Maria Theresa - Knowledge

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particularly amongst aristocrats who saw their power threatened by the reformers or those who feared that that greater literacy would expose the population to Protestant or Enlightenment ideas. Felbiger's reforms were nevertheless pushed through, as a result of the consistent support of Maria Theresa and her minister Franz Sales Greiner. The reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa's aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807. Nevertheless, high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century, The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. However, the number of secondary schools decreased, since the quantity of new schools founded failed to make up for the numbers of Jesuit schools abolished. As a result, secondary schooling became more exclusive.

2380:, of 1775, Joseph complained that his mother intended to "abolish serfdom entirely and arbitrarily destroy the centuries-old property relations." He complained that "no consideration was being taken for the landlords, who were threatened with the loss of more than half their income. For many of them, who are carrying debts, this would mean financial ruin." By 1776, the court was polarized: on one side was a small reform party (including Maria Theresa, Raab, Blanc, Gebler and Greiner); on the conservative side were Joseph and the rest of the court. Joseph argued that it was difficult to find a middle way between the interests of the peasants and nobles; he suggested instead that the peasants negotiate with their landlords to reach an outcome. Joseph's biographer Derek Beales calls this change of course "puzzling". In the ensuing struggle, Joseph forced Blanc to leave the court. Because of the opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform and had to settle on a compromise. The system of serfdom was only abolished after Maria Theresa's death, in the 896: 955: 1098: 2440:

to rebuke him. She even wrote: "We never see each other except at dinner ... His temper gets worse every day ... Please burn this letter ... I just try to avoid public scandal." In another letter, also addressed to Joseph's companion, she complained: "He avoids me ... I am the only person in his way and so I am an obstruction and a burden ... Abdication alone can remedy matters." After much contemplation, she chose not to abdicate. Joseph himself often threatened to resign as co-regent and emperor, but he, too, was induced not to do so. Her threats of abdication were rarely taken seriously; Maria Theresa believed that her recovery from smallpox in 1767 was a sign that God wished her to reign until death. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch.

1630: 2927:, Dowager Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc.; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, of Styria, of Carinthia and of Carniola; Grand Princess of Transylvania; Margravine of Moravia; Duchess of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders, of Württemberg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Milan, of Mantua, of Parma, of Piacenza, of Guastalla, of Auschwitz and of Zator; Princess of Swabia; Princely Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hainault, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady of the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany. 815: 14129: 2941: 11302: 8196: 2613: 1117: 8880: 2348:, which was the basis for agriculture in eastern parts of her lands (particularly Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary and Galicia). Although Maria Theresa had initially been reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy. The census of 1770–1771 gave the peasants opportunity to express their grievances directly to the royal commissioners and made evident to Maria Theresa the extent to which their poverty was the result of the extreme demands for forced labour (called " 2948: 1529: 1247: 2137:(who doubted the effectiveness of the technique), and ordered that it be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. The trial was successful, establishing that inoculation was effective in protecting against smallpox, and safe (in the case of the test subjects). The empress therefore ordered the construction of an inoculation centre, and had herself and two of her children inoculated. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in 2428:. Believing that the emperor must possess enough land to maintain his standing as emperor, Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765. From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. The 22 million florins that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of 2509: 9955: 38: 9395: 4110:

Herzogin zu Braband, zu Limburg, zu Luxemburg und zu Geldern, zu Württemberg, zu Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, zu Milan, zu Mantua, zu Parma, zu Piacenza, zu Guastala, zu Auschwitz und Zator, Fürstin zu Schwaben, gefürstete Gräfin zu Habsburg, zu Flandern, zu Tirol, zu Hennegau, zu Kyburg, zu Görz und zu Gradisca, Markgräfin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, zu Burgau, zu Ober- und Nieder-Lausitz, Gräfin zu Namur, Frau auf der Windischen Mark und zu Mecheln, Herzoginwitwe zu Lothringen und Baar, Großherzoginwitwe zu Toskana

2326: 1003: 1800: 509: 2604:), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era. Vocelka even stated that "taken as a whole the reforms of Maria Theresa appear more absolutist and centralist than enlightened, even if one must admit that the influence of enlightened ideas is visible to a certain degree." Despite being among the most successful Habsburg monarchs and remarkable leaders of the 18th century, Maria Theresa has not captured the interest of contemporary historians or media, perhaps due her hardened nature. 1239:, and she asserted that "the very existence of the Kingdom of Hungary, of our own person and children, and our crown, are at stake. Forsaken by all, we place our sole reliance in the fidelity and long-tried valor of the Hungarians." The response was rather boorish, with the queen being questioned and even heckled by members of the Diet; someone cried that she "better apply to Satan than the Hungarians for help." However, she managed to show her gift for theatrical displays by holding her son and heir, 2090:), composed of the state chancellor, three members of the high nobility and three knights, which served as a committee of experienced people who advised her. The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority; nevertheless, it showed the difference between the form of government employed by Maria Theresa and that of Frederick II of Prussia. Unlike the latter, Maria Theresa was not an autocrat who acted as her own minister. Prussia would adopt this form of government only after 1807. 2098:, he pursued a policy of "aristocratic enlightenment" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. Nonetheless, the governing system remained centralised, and a strong institution made it possible for Kaunitz to increase state revenues substantially. In 1775, the Habsburg monarchy achieved its first balanced budget, and by 1780, the Habsburg state revenue had reached 50 million florins. 1827:. She even advocated for a state church and contemporary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious. However, she never allowed the church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots. Overall, the ecclesiastical policies of Maria Theresa were enacted to ensure the primacy of state control in church-state relations. She was also influenced by 10844: 685: 1740: 14360: 1035:, which were claimed by his widow. The army had also been weakened due to these wars; instead of the full number of 160,000, the army had been reduced to about 108,000, and they were scattered in small areas from the Austrian Netherlands to Transylvania, and from Silesia to Tuscany. They were also poorly trained and discipline was lacking. Later Maria Theresa even made a remark: "as for the state in which I found the army, I cannot begin to describe it." 9653: 1881: 2393: 1982: 829:, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. The portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna. The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body. Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other. 2632: 2042: 1278:. Maria Theresa, then in Hungary, wept on learning of the loss of Bohemia. Charles Albert was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII on 24 January 1742, which made him the only non-Habsburg to be in that position since 1440. The Queen, who regarded the election as a catastrophe, caught her enemies unprepared by insisting on a winter campaign; the same day he was elected emperor, Austrian troops under 2376:

peasants to work it on stipulated conditions. The nobles also claimed that the system of forced labour had no connection with the peasants' poverty, which was a result of the peasants' own wastefulness and the increased royal taxes. Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa's son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom. In a letter to his brother

2291:. Education was to be multilingual; children were to be instructed first in their mother tongue and then in later years in German. Prizes were given to the most able students to encourage ability. Attention was also given to raising the status and pay of teachers, who were forbidden to take on outside employment. Teacher training colleges were established to train teachers in the latest techniques. 1373: 1147:

was inclined to consider such an arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document. Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia, and she was confident that she would retain "the jewel of the House of Austria". The resulting war with Prussia is known as the

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perception. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's.

2074:). Thanks to this effort, by 1760 there was a class of government officials numbering around 10,000. However, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform. In the case of Hungary, Maria Theresa was particularly mindful of her promise that she would respect the privileges in the kingdom, including the immunity of nobles from taxation. 2417:

withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Throughout her widowhood, she spent the whole of August and the eighteenth of each month alone in her chamber, which negatively affected her mental health. She described her state of mind shortly after Francis's death: "I hardly know myself now, for I have become like an animal with no true life or reasoning power."

1219:(today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Hungarian Diet. To appease those who considered her gender to be a serious obstacle, Maria Theresa assumed masculine titles. Thus, in nomenclature, Maria Theresa was archduke and king; normally, however, she was styled as queen. 633:. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the 1903:

she wrote of the Jews: "I know of no greater plague than this race, which on account of its deceit, usury and avarice is driving my subjects into beggary. Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided." Her animosity was such that she was willing to tolerate Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born

1723:. Maria Theresa blamed herself for her daughter's death for the rest of her life because, at the time, the concept of an extended incubation period was largely unknown and it was believed that Josepha had caught smallpox from the body of the late empress. The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the twenty-four year old 2133:(who in turn probably knew of it through her own correspondence with Frederick the Great). After unsuccessfully inviting the Sutton brothers from England to introduce their technique in Austria, Maria Theresa obtained information on current practices of smallpox inoculation in England. She overrode the objections of 1653:, died shortly after her first birthday. The second Maria Carolina was born feet first in 1748. As it became evident that she would not survive, preparations were hastily made to baptize her while still living; according to traditional Catholic belief, unbaptized infants would be condemned to eternity in 1911:

Moravia. Her first intention was to deport all Jews by 1 January, but having accepted the advice of her ministers, had the deadline postponed. The expulsion was executed only for Prague and only retracted in 1748 due to economic considerations and pressures from other countries, including Great Britain.

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However, Maria Theresa's attempts to extend the Raab system to the great estates belonging to the Bohemian nobles were fiercely resisted by the nobles. They claimed that the crown had no right to interfere with the serf system, since the nobles were the original owners of the land and had allowed the

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conflict with her son and nominal co-ruler Joseph II. The need for the reform became evident after the census of 1770–1771, which revealed the widespread illiteracy of the populace. Maria Theresa thereupon wrote to her rival Frederick II of Prussia to request him to allow the Silesian school reformer

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In light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state. The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate

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In contrast to Maria Theresa's efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the Protestants (whom she regarded as heretics) to Catholicism. Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements

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was complex. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her

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The relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not without warmth but was complicated and their personalities clashed. Despite his intellect, Maria Theresa's force of personality often made Joseph cower. Sometimes, she openly admired his talents and achievements, but she was also not hesitant

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celebrating the wedding of his second surviving son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. She completely

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In the 1770s, reform of the schooling system for all levels of society became a major policy. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that the reform of the primary schools in particular was the most long-lasting success of Maria Theresa's later reign, and one of the few policy agendas in which she was not in open

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and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province. Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Francis Stephen

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to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler, since they asserted that the sovereignty of Hungary could not be shared. Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed.

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The Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive. The letters she sent to him shortly before their marriage expressed her eagerness to see him; his letters, on the other hand, were stereotyped and formal. She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest

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and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen (Regnant) of Hungary. Her 40-year reign was considered to be very successful when compared to

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are included in the list, from the immoral tendency or licentious nature of their writings; but many authors whom we consider as unexceptionable or harmless, experience a similar treatment." The censorship particularly affected works that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Ironically,

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The education reform was met with considerable opposition. Predictably, some of this came from peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead. Maria Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed. However, much of the opposition came from the imperial court,

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Maria Theresa's government confirmed (1743) and continued to uphold old privileges granted to their Eastern Orthodox subjects by previous Habsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI), but at the same time, new reforms were enforced, establishing much firmer state control over the

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to be neutral. Therefore, she needed troops from Hungary in order to support the war effort. Although she had already won the admiration of the Hungarians, the number of volunteers was only in the hundreds. Since she required them in thousands or even tens of thousands, she decided to appear before

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In German: Maria Theresia von Gottes Gnaden Heilige Römische Kaiserinwitwe, Königin zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slavonien, Gallizien, Lodomerien, usw., Erzherzogin zu Österreich, Herzogin zu Burgund, zu Steyer, zu Kärnten und zu Crain, Großfürstin zu Siebenbürgen, Markgräfin zu Mähren,

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An additional prompt to reform was the famine which afflicted the empire in the early 1770s. Bohemia was particularly hard hit. Maria Theresa was increasingly influenced by the reformers Franz Anton von Blanc and Tobias Philipp von Gebler, who called for radical changes to the serf system to allow

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as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. She was probably the most anti-Jewish monarch of her time, having inherited the traditional prejudices of her ancestors and acquired new ones. This was a product of commonplace antisemitism and was not kept secret in her time. In 1777,

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Shortly after giving birth to the younger children, Maria Theresa was confronted with the task of marrying off the elder ones. She led the marriage negotiations along with the campaigns of her wars and the duties of state. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for

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was signed, whereby Louis XV promised to provide Austria with 130,000 men in addition to 12 million florins yearly. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian

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She has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. She detests Your Majesty, but acknowledges your ability. She cannot forget the loss of

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In 1770, she enacted a strict regulation of the sale of poisons, and apothecaries were obliged to keep a poison register recording the quantity and circumstances of every sale. If someone unknown tried to purchase a poison, that person had to provide two character witnesses before a sale could be

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after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this for as long as she lived. In May

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According to Austrian historian Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound

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with a model project on the crown lands in Bohemia: he was tasked to divide up the large estates into small farms, convert the forced labour contracts into leases, and enable the farmers to pass the leaseholds onto their children. Raab pushed the project through so successfully that his name was

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In December 1744, she proposed to her ministers the expulsion of around 10,000 Jews from Prague amid accusations that they were disloyal at the time of the Bavarian-French occupation during the War of the Austrian Succession. The order was then expanded to all Jews of Bohemia and major cities of

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and even sex between members of different religions. This Commission cooperated closely with the police, and the Commission even employed secret agents to investigate private lives of men and women with bad reputation. They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to

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extracted from crown lands. The central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes. Moreover, after Haugwitz was appointed the head of the new central administrative agency, dubbed the Directory,

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who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs. The Emperor, who spent his entire reign securing the Pragmatic Sanction, left Austria in an impoverished state, bankrupted by the recent Turkish war and the

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Maria Theresa found herself in a difficult situation. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more

853:. Her father allowed her to attend meetings of the council from the age of 14 but never discussed the affairs of state with her. Even though he had spent the last decades of his life securing Maria Theresa's inheritance, Charles never prepared his daughter for her future role as sovereign. 2336:

Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards and quality of life of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue. The Habsburg government under her rule also tried to strengthen its industry through government

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Maria Theresa in fact contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law. Throughout the city prayers were made for her recovery, and the sacrament was displayed in all churches. Joseph slept in one of his mother's antechambers and hardly left her bedside. On 1 June, Maria Theresa was given the

2854:. It has a portrait of the queen dressed for her coronation, alongside a portrait of her husband Emperor Francis I on the other side. The room was especially tailored in memory of the reconciliation between the monarch and the government and is used for official state receptions. 1262:, Elector of Bavaria, to her as sovereign. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery." She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the 2249:

Throughout her reign, Maria Theresa made the promotion of education a priority. Initially this was focused on the wealthier classes. She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of

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of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. With the First Silesian War at an end, the Queen soon made the recovery of Bohemia her priority. French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia in

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to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well. Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors. Maria Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess

4096:... I speak politically now, not as a Christian. Nothing is so necessary and beneficial as religion. Would you allow everyone to act according to his fantasy? If there were no fixed cult, no subjection to the Church, where should we be? The law of might would take command." 1341:

in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War). The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. The

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the circumstances under which she had ascended: "I found myself without money, without credit, without army, without experience and knowledge of my own and finally, also without any counsel because each one of them at first wanted to wait and see how things would develop."

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ideas. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocacy of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. Although Austria had always stressed the rights of the state in relation to the church, Jansenism provided new theoretical justification for this.

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Maria Theresa doubled the state revenue from 20 to 40 million florins between 1754 and 1764, though her attempt to tax clergy and nobility was only partially successful. These financial reforms greatly improved the economy. After Kaunitz became the head of the new

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1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary. Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa's death.

