shape of the
475:
Marginocephalian remains reveal significant evidence of being social creatures, much of which is related to the many possible functions of the bony skull margins. Some possible functions of the variably shaped and sized margins are to ward off predators, display, ritualized combat, defense of
521:
is incredibly difficult. The varying size and intricacy of margins in
Marginocephalia have shown many signs of sexual dimorphism. Although the intricate frills of marginocephalians sometimes seem to present with dimorphic features, many doubt the validity of these claims.
557:
forelimb bones. Although not as fast, this posture would have been efficient for grazing vegetation on the ground. Less is known about bipedal pachycephalosaur locomotion, although they must have had a fairly broad girth in order to make room for their enlarged gut.
490:
have vascularization in the skull cap that would not have supported head-butting behavior. Thus, the heads could have been used as ornamentation or to butt into the softer flank of other pachycephalosaurs for intraspecific communication or as a form of
498:
The frills of ceratopsians are incredibly diverse. They may have been used for protective purposes as the frill sometimes splays over the neck. However, some say that the frill would have provided little protection from other large dinosaurs such as
2073:
Mallon, Jordan C.; Holmes, Robert; Eberth, David A.; Ryan, Michael J.; Anderson, Jason S. (2011-09-01). "Variation in the skull of
Anchiceratops (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta".
2620:
Barrick, Reese E.; Stoskopf, Michael K.; Marcot, Jonathan D.; Russell, Dale A.; Showers, William J. (1998-12-28). "The thermoregulatory functions of the
Triceratops frill and horns: heat flow measured with oxygen isotopes".
449:
Pachycephalosaurs had especially large abdomens with broad girths and elongate sacral ribs suggesting the presence of a large stomach. This is presumed to have been useful for breaking down tough vegetation through
368:
dinosaurs that is characterized by a bony shelf or margin at the back of the skull. These fringes were likely used for display. There are two clades included in
Marginocephalia: the thick-skulled
2311:
Dunn, Michael; Copelston, Michael; Workman, Lance (2004-01-01). "Trade-offs and seasonal variation in territorial defence and predator evasion in the
European Robin Erithacus rubecula".
2030:
Goodwin, Mark B.; Clemens, William A.; Horner, John R.; Padian, Kevin (2006-03-30). "The smallest known triceratops skull: new observations on ceratopsid cranial anatomy and ontogeny".
534:, a type of ceratopsian, also shows signs of sexual dimorphism. However, their frills don't seem to develop until later in life, and may be coordinated with sexual maturity.
2738:
Chapman, Ralph E.; Galton, Peter M.; Sepkoski, J. John; Wall, William P. (1981-01-01). "A Morphometric Study of the
Cranium of the Pachycephalosaurid Dinosaur Stegoceras".
2972:
Zheng, Xiao-Ting; You, Hai-Lu; Xu, Xing; Dong, Zhi-Ming (19 March 2009). "An Early
Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures".
396:
while derived members of the group are large obligate quadrupeds. Primitive marginocephalians are found in Asia, but the group migrated upwards into North
America.
2276:
Hone, David W.e.; Naish, Darren; Cuthill, Innes C. (2012-04-01). "Does mutual sexual selection explain the evolution of head crests in pterosaurs and dinosaurs?".
4165:
414:, which is one of the most species-rich dinosaur genera from Asia. Ceratopsians later evolved into very large quadrupeds with elaborate facial horns such as
1516:"A re-appraisal of Craspedodon llonzeensis DOLLO, 1883 from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium: the first record of a neoceratopsian dinosaur in Europe?"
3074:
2724:
1423:
1761:"Anatomy and Taxonomic Status of the Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid Nedoceratops hatcheri from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A"
2687:
2174:"Cranial histology of pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia: Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior"
2767:"Cranial Ontogeny in Stegoceras validum (Dinosauria: Pachycephalosauria): A Quantitative Model of Pachycephalosaur Dome Growth and Variation"
1569:"Cranial Ontogeny in Stegoceras validum (Dinosauria: Pachycephalosauria): A Quantitative Model of Pachycephalosaur Dome Growth and Variation"
2464:"Social Behaviour and Mass Mortality in the Basal Ceratopsian Dinosaur Psittacosaurus (early Cretaceous, People's Republic of China)"
437:
384:
to aid in digestion of tough plant matter until they convergently evolved tooth batteries in
Neoceratopsia (or "new Ceratopsia") and
2906:
Thompson, Stefan; Holmes, Robert (2007). "Forelimb Stance and Step Cycle in
Chasmosaurus Irvinenesis (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia)".
1716:
Farlow, James O.; Dodson, Peter (1975-01-01). "The Behavioral Significance of Frill and Horn Morphology in Ceratopsian Dinosaurs".
2247:"Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling"
4270:
2765:
Schott, Ryan K.; Evans, David C.; Goodwin, Mark B.; Horner, John R.; Brown, Caleb Marshall; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2011-06-29).