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Maria Theresa's reform established secular primary schools, which children of both sexes from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend. The curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere

2451:. She even once argued, "What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support?" The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that 1953:

in the 1750s. Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous". Despite her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants

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In the third decade of her reign, Maria Theresa issued edicts that offered some state protection to her Jewish subjects. She forbade the forcible conversion of Jewish children to Christianity in 1762, and in 1763 she forbade Catholic clergy from extracting

2033:, a comprehensive document that regulated all major issues relating to the religious life of their Eastern Orthodox subjects and the administration of the Serbian Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Maria Theresa's rescript of 1779 was kept in force until 1868. 1777:

Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor

2596:" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people. Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the 1511:

in 1763. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied. Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the

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area, this "Potato War" caused a setback to the financial improvement that the empress had made. The 500,000 florins in annual revenue from 100,000 inhabitants of Innviertel were not comparable to the 100,000,000 florins that were spent during the war.

2579:. Joseph II, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her and introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa issued only about 100 edicts annually. 876:, was invited to Vienna. Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand, the Emperor considered other possibilities. Religious differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince 2282:

ideas," although the ulterior motive was still to "meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area."

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At the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, Count Podewils was sent as an ambassador to the Austrian court by King Frederick II of Prussia. Podewils wrote detailed descriptions of Maria Theresa's physical appearance and how she spent her

1051:, Maria Theresa wanted to secure the imperial office for her husband, but Francis Stephen did not possess enough land or rank within the Holy Roman Empire. In order to make him eligible for the imperial throne and to enable him to vote in the 1923:

in the village of Orkuta. Notwithstanding her continuing strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria. There were also parts of the realm where the Jews were treated better, such as

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next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph's wife). Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Carolina was to replace her as the pre-determined bride of King

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other Habsburg rulers. Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing. She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of "

2352:" in Czech) by the landlords. On some estates, the landlords demanded that the peasants work up to seven days per week in tilling the nobles' land, so that the only time available for the peasants to till their own land was at night. 4048:

It takes at least a week for the smallpox rash to appear after a person is infected. Since the rash appeared two days after Maria Josepha had visited the vault, the Archduchess must have been infected much before visiting the vault.

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One of Maria Theresa's greatest wishes was to have as many grandchildren as possible, but she had only about two dozen at the time of her death, of which all the eldest surviving daughters were named after her, with the exception of

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once wrote from Vienna: "he injudicious bigotry of the Empress may chiefly be attributed the deficiency . It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. Not only

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in early 1762. In the meantime, France was losing badly in America and India, and thus they had reduced their subsidies by 50%. Since 1761, Kaunitz had tried to organise a diplomatic congress to take advantage of the accession of

1589:(b. & d. 1748). During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the 1782:

and haughtiness. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect – she did not produce any surviving children.

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of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile. Maria Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to

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in 1757. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. However, these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at

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and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling.

1727:. Although she recovered, she was badly scarred with pock marks from the illness. Maria Theresa's losses to smallpox, especially in the epidemic of 1767, were decisive in her sponsoring trials to prevent the illness through 1664:

Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. Four years later, Maria Theresa's governess, Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, died. She showed her gratitude to Countess Fuchs by having her buried in the

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the benefit of the state. A devoted but self-conscious mother, she wrote to all of her children at least once a week and believed herself entitled to exercise authority over her children regardless of their age and rank.

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died without leaving any children. As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. This alarmed Frederick II of Prussia, and thus the

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In 1776, Austria outlawed torture, at the particular behest of Joseph II. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. Born and raised between

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In a letter to Joseph, she wrote: "What, without a dominant religion? Toleration, indifferentism, are exactly the right means to undermine everything... What other restraint exists? None. Neither the gallows nor the

1243:, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the "brave Hungarians". This act managed to win the sympathy of the members, and they declared that they would die for Maria Theresa. 5801: 2499:

erupted in 1778. Maria Theresa very unwillingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections. Although Austria managed to gain the

2176:

The centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. These laws were compiled and the resulting

2555:

Maria Theresa fell ill on 24 November 1780. Her physician, Dr. Störk, thought her condition serious, although her son Joseph was confident that she would recover in no time. By 26 November, she asked for the

1860:

monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of

1424:, since Louis XV was required to deploy troops in Germany and to provide subsidies of 25–30 million pounds a year to Maria Theresa that were vital for the Austrian war effort in Bohemia and Silesia. 664:. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. A pious Catholic, she despised 2278:

to move to Austria. Felbiger's first proposals were made law by December 1774. Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria Theresa were "really founded on

1131:

of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance. Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King

11071: 1641:, commissioned by Maria Theresa in remembrance of her daughters who died in childhood: Maria Johanna (1750–1762), Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), Maria Carolina (1740–1741) and Maria Carolina (1748) 2057:

Maria Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but she implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency. She employed

966:

Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1738, Charles VI sent the young couple to make their formal entry into Tuscany. The

759:

which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession. Charles sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. They exacted harsh terms: in the

597:, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the 1333:

Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia (with the exception of

1699:

likewise caught the disease in May 1767 and died a week later. Maria Theresa ignored the risk of infection and embraced her daughter-in-law before the sick chamber was sealed to outsiders.

1158:, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War. Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the 1047:

She dismissed the possibility that other countries might try to seize her territories and immediately started ensuring the imperial dignity for herself; since a woman could not be elected

2337:

interventions. After the loss of Silesia, they implemented subsidies and trade barriers to encourage the move of Silesian textile industry to northern Bohemia. In addition, they cut back

2571:, on hearing of her death, said that she had honored her throne and her sex, and although he had fought against her in three wars, he never considered her his enemy. With her death, the 2187:

was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages. This criminal code allowed the possibility of establishing the truth through

911:

Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine, but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the

832:

Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from horse riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her

1466:

that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Frederick lost one third of his troops, and before the battle was over, he had left the scene. Subsequently, Prussia was defeated at

1400:

from 1750 to 1753 to win over the French. Meanwhile, the British rebuffed requests from Maria Theresa to aid her in reclaiming Silesia, and Frederick II himself managed to secure the

2420:

Upon his accession to the imperial throne, Joseph ruled less land than his father had in 1740, since he had given up his rights over Tuscany to Leopold, and thus he only controlled

974:

was brief. Charles VI soon recalled them, as he feared he might die while his heiress was miles away in Tuscany. In the summer of 1738, Austria suffered defeats during the ongoing

990:. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. Francis Stephen was popularly despised, as he was thought to be a cowardly French spy. The war was concluded the next year with the 2653:

A number of streets and squares were named after her throughout the empire as well as statues and monuments built. In Vienna a large bronze monument was built in her honour at

1450:, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law. However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was replaced by 2372:. After the success of the program on the crown lands, Maria Theresa had it also implemented on the former Jesuit lands, as well as crown lands in other parts of her empire. 2737: 12156: 11064: 4005: 865:

was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. These plans were forestalled by his death from

13267: 11891: 4008:: "Better the Turks before Vienna, better the surrender of the Netherlands to France, better every concession to Bavaria and Saxony, than the renunciation of Silesia!" 1075:

of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. It was an elaborate public event which served as a formal recognition and legitimation of her accession. The

2009:, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining 14493: 13037: 11252: 2725: 1843:

Catholics. Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public

1127:

Immediately after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector

1541:

Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children in nineteen years from 1737 to 1756. Thirteen survived infancy, but only ten survived into adulthood. The first child,

6854: 6579: 1766:

in Vienna. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the

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as the main foundation of university education. Furthermore, educational institutions were created to prepare officials for work in the state bureaucracy: the

1724: 1586: 404: 4021:

She explained her resolution to the Count furthermore: "I shall have all my armies, all my Hungarians killed off before I cede so much as an inch of ground."

3032: 2191:, and it also criminalised witchcraft and various religious offenses. Although this law came into force in Austria and Bohemia, it was not valid in Hungary. 2118:). Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs. 735:, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor 13422: 13255: 13162: 12912: 12789: 12784: 11866: 11735: 11370: 4063: 2743: 2677: 2560:, and on 28 November, the doctor told her that the time had come. On 29 November, she died surrounded by her remaining children. Her body is buried in the 7413:

Vocelka, Karl (2000). "Enlightenment in the Habsburg Monarchy: History of a Belated and Short-Lived Phenomenon". In Grell, Ole Peter; Porter, Roy (eds.).

13572: 12935: 11472: 862: 8195: 14118: 13077: 12995: 12865: 12841: 11881: 11513: 11140: 11115: 3120: 1646: 1621:, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself. 1570: 1542: 1494:

on 3 November 1760, Maria Theresa realised that she could no longer reclaim Silesia without Russian support, which vanished after the death of Empress

384: 359: 12532: 3937:, etc). Maria Theresa, however, descended from Leopold I's third wife who was not closely related to him, and her parents were only distantly related. 12853: 12774: 11558: 11125: 11120: 3913:

Members of the Habsburg dynasty often married their close relatives; examples of such inbreeding were uncle-niece pairs (Maria Theresa's grandfather

3013: 1650: 1550: 932: 849:, who taught her etiquette. She was educated in drawing, painting, music and dancing – the disciplines which would have prepared her for the role of 826: 369: 13310: 12941: 12409: 12149: 11886: 9985: 9276: 2695: 1191: 571: 14310: 13956: 836:. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. Her education was overseen by 700: 487: 12605: 1808: 1198:. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a 14043: 12640: 11861: 11262: 11221: 11145: 6778:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

3766: 1707:. When the news came in early June that she had survived the crisis, there was huge rejoicing at the court and amongst the populace of Vienna. 1684: 1574: 652:

sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical, and educational reforms, with the assistance of

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subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the

14428: 13098: 12947: 12825: 12610: 11684: 11211: 547: 10943: 1545:(1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of 1326:; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. The French plans fell apart when Charles VII died in January 1745. The French overran the 14418: 13816: 13442: 13279: 12635: 12567: 12142: 11911: 2030: 1976: 2267: 2086:, or exchequer, was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts. Meanwhile, in 1760, Maria Theresa created the Council of State ( 14523: 14488: 14403: 13536: 13022: 12689: 11856: 11588: 11563: 11492: 9229: 3301: 419: 2755: 716: 14408: 13065: 12748: 12625: 12039: 11619: 9812: 7902: 2491: 2341:

privileges, and internal duties on trade were either reformed or removed (such as the case for the Austrian-Bohemian lands in 1775).

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From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands.

1823:, and a devout one. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of 1610: 1393: 967: 653: 424: 13431: 10929: 14528: 14245: 13886: 13565: 13145: 13140: 13135: 12929: 12630: 12516: 12493: 12252: 11896: 11462: 3792: 2658: 2557: 2141:, waiting on the children herself. Maria Theresa was responsible for changing Austrian physicians' negative view of inoculation. 1704: 8015: 1714:

also showed signs of the disease. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the

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above her head, reaffirming Maria Theresa's monarchical status. This was the last commissioned state portrait of Maria Theresa.

1618: 1420:, but after the agreement, they were united by a common cause against Prussia. However, historians have blamed this treaty for 434: 7523: 3824: 625:(who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of 575: 14513: 13776: 13168: 13093: 13071: 13012: 12985: 12705: 12600: 12552: 12542: 12459: 12345: 12069: 11921: 11750: 11715: 11694: 11679: 11624: 11543: 11452: 7810: 7457:

Yonan, Michael (2003). "Conceptualizing the Kaiserinwitwe: Empress Maria Theresa and Her Portraits". In Levy, Allison (ed.).

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despite Maria Theresa's protestations. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the

1629: 579: 7086:

Religion and nationality in Western Ukraine: the Greek Catholic Church and Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1867–1900

14538: 14498: 14438: 14413: 14260: 14205: 13906: 13831: 13130: 12883: 12743: 12522: 12510: 12402: 12324: 11740: 11725: 11598: 11457: 11442: 11170: 9979: 9269: 3351: 3247: 1711: 1602: 1520:. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations. 1447: 1267: 1212: 1106: 414: 5882: 1205:

Contrary to all expectations, the young Queen gained significant support from Hungary. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary

1039:

experienced, on other matters. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. Ten years later, Maria Theresa recalled in her

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Maria Theresa and her husband are interred in the double tomb which she had inscribed as a widow. They lie buried in the

1676: 1562: 833: 800: 379: 180: 14349: 11993: 3983:

Francis Stephen was at the time Grand Duke of Tuscany, but Tuscany had not been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the

1270:: "My mind is made up. We must put everything at stake to save Bohemia." On 26 October, the Elector of Bavaria captured 14468: 14335: 14036: 13981: 13558: 13204: 12003: 11810: 11795: 11745: 11603: 11583: 11533: 11528: 10881: 7817: 7489: 7447: 7403: 7384: 7229: 7017: 6915: 6864: 6840: 6783:

Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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She was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (

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wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia. Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to

1263: 975: 892:, and the betrothal to Charles was broken off. Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved. 808: 602: 13480: 6692: 1322:

Prussia became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a

743:, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the 14443: 14315: 14285: 14270: 14225: 14190: 13961: 13931: 13916: 13836: 13751: 13305: 12815: 12620: 12537: 12064: 11467: 10887: 10863: 10756: 10708: 10643: 10611: 10418: 10362: 10110: 9696: 9593: 9544: 9105: 8456: 8443: 7769: 7745: 6626: 3730: 3672: 3524: 2130: 2082:

in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. In addition to this, the

1346:, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the 1343: 1151:. The invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as "that evil man". 1132: 846: 784: 728: 210: 8747: 7300:

Roider, Karl A. (1972). "The Perils of Eighteenth-Century Peacemaking: Austria and the Treaty of Belgrade, 1739".

2475: 1162:

in April 1741. France drew up a plan to partition Austria between Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Spain: Bohemia and

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was renamed in her honor in 1779, as Maria-Theresiapolis, sometimes spelled as Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel.

2070:) in 1749, he initiated a radical centralization of state institutions down to the level of the District Office ( 1720: 1259: 1128: 723:, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, 140: 12307: 8799: 8692: 1774:, in which she often reproached her for laziness and frivolity and scolded her for failing to conceive a child. 672:, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the 508: 14503: 14305: 13951: 13261: 13237: 13017: 12970: 12953: 12871: 12557: 12547: 12280: 12270: 12262: 12074: 12044: 12013: 11970: 11876: 11841: 11553: 11437: 11393: 11236: 11155: 11150: 11019: 10957: 10905: 10893: 10875: 10857: 10764: 10700: 10603: 10514: 10506: 10474: 10434: 10195: 10070: 9997: 9943: 9882: 9874: 9835: 9536: 9381: 9365: 9285: 9180: 9175: 9130: 8940: 8814: 8788: 8752: 8717: 8514: 8508: 8477: 7468: 7424: 7361: 7340: 7290: 7269: 7189: 7168: 7147: 7120: 7095: 7057: 7038: 6993: 6972: 6947: 6811: 3488: 3166: 3143: 2496: 2377: 2058: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1092: 696: 665: 657: 630: 586: 477: 429: 399: 394: 193: 130: 20: 8783: 8768: 6904:

Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788".

2218:

arrest those suspected of violating social norms. The punishments included whipping, deportation, or even the

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Her regime was also known for institutionalising censorship of publications and learning. English author Sir

1884: 1680: 1554: 1240: 1155: 948: 873: 736: 720: 645: 641: 539: 374: 312: 203: 8687: 2780:

was issued during her reign but was continued to be struck afterwards and became legal tender as far as the

2163:

She is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been.

1561:, to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Maria Theresa's favourite child, 1462:. Frederick himself was startled by Lobositz; he eventually re-grouped for another attack in June 1757. The 14518: 14473: 14295: 14073: 14052: 13941: 13284: 12753: 11916: 11800: 11301: 11031: 10817: 10740: 10676: 10563: 10466: 10402: 10314: 10187: 10078: 10031: 9931: 9504: 9481: 9373: 9125: 9100: 8707: 8563: 8471: 8437: 8331: 7920: 4079: 3884: 3879: 2940: 2894: 2877: 2701: 1401: 1028: 924: 912: 732: 598: 12431:. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919. 12175: 6746: 14280: 13926: 13901: 13811: 13231: 12975: 12710: 12527: 12296: 12054: 12023: 12009: 11836: 11805: 11350: 11180: 10579: 10322: 10298: 10150: 10094: 10054: 2870: 2018: 1998: 1972: 1428: 1409: 888:. However, other European powers compelled him to renounce the pact he had made with the Queen of Spain, 228: 8737: 8732: 14195: 13756: 13088: 13027: 12165: 11947: 11664: 11573: 11344: 11216: 11025: 11013: 10969: 10923: 10668: 10330: 10306: 10276: 10268: 10244: 10134: 9341: 8809: 8804: 8794: 8773: 8494: 7911: 6832: 2576: 2259: 1788: 1692: 1475: 1116: 936: 756: 669: 590: 155: 7524:

Maria Theresa, (1717–1780) Archduchess of Austria (1740–1780) Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–1780)

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The day after the entrance of Prussia into Silesia, Francis Stephen exclaimed to the Prussian envoy,

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for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man.

2275: 1606: 1439: 740: 159: 150: 70: 8400: 7215: 6907:

Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829

6728: 2612: 2363:

By late 1772, Maria Theresa had decided on more radical reform. In 1773, she entrusted her minister

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Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "

3155: 3067: 1919:

from her Jewish subjects. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a

1696: 768: 724: 8628: 1770:

and the French. Maria Theresa kept up a fortnightly correspondence with Maria Antonia, now called

1649:

died from stomach cramps at the age of three. Her third child, the first of three daughters named

14155: 13881: 13691: 10989: 10975: 10810: 10587: 9349: 9214: 8850: 8242: 8174: 8144: 8121: 7853: 7796: 3063: 2746:. Her granddaughter Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily became Holy Roman Empress as well in 1792. 2517: 2452: 2429: 2202:(also called Herrucina), who was the last prosecuted witch in Zagreb following her intervention. 2169: 2062: 2061:, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000 men, paid for with 14 million 1634: 1459: 1451: 1258:

In 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer

1139: 1032: 1022:

Charles VI died on 20 October 1740, probably of mushroom poisoning. He had ignored the advice of

877: 760: 622: 9617: 8727: 7240: 7200: 7068: 2046: 14508: 14388: 14235: 13871: 13856: 12726: 12583: 12418: 12100: 12049: 10522: 9921: 9743: 9186: 8520: 8262: 8114: 8084: 8048: 7518: 7511: 3070:(1739–1767) – second cousin, had issue from his first marriage (two daughters, who died young) 2620: 2593: 2561: 2456: 1847:. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders. 1666: 1508: 1504: 1223: 1023: 928: 594: 232: 9017: 8138: 7827: 2459:

would do it with or without Austrian participation. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took

1135:, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740. 14543: 14068: 13801: 13647: 13581: 13472: 13456: 13357: 13326: 12779: 12366: 12189: 11001: 10917: 10284: 10203: 9426: 9242: 8855: 8268: 8180: 8129: 8096: 7606: 7112: 3182: 2837: 2832:'s school from 1741 depicting her in the Hungarian coronation dress hangs in the centre. All 2654: 2460: 2381: 2313: 1836: 1455: 1433: 1413: 1351: 1232: 1227: 885: 804: 614: 559: 12302: 8162: 8108: 8102: 6776: 2638: 1661:

assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this.

1553:(1740–1741). While fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son, 520:(Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the 14398: 14393: 14330: 14255: 14230: 14185: 14088: 13976: 13896: 13851: 13741: 13731: 13504: 13336: 12650: 12443: 12247: 12205: 11942: 11416: 11007: 10995: 10899: 10538: 10338: 9802: 9196: 9036: 8980: 8845: 8819: 8532: 8361: 8323: 8306: 8250: 8223: 8168: 8156: 8042: 8025: 7863: 7330: 6964: 3178: 2947: 2864: 2851: 2777: 2597: 2364: 2330: 2279: 2235: 1865: 1824: 1767: 1471: 1397: 1327: 1175: 881: 776: 606: 563: 531: 270: 11926: 8598: 8204: 8078: 8066: 7972: 3950:

Rather than using the formal manner and speech, Maria Theresa spoke (and sometimes wrote)

2138: 1565:, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army at 8: 14275: 14250: 14220: 14210: 14078: 13921: 13891: 13826: 13821: 13786: 13771: 13746: 13736: 13701: 13642: 13594: 13032: 12683: 12481: 12231: 11578: 10252: 10236: 10228: 9766: 9719: 9583: 9494: 9449: 9403: 9315: 9302: 9233: 9056: 8920: 8906: 8375: 8279: 8060: 7697: 7583: 3984: 3462: 3332: 3190: 2924: 2635: 2617: 2568: 2529: 2149:

in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure

1594: 1566: 1528: 1495: 1482: 1467: 1389: 1367: 1358:, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa. 1323: 1311: 1298: 1246: 1063:

of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740. It took more than a year for the

634: 1412:

of 1 May 1756. Thus, the efforts of Kaunitz and Starhemberg managed to pave a way for a

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was established in Vienna in 1746 to educate nobles' sons, a military school named the

2134: 2107: 1868:

bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when

1679:

survived a bout of the disease, followed in January 1757 by Maria Theresa's eldest son

1658: 1645:

Four of Maria Theresa's children died before reaching adolescence. Her eldest daughter

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with Prussia, as did Great Britain. Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations.

648:, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an 14145: 14137: 13866: 13861: 13841: 13681: 13672: 13657: 12257: 12134: 11080: 10656: 10551: 10216: 9856: 9825: 9789: 9709: 9155: 9070: 9022: 8965: 8411: 8350: 8298: 7687: 7649: 7485: 7464: 7443: 7420: 7399: 7380: 7357: 7336: 7321: 7286: 7265: 7225: 7185: 7164: 7143: 7116: 7091: 7053: 7034: 7013: 6989: 6968: 6943: 6911: 6860: 6836: 6822: 6807: 5829: 5821: 4780: 2863:

She has appeared as the main figure in a number of films and series such as the 1951

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was erected at the Porta Galla in celebration, where it remains today. Their stay in

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recognised the sanction. France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria, and Prussia later reneged.

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Archduchess Maria Antonietta, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies

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By July, attempts at conciliation had completely collapsed. Maria Theresa's ally,

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are conducted in this room with the signing taking place underneath her portrait.

2564:

in Vienna next to her husband in a coffin she had inscribed during her lifetime.

2397: 2263: 1959: 1888: 1820: 1779: 1503:, as he did not really care about Germany. Finally, the war was concluded by the 1275: 1064: 1056: 673: 551: 497: 8394: 1479: 1154:

As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released

1059:(which she could not do because of her sex), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen 37: 13761: 12275: 12210: 12019: 11999: 11412: 11340: 9238: 8590: 8342: 7835: 7658: 6142: 4093: 2785: 2642: 2513: 2467: 2356:

the peasants to make a living. In 1771–1778, Maria Theresa issued a series of "

2344:

In the late part of her reign, Maria Theresa undertook reform of the system of

2238:, which is why she only slowly followed humanitarian reforms on the continent. 2010: 1804: 1763: 1715: 1691:

likewise died in agony from the disease. In November 1763, Joseph's first wife

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Little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister,

796: 792: 780: 764: 689: 589:, died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the 567: 555: 299: 11554:

Archduchess Hermine, Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter

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Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies

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was founded by her in 1757 and remained in existence until after World War I.

2479: 2448: 2288: 2219: 2210: 2199: 2111: 1950: 1916: 1899: 1844: 1199: 1179: 1171: 1163: 987: 927:, who had been deposed as King of Poland. Francis Stephen was to receive the 850: 6785:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 3. 861:

The question of Maria Theresa's marriage was raised early in her childhood.

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in 1774 that concluded the war, Austria entered into negotiations with the

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from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position

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The army of Maria Theresa: The Armed Forces of Imperial Austria, 1740–1780

907:. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table. 755:

to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the

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In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married

1739: 1728: 1014:, on 22 November 1740. The pregnant queen is on way to hear High Mass at 11892:

Elisabeth Franziska, Countess Countess von Waldburg zu Zeil und Hohenems

8668: 5802:"An End to Witch Trials in Austria: Reconsidering the Enlightened State" 5247: 5245: 2813:

with Bohemian crystal glass was named in her honour and is known as the

2234:

eras, she found it difficult to fit into the intellectual sphere of the

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Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in

1933: 1500: 1250:

Engraved by Gustav Adolph Müller after Martin van Mytens, the Younger,

1166:

would be ceded to Bavaria, whose Elector would become emperor, whereas

1110: 919:

of France demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral

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A number of her descendants were named in her honour. These include:

2463:; in the words of Frederick, "the more she cried, the more she took". 2392: 1880: 1687:

at the age of fifteen. In December 1762, her twelve-year-old daughter

1183: 14150: 14098: 14093: 13686: 13613: 9652: 8618: 6189: 6187: 5950: 5948: 5551: 5242: 5128: 2875:, an Austria-Czech television miniseries from 2017. In the 2006 film 2524:

It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the

2413: 2006: 1981: 1828: 1755: 1638: 1216: 1079:

to Maria Theresa was taken on the same day in the Ritterstube of the

1071:

The first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of

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all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime.

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attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. She suffered from

1675:

was a constant threat to members of the royal family. In July 1749,

1292:

Silesia, nor her grief over the soldiers she lost in wars with you.

11989: 8638: 7537: 7458: 6199: 6120: 6057: 5960: 3132: 3093:(1738–1822), her second cousin, had issue (one stillborn daughter) 2828:

palace is named in her honour and a large state portrait of her by

2665: 2545: 2525: 2483: 2482:. Thus, in 1775, the Ottoman Empire ceded the northwestern part of 2309: 2251: 2214: 2122: 2041: 1985:

Confirmation of Serbian privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743

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in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. In total,

593:

and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of

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The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740

7282:

Shylock's children: economics and Jewish identity in modern Europe

6184: 6033: 6021: 5945: 5527: 5515: 5387: 5215: 5116: 2773:

was founded by her in 1746 and is one of Austria's finest schools.

1478:

near Glatz in June 1760. Hungarian and Croat light hussars led by

1354:. France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but 13652: 13185:

Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst

10802: 8653: 8633: 7285:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 7184:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 7139: 7134:

The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction

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Years before, she appeared as a minor character in the 1938 film

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issued (in another change of course) by Joseph II as sole ruler.

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Maria Theresa is credited, however, in ending the witch hunts in

2188: 1929: 1925: 1856: 1384:

Frederick of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a

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Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor

462: 12584:

Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands

11766:

Maria Henrietta, Princess Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

11751:

Karoline Marie, Princess August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

4062:

The eldest surviving daughters of Maria Theresa's children were

1436:, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa. 1408:, to negotiate an agreement with France, and the result was the 640:

Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor

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Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art

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Stadt Chronik Wien: 2000 Jahre in Daten, Dokumenten und Bildern

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from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named

1283: 1271: 1011: 940: 731:, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, 704: 688:

Painting of three-year-old Maria Theresa within the gardens of

266: 6295: 3954:, which she picked up from her servants and ladies-in-waiting. 13603: 8648: 8643: 7987: 6451: 5897: 5104: 2549: 2537: 2338: 2181:

could be used as a basis for legal unification. In 1769, the

2002: 1907:, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers. 1654: 1236: 841: 6580:"A Habsburg to Be Reckoned With: Two Books on Maria Theresa" 6074: 6072: 5994: 5992: 5859: 3339:

and Navarre. Had children but no grandchildren. Executed by

1569:. Five more children were born during the war: (the second) 707:, six months after the death of her elder brother, Archduke 695:

The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor

7373:

Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie

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22nd Volunteer Cavalry Division 'Maria Theresa' (1943–1945)

2146: 2129:, which she had learned of through her correspondence with 1895: 1710:

In October 1767, Maria Theresa's sixteen-year-old daughter

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effectuated. Three years later, she prohibited the use of

2021:. Those reforms were initiated by royal patents, known as 1532:

Maria Theresa with her family, 1754, by Martin van Meytens

1231:

the Hungarian Diet on 11 September 1741 while wearing the

6463: 6429: 6427: 6387: 6385: 6370: 6336: 6334: 6259: 6235: 6069: 5989: 5883:"What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler" 5745: 5733: 5721: 5685: 5673: 5592: 5464: 5399: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5041: 5039: 5024: 4678: 4656: 4654: 4567: 4308: 4306: 4304: 2806:) in Bohemia was constructed in 1780 and named after her. 2738:

Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909)

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Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate

7484:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 6414: 6412: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5636: 5634: 5609: 5607: 5539: 5440: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5377: 5375: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5191: 5080: 5051: 5012: 4555: 4465: 4453: 1989:

The policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their

1442:

commanded the Austrian troops. Following the indecisive

1226:, now became her enemy, and George II declared the 14128: 6559: 6547: 6511: 6487: 6397: 5972: 5781: 5709: 5646: 5619: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5476: 5348: 5324: 4976: 4964: 4940: 4928: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4803: 4791: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4615: 4545: 4543: 4513: 4477: 4429: 4393: 4369: 4330: 4182: 4180: 2846:

The Maria Theresa Room is the most elegant room in the

1887:, Maria Theresa's eldest son and co-ruler, in 1775, by 703:, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in 12164: 6960:

Religion and the Enlightenment: from Descartes to Kant

6879:"Illyrian privileges and the Romanians from the Banat" 6499: 6424: 6382: 6358: 6346: 6331: 6319: 6283: 6271: 6211: 6084: 5092: 5063: 5036: 5000: 4916: 4904: 4880: 4856: 4726: 4666: 4651: 4627: 4603: 4528: 4347: 4345: 4318: 4301: 4277: 4192: 4123: 2587:

Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public

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Geschichte Österreichs: Kultur, Gesellschaft, Politik

6985:

Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe

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Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)

2466:

A few years after the partition, Russia defeated the

1683:. In January 1761, the disease killed her second son 935:. The couple were married on 12 February 1736 at the 9223:

During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title

7356:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. 6803:

Joseph II: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780

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died from the disease. Joseph's second wife Empress

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Widowhood and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe

6747:"Maria Theresia: Eine Frau, die alles im Blick hat" 6523: 6137: 6135: 5336: 5140: 4591: 4441: 4405: 4381: 4357: 4342: 4135: 2661:was constructed in her memory as recently as 2013. 2368:identified with the program, which became known as 13099:Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis 11685:Margarethe Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis 9569: 9301: 7393: 7370: 7131: 7083: 6859:. Translated by Simpson, CA. New York: Routledge. 6627:"Modern Re-strikes: Maria Theresa Taler in Silver" 6229: 6205: 6193: 6178: 6166: 6126: 6114: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 5966: 5954: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5497: 5393: 5251: 5236: 5221: 5209: 5185: 5173: 5161: 5134: 5122: 4501: 4241: 4162: 3987:. His only possessions within the Empire were the 763:, Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the 11756:Maria Christina, Hereditary Princess of Salm-Salm 7261:The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology 4147: 3043:died in childhood likely from smallpox, no issue 2490:) to Austria. Subsequently, on 30 December 1777, 2013:and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population. 1086: 435:Maximilian Francis, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 14494:Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary 14380: 13169:Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 11620:Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria 6132: 2744:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933) 2696:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia 2678:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770) 12174:Generations start with the daughters-in-law of 7396:Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time 7335:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1958:. In 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling 1794: 1669:along with the members of the imperial family. 290:Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire 13489:Duchess Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg 13430: 11640:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg and Büdingen 11079: 3767:Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen 2919:Her title after the death of her husband was: 1966: 14434:18th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire 14311:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 14037: 13957:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 13566: 13416: 12744:Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine 12403: 12150: 11065: 10818: 10039: 9270: 8571: 7896: 3229:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria 2616:Oath of allegiance ceremony of cabinet II of 711:, and was baptised on that same evening. The 701:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 530:(in her own right). She was the sovereign of 488:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 13221:Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz 12379:also a princess of Lorraine in her own right 11690:|Archduke Joseph August, Palatine of Hungary 7871: 6924: 6693:"300th Anniversary of Maria Theresa's Birth" 5865: 2114:, who founded the Viennese Medicine School ( 1791:, her eldest granddaughter by Maria Amalia. 1404:with them. Subsequently, Maria Theresa sent 958:Maria Theresa in 1730, by Venetian painter, 11761:Maria Anna, Princess Elias of Bourbon-Parma 7181:A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918 2031:Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation 1977:Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation 1734: 1432:Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV, 899:Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their 14454:Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 14044: 14030: 13573: 13559: 13537:Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies 13423: 13409: 13078:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen 12410: 12396: 12157: 12143: 12014:Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 11176:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily 11072: 11058: 10987:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty: 10825: 10811: 10046: 10032: 9284: 9277: 9263: 8578: 8564: 7903: 7889: 6856:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700–1918 4212:"Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI" 4204: 2788:. The Austrian Mint continues to issue it. 2270:for future diplomats was created in 1754. 1743:The dowager empress with family, 1776, by 420:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily 36: 13250:Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio 12656:Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 12626:Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania 11832:Helena, Hereditary Duchess of Württemberg 11569:Archduke Joseph Karl, Palatine of Hungary 7419:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7264:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 7163:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7066: 7026: 6806:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6469: 6457: 6376: 6301: 6265: 6078: 5998: 5903: 5751: 5727: 5691: 5679: 5598: 5405: 5197: 5086: 5057: 5018: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4934: 4809: 4797: 4774: 4759:"Making Maria Theresia 'King' Of Hungary" 4720: 4708: 4696: 4621: 4534: 4495: 4483: 4435: 4399: 4336: 4271: 4198: 4129: 4097: 3335:(1754–1793) and became Marie Antoinette, 2732:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919) 2492:Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria 2209:) in 1752 to clamp down on prostitution, 2078:financial bodies. She also refounded the 1803:Maria Theresa and her family celebrating 1474:in Brandenburg on 12 August 1759, and at 14051: 13136:Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg 13008:Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies 12986:Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony 12070:Maria Carolina, Crown Princess of Saxony 11776:Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen 9163: 9078: 9044: 9010: 8973: 8928: 8894: 7349: 7002: 6933: 6849: 6577: 6517: 5655: 5625: 5557: 5098: 5074: 5045: 5030: 4946: 4922: 4910: 4886: 4862: 4732: 4684: 4672: 4645: 4633: 4609: 4522: 4312: 4022: 4009: 3955: 3091:Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen 2630: 2611: 2607: 2507: 2391: 2324: 2040: 1980: 1879: 1798: 1738: 1628: 1527: 1371: 1245: 1115: 1096: 1001: 953: 894: 813: 751:Maria Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as 683: 629:in the eight-year conflict known as the 453:Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina 425:Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este 328: 11524:Maria Teresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies 10053: 8585: 7910: 7433: 7412: 7278: 7213: 7129: 7104: 6711:"Blog : Maria Theresa Chandeliers" 6565: 6553: 6541: 6493: 6403: 5983: 5787: 5775: 5739: 5715: 5667: 5485: 5470: 5354: 5330: 5006: 4660: 4050: 3793:Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen 3302:Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 2756:SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia 2659:Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod) 2443:Joseph and Prince Kaunitz arranged the 1839:and emphasized their equal status with 1624: 1422:France's devastating defeats in the war 1006:Maria Theresa's procession through the 978:. The Turks reversed Austrian gains in 949:Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg 931:upon the death of childless Grand Duke 717:Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg 679: 14381: 14011:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein 13465:Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria 13066:Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria 13028:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians 12948:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria 11574:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians 11212:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria 7328: 7299: 7238: 7156: 7108:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840 6981: 6910:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62. 6903: 6873: 6820: 6799: 6763: 6505: 6433: 6418: 6391: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6325: 6289: 6277: 6217: 6102: 6090: 6015: 5939: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5703: 5640: 5613: 5569: 5545: 5422: 5381: 5294: 5282: 4898: 4850: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4549: 4507: 4375: 4295: 4235: 4186: 4141: 3992: 3971: 3938: 3746: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3504: 3394: 3390: 3102:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria 3079:Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria 2995:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria 2068:Directorium in publicis et cameralibus 1031:; the treasury contained only 100,000 332: 14025: 13554: 13481:Princess Marguerite Louise of Orléans 13404: 13378:also an infanta of Spain and Portugal 13274:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg 13175:Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm 12930:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria 12754:Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress 12482:Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway 12476:Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France 12391: 12138: 11968: 11936:Great-great-great-great-grandchildren 11907:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg 11559:Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary 11463:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria 11453:Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria 11391: 11319: 11181:Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este 11091: 11053: 10806: 10027: 9906: 9568: 9300: 9258: 8559: 7884: 7519:Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria 7477: 7456: 7257: 7242:Maria Theresa – The Last Conservative 7198: 7081: 7047: 6956: 6645:"What are Maria Theresa Chandeliers?" 6578:Mitchell, A. Wess (28 January 2022). 6529: 6481: 6445: 6253: 6241: 5915: 5846: 5763: 5586: 5458: 5434: 5366: 5342: 5306: 5263: 5146: 5110: 4874: 4838: 4821: 4756: 4744: 4561: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4423: 4411: 4387: 4363: 4351: 4324: 4283: 4259: 4247: 4171: 4156: 4036: 3890:List of people with the most children 3822: 3812: 3808: 3796: 3790: 3780: 3764: 3754: 3750: 3734: 3728: 3718: 3705:Elisabeth Juliane of Holstein-Norburg 3702: 3692: 3688: 3676: 3670: 3660: 3644: 3634: 3630: 3606: 3596: 3580: 3570: 3566: 3554: 3548: 3538: 3522: 3512: 3508: 3492: 3486: 3476: 3460: 3450: 3446: 3434: 3428: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3267:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 3210:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 3033:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 2396:Maria Theresa as a widow in 1773, by 2029:(1777), and finalized in 1779 by the 13497:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 13337:Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine 13268:Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil 13180:Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma 12733:Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress 12711:Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress 12533:Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 12362:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 12325:Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland 11458:Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary 11443:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8544:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 7394:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2022). 7371:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2017). 7177: 6899:from the original on 2 January 2019. 6615:from the original on 4 October 2023. 6313: 5927: 5799: 5446: 5318: 3352:Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria 3321:Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 3248:Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria 2914: 2720:Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867) 2708:Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855) 2684:Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827) 2198:, opposing the methods used against 1448:Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine 1186:to Prussia, and the entire Austrian 14429:18th-century Austrian women writers 13521:Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony 13513:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 13342:Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz 13311:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein 13146:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein 13072:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani 13044:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón 13038:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord 12976:Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil 12971:Marie Louise, Empress of the French 12860:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 12770:Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria 12488:Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 12055:Maria Leopoldina, Queen of Portugal 12024:Duchess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 11771:Isabella, Princess Georg of Bavaria 11660:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen 11630:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 11625:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani 11268:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón 11253:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord 11136:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 7818:Duchess consort of Lorraine and Bar 6729:"History and Styles of Chandeliers" 5871: 3825:Christine Friederike of Württemberg 3583:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 3144:Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria 1361: 1235:. She began addressing the Diet in 872:Leopold Clement's younger brother, 380:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 13: 14419:18th-century German letter writers 14336:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 13982:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 13094:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans 12954:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria 12590:Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy 12166:Princesses of Lorraine by marriage 12004:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 11680:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans 11529:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen 11237:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria 11166:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela 10842: 10832: 7463:. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing. 7416:Toleration in Enlightenment Europe 7090:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. 6936:The War of the Austrian Succession 4072:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 3121:Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria 2960:found on the Maria Theresa Thaler 2690:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 2131:Maria Antonia, Electress of Saxony 1549:, the eldest surviving child, and 923:to accommodate his father-in-law, 14: 14555: 14524:Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria 14489:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary 14404:18th-century archdukes of Austria 13306:Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg 13205:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski 12706:Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua 12429:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 12419:Austrian archduchesses by descent 11796:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryska 11509:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 11483:Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria 11448:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 11355:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 10693:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets 7500: 5847:Balog, Zdenko (1 February 2017). 3969:No renunciation, no archduchess." 3647:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick 3405:Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 3279:Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily 3066:(1741–1763), married 2) Princess 2910:Titles, styles, honours, and arms 2885:portrayed Maria Theresa opposite 2753:The Imperial and Royal Navy ship 2714:Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879) 2623:in the Maria Theresa Room of the 2575:died out and was replaced by the 2184:Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana 1470:in Saxony on 14 October 1758, at 1406:Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg 349: 14409:18th-century monarchs of Bohemia 14359: 14358: 14226:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut 14127: 13837:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut 13752:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy 13280:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone 13002:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia 12942:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia 12816:Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress 12696:Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria 12568:Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 12263:Catherine Henriette de Bourbon, 11994:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg 11912:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone 11721:Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony 11300: 9953: 9651: 9393: 8878: 8194: 7854:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany 7279:Penslar, Derek Jonathan (2001). 7160:The Habsburg monarchy, 1618–1815 7012:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 6925:Brandstätter, Christian (1986). 6769: 6739: 6721: 6703: 6685: 6667: 6651:. 27 August 2020. Archived from 6637: 6619: 6597: 6571: 5840: 5800:Kern, Edmund M. (January 1999). 5793: 4103: 3731:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick 3673:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick 3525:Philip William, Elector Palatine 2946: 2939: 2902:, in which she was portrayed by 2850:, the official residence of the 2824:) in the Leopoldine Wing of the 2795:was named in her honour in 1890. 