1567:
Schott, Ryan K.; Evans, David C.; Goodwin, Mark B.; Horner, John R.; Brown, Caleb Marshall; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2011-06-29).
3122:
1988:"The evolution of 'bizarre structures' in dinosaurs: biomechanics, sexual selection, social selection or species recognition?"
1407:
3143:
550:, and derived individuals were obligate quadrupedal. This is especially prominent in Ceratopsia, where only the primitive
4280:
4275:
3911:
2604:
1965:
3931:
454:
2246:
141:
3918:
2942:
2876:
2192:
1826:
Farlow, James O. (1987-01-01). "Speculations About the Diet and Digestive Physiology of Herbivorous Dinosaurs".
518:
2832:
Dodson, Peter (1976-01-01). "Quantitative Aspects of Relative Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in Protoceratops".
2043:
3938:
154:
3924:
3882:
2216:"Agonistic behavior in pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia, Dinosauria); a new look at head-butting behavior"
4265:
3115:
477:
457:
on the mandible up to the ceratopsian frill, which would increase chewing force. Pachycephalosaurs had
2703:"Horn Use in Triceratops (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae): Testing Behavioral Hypotheses Using Scale Models"
4228:
476:
territory, or establishing social ordering. Both pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians show evidence of
2414:"The socio-sexual behaviour of extant archosaurs: implications for understanding dinosaur behaviour"
1899:
1500:
3210:
3035:
from the Quantou Formation (Cretaceous: Aptian–Cenomanian) of Jilin Province, north-eastern China"
1342:
1082:
734:
2702:
4242:
4190:
3306:
2346:
Meng, Qingjin; Liu, Jinyuan; Varricchio, David J.; Huang, Timothy; Gao, Chunling (2004-09-09).
4237:
3559:
3108:
3068:
2718:
1886:
1440:
Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Linton, Deborah H.; Upchurch, Paul; Barrett, Paul M. (2012-05-22).
1442:"Limb-Bone Scaling Indicates Diverse Stance and Gait in Quadrupedal Ornithischian Dinosaurs"
1367:
3827:
3582:
3046:
2983:
2778:
2630:
2533:
2478:
2362:
2138:
2083:
1922:
1835:
1772:
1647:
1580:
1453:
1029:
681:
122:
2860:
8:
3859:
3427:
3031:"The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the small ornithischian dinosaur
3024:
1914:
492:
3050:
2987:
2926:
2782:
2634:
2596:
2537:
2482:
2366:
2142:
2087:
1926:
1839:
1776:
1651:
1584:
1457:
4144:
3871:
3007:
2954:
2888:
2841:
2809:
2766:
2747:
2681:
2564:
2521:
2502:
2444:
2413:
2394:
2196:
2107:
2055:
1859:
1851:
1803:
1760:
1733:
1678:
1635:
1611:
1568:
1484:
1441:
1417:
951:
586:
524:
484:
used to recreate the practice of head-butting. However, some pachycephalosaurs such as
399:
385:
369:
295:
149:
131:
2463:
2347:
2173:
2127:"New data on pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from North America"
4112:
3457:
3059:
3030:
2999:
2946:
2880:
2814:
2796:
2669:
2646:
2600:
2569:
2551:
2506:
2494:
2490:
2436:
2386:
2378:
2328:
2324:
2293:
2289:
2258:
2227:
2154:
2126:
2099:
2047:
2009:
2004:
1987:
1961:
1938:
1808:
1790:
1741:
1683:
1665:
1616:
1598:
1515:
1489:
1471:
1403:
1245:
847:
380:(though pachycephalosaurs are speculated to have been omnivorous). They basally used
2958:
2927:"Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: implications for gait and locomotion"
2892:
2861:"Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: implications for gait and locomotion"
2448:
2200:
2111:
2059:
1863:
3691:
3094:
3054:
3026:
3011:
2991:
2974:
2938:
2872:
2804:
2786:
2642:
2638:
2592:
2559:
2541:
2486:
2428:
2398:
2370:
2320:
2285:
2188:
2146:
2091:
2039:
1999:
1930:
1843:
1798:
1780:
1725:
1673:
1655:
1606:
1588:
1479:
1461:
1172:
774:
506:
311:
1915:"The cranial musculature and the origin of the frill in the ceratopsian dinosaurs"
4134:
3707:
3195:
3170:
2791:
2546:
2215:
2095:
1785:
1660:
1593:
1546:"Structural Mechanics of Pachycephalosaur Crania Permitted Head-Butting Behavior"
1466:
1222:
824:
32:
4149:
4129:
4080:
4005:
3790:
3700:
3638:
3603:
3523:
1099:
751:
552:
547:
463:
410:
393:
231:
2432:
1934:
1878:
1847:
1636:"Extreme Cranial Ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus"
509:, as aid in knocking down vegetation, or for horn-locking agonistic behavior.
4259:
4213:
4097:
4047:
3805:
3776:
3762:
3746:
3631:
3624:
3516:
3436:
3360:
3353:
3321:
2950:
2884:
2800:
2650:
2555:
2498:
2440:
2382:
2332:
2297:
2262:
2231:
2158:
2103:
2051:
2013:
1942:
1794:
1669:
1602:
1475:
1184:
1013:
965:
786:
665:
617:
530:
501:
422:
392:
and became more common in the Cretaceous. They are basally small facultative
70:
28:
2673:
1879:"Dental microwear and the evolution of mastication in ceratopsian dinosaurs"
4139:
4090:
4033:
4019:
4012:
3967:
3783:
3738:
3666:
3645:
3548:
3415:
3407:
3383:
3337:
3272:
3259:
3222:
3131:
3003:
2818:
2573:
2390:
1812:
1745:
1687:
1620:
1493:
1260:
1198:
862:
800:
450:
428:
365:
215:
4222:
4068:
4040:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3816:
3715:
3680:
3617:
3571:
3496:
3375:
3345:
3298:
3290:
1397:
989:
641:
486:
416:
268:
45:
2995:
112:
4061:
4054:
3848:
3797:
3769:
3754:
3730:
3673:
3652:
3530:
3509:
3485:
3478:
3464:
3450:
3399:
3391:
3367:
2845:
2751:
1855:
1737:
1123:
1068:
720:
600:
543:
461:
to help in digestion of food, but only primitive ceratopsians, such as
458:
433:
405:
381:
373:
287:
90:
55:
2971:
4026:
3659:
3443:
3329:
566:
377:
166:
95:
39:
4184:
2520:
Farke, Andrew A.; Wolff, Ewan D. S.; Tanke, Darren H. (2009-01-28).
2374:
2150:
1729:
4207:
3977:
3471:
3314:
3179:
3155:
1960:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 123–140.
389:
247:
199:
186:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
4105:
3537:
3161:
1140:
100:
75:
1545:
3149:
3100:
2245:
Hone, David W. E.; Wood, Dylan; Knell, Robert J. (2016-01-13).
176:
1439:
2619:
480:, and there may be evidence of intraspecific communication.
432:. There was no change in richness of species throughout the
320:
3723:
2943:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0450:FPINDI>2.0.CO;2
2877:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0450:fpindi>2.0.co;2
2462:
Qi, Zhao; Barrett, Paul M.; Eberth, David A. (2007-09-01).
2348:"Palaeontology: Parental care in an ornithischian dinosaur"
2193:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0253:chopom>2.0.co;2
356:
353:
338:
332:
326:
2029:
1402:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–132.
323:
2737:
2044:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[103:TSKTSN]2.0.CO;2
347:
2764:
1566:
569:
below follows a 2009 analysis by Zheng and colleagues.
2345:
2072:
4166:
List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks
344:
335:
329:
314:
3084:
2310:
350:
292:
284:
2587:Horner, John R (2001-01-01). "Dinosaur Behaviour".
1956:Weishampel, David B.; Jianu, Coralia-Maria (2011).
1343:"GEOL 104 Marginocephalia: That's Using Your Head!"
341:
317:
2925:Paul, Gregory S.; Christiansen, Per (2000-06-20).
2859:Paul, Gregory S.; Christiansen, Per (2000-06-01).
2125:Galton, Peter M.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2011-02-08).
2025:
2023:
1398:Fastovsky, David E., Weishampel, David B. (2009).
1435:
1433:
4257:
2924:
2858:
2275:
1634:Horner, John R.; Goodwin, Mark B. (2009-10-27).
1513:
376:. All members of Marginocephalia were primarily
2519:
2461:
2020:
1955:
3194:
2905:
2666:How the Ceratopsia carried and used their head
1981:
1979:
1977:
1430:
470:
3116:
2244:
1633:
542:In general, primitive marginocephalians were
3073:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2723:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1985:
1715:
1705:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1514:Godefroid, Pascal; Lambert, Olivier (2007).
1422:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3270:
1974:
3123:
3109:
3018:
2686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2124:
1543:
130:
111:
3058:
3025:Richard J. Butler, Jin Liyong, Chen Jun,
2965:
2808:
2790:
2663:
2563:
2545:
2213:
2003:
1802:
1784:
1677:
1659:
1610:
1592:
1483:
1465:
2664:Tait, John; Brown, Barnum (1928-01-01).
1986:Padian, K.; Horner, J. R. (2011-01-01).
1876:
2171:
1703:The horned dinosaurs: A natural history
467:, have been found to have gastroliths.
388:. Marginocephalia first evolved in the
4258:
2831:
2586:
1825:
1700:
1365:
4189:
4188:
3954:
3257:
3142:
3104:
2700:
2411:
1877:Varriale, Frank Joseph (2011-01-01).