2168:Prussian ambassador's letter to 2052: 1894:Maria Theresa regarded both the 1617:. She delivered her last child, 1297:Prussian ambassador's letter to 1133:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 947:problem of their marriage, with 847:Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard 654:Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg 507: 211:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany 16:Habsburg ruler from 1740 to 1780 14321:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary 14001:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 13582:Queens and empresses of Germany 13157:Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony 13104:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria 13089:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain 12981:Clementina, Princess of Salerno 12918:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony 12890:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples 12826:Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine 12701:Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland 12111:Archduchess Maria Anna Karolina 12060:Clementina, Princess of Salerno 11820:Great-great-great-grandchildren 11665:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain 11564:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska 11519:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia 11433:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony 11284:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria 11207:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia 7239:Morris, Constance Lily (1937). 7199:Mahan, Jabez Alexander (1932). 7142:: University of Chicago Press. 7052:. London: David & Charles. 6967:: Westminster John Knox Press. 5881:Krämer, Klaus (15 March 2017). 4750: 4085: 4056: 4042: 4028: 4015: 3998: 3977: 3961: 3944: 3907: 3333:Louis XVI of France and Navarre 3312:). Duke of Breisgau from 1803. 2764:Military Order of Maria Theresa 2474:. Following the signing of the 2125:epidemic of 1767, she promoted 2027:Regulamentum Illyricae Nationis 1536: 1280:Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller 884:and her sister, Maria Anna, to 880:. In 1725, he betrothed her to 324: 14529:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors 14348:For Empresses after 1806, see 14306:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick 14191:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy 14006:Victoria of the United Kingdom 13952:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick 13473:Princess Vittoria della Rovere 13457:Princess Christina of Lorraine 13226:Helena, Duchess of Württemberg 12896:Maria Antonia, Queen of France 12872:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 12811:Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland 12727:Maria Theresa, Queen of France 12684:Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress 12330:Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans 12281:Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse 12271:Marguerite-Philippe du Cambout 12045:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 12040:Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth 11969: 11438:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 11392: 11263:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor 11222:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph 11186:Maria Antonia, Queen of France 11156:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 11151:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 7746:Queen of Galicia and Lodomeria 7398:. Princeton University Press. 7350:Spielman, John Philip (1993). 7115:: Princeton University Press. 3489:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 2958:Coat of arms of Maria Theresa, 2836:ceremonies of a newly elected 2497:War of the Bavarian Succession 2106:After Maria Theresa recruited 2059:Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz 1939: 1591:War of the Austrian Succession 1523: 1093:War of the Austrian Succession 1087:War of the Austrian Succession 968:Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine 951:, as his best-known mistress. 818:Archduchess Maria Theresa, by 658:Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz 644:, and her eldest son, Emperor 631:War of the Austrian Succession 478:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 430:Maria Antonia, Queen of France 400:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 395:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 21:Maria Theresa (disambiguation) 1: 14449:Burials at the Imperial Crypt 14424:18th-century Austrian writers 14301:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 13947:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 13529:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony 13443:Archduchess Joanna of Austria 13285:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg 12780:Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal 12444:Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria 12346:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 12248:Princess Catherine of Navarre 12206:Princess Christina of Denmark 11917:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg 11320: 11131:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 8678: 7811:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 4076:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 3895: 3551:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 3431:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 3363:Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 3304:, heiress of Breisgau and of 3290:Archduke Ferdinand of Austria 3167:Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II 2955:Coat of arms of Maria Theresa 2645:in the Maria Theresa Room of 2472:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 2387: 2298: 1490:in 1757. After the defeat in 840:. Contemporaries thought her 834:Hungarian coronation ceremony 809:Diet of the Holy Roman Empire 721:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 603:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) 375:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 313:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 14514:Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia 14296:Claudia Felicitas of Austria 13942:Claudia Felicitas of Austria 13505:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 13232:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg 13190:Princess Isabella of Bavaria 12517:Joanna, Princess of Portugal 12494:Catherine, Queen of Portugal 12308:Claude-Françoise of Lorraine 11897:Archduke Franz Karl Salvator 11837:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg 11417:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 10709:Maximilian I the Last Knight 10612:Maximilian I the Last Knight 10363:Maximilian I the Last Knight 10159:Frederick II the Quarrelsome 9245:from the Wittelsbach dynasty 7067:Goldsmith, Margaret (1936). 6824:A Concise History of Austria 5560:, pp. 166–167, 196–197. 4117: 3900: 3885:Kings of Hungary family tree 3880:Kings of Bohemia family tree 3185:from 1765 (abdicated 1790), 3052:Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II 3005:died in childhood, no issue 2244: 1795:Religious views and policies 1657:. Maria Theresa's physician 1446:in 1756, he was replaced by 1402:Treaty of Westminster (1756) 1286:, Charles Albert's capital. 1101:Maria Theresa being crowned 1029:War of the Polish Succession 997: 913:War of the Polish Succession 605:. Moreover, upon his death, 599:War of the Polish Succession 7: 14539:Mothers of Italian monarchs 14499:People of the Silesian Wars 14439:18th-century dukes of Parma 14414:18th-century queens regnant 14281:Maria Leopoldine of Austria 14216:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem 14151:Theophanu of Constantinople 13927:Maria Leopoldine of Austria 13902:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 13812:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg 13033:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia 12558:Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara 11579:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia 11191:Archduke Maximilian Francis 11141:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 11116:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 10556:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola 7048:Duffy, Christopher (1977). 3873: 3371: 3258:died of smallpox, no issue 3239:died of smallpox, no issue 2858: 2101: 2019:Metropolitanate of Karlovci 1999:Eastern Orthodox Christians 1973:Metropolitanate of Karlovci 1967:Eastern Orthodox Christians 1835:Maria Theresa promoted the 1809:Archduchess Maria Christina 1501:George III of Great Britain 1429:Second Treaty of Versailles 1392:. Maria Theresa and Prince 863:Leopold Clement of Lorraine 856: 385:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 360:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 229:Duchess consort of Lorraine 10: 14560: 14534:Mothers of German monarchs 14484:Grand duchesses of Tuscany 14354:the corresponding template 14196:Constance, Queen of Sicily 14094:Saint Richardis of Nordgau 13757:Constance, Queen of Sicily 13432:Grand Duchesses of Tuscany 13384:also a princess of Tuscany 13332:Walburga, Countess Douglas 13200:Renata, Princess Radziwill 13126:Princess Gisela of Bavaria 12739:Maria Anna, Queen of Spain 12651:Constance, Queen of Poland 12601:Elisabeth, Queen of France 12548:Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua 12543:Catherine, Queen of Poland 12523:Elisabeth, Queen of Poland 12460:Margaret, Duchess of Savoy 11786:Renata, Princess Radziwiłł 11716:Archduke Leopold Ferdinand 11695:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 11544:Archduchess Maria Karoline 11345:Princess Isabella of Parma 11217:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 11161:Archduchess Maria Carolina 11126:Archduchess Maria Karolina 11081:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 10347:Ladislaus I the Posthumous 9857:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 8495:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 8192: 7875:Links to related articles 7157:Ingrao, Charles W (2000). 7130:Hopkins, Donald R (2002). 7033:. New York: Viking Press. 7027:Crankshaw, Edward (1970). 6833:Cambridge University Press 6792: 6715:Classicalchandeliers.co.uk 4757:Varga, Benedek M. (2020). 3991:and County of Falkenstein. 3740: 3624: 3498: 3392: 3380:Ancestors of Maria Theresa 2577:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 2329:Maria Theresa depicted on 2320: 2260:Theresian Military Academy 2116:Wiener Medizinische Schule 2045:Maria Theresa in 1762, by 2036: 2023:Regulamentum privilegiorum 1970: 1855:Her relationship with the 1850: 1789:Princess Carolina of Parma 1410:First Treaty of Versailles 1365: 1344:Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle 1090: 757:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 591:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 405:Archduchess Maria Carolina 370:Archduchess Maria Carolina 18: 14469:Queens regnant of Hungary 14344: 14291:Margaret Theresa of Spain 14136: 14125: 14059: 13990: 13937:Margaret Theresa of Spain 13666: 13627: 13588: 13438: 13390:also a princess of Modena 13366: 13350: 13319: 13293: 13213: 13113: 13053: 12963: 12905: 12834: 12803: 12762: 12719: 12664: 12576: 12511:Maria, Holy Roman Empress 12503: 12468: 12452: 12436: 12425: 12375: 12354: 12338: 12317: 12289: 12240: 12227:Princess Claude of France 12219: 12198: 12182: 12172: 12096:Franz Joseph I of Austria 12088: 12032: 11981: 11977: 11964: 11935: 11867:Archduchess Maria Antonia 11819: 11741:Archduke Leopold Salvator 11736:Archduchess Maria Theresa 11726:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand 11704:Great-great-grandchildren 11703: 11612: 11599:Archduke Rainer Ferdinand 11501: 11425: 11404: 11400: 11387: 11371:Archduchess Maria Theresa 11363: 11332: 11328: 11315: 11298: 11277:Great-great-grandchildren 11276: 11258:Francis V, Duke of Modena 11245: 11199: 11171:Archduchess Maria Josepha 11108: 11104: 11087: 11040: 10985: 10840: 10655: 10550: 10215: 10170: 10071:Leopold I the Illustrious 10061: 9962: 9951: 9920: 9916: 9909:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 9902: 9855: 9824: 9801: 9778: 9708: 9660: 9649: 9582: 9578: 9564: 9493: 9448: 9425: 9402: 9391: 9316:Elder House of Luxembourg 9314: 9310: 9296: 9210: 9154: 9069: 9035: 9003: 8964: 8919: 8887: 8876: 8838: 8677: 8606: 8597: 8542: 8493: 8410: 8385: 8360: 8341: 8322: 8297: 8278: 8241: 8222: 8203: 8035: 7936: 7927: 7918: 7860: 7851: 7841: 7834: 7824: 7815: 7802: 7795: 7785: 7774: 7761: 7754: 7743: 7739:First Partition of Poland 7732: 7702: 7694: 7684: 7613: 7603: 7590: 7571: 7563: 7558: 7531: 7314:10.1017/s0008938900015478 7082:Himka, John-Paul (1999). 6605:"The History of Subotica" 5818:10.1017/S006723780001599X 5806:Austrian History Yearbook 5176:, pp. 507, 935 n193. 4776:10.1017/S0018246X20000151 3919:Margaret Theresa of Spain 3810: 3802: 3774: 3752: 3748: 3712: 3690: 3682: 3654: 3632: 3628: 3590: 3568: 3560: 3532: 3510: 3506: 3470: 3448: 3440: 3412: 3396: 3112:died unmarried, no issue 3024:died unmarried, no issue 2582: 2445:First Partition of Poland 2276:Johann Ignaz von Felbiger 741:Mutual Pact of Succession 503: 493: 483: 473: 461: 452: 447: 443: 415:Archduchess Maria Josepha 410:Archduchess Maria Johanna 342: 306: 294: 280: 253: 249: 238: 227: 216: 209: 199: 189: 179: 168: 146: 136: 126: 115: 105: 97: 87: 76: 69: 58: 51: 35: 30: 14479:Austrian Roman Catholics 14326:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 13972:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 13782:Isabella II of Jerusalem 13372:also an infanta of Spain 12646:Margaret, Queen of Spain 12616:Anna, Holy Roman Empress 12528:Anna, Duchess of Bavaria 11902:Archduke Hubert Salvator 11731:Archduke Peter Ferdinand 11670:Archduke Charles Stephen 11650:Archduke Johann Salvator 11645:Archduke Ludwig Salvator 11473:Archduchess Maria Amalia 10596:Frederick V the Peaceful 10355:Frederick V the Peaceful 10143:Frederick I the Catholic 9964:House of Nassau-Weilburg 9662:House of Valois-Burgundy 8991:Ladislaus the Posthumous 7789:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 7580: 7302:Central European History 7202:Maria Theresa of Austria 7070:Maria Theresa of Austria 5849:"Magda Logomer Herucina" 5113:, pp. 266–271, 313. 4068:Maria Theresa of Tuscany 4064:Maria Theresa of Austria 3609:Maria Theresa of Austria 3181:(1745–1792), had issue. 3158:(1751–1802), had issue. 3156:Ferdinand, Duke of Parma 3068:Marie Josepha of Bavaria 2966: 2820:The Maria Theresa Room ( 2600:(such as her support of 2476:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1815:Like all members of the 1735:Dynastic marriage policy 1252:Maria Theresa of Austria 1174:would be granted to the 1122:Queen Regnant of Hungary 1103:Queen Regnant of Hungary 1018:before receiving homage. 739:, had his sons sign the 576:Grand Duchess of Tuscany 14444:Antisemitism in Austria 14316:Maria Amalia of Austria 14156:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 13882:Elizabeth of Luxembourg 13692:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 11811:Archduke Joseph Francis 11746:Archduke Franz Salvator 11604:Archduke Heinrich Anton 11584:Archduke Leopold Ludwig 11534:Archduke Karl Ferdinand 11514:Archduchess Maria Luisa 11146:Archduke Charles Joseph 10151:Leopold VI the Glorious 10087:Adalbert the Victorious 8839:1198–1306 (Kings) 8243:Capetian House of Anjou 7770:Maria Amalia of Austria 7478:Yonan, Michael (2011). 7434:Vocelka, Karl (2009) . 7258:Patai, Raphael (1996). 7214:Mitford, Nancy (1970). 6988:. London: I.B. Tauris. 6957:Byrne, James M (1997). 6934:Browning, Reed (1994). 6929:. Kremayr und Scheriau. 6821:Beller, Steven (2006). 6230:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6206:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6194:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6179:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6167:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6147:Encyclopædia Britannica 6127:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6115:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6064:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6052:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6040:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6028:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5967:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5955:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5534:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5522:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5510:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5498:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5394:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5252:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5237:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5222:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5210:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5186:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5174:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5162:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5135:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5123:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 4216:Encyclopædia Britannica 4080:Marie Thérèse of France 3281:(1751–1825); had issue 3064:Isabella Maria of Parma 2931: 2848:Sándor Palace, Budapest 2702:Marie Thérèse of France 2518:Capuchin Church, Vienna 2486:(subsequently known as 2453:Frederick II of Prussia 2430:Leopold Joseph von Daun 2170:Frederick II of Prussia 1949:, including 2,600 from 1875: 1635:Franz Anton Maulbertsch 1460:Ernst Gideon von Laudon 1452:Leopold Joseph von Daun 1140:Frederick II of Prussia 1016:St. Stephen's Cathedral 933:Gian Gastone de' Medici 623:Frederick II of Prussia 570:. By marriage, she was 390:Archduke Charles Joseph 14236:Elizabeth of Pomerania 14109:Anna of Constantinople 14099:Ageltrude of Benevento 13872:Elisabeth of Nuremberg 13857:Elizabeth of Pomerania 13817:Elisabeth of Carinthia 13256:Princess Maria Antonia 12116:Archduke Ludwig Viktor 12101:Maximilian I of Mexico 12080:Archduchess Maria Anna 12050:Ferdinand I of Austria 11852:Archduchess Margaretha 11847:Archduchess Immaculata 11791:Archduke Karl Albrecht 11635:Archduke Karl Salvator 11549:Archduke Wilhelm Franz 11042:* denotes titular Duke 10847: 10604:Albert VI the Prodigal 10323:Albert III the Pigtail 10269:Leopold I the Glorious 10245:Rudolf II the Debonair 10135:Leopold V the Virtuous 9922:House of Orange-Nassau 9744:Isabella Clara Eugenia 8681:870–1198 (Dukes) 8265:(1382–1385; 1386–1395) 8051:(1038–1041; 1044–1046) 7777:Empress consort of the 7624:Archduchess of Austria 7512:Catholic Encyclopaedia 7105:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 6982:Beales, Derek (2005). 