1758:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1912:
1400:Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History
512:
2597:10.1002/9780470015902.a0003318.pub3
2522:"Evidence of Combat in Triceratops"
1544:Snively, Eric; Cox, Andres (2008).
13:
2623:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2131:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2076:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2032:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1384:
364:Latin: margin-head) is a clade of
14:
4292:
2214:Carpenter, Kenneth (1997-12-01).
560:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3258:
3130:
3087:
3060:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01046.x
2491:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00709.x
2412:Isles, Timothy E. (2009-09-01).
2325:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00221.x
2290:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00300.x
2005:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00719.x
1499:
1372:Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum
310:
153:
43:
2918:
2899:
2852:
2825:
2758:
2731:
2694:
2657:
2613:
2580:
2513:
2455:
2405:
2339:
2304:
2269:
2238:
2207:
2165:
2118:
2066:
1949:
1906:
1881:. THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.
1870:
1819:
1759:Farke, Andrew A. (2011-01-20).
1752:
1709:
438:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction
142:Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis
4271:Kimmeridgian first appearances
2643:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011103
2591:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1694:
1627:
1560:
1537:
1507:
1359:
1335:
519:sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs
1:
1368:"The Real Pachycephalosaurus"
1328:
537:
3955:
2792:10.1371/journal.pone.0021092
2547:10.1371/journal.pone.0004252
2096:10.1080/02724634.2011.601484
1786:10.1371/journal.pone.0016196
1661:10.1371/journal.pone.0007626
1594:10.1371/journal.pone.0021092
1467:10.1371/journal.pone.0036904
7:
1919:American Journal of Science
478:interspecific communication
471:Margins and social behavior
10:
4297:
2908:Palaeontologia Electronica
2707:Palaeontologia Electronica
2701:Farke, Andrew, A. (2004).
2251:Palaeontologia Electronica
1913:Lull, R. S. (1908-05-01).
1550:Palaeontologia Electronica
443:
16:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
4281:Taxa named by Paul Sereno
4276:Maastrichtian extinctions
4197:
4158:
4122:
4078:
3965:
3961:
3950:
3907:
3870:
3847:
3838:
3815:
3690:
3612:
3601:
3570:
3547:
3504:
3495:
3426:
3285:
3281:
3266:
3253:
3221:
3203:
3190:
3138:
2433:10.1080/08912960903450505
1935:10.2475/ajs.s4-25.149.387
1848:10.1017/S0094837300008587
1258:
1243:
1236:
1219:
1212:
1195:
1188:
1170:
1163:
1137:
1120:
1113:
1096:
1079:
1072:
1027:
1010:
1003:
986:
979:
962:
955:
945:
860:
845:
838:
821:
814:
797:
790:
772:
765:
748:
731:
724:
679:
662:
655:
638:
631:
614:
597:
590:
580:
281:
276:
150:Scientific classification
148:
138:
129:
119:
110:
23:
1921:. s4-25 (149): 387–399.
2834:Journal of Paleontology
2740:Journal of Paleontology
1958:Transylvanian Dinosaurs
1083:Micropachycephalosaurus
930:Cladogram after Butler
735:Micropachycephalosaurus
548:facultative quadrupedal
3033:Changchunsaurus parvus
2220:Rocky Mountain Geology
2172:Goodwin, Mark (2004).
1894:Cite journal requires
451:bacterial fermentation
4238:Paleobiology Database
1366:Ashley (2020-02-25).
1520:Sciences de la Terre
1030:Pachycephalosauridae
682:Pachycephalosauridae
123:Triceratops horridus
3428:Heterodontosauridae
3051:2011Palgy..54..667B
2996:10.1038/nature07856
2988:2009Natur.458..333Z
2783:2011PLoSO...621092S
2635:1998JVPal..18..746B
2538:2009PLoSO...4.4252F
2483:2007Palgy..50.1023Q
2367:2004Natur.431..145M
2143:1983CaJES..20..462G
2088:2011JVPal..31.1047M
1927:1908AmJS...25..387L
1840:1987Pbio...13...60F
1777:2011PLoSO...616196F
1701:Dodson, P. (1996).
1652:2009PLoSO...4.7626H
1585:2011PLoSO...621092S
1458:2012PLoSO...736904M
4145:Hypsilophodontidae
3883:Pachycephalosauria
3872:Pachycephalosauria
2421:Historical Biology
1992:Journal of Zoology
952:Pachycephalosauria
587:Pachycephalosauria
525:Stegoceras validum
493:agonistic behavior
386:Pachycephalosauria
370:Pachycephalosauria
296:Pachycephalosauria
4266:Marginocephalians
4253:
4252:
4191:Taxon identifiers
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4113:Serendipaceratops
3946:
3945:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3458:Heterodontosaurus
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
2982:(7236): 333–336.