6800:Beales, Derek (1987). 4763:The Historical Journal 4082:(by Marie Antoinette). 3014:Archduchess Maria Anna 2929: 2822:Maria-Theresien-Zimmer 2759:was laid down in 1891. 2650: 2628: 2621:Alexander Schallenberg 2594:enlightened absolutism 2548:. She later developed 2521: 2457:Catherine II of Russia 2409: 2333: 2165: 2156: 2049: 1986: 1891: 1872:suppressed the order. 1819:, Maria Theresa was a 1812: 1747: 1721:Ferdinand IV of Naples 1642: 1533: 1505:Treaty of Hubertusburg 1388:and sparked the wider 1381: 1294: 1255: 1224:Augustus III of Poland 1213:St. Martin's Cathedral 1124: 1113: 1107:St. Martin's Cathedral 1024:Prince Eugene of Savoy 1019: 963: 929:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 908: 822: 692: 595:Prince Eugene of Savoy 365:Archduchess Maria Anna 151:Archduchess of Austria 14504:Daughters of emperors 14251:Bianca Maria of Milan 14069:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 13802:Gertrude of Hohenberg 13648:Matilda of Ringelheim 13451:Donna Bianca Cappello 12672:Anna, Queen of France 12621:Anna, Queen of Poland 12367:Marie Louise de Rohan 12190:Antoinette of Bourbon 12065:Archduke Joseph Franz 11922:Archduke Joseph Árpád 11468:Archduke Anton Victor 10846: 10685:William the Courteous 10669:Rudolf IV the Founder 10572:William the Courteous 10331:Albert IV the Patient 10307:Rudolf IV the Founder 10204:Ottokar II of Bohemia 10180:Vladislaus of Moravia 9427:House of Hohenstaufen 8629:Přemysl the Ploughman 7329:Roider, Karl (1973). 7178:Kann, Robert (1980). 6697:Lightingcompany.co.uk 4074:(by Maria Carolina), 3463:Maria Anna of Austria 3183:Grand Duke of Tuscany 2921: 2838:government of Austria 2798:The garrison town of 2655:Maria-Theresien-Platz 2634: 2615: 2608:Memorials and honours 2511: 2461:Galicia and Lodomeria 2395: 2382:Serfdom Patent (1781) 2328: 2207:Keuschheitskommission 2161: 2044: 1984: 1971:Further information: 1883: 1802: 1742: 1632: 1531: 1516:in Madrid, Parma and 1456:Franz Moritz von Lacy 1440:Maximilian von Browne 1414:Diplomatic Revolution 1375: 1289: 1274:and declared himself 1249: 1233:Holy Crown of Hungary 1228:Electorate of Hanover 1120:Maria Theresa as the 1119: 1100: 1005: 957: 898: 817: 687: 560:Galicia and Lodomeria 14464:Holy Roman Empresses 14459:Nobility from Vienna 14350:Empresses of Austria 14256:Isabella of Portugal 14186:Richenza of Northeim 14089:Richilde of Provence 14053:Holy Roman Empresses 13977:Maria Luisa of Spain 13897:Isabella of Portugal 13852:Anna von Schweidnitz 13807:Isabella of Burgundy 13797:Elisabeth of Bavaria 13742:Gertrude of Sulzbach 13732:Richenza of Northeim 12636:Gregoria Maximiliana 12606:Margaret (1567–1633) 12596:Anna, Queen of Spain 12106:Archduke Karl Ludwig 11882:Archduke Franz Josef 11781:Archduchess Eleonora 11655:Archduchess Mathilda 10677:Leopold III the Just 10564:Leopold III the Just 10315:Leopold III the Just 10261:Frederick I the Fair 10207:(claimant 1251–1278) 10199:(claimant 1250–1268) 10196:Frederick I of Baden 10191:(claimant 1248–1250) 10183:(claimant 1246–1247) 10127:Henry II Jasomirgott 10119:Leopold the Generous 10111:Leopold III the Good 9803:House of Wittelsbach 8902:Henry the Carinthian 8830:Vladislaus III Henry 8224:House of Wittelsbach 7864:Maria Luisa of Spain 7845:Anna Maria Franziska 7650:Countess of Flanders 7077:: Arthur Barker Ltd. 6631:Muenzeoesterreich.at 6304:, pp. 268, 271. 6054:, pp. 712–714.. 5188:, pp. 497, 508. 4006:Major General Borcke 3179:Maria Luisa of Spain 3062:married 1) Princess 2852:President of Hungary 2778:Maria Theresa thaler 2365:Franz Anton von Raab 2047:Jean-Étienne Liotard 1960:Moravian Protestants 1866:Apostolicum pascendi 1825:religious toleration 1625:Illnesses and deaths 1328:Austrian Netherlands 1194:joined Frederick at 1176:Electorate of Saxony 878:Frederick of Prussia 715:empresses, her aunt 680:Birth and early life 564:Austrian Netherlands 331:; died 271:Archduchy of Austria 62:13 September 1745 – 19:For other uses, see 14519:Monarchs of Croatia 14474:Austrian princesses 14276:Maria Anna of Spain 14246:Eleanor of Portugal 14221:Isabella of England 14211:Constance of Aragon 14084:Engelberga of Parma 14079:Ermengarde of Tours 13922:Maria Anna of Spain 13892:Bianca Maria Sforza 13887:Eleanor of Portugal 13827:Beatrice of Silesia 13822:Margaret of Brabant 13787:Isabella of England 13777:Margaret of Austria 13772:Constance of Aragon 13747:Adelaide of Vohburg 13737:Gertrude of Comburg 13722:Constance of Sicily 13702:Gunhilda of Denmark 13643:Cunigunde of Swabia 13595:Carolingian dynasty 13023:Elisabeth Franziska 12641:Eleanor (1582–1620) 12303:Béatrice de Cusance 12265:Légitimée de France 12232:Catherine of Cleves 12075:Archduke Franz Karl 11877:Archduchess Assunta 11842:Archduchess Dolores 11613:Great-grandchildren 11246:Great-grandchildren 11227:Archduke Maximilian 10253:Rudolf III the Good 10103:Leopold II the Fair 10055:Monarchs of Austria 9303:County of Luxemburg 9234:Wittelsbach dynasty 8728:Boleslaus the Brave 8280:House of Luxembourg 7912:Monarchs of Hungary 7828:Catherine Opalińska 7698:Emperor Charles VII 7584:Emperor Charles VII 7224:: Hamish Hamilton. 7217:Frederick the Great 6751:Bundespraesident.at 6544:, pp. 154–155. 6460:, pp. 336–338. 6244:, pp. 116–117. 6232:, pp. 740–742. 6181:, pp. 731–733. 6169:, pp. 726–731. 6117:, pp. 726–728. 5906:, pp. 167–168. 5778:, pp. 157–158. 5670:, pp. 221–222. 5572:, pp. 243–258. 5512:, pp. 647–666. 5500:, pp. 644–647. 5449:, pp. 189–190. 5254:, pp. 504–515. 5137:, pp. 306–310. 4576:, pp. 182–183. 4564:, pp. 145–146. 4474:, pp. 262–263. 4462:, pp. 261–262. 4078:(by Ferdinand) and 3985:Peace of Westphalia 3220:died during birth. 3191:Archduke of Austria 2925:by the Grace of God 2889:in the title role. 2636:Hungarian President 2618:Austrian chancellor 2569:Frederick the Great 2567:Her longtime rival 2530:shortness of breath 1768:court of Versailles 1427:On 1 May 1757, the 1324:Second Silesian War 1312:St. Vitus Cathedral 1299:Frederick the Great 1264:Bohemian chancellor 1192:Marshall Belle-Isle 1041:Political Testament 572:Duchess of Lorraine 242:12 February 1736 – 14286:Eleonora of Mantua 14271:Eleonora of Mantua 14201:Beatrice of Swabia 14181:Matilda of England 14061:Carolingian Empire 13832:Isabella of Aragon 13767:Beatrice of Swabia 13727:Matilda of England 13668:Kingdom of Germany 13634:Kingdom of Germany 13609:Liutgard of Saxony 12297:Nicole de Lorraine 12253:Margherita Gonzaga 11887:Archduke Karl Pius 11827:Archduke Gottfried 11594:Archduke Sigismund 11539:Archduke Friedrich 10848: 10701:Sigismund the Rich 10580:Leopold IV the Fat 10277:Albert II the Wise 10188:Herman VI of Baden 10079:Henry I the Strong 10063:House of Babenberg 9571:Duchy of Luxemburg 8774:Svatopluk the Lion 8362:House of Jagiellon 8324:House of Jagiellon 7807:Title last held by 7766:Title last held by 7628:Duchess of Brabant 7567:Emperor Charles VI 7253:: Alfred A. Knopf. 4997:, pp. 99–100. 4648:, pp. 42, 44. 3935:Mariana of Austria 3931:Philip IV of Spain 3923:Philip II of Spain 3187:Holy Roman Emperor 2883:Marianne Faithfull 2834:oath of allegiance 2830:Martin van Meytens 2651: 2641:with US President 2629: 2522: 2410: 2334: 2135:Gerard van Swieten 2108:Gerard van Swieten 2050: 1987: 1892: 1813: 1748: 1659:Gerard van Swieten 1643: 1619:Maximilian Francis 1534: 1444:Battle of Lobositz 1386:Third Silesian War 1382: 1256: 1160:Battle of Mollwitz 1149:First Silesian War 1125: 1114: 1053:imperial elections 1049:Holy Roman Empress 1020: 992:Treaty of Belgrade 964: 937:Augustinian Church 909: 905:Martin van Meytens 823: 693: 662:Gerard van Swieten 580:Holy Roman Empress 522:Habsburg dominions 172:20 October 1740 – 119:20 October 1740 – 53:Holy Roman Empress 44:Martin van Meytens 14377: 14376: 14372: 14371: 14331:Ludovica of Spain 14146:Adelaide of Italy 14138:Holy Roman Empire 14074:Judith of Bavaria 14019: 14018: 13867:Sophia of Bavaria 13862:Joanna of Bavaria 13842:Blanche of Valois 13682:Adelaide of Italy 13673:Holy Roman Empire 13658:Adelaide of Italy 13548: 13547: 13398: 13397: 12611:Maria (1584–1649) 12385: 12384: 12258:Christina of Salm 12132: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12123: 11960: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11801:Archduke Leo Karl 11383: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11309:Holy Roman Empire 11296: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11047: 11046: 10978: (1854–1859) 10954: (1808-1814) 10953: 10940: (1808-1814) 10939: 10926: (1765–1802) 10890: (1694–1727) 10872: (1592–1622) 10800: 10799: 10793: 10785: 10781:Sigismund Francis 10777: 10773:Ferdinand Charles 10769: 10761: 10753: 10745: 10737: 10729: 10721: 10713: 10705: 10697: 10689: 10681: 10673: 10662: 10657:House of Habsburg 10648: 10640: 10632: 10624: 10616: 10608: 10600: 10592: 10584: 10576: 10568: 10557: 10552:House of Habsburg 10543: 10535: 10527: 10519: 10511: 10503: 10495: 10491:Francis I Stephen 10487: 10479: 10471: 10463: 10462:(1657, 1665–1705) 10455: 10451:Sigismund Francis 10447: 10443:Ferdinand Charles 10439: 10431: 10423: 10422:(1590, 1619–1637) 10415: 10407: 10399: 10391: 10383: 10375: 10367: 10359: 10351: 10343: 10335: 10327: 10319: 10311: 10303: 10295: 10289: 10281: 10273: 10265: 10257: 10249: 10241: 10233: 10222: 10217:House of Habsburg 10208: 10200: 10192: 10184: 10163: 10155: 10147: 10139: 10131: 10123: 10115: 10107: 10099: 10091: 10083: 10075: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10012: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9887: 9879: 9871: 9848: 9840: 9826:House of Habsburg 9817: 9794: 9771: 9763: 9755: 9748: 9740: 9732: 9724: 9710:House of Habsburg 9701: 9692: 9684: 9676: 9644: 9636: 9625: 9614: 9606: 9598: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9549: 9541: 9533: 9525: 9517: 9509: 9486: 9478: 9467: 9441: 9418: 9386: 9378: 9370: 9362: 9354: 9346: 9338: 9330: 9252: 9251: 9206: 9205: 9156:Habsburg-Lorraine 9150: 9149: 9065: 9064: 9031: 9030: 8999: 8998: 8960: 8959: 8915: 8914: 8874: 8873: 8553: 8552: 8460: 8412:House of Habsburg 8299:House of Habsburg 8190: 8189: 8133: 8125: 7870: 7869: 7861:Succeeded by 7847:of Saxe-Lauenburg 7825:Succeeded by 7786:Succeeded by 7779:Holy Roman Empire 7688:Emperor Joseph II 7685:Succeeded by 7604:Succeeded by 7581:Succeeded by 7538:House of Habsburg 5866:Brandstätter 1986 5742:, pp. 64–65. 5548:, pp. 51–62. 5473:, pp. 32–33. 5033:, pp. 80–82. 4961:, pp. 96–97. 4687:, pp. 52–53. 4498:, pp. 25–26. 4378:, pp. 25–26. 4327:, pp. 24–25. 4286:, pp. 21–22. 4274:, pp. 19–21. 3941:, pp. 20–21. 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3369: 3368: 3217:17 September 1748 3214:17 September 1748 3109:22 September 1808 2964: 2963: 2915:Titles and styles 2573:House of Habsburg 2305:Nathaniel Wraxall 2179:Codex Theresianus 2139:Schönbrunn Palace 2017:Serbian Orthodox 1995:Habsburg monarchy 1862:Pope Clement XIII 1817:House of Habsburg 1760:Dauphin of France 1585:and (the second) 1339:Treaty of Dresden 1307:Treaty of Breslau 1254:, 1742, engraving 1156:Marshall Neipperg 976:Russo-Turkish War 921:Duchy of Lorraine 901:wedding breakfast 890:Elisabeth Farnese 745:House of Habsburg 515: 514: 457: 456: 275:Holy Roman Empire 14551: 14362: 14361: 14241:Barbara of Cilli 14231:Anna of Świdnica 14206:Maria of Brabant 14176:Eupraxia of Kiev 14161:Gisela of Swabia 14131: 14130: 14119:Anna of Provence 14114:Bertila of Parma 14046: 14039: 14032: 14023: 14022: 13932:Eleonora Gonzaga 13917:Eleonora Gonzaga 13907:Maria of Austria 13877:Barbara of Cilli 13717:Eupraxia of Kiev 13697:Gisela of Swabia 13575: 13568: 13561: 13552: 13551: 13425: 13418: 13411: 13402: 13401: 13244:Maria Inmaculata 13151:Maria Antonietta 13141:Maria Annunciata 12631:Catherine Renata 12412: 12405: 12398: 12389: 12388: 12159: 12152: 12145: 12136: 12135: 11979: 11978: 11966: 11965: 11943:Archduke Dominic 11862:Archduke Leopold 11806:Archduke Wilhelm 11402: 11401: 11389: 11388: 11330: 11329: 11317: 11316: 11304: 11106: 11105: 11089: 11088: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11051: 11050: 11034:* (2010–present) 10947: 10933: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10804: 10803: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10767: 10759: 10751: 10743: 10735: 10727: 10719: 10711: 10703: 10695: 10687: 10679: 10671: 10660: 10646: 10638: 10630: 10622: 10614: 10606: 10598: 10590: 10582: 10574: 10566: 10555: 10541: 10533: 10531:Francis Joseph I 10525: 10517: 10509: 10501: 10493: 10485: 10477: 10469: 10461: 10453: 10445: 10437: 10429: 10421: 10413: 10405: 10397: 10389: 10381: 10373: 10365: 10357: 10349: 10341: 10333: 10325: 10317: 10309: 10301: 10293: 10287: 10285:Otto I the Merry 10279: 10271: 10263: 10255: 10247: 10239: 10231: 10220: 10206: 10198: 10190: 10182: 10161: 10153: 10145: 10137: 10129: 10121: 10113: 10105: 10097: 10095:Ernest the Brave 10089: 10081: 10073: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10025: 10024: 9957: 9918: 9917: 9904: 9903: 9885: 9877: 9869: 9846: 9838: 9815: 9792: 9780:House of Bourbon 9769: 9761: 9753: 9746: 9738: 9730: 9722: 9699: 9690: 9682: 9674: 9655: 9642: 9631: 9620: 9612: 9604: 9596: 9584:House of Limburg 9580: 9579: 9566: 9565: 9547: 9539: 9531: 9523: 9515: 9507: 9495:House of Limburg 9484: 9473: 9462: 9439: 9416: 9397: 9384: 9376: 9368: 9360: 9352: 9344: 9336: 9328: 9312: 9311: 9298: 9297: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9256: 9255: 9230:Elector Palatine 9161: 9160: 9076: 9075: 9042: 9041: 9008: 9007: 8987: 8971: 8970: 8926: 8925: 8892: 8891: 8882: 8825:Henry Bretislaus 8703:Saint Wenceslaus 8680: 8604: 8603: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8557: 8556: 8455: 8387:House of Zápolya 8343:House of Hunyadi 8205:House of Přemysl 8198: 8128: 8120: 7934: 7933: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7882: 7881: 7872: 7842:Preceded by 7705:Queen of Bohemia 7695:Preceded by 7616:Queen of Hungary 7593:Duchess of Parma 7574:Queen of Bohemia 7564:Preceded by 7554: 7553:29 November 1780 7547: 7529: 7528: 7495: 7474: 7453: 7442:: Heyne Verlag. 7438:(3rd ed.). 7430: 7409: 7390: 7367: 7346: 7325: 7296: 7275: 7254: 7235: 7210: 7195: 7174: 7153: 7137: 7126: 7101: 7089: 7078: 7063: 7044: 7023: 6999: 6978: 6953: 6930: 6921: 6900: 6898: 6883: 6870: 6846: 6817: 6787: 6786: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6735:. 26 April 2021. 6725: 6719: 6718: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6655:on 7 August 2021 6649:Glowlighting.com 6641: 6635: 6634: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6422: 6416: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6139: 6130: 6129:, pp. 728f. 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6067: 6066:, pp. 713f. 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6002: 5996: 5987: 5981: 5970: 5969:, pp. 708f. 5964: 5958: 5952: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5885:. Deutsche Welle 5878: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5240: 5234: 5225: 5224:, pp. 508f. 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5125:, pp. 291f. 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4778: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4089: 4083: 4060: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3989:Duchy of Teschen 3981: 3975: 3965: 3959: 3948: 3942: 3911: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3297:24 December 1806 3274:7 September 1814 3236:23 December 1762 3177:married Infanta 3148:26 February 1746 3059:20 February 1790 3021:19 November 1789 2971: 2970: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2935: 2895:Marie Antoinette 2878:Marie Antoinette 2268:Oriental Academy 2266:in 1751, and an 2172: 2084:Hofrechenskammer 1991:Eastern Orthodox 1905:Johann von Fries 1870:Pope Clement XIV 1772:Marie Antoinette 1637:in the Hofburg, 1595:Seven Years' War 1390:Seven Years' War 1368:Seven Years' War 1362:Seven Years' War 1335:Austrian Silesia 1301: 1144:Duchy of Silesia 960:Rosalba Carriera 882:Charles of Spain 781:United Provinces 761:Treaty of Vienna 753:heir presumptive 719:and grandmother 635:Seven Years' War 511: 445: 444: 353: 336: 334: 330: 326: 287: 284:29 November 1780 263: 261: 245: 223: 175: 174:29 November 1780 156:Queen of Hungary 122: 121:19 December 1741 83: 82:29 November 1780 71:Queen of Bohemia 65: 40: 28: 27: 14559: 14558: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14379: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14340: 14171:Bertha of Savoy 14166:Agnes of Poitou 14132: 14123: 14104:Ota of Neustria 14055: 14050: 14020: 14015: 13986: 13847:Anne of Bavaria 13712:Bertha of Savoy 13707:Agnes of Poitou 13671: 13662: 13632: 13623: 13593: 13584: 13579: 13549: 13544: 13434: 13429: 13399: 13394: 13362: 13351:18th generation 13346: 13320:17th generation 13315: 13294:16th generation 13289: 13214:15th generation 13209: 13114:14th generation 13109: 13054:13th generation 13049: 12964:12th generation 12959: 12906:11th generation 12901: 12866:Maria Elisabeth 12842:Maria Elisabeth 12835:10th generation 12830: 12799: 12795:Maria Magdalena 12775:Maria Elisabeth 12758: 12715: 12660: 12572: 12499: 12464: 12448: 12432: 12421: 12416: 12386: 12381: 12371: 12350: 12334: 12313: 12285: 12236: 12215: 12194: 12178: 12168: 12163: 12133: 12120: 12084: 12028: 11973: 11952: 11948:Archduke Eduard 11931: 11857:Archduke Rainer 11815: 11699: 11608: 11589:Archduke Ernest 11497: 11493:Archduke Rudolf 11421: 11396: 11375: 11359: 11324: 11311: 11308: 11307:Armorial of the 11305: 11288: 11272: 11241: 11195: 11100: 11083: 11078: 11048: 11043: 11036: 10981: 10972: (1849–54) 10966: (1847–49) 10960: (1814–47) 10920: (1748–65) 10914: (1740–48) 10908: (1735–40) 10902: (1731–35) 10896: (1727–31) 10884: (1646–94) 10878: (1622–46) 10866: (1586–92) 10860: (1556–86) 10854: (1545–47) 10836: 10831: 10801: 10796: 10659: 10651: 10588:Ernest the Iron 10554: 10546: 10219: 10211: 10166: 10057: 10052: 10022: 10009: 9966: 9958: 9949: 9924: 9912: 9890: 9859: 9851: 9828: 9820: 9805: 9797: 9782: 9774: 9712: 9704: 9664: 9656: 9647: 9586: 9574: 9552: 9497: 9489: 9452: 9444: 9429: 9421: 9406: 9398: 9389: 9318: 9306: 9292: 9283: 9253: 9248: 9202: 9164:1780–1918 9146: 9079:1526–1780 9061: 9045:1471–1526 9027: 9011:1457–1471 8995: 8985: 8974:1437–1457 8956: 8929:1310–1437 8911: 8895:1306–1310 8883: 8870: 8834: 8673: 8593: 8584: 8554: 8549: 8538: 8489: 8406: 8381: 8356: 8337: 8318: 8293: 8274: 8237: 8218: 8199: 8186: 8031: 7923: 7914: 7909: 7866: 7857: 7849: 7846: 7836:Italian royalty 7830: 7821: 7808: 7791: 7782: 7778: 7767: 7749: 7741: 7736: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7700: 7690: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7653: 7648: 7635: 7626: 7622: 7609: 7607:Philip of Spain 7600: 7586: 7577: 7569: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7534: 7503: 7498: 7492: 7471: 7450: 7427: 7406: 7387: 7364: 7343: 7293: 7272: 7232: 7192: 7171: 7150: 7123: 7098: 7060: 7041: 7020: 6996: 6975: 6950: 6942:: Alan Sutton. 