2361:(7005): 145–146.
1409:978-0-521-88996-4
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1246:Leptoceratopsidae
1152:
1151:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
927:
926:
918:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
873:
872:
848:Leptoceratopsidae
710:
709:
701:
700:
692:
691:
513:Sexual dimorphism
400:Pachycephalosaurs
303:
302:
272:
24:Marginocephalians
4288:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4186:
4185:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3845:
3844:
3692:Thescelosauridae
3610:
3609:
3502:
3501:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3140:
3139:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:Dinosaurs portal
3092:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3027:Pascal Godefroit
3022:
3016:
3015:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2794:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2714:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2549:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2477:(5): 1023–1029.
2468:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2427:(3–4): 139–214.
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2082:(5): 1047–1071.
2070:
2064:
2063:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1788:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1663:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1596:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1487:
1469:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1347:www.geol.umd.edu
1339:
1239:
1238:
1215:
1214:
1191:
1190:
1173:Psittacosauridae
1166:
1165:
1116:
1115:
1075:
1074:
1006:
1005:
982:
981:
958:
957:
948:
947:
938:
937:
841:
840:
817:
816:
793:
792:
775:Psittacosauridae
768:
767:
727:
726:
658:
657:
634:
633:
593:
592:
583:
582:
573:
572:
507:isotope analysis
455:coronoid process
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
294:
286:
267:
262:
246:
230:
214:
158:
157:
134:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4229:Marginocephalia
4227:
4226:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4199:Marginocephalia
4193:
4183:
4170:
4154:
4135:Phytodinosauria
4118:
4074:
3957:
3942:
3929:
3922:
3909:
3889:
3866:
3840:Marginocephalia
3834:
3811:
3708:Changchunsaurus
3686:
3606:
3589:
3566:
3543:
3491:
3422:
3275:
3262:
3237:
3217:
3211:Avemetatarsalia
3196:Avemetatarsalia
3186:
3171:Avemetatarsalia
3145:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3066:
3065:
3023:
3019:
2970:
2966:
2923:
2919:
2904:
2900:
2857:
2853:
2830:
2826:
2763:
2759:
2736:
2732:
2716:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2679:
2678:
2662:
2658:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2585:
2581:
2518:
2514:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2375:10.1038/431145a
2350:
2344:
2340:
2309:
2305:
2274:
2270:
2243:
2239:
2212:
2208:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2151:10.1139/e83-043
2123:
2119:
2071:
2067:
2028:
2021:
1984:
1975:
1968:
1954:
1950:
1911:
1907:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1824:
1820:
1757:
1753:
1730:10.2307/2407222
1714:
1710:
1699:
1695:
1632:
1628:
1565:
1561:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1438:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1396:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1223:Archaeoceratops
1153:
1059:
1050:
1041:
942:Marginocephalia
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
825:Archaeoceratops
711:
702:
693:
577:Marginocephalia
563:
540:
515:
473:
446:
390:Jurassic Period
372:and the horned
313:
309:
306:Marginocephalia
266:
264:Marginocephalia
260:
244:
228:
212:
152:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
33:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4234:
4219:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4159:Other articles
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4150:Jeholosauridae
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4130:Ornithoscelida
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4081:Incertae sedis
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4006:Ferganocephale
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3791:Thescelosaurus
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3701:Albertadromeus
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3639:Kulindadromeus
3635:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3604:Neornithischia
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3524:Scutellosaurus
3520:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3286:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3081:
3080:
3045:(3): 667–683.
3017:
2964:
2937:(3): 450–465.
2917:
2898:
2871:(3): 450–465.
2851:
2840:(5): 929–940.
2824:
2757:
2746:(3): 608–618.
2730:
2693:
2656:
2629:(4): 746–750.
2612:
2605:
2579:
2512:
2454:
2404:
2338:
2303:
2284:(2): 139–156.
2268:
2237:
2206:
2187:(2): 253–267.
2164:
2137:(3): 462–472.
2117:
2065:
2038:(1): 103–112.
2019:
1973:
1966:
1948:
1905:
1896:|journal=
1869:
1818:
1751:
1724:(2): 353–361.
1708:
1693:
1626:
1559:
1536:
1506:
1429:
1408:
1383:
1358:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:Chaoyangsaurus
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
985:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
961:
956:
954:
946:
944:
936:
925:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
871:
870:
867:
866:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
844:
839:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
820:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
796:
791:
789:
783:
782:
779:
778:
771:
766:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
752:Chaoyangsaurus
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
730:
725:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
699:
698:
695:
694:
690:
689:
686:
685:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
661:
656:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:
596:
591:
589:
581:
579:
571:
562:
561:Classification
559:
553:Psittacosaurus
539:
536:
514:
511:
472:
469:
464:Psittacosaurus
445:
442:
411:Psittacosaurus
301:
300:
299:
298:
290:
279:
278:
274:
273:
258:
251:
250:
242:
235:
234:
232:Neornithischia
226:
219:
218:
210:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
145:
136:
135:
127:
126:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4293:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:Dravidosaurus
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:Syngonosaurus
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3806:Zephyrosaurus
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:Oryctodromeus
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:Nevadadromeus
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:Koreanosaurus
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:Hypsilophodon
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:Hexinlusaurus
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:Scelidosaurus
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:Abrictosaurus
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:Lesothosaurus
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:Laquintasaura
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:Eucoelophysis
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3096:
3085:
3076:
3070:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:Palaeontology
3036:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:(6): e21092.
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2606:9780470015902
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:Palaeontology
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1967:9781421400273
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:(1): e16196.
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:(10): e7626.
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:(6): e21092.
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(5): e36904.
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:Neoceratopsia
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:Homalocephale
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
991:
984:
983:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:Wannanosaurus
960:
959:
953:
950:
949:
943:
940:
939:
935:
933:
923:
922:
914:
913:
905:
904:
896:
895:
887:
886:
878:
877:
869:
868:
865:
864:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
843:
842:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
826:
819:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
802:
795:
794:
788:
787:Neoceratopsia
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
770:
769:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
753:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
736:
729:
728:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
706:
705:
697:
696:
688:
687:
684:
683:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
667:
666:Homalocephale
660:
659:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
636:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:Wannanosaurus
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
602:
595:
594:
588:
585:
584:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
558:
555:
554:
549:
545:
535:
533:
532:
531:Protoceratops
527:
526:
520:
517:The study of
510:
508:
504:
503:
502:Tyrannosaurus
496:
494:
489:
488:
481:
479:
468:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
424:
423:Styracosaurus
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
403:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:ornithischian
361:
307:
297:
291:
289:
283:
282:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
137:
133:
128:
125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
30:
29:Late Jurassic
22:
19:
4198:
4140:Silesauridae
4111:
4104:
4096:
4091:Ajkaceratops
4089:
4079:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4034:Notoceratops
4032:
4025:
4020:Gongbusaurus
4018:
4013:Geranosaurus
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:Nomina dubia
3966:
3916:
3839:
3804:
3796:
3789:
3784:Parksosaurus
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3739:Jeholosaurus
3737:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3699:
3679:
3672:
3667:Sanxiasaurus
3665:
3658:
3651:
3646:Minimocursor
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3560:Ankylosauria
3549:Ankylosauria
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3416:Technosaurus
3414:
3408:Soumyasaurus
3406:
3398:
3390:
3384:Pisanosaurus
3382:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3338:Ignotosaurus
3336:
3328:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3273:Ornithischia
3260:Ornithischia
3223:Ornithischia
3175:
3166:
3132:Ornithischia
3069:cite journal
3042:
3038:
3032:
3020:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2934:
2931:Paleobiology
2930:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2868:
2865:Paleobiology
2864:
2854:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2719:cite journal
2710:
2706:
2696:
2668:. Montreal.
2665:
2659:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2588:
2582:
2532:(1): e4252.
2529:
2525:
2515:
2474:
2470:
2457:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2319:(1): 77–84.
2316:
2312:
2306:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2226:(1): 19–25.
2223:
2219:
2209:
2184:
2181:Paleobiology
2180:
2167:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2035:
2031:
1995:
1991:
1957:
1951:
1918:
1908:
1887:cite journal
1872:
1834:(1): 60–72.
1831:
1828:Paleobiology
1827:
1821:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1523:
1519:
1509:
1449:
1445:
1399:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1261:Coronosauria
1259:
1244:
1221:
1220:
1199:Liaoceratops
1197:
1196:
1171:
1139:
1138:
1122:
1121:
1098:
1097:
1081:
1080:
1028:
1012:
1011:
988:
987:
964:
963:
941:
931:
929:
863:Coronosauria
861:
846:
823:
822:
801:Liaoceratops
799:
798:
773:
750:
749:
733:
732:
680:
664:
663:
640:
639:
616:
615:
599:
598:
576:
564:
551:
541:
529:
523:
516:
500:
497:
485:
482:
474:
462:
447:
429:Centrosaurus
427:
421:
415:
409:
406:Ceratopsians
404:
398:
305:
304:
263:
254:
238:
222:
216:Ornithischia
206:
193:
140:
121:
38:161–66
18:
4223:Wikispecies
4069:Trimucrodon
4041:Siluosaurus
3999:Fabrosaurus
3992:Craspedodon
3985:Bienosaurus
3828:Ornithopoda
3817:Ornithopoda
3716:Changmiania
3681:Yandusaurus
3618:Agilisaurus
3583:Stegosauria
3572:Stegosauria
3497:Thyreophora
3376:Lutungutali
3346:Kwanasaurus
3299:Asilisaurus
3291:Amanasaurus
2257:(1): 1–13.