6918: 6896: 6881: 6875:Bocşan, Nicolae 6867: 6843: 6814: 6795: 6790: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6733:Nonsololuce.com 6727: 6726: 6722: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6208:, p. 739.. 6204: 6200: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6005: 5997: 5990: 5982: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4090: 4086: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3982: 3978: 3966: 3962: 3952:Viennese German 3949: 3945: 3927:Anna of Austria 3912: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3876: 3871: 3374: 3356:8 December 1756 3337:Queen of France 3328:16 October 1793 3325:2 November 1755 3255:15 October 1767 3233:4 February 1750 3199:King of Bohemia 3195:King of Hungary 3128:18 January 1761 3125:1 February 1745 3040:25 January 1741 3037:12 January 1740 2999:5 February 1737 2969: 2959: 2934: 2923:Maria Theresa, 2917: 2912: 2861: 2610: 2585: 2398:Anton von Maron 2390: 2323: 2301: 2264:Wiener Neustadt 2262:was founded in 2247: 2174: 2167: 2159: 2104: 2055: 2039: 1997:, inhabited by 1979: 1969: 1942: 1889:Anton von Maron 1878: 1853: 1837:Greek Catholics 1797: 1737: 1677:Maria Christina 1647:Maria Elisabeth 1627: 1571:Maria Elisabeth 1563:Maria Christina 1543:Maria Elisabeth 1539: 1526: 1464:Battle of Kolín 1434:Philip of Parma 1378:Battle of Kolín 1370: 1364: 1352:Philip of Spain 1303: 1296: 1276:King of Bohemia 1095: 1089: 1065:Diet of Hungary 1057:King of Bohemia 1000: 886:Philip of Spain 874:Francis Stephen 859: 682: 498:Catholic Church 439: 347: 346: 338: 322: 318: 315: 302: 289: 285: 265: 259: 257: 243: 221: 220:12 July 1737 – 173: 164: 120: 81: 63: 47: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14557: 14547: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14375: 14374: 14370: 14369: 14367: 14366: 14356: 14345: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14261:Maria of Spain 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14142: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14065: 14063: 14057: 14056: 14049: 14048: 14041: 14034: 14026: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13997: 13995: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13762:Irene Angelina 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13678: 13676: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13639: 13637: 13625: 13624: 13622: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13598: 13586: 13585: 13578: 13577: 13570: 13563: 13555: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13542: 13534: 13526: 13518: 13510: 13502: 13494: 13486: 13478: 13470: 13462: 13454: 13448: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13428: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13405: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13392: 13386: 13380: 13374: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13360: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13323: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13166: 13160: 13154: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13117: 13115: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13107: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13075: 13069: 13063: 13057: 13055: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13013:Maria Caroline 13010: 13005: 12999: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12967: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12921: 12915: 12909: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12857: 12854:Maria Carolina 12851: 12845: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12807: 12805: 12804:9th generation 12801: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12766: 12764: 12763:8th generation 12760: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12730: 12723: 12721: 12720:7th generation 12717: 12716: 12714: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12687: 12681: 12675: 12668: 12666: 12665:6th generation 12662: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12587: 12580: 12578: 12577:5th generation 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12514: 12507: 12505: 12504:4th generation 12501: 12500: 12498: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12472: 12470: 12469:3rd generation 12466: 12465: 12463: 12462: 12456: 12454: 12453:2nd generation 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12440: 12438: 12437:1st generation 12434: 12433: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12415: 12414: 12407: 12400: 12392: 12383: 12382: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12369: 12364: 12358: 12356: 12355:8th generation 12352: 12351: 12349: 12348: 12342: 12340: 12339:7th generation 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12321: 12319: 12318:6th generation 12315: 12314: 12312: 12311: 12305: 12300: 12293: 12291: 12290:5th generation 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12276:Marie de Rohan 12273: 12268: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12241:4th generation 12238: 12237: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12223: 12221: 12220:3rd generation 12217: 12216: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12202: 12200: 12199:2nd generation 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12186: 12184: 12183:1st generation 12180: 12179: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12162: 12161: 12154: 12147: 12139: 12130: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12016: 12006: 11996: 11985: 11983: 11975: 11974: 11962: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11939: 11937: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11872:Archduke Anton 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11675:Archduke Eugen 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11488:Archduke Louis 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11408: 11406: 11398: 11397: 11385: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11347: 11336: 11334: 11326: 11325: 11313: 11312: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11203: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11112: 11110: 11102: 11101: 11085: 11084: 11077: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11054: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11017: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10941: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10834:Dukes of Parma 10830: 10829: 10822: 10815: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10786: 10778: 10770: 10762: 10754: 10746: 10738: 10730: 10722: 10714: 10706: 10698: 10690: 10682: 10674: 10665: 10663: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10641: 10633: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10601: 10593: 10585: 10577: 10569: 10560: 10558: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10536: 10528: 10520: 10512: 10504: 10496: 10488: 10480: 10472: 10464: 10456: 10448: 10440: 10432: 10424: 10416: 10408: 10400: 10392: 10384: 10376: 10368: 10360: 10352: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10320: 10312: 10304: 10296: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10258: 10250: 10242: 10234: 10225: 10223: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10201: 10193: 10185: 10176: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10156: 10148: 10140: 10132: 10124: 10116: 10108: 10100: 10092: 10084: 10076: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10028: 10019: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9986:Marie-Adélaïde 9983: 9977: 9970: 9968: 9967:(1890–present) 9960: 9959: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9928: 9926: 9914: 9913: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9880: 9872: 9863: 9861: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9841: 9832: 9830: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9809: 9807: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9786: 9784: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9764: 9756: 9741: 9733: 9725: 9716: 9714: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9694: 9685: 9677: 9668: 9666: 9658: 9657: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9637: 9626: 9615: 9607: 9599: 9590: 9588: 9576: 9575: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9542: 9534: 9526: 9518: 9510: 9501: 9499: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9479: 9468: 9456: 9454: 9450:House of Namur 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9433: 9431: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9410: 9408: 9404:House of Namur 9400: 9399: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9379: 9371: 9363: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9331: 9322: 9320: 9308: 9307: 9294: 9293: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9239:Prince-elector 9236: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9215:Duke of Poland 9211: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9194: 9192:Francis Joseph 9189: 9184: 9178: 9173: 9167: 9165: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9136:Charles Albert 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9048: 9046: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8977: 8975: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936:John the Blind 8932: 8930: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8898: 8896: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8866:Wenceslaus III 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8810:Conrad II Otto 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8583: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8560: 8551: 8550: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8527:Francis Joseph 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8499: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8416: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8401:John Sigismund 8398: 8391: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8373: 8366: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8347: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8328: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8310: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8247: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8228: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8209: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8126: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8023: 8013: 7999: 7985: 7969: 7955: 7940: 7938: 7931: 7929:House of Árpád 7925: 7924: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7885: 7877: 7876: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7859: 7850: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7823: 7814: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797:French royalty 7793: 7792: 7787: 7784: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7756:German royalty 7752: 7751: 7742: 7737: 7730: 7729: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7683: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7602: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7579: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7559:Regnal titles 7556: 7555: 7535: 7533:Maria Theresa 7532: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7502: 7501:External links 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491:978-0271037226 7490: 7475: 7469: 7454: 7449:978-3453216228 7448: 7431: 7425: 7410: 7405:978-0691179063 7404: 7391: 7386:978-3406697487 7385: 7368: 7362: 7347: 7341: 7326: 7308:(3): 195–207. 7297: 7291: 7276: 7270: 7255: 7236: 7231:978-0241019221 7230: 7211: 7196: 7190: 7175: 7169: 7154: 7148: 7127: 7121: 7102: 7096: 7079: 7064: 7058: 7045: 7039: 7024: 7019:978-1405142915 7018: 7004:Ćirković, Sima 7000: 6994: 6979: 6973: 6954: 6948: 6931: 6922: 6917:978-3643106117 6916: 6901: 6871: 6866:978-0582090071 6865: 6851:Berenger, Jean 6847: 6842:978-0521473057 6841: 6818: 6812: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6768: 6756: 6738: 6720: 6702: 6699:. 11 May 2017. 6684: 6666: 6636: 6618: 6596: 6570: 6568:, p. 202. 6558: 6556:, p. 156. 6546: 6534: 6522: 6510: 6508:, p. 197. 6498: 6496:, p. 287. 6486: 6484:, p. 335. 6474: 6472:, p. 272. 6470:Goldsmith 1936 6462: 6458:Crankshaw 1970 6450: 6448:, p. 334. 6438: 6436:, p. 196. 6423: 6408: 6406:, p. 154. 6396: 6394:, p. 195. 6381: 6379:, p. 285. 6377:Crankshaw 1970 6369: 6367:, p. 194. 6357: 6355:, p. 185. 6345: 6343:, p. 183. 6330: 6328:, p. 182. 6318: 6316:, p. 157. 6306: 6302:Crankshaw 1970 6294: 6292:, p. 192. 6282: 6280:, p. 194. 6270: 6268:, p. 267. 6266:Crankshaw 1970 6258: 6256:, p. 112. 6246: 6234: 6222: 6220:, p. 346. 6210: 6198: 6196:, p. 739. 6183: 6171: 6159: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6093:, p. 188. 6083: 6081:, p. 138. 6079:Goldsmith 1936 6068: 6056: 6044: 6042:, p. 709. 6032: 6030:, p. 710. 6020: 6003: 6001:, p. 308. 5999:Crankshaw 1970 5988: 5986:, p. 200. 5971: 5959: 5957:, p. 714. 5944: 5932: 5930:, p. 179. 5920: 5918:, p. 242. 5908: 5904:Goldsmith 1936 5896: 5870: 5868:, p. 163. 5858: 5839: 5792: 5790:, p. 158. 5780: 5768: 5766:, p. 230. 5756: 5754:, p. 309. 5752:Crankshaw 1970 5744: 5732: 5730:, p. 310. 5728:Crankshaw 1970 5720: 5718:, p. 160. 5708: 5696: 5694:, p. 196. 5692:Crankshaw 1970 5684: 5682:, p. 195. 5680:Crankshaw 1970 5672: 5660: 5645: 5630: 5618: 5603: 5601:, p. 192. 5599:Crankshaw 1970 5591: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5536:, p. 666. 5526: 5524:, p. 665. 5514: 5502: 5490: 5488:, p. 201. 5475: 5463: 5461:, p. 203. 5451: 5439: 5437:, p. 254. 5427: 5410: 5408:, p. 313. 5406:Crankshaw 1970 5398: 5396:, p. 644. 5386: 5371: 5369:, p. 253. 5359: 5357:, p. 222. 5347: 5335: 5333:, p. 223. 5323: 5321:, p. 187. 5311: 5309:, p. 251. 5299: 5287: 5285:, p. 194. 5268: 5266:, p. 271. 5256: 5241: 5239:, p. 511. 5226: 5214: 5212:, p. 508. 5202: 5200:, p. 273. 5198:Crankshaw 1970 5190: 5178: 5166: 5164:, p. 507. 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5089:, p. 242. 5087:Crankshaw 1970 5079: 5062: 5060:, p. 240. 5058:Crankshaw 1970 5050: 5035: 5023: 5021:, p. 238. 5019:Crankshaw 1970 5011: 5009:, p. 158. 4999: 4995:Crankshaw 1970 4987: 4983:Crankshaw 1970 4975: 4971:Crankshaw 1970 4963: 4959:Crankshaw 1970 4951: 4949:, p. 114. 4939: 4935:Crankshaw 1970 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4877:, p. 151. 4867: 4855: 4843: 4841:, p. 122. 4826: 4824:, p. 121. 4814: 4810:Crankshaw 1970 4802: 4798:Crankshaw 1970 4790: 4769:(2): 233–254. 4749: 4747:, p. 118. 4737: 4725: 4721:Crankshaw 1970 4713: 4709:Crankshaw 1970 4701: 4697:Crankshaw 1970 4689: 4677: 4665: 4663:, p. 218. 4650: 4638: 4626: 4622:Crankshaw 1970 4614: 4602: 4590: 4588:, p. 189. 4578: 4566: 4554: 4539: 4535:Crankshaw 1970 4527: 4525:, p. 207. 4512: 4500: 4496:Crankshaw 1970 4488: 4484:Crankshaw 1970 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4436:Goldsmith 1936 4428: 4426:, p. 261. 4416: 4404: 4400:Crankshaw 1970 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4341: 4337:Crankshaw 1970 4329: 4317: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4272:Crankshaw 1970 4264: 4262:, p. 228. 4252: 4240: 4238:, p. 128. 4228: 4203: 4199:Crankshaw 1970 4191: 4189:, p. 129. 4176: 4161: 4146: 4134: 4130:Goldsmith 1936 4121: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4098:Crankshaw 1970 4084: 4070:(by Leopold), 4055: 4041: 4039:, p. 230. 4027: 4014: 3997: 3995:, p. 190. 3976: 3960: 3958:, p. 206. 