1998:(1): 3–17.
990:Goyocephale
642:Goyocephale
487:Stygimoloch
459:gastroliths
436:before the
417:Triceratops
382:gastroliths
4260:Categories
4123:Other taxa
4062:Tichosteus
4055:Tatisaurus
3860:Ceratopsia
3849:Ceratopsia
3798:Yueosaurus
3770:Orodromeus
3755:Nanosaurus
3674:Xiaosaurus
3653:Nanosaurus
3531:Yuxisaurus
3510:Emausaurus
3486:Tianyulong
3479:Pegomastax
3465:Lycorhinus
3451:Fruitadens
3400:Silesaurus
3392:Sacisaurus
3368:Lewisuchus
3232:see below↓
3180:Dinosauria
3162:Sauropsida
1530:2016-05-29
1377:2024-05-14
1352:2024-05-14
1329:References
1124:Stenopelix
1069:Ceratopsia
721:Ceratopsia
601:Stenopelix
538:Locomotion
434:Cretaceous
394:quadrupeds
378:herbivores
374:Ceratopsia
288:Ceratopsia
277:Subgroups
200:Dinosauria
4027:Laosaurus
3660:Phyllodon
3444:Echinodon
3330:Gamatavus
3148:Kingdom:
2951:0094-8373
2885:1938-5331
2801:1932-6203
2682:cite book
2651:0272-4634
2556:1932-6203
2507:128781816
2499:1475-4983
2441:0891-2963
2383:0028-0836
2333:1474-919X
2298:1502-3931
2263:1094-8074
2232:1555-7332
2159:1480-3313
2104:0272-4634
2052:0272-4634
2014:1469-7998
1943:0002-9599
1795:1932-6203
1718:Evolution
1670:1932-6203
1603:1932-6203
1476:1932-6203
1418:cite book
567:cladogram
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
139:Skull of
120:Skull of
4208:Wikidata
3978:Alocodon
3956:See also
3472:Manidens
3315:Eocursor
3307:Diodorus
3156:Chordata
3154:Phylum:
3150:Animalia
3029:(2011).
3004:19295609
2959:85280946
2914:(1): 17.
2893:85280946
2819:21738608
2771:PLOS ONE
2713:(1): 10.
2674:18023726
2574:19172995
2526:PLOS ONE
2449:85417112
2391:15356619
2201:84961066
2112:86349131
2060:31117040
1864:88396062
1813:21283763
1765:PLOS ONE
1746:28555861
1688:19859556
1640:PLOS ONE
1621:21738608
1573:PLOS ONE
1494:22666333
1446:PLOS ONE
934:, 2011.
248:Cerapoda
187:Chordata
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
4214:Q131385
4106:Jakapil
3538:Jakapil
3160:Class:
3047:Bibcode
3012:4423110
2984:Bibcode
2846:1303590
2810:3126802
2779:Bibcode
2752:1304275
2631:Bibcode
2565:2617760
2534:Bibcode
2479:Bibcode
2399:4413450
2363:Bibcode
2278:Lethaia
2139:Bibcode
2084:Bibcode
1923:Bibcode
1856:2400838
1836:Bibcode
1804:3024410
1773:Bibcode
1738:2407222
1679:2762616
1648:Bibcode
1612:3126802
1581:Bibcode
1526:: 83–93
1485:3358279
1454:Bibcode
1141:Yinlong
544:bipedal
444:Feeding
31:–
3010:
3002:
2975:Nature
2957:
2949:
2891:
2883:
2844:
2817:
2807:
2799:
2750:
2672:
2649:
2603:
2572:
2562:
2554:
2505:
2497:
2447:
2439:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2355:Nature
2331:
2296:
2261:
2230:
2199:
2157:
2110:
2102:
2058:
2050:
2012:
1964:
1941:
1862:
1854:
1811:
1801:
1793:
1744:
1736:
1686:
1676:
1668:
1619:
1609:
1601:
1492:
1482:
1474:
1406:
932:et al.
426:, and
271:, 1986
269:Sereno
4243:52814
3176:Clade
3167:Clade
3008:S2CID
2955:S2CID
2889:S2CID
2842:JSTOR
2748:JSTOR
2503:S2CID
2467:(PDF)
2445:S2CID
2417:(PDF)
2395:S2CID
2351:(PDF)
2197:S2CID
2177:(PDF)
2108:S2CID
2056:S2CID
1860:S2CID
1852:JSTOR
1734:JSTOR
255:Clade
239:Clade
223:Clade
207:Clade
194:Clade
3881:see
3858:see
3826:see
3731:Haya
3724:Fona
3581:see
3558:see
3209:see
3075:link
3000:PMID
2947:ISSN
2881:ISSN
2815:PMID
2797:ISSN
2725:link
2688:link
2670:OCLC
2647:ISSN
2601:ISBN
2570:PMID
2552:ISSN
2495:ISSN
2437:ISSN
2387:PMID
2379:ISSN
2329:ISSN
2313:Ibis
2294:ISSN
2259:ISSN
2228:ISSN
2155:ISSN
2100:ISSN
2048:ISSN
2010:ISSN
1962:ISBN
1939:ISSN
1900:help
1809:PMID
1791:ISSN
1742:PMID
1684:PMID
1666:ISSN
1617:PMID
1599:ISSN
1556:(1).
1490:PMID
1472:ISSN
1424:link
1404:ISBN
565:The
46:PreꞒ
3055:doi
2992:doi
2980:458
2939:doi
2873:doi
2805:PMC
2787:doi
2639:doi
2593:doi
2589:eLS
2560:PMC
2542:doi
2487:doi
2429:doi
2371:doi
2359:431
2321:doi
2317:146
2286:doi
2189:doi
2147:doi
2092:doi
2040:doi
2000:doi
1996:283
1931:doi
1844:doi
1799:PMC
1781:doi
1726:doi
1674:PMC
1656:doi
1607:PMC
1589:doi
1480:PMC
1462:doi
546:or
321:ɑːr
4262::
4240::
4225::
4210::
3178::
3169::
3071:}}
3067:{{
3053:.
3043:54
3041:.
3037:.
3006:.
2998:.
2990:.
2978:.
2953:.
2945:.
2935:26
2933:.
2929:.
2912:10
2910:.
2887:.
2879:.
2869:26
2867:.
2863:.
2838:50
2836:.
2813:.
2803:.
2795:.
2785:.
2773:.
2769:.
2744:55
2742:.
2721:}}
2717:{{
2709:.
2705:.
2684:}}
2680:{{
2645:.
2637:.
2627:18
2625:.
2599:.
2568:.
2558:.
2550:.
2540:.
2528:.
2524:.
2501:.
2493:.
2485:.
2475:50
2473:.
2469:.
2443:.
2435:.
2425:21
2423:.
2419:.
2393:.
2385:.
2377:.
2369:.
2357:.
2353:.
2327:.
2315:.
2292:.
2282:45
2280:.
2255:19
2253:.
2249:.
2224:32
2222:.
2218:.
2195:.
2185:30
2183:.
2179:.
2153:.
2145:.
2135:20
2133:.
2129:.
2106:.
2098:.
2090:.
2080:31
2078:.
2054:.
2046:.
2036:26
2034:.
2022:^
2008:.
1994:.
1990:.
1976:^
1937:.
1929:.
1917:.
1891::
1889:}}
1885:{{
1858:.
1850:.
1842:.
1832:13
1830:.
1807:.
1797:.
1789:.
1779:.
1767:.
1763:.
1740:.
1732:.
1722:29
1720:.
1682:.
1672:.
1664:.
1654:.
1642:.
1638:.
1615:.
1605:.
1597:.
1587:.
1575:.
1571:.
1554:11
1552:.
1548:.
1524:77
1522:.
1518:.
1488:.
1478:.
1470:.
1460:.
1448:.
1444:.
1432:^
1420:}}
1416:{{
1386:^
1370:.
1345:.
495:.
440:.
420:,
333:oʊ
324:dʒ
257::
241::
225::
209::
196::
96:Pg
40:Ma
35:,
4101:?
3801:?
3758:?
3750:?
3742:?
3734:?
3719:?
3711:?
3419:?
3411:?
3403:?
3395:?
3387:?
3379:?
3371:?
3349:?
3341:?
3333:?
3325:?
3310:?
3302:?
3294:?
3124:e
3117:t
3110:v
3077:)
3063:.
3057::
3049::
3014:.
2994::
2986::
2961:.
2941::
2895:.
2875::
2848:.
2821:.
2789::
2781::
2775:6
2754:.
2727:)
2711:7
2690:)
2676:.
2653:.
2641::
2633::
2609:.
2595::
2576:.
2544::
2536::
2530:4
2509:.
2489::
2481::
2451:.
2431::
2401:.
2373::
2365::
2335:.
2323::
2300:.
2288::
2265:.
2234:.
2203:.
2191::
2161:.
2149::
2141::
2114:.
2094::
2086::
2062:.
2042::
2016:.
2002::
1970:.
1945:.
1933::
1925::
1902:)
1898:(
1866:.
1846::
1838::
1815:.
1783::
1775::
1769:6
1748:.
1728::
1690:.
1658::
1650::
1644:4
1623:.
1591::
1583::
1577:6
1533:.
1496:.
1464::
1456::
1450:7
1426:)
1412:.
1380:.
1355:.
360:/
357:ə
354:i
351:l
348:æ
345:f
342:ˈ
339:ə
336:s
330:n
327:ə
318:m
315:ˌ
312:/
308:(
293:†
285:†
261:†
245:†
229:†
213:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