3943: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3271:13 August 1752 3269: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3106:13 August 1743 3104: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018:6 October 1738 3016: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2933: 2930: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2872:Maria Theresia 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2844: 2841: 2818: 2807: 2804:Theresienstadt 2796: 2789: 2786:Southeast Asia 2774: 2767: 2760: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2643:George W. Bush 2609: 2606: 2584: 2581: 2562:Imperial Crypt 2514:Imperial Crypt 2468:Ottoman Empire 2389: 2386: 2322: 2319: 2300: 2297: 2246: 2243: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2103: 2100: 2054: 2051: 2038: 2035: 2011:Ottoman Empire 1968: 1965: 1941: 1938: 1877: 1874: 1852: 1849: 1805:Saint Nicholas 1796: 1793: 1745:Heinrich Füger 1736: 1733: 1716:Imperial Crypt 1667:Imperial Crypt 1651:Maria Carolina 1626: 1623: 1607:Maria Carolina 1605:, (the third) 1587:Maria Carolina 1557:, named after 1551:Maria Carolina 1538: 1535: 1525: 1522: 1418:Ottoman Empire 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1348:Duchy of Parma 1288: 1260:Charles Albert 1211:took place in 1129:Charles Albert 1091:Main article: 1088: 1085: 1077:oath of fealty 1010:, a square on 999: 996: 858: 855: 820:Andreas Möller 765:Ostend Company 709:Leopold Johann 690:Hofburg Palace 681: 678: 513: 512: 505: 501: 500: 495: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 465: 459: 458: 455: 454: 450: 449: 441: 440: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 356: 354: 340: 339: 320: 316: 311: 310: 308: 304: 303: 300:Imperial Crypt 298: 296: 292: 291: 288:(aged 63) 282: 278: 277: 255: 251: 250: 247: 246: 240: 236: 235: 225: 224: 222:18 August 1765 218: 214: 213: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 183: 177: 176: 170: 166: 165: 163: 162: 153: 147: 144: 143: 141:Charles Albert 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 101:Charles Albert 99: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 80:12 May 1743 – 78: 74: 73: 67: 66: 64:18 August 1765 60: 56: 55: 49: 48: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14556: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14509:Queen mothers 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14389:Maria Theresa 14387: 14386: 14384: 14365: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14266:Anna of Tyrol 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14135: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14047: 14042: 14040: 14035: 14033: 14028: 14027: 14024: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992:German Empire 13989: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13967:Maria Theresa 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13912:Anna of Tyrol 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13792:Bianca Lancia 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13576: 13571: 13569: 13564: 13562: 13557: 13556: 13553: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13455: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13433: 13426: 13421: 13419: 13414: 13412: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13391: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13379: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13368: 13365: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13275: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13257: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13239: 13236: 13233: 13230: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13170: 13167: 13164: 13163:Maria Theresa 13161: 13158: 13155: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13131:Marie Valerie 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13112: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13079: 13076: 13073: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13052: 13045: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13003: 13000: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12962: 12955: 12952: 12949: 12946: 12943: 12940: 12937: 12934: 12931: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12913:Maria Theresa 12911: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12897: 12894: 12891: 12888: 12885: 12884:Maria Josepha 12882: 12879: 12876: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12864: 12861: 12858: 12855: 12852: 12849: 12846: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12821:Maria Theresa 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12790:Maria Josepha 12788: 12786: 12785:Maria Theresa 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12761: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12685: 12682: 12679: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12663: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12467: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12430: 12424: 12420: 12413: 12408: 12406: 12401: 12399: 12394: 12393: 12390: 12380: 12374: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12353: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12337: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12316: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12171: 12167: 12160: 12155: 12153: 12148: 12146: 12141: 12140: 12137: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089:Grandchildren 12087: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12031: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11967: 11963: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11934: 11928: 11927:Archduke Géza 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502:Grandchildren 11500: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11478:Archduke John 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11390: 11386: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11303: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11244: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11232:Archduke Karl 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11200:Grandchildren 11198: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11094:Maria Theresa 11090: 11086: 11082: 11075: 11070: 11068: 11063: 11061: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11039: 11033: 11030: 11028:* (1977–2010) 11027: 11024: 11021: 11018: 11015: 11012: 11009: 11006: 11003: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10992:* (1859–1907) 10991: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10974: 10971: 10968: 10965: 10964:Charles Louis 10962: 10959: 10956: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10912:Maria Theresa 10910: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10880: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10839: 10835: 10828: 10823: 10821: 10816: 10814: 10809: 10808: 10805: 10790: 10787: 10782: 10779: 10774: 10771: 10766: 10763: 10758: 10757:Ferdinand III 10755: 10750: 10747: 10742: 10739: 10734: 10731: 10726: 10723: 10718: 10715: 10710: 10707: 10702: 10699: 10694: 10691: 10686: 10683: 10678: 10675: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10645: 10644:Ferdinand III 10642: 10637: 10634: 10629: 10626: 10621: 10618: 10613: 10610: 10605: 10602: 10597: 10594: 10589: 10586: 10581: 10578: 10573: 10570: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10553: 10549: 10540: 10537: 10532: 10529: 10524: 10521: 10516: 10513: 10508: 10505: 10500: 10497: 10492: 10489: 10484: 10483:Maria Theresa 10481: 10476: 10473: 10468: 10465: 10460: 10457: 10452: 10449: 10444: 10441: 10436: 10433: 10428: 10425: 10420: 10419:Ferdinand III 10417: 10412: 10409: 10404: 10401: 10396: 10393: 10388: 10387:Maximilian II 10385: 10380: 10377: 10372: 10369: 10364: 10361: 10356: 10353: 10348: 10345: 10340: 10337: 10332: 10329: 10324: 10321: 10316: 10313: 10308: 10305: 10300: 10297: 10292:Frederick II 10291: 10286: 10283: 10278: 10275: 10270: 10267: 10262: 10259: 10254: 10251: 10246: 10243: 10238: 10235: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10205: 10202: 10197: 10194: 10189: 10186: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10160: 10157: 10152: 10149: 10144: 10141: 10136: 10133: 10128: 10125: 10120: 10117: 10112: 10109: 10104: 10101: 10096: 10093: 10088: 10085: 10080: 10077: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10037: 10035: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9956: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9901: 9884: 9881: 9876: 9873: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9845: 9842: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9814: 9813:Maximilian II 9811: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9768: 9765: 9760: 9757: 9752: 9745: 9742: 9737: 9734: 9729: 9726: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9698: 9695: 9689: 9686: 9681: 9678: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9654: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9632:(1411–1415), 9630: 9627: 9624: 9619: 9616: 9611: 9608: 9603: 9602:Wenceslaus II 9600: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9563: 9546: 9543: 9538: 9535: 9530: 9527: 9522: 9519: 9514: 9511: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474:(1197–1214), 9472: 9469: 9466: 9463:(1197–1247), 9461: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9383: 9380: 9375: 9372: 9367: 9364: 9359: 9356: 9351: 9348: 9343: 9340: 9335: 9332: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9268: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9219:Piast dynasty 9216: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9142:Maria Theresa 9140: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9116:Ferdinand III 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:Vladislaus II 9050: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8947:Wenceslaus IV 8945: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8861:Wenceslaus II 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815:Wenceslaus II 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8789:Vladislaus II 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8764:Bretislaus II 8762: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8753:Vratislaus II 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8718:Boleslaus III 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8569: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8547: 8541: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8484:Maria Theresa 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450:Ferdinand III 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8370:Vladislaus II 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8151:Ladislaus III 8149: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937:Grand Princes 7935: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7820: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7781: 7780: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7707: 7706: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7599: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7576: 7575: 7568: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7539: 7530: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7507:Maria Theresa 7505: 7504: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7379:: C.H. Beck. 7378: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7332:Maria Theresa 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7030:Maria Theresa 7025: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6902: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6520:, p. 67. 6519: 6518:Browning 1994 6514: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6421:, p. 94. 6420: 6415: 6413: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6148: 6144: 6143:"Robotpatent" 6138: 6136: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6105:, p. 93. 6104: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6018:, p. 92. 6017: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5942:, p. 91. 5941: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5884: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5706:, p. 90. 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5658:, p. 85. 5657: 5656:Berenger 2014 5652: 5650: 5643:, p. 89. 5642: 5637: 5635: 5628:, p. 86. 5627: 5626:Berenger 2014 5622: 5616:, p. 88. 5615: 5610: 5608: 5600: 5595: 5589:, p. 38. 5588: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5558:Ćirković 2004 5554: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5425:, p. 87. 5424: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5384:, p. 14. 5383: 5378: 5376: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5297:, p. 69. 5296: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5149:, p. 22. 5148: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5101:, p. 84. 5100: 5099:Berenger 2014 5095: 5088: 5083: 5077:, p. 83. 5076: 5075:Berenger 2014 5071: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5054: 5048:, p. 82. 5047: 5046:Berenger 2014 5042: 5040: 5032: 5031:Berenger 2014 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4985:, p. 99. 4984: 4979: 4973:, p. 97. 4972: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4947:Browning 1994 4943: 4937:, p. 93. 4936: 4931: 4925:, p. 92. 4924: 4923:Browning 1994 4919: 4913:, p. 88. 4912: 4911:Browning 1994 4907: 4901:, p. 86. 4900: 4895: 4889:, p. 79. 4888: 4887:Browning 1994 4883: 4876: 4871: 4865:, p. 65. 4864: 4863:Browning 1994 4859: 4853:, p. 74. 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4818: 4812:, p. 77. 4811: 4806: 4800:, p. 75. 4799: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4735:, p. 66. 4734: 4733:Browning 1994 4729: 4723:, p. 58. 4722: 4717: 4711:, p. 57. 4710: 4705: 4699:, p. 56. 4698: 4693: 4686: 4685:Browning 1994 4681: 4675:, p. 44. 4674: 4673:Browning 1994 4669: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4646:Browning 1994 4642: 4636:, p. 43. 4635: 4634:Browning 1994 4630: 4624:, p. 43. 4623: 4618: 4612:, p. 38. 4611: 4610:Browning 1994 4606: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4552:, p. 47. 4551: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4523:Spielman 1993 4519: 4517: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4486:, p. 26. 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4450:, p. 39. 4449: 4444: 4438:, p. 55. 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4414:, p. 38. 4413: 4408: 4402:, p. 25. 4401: 4396: 4390:, p. 37. 4389: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4366:, p. 26. 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 27. 4353: 4348: 4346: 4339:, p. 22. 4338: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4315:, p. 37. 4314: 4313:Browning 1994 4309: 4307: 4305: 4298:, p. 28. 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4250:, p. 23. 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4201:, p. 24. 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4174:, p. 12. 4173: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4144:, p. 21. 4143: 4138: 4132:, p. 17. 4131: 4126: 4122: 4106: 4100:, p. 302 4099: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4066:(by Joseph), 4065: 4059: 4053:, p. 64. 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4025:, p. 76. 4024: 4023:Browning 1994 4018: 4012:, p. 43. 4011: 4010:Browning 1994 4007: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3974:, p. 23. 3973: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3956:Spielman 1993 3953: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3480: 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The 2656: 2648: 2647:Sándor Palace 2644: 2640: 2639:László Sólyom 2637: 2633: 2627:palace (2020) 2626: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2598:Enlightenment 2595: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:Sublime Porte 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:Polish people 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2358:Robot Patents 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2289:rote learning 2284: 2281: 2280:Enlightenment 2277: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2236:Enlightenment 2233: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2220:death penalty 2216: 2212: 2211:homosexuality 2208: 2203: 2201: 2200:Magda Logomer 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2112:Anton de Haen 2109: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2053:Institutional 2048: 2043: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1951:Upper Austria 1948: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1917:surplice fees 1912: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1845:flagellantism 1842: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1697:Maria Josepha 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1615:Maria Antonia 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603:Maria Josepha 1600: 1599:Maria Johanna 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1530: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1483:raided Berlin 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:Philip Kinsky 1265: 1261: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1200:rapprochement 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180:Lower Silesia 1177: 1173: 1172:Upper Silesia 1169: 1165: 1164:Upper Austria 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1138:In December, 1136: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 961: 956: 952: 950: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 906: 902: 897: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 854: 852: 851:queen consort 848: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 821: 816: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:Great Britain 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:Maria Josepha 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 691: 686: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 519: 518:Maria Theresa 510: 506: 502: 499: 496: 492: 489: 486: 482: 479: 476: 472: 469: 466: 464: 460: 451: 446: 442: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 355: 352: 351: 345: 341: 314: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 283: 279: 276: 272: 268: 256: 252: 248: 241: 237: 234: 230: 226: 219: 215: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 184: 182: 178: 171: 167: 161: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 135: 132: 129: 125: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 86: 79: 75: 72: 68: 61: 57: 54: 50: 45: 39: 34: 31:Maria Theresa 29: 26: 22: 14544:Anti-Masonry 14320: 13966: 13962:Maria Amalia 13629:East Francia 13590:East Francia 13539: 13531: 13523: 13515: 13507: 13499: 13496: 13491: 13483: 13475: 13467: 13459: 13445: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13371: 12936:Maria Amalia 12820: 12378: 12361: 12264: 12018: 12008: 11998: 11988: 11411: 11349: 11339: 11093: 10958:Marie Louise 10949: 10935: 10911: 10733:Ferdinand II 10482: 10427:Ferdinand IV 10006:(since 2000) 9911:(since 1815) 9843: 9697:Maximilian I 9633: 9622: 9621:(1411–1443) 9594:Wenceslaus I 9545:Wenceslaus I 9475: 9464: 9141: 9106:Ferdinand II 9037:Jagiellonian 9004:Non-dynastic 8888:Non-dynastic 8851:Wenceslaus I 8800:Sobeslaus II 8779:Vladislaus I 8748:Spytihněv II 8743:Bretislaus I 8713:Boleslaus II 8698:Vratislaus I 8545: 8483: 8457:Ferdinand IV 8452:(1637–1657) 8444:Ferdinand II 8332:Vladislaus I 8175:Ladislaus IV 8122:Ladislaus II 8117:(1162–1172) 8019: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7947: 7852: 7816: 7809: 7803: 7775: 7768: 7762: 7744: 7733: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7703: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7614: 7591: 7572: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7510: 7480: 7459: 7435: 7415: 7395: 7372: 7352: 7331: 7305: 7301: 7281: 7260: 7241: 7216: 7201: 7180: 7159: 7133: 7107: 7085: 7069: 7049: 7029: 7008: 6984: 6959: 6935: 6926: 6906: 6889: 6885: 6855: 6823: 6802: 6782: 6777: 6771: 6766:, p. 1. 6759: 6750: 6741: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6705: 6696: 6687: 6678: 6669: 6657:. 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1142:invaded the 1137: 1126: 1070: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1021: 965: 945: 910: 871: 860: 831: 824: 750: 729:Maria Amalia 694: 674:state church 639: 584: 548:Transylvania 525: 517: 516: 348: 286:(1780-11-29) 185:25 June 1741 42:Portrait by 25: 14399:1780 deaths 14394:1717 births 13994:(1871–1918) 13540:(1833–1859) 13532:(1824–1832) 13524:(1821–1824) 13516:(1790–1801) 13508:(1765–1790) 13500:(1737–1765) 13492:(1689–1728) 13484:(1670–1721) 13476:(1634–1670) 13468:(1609–1621) 13460:(1589–1609) 13453:(1579–1587) 13446:(1574–1578) 12996:Maria Luisa 12211:Anna d'Este 11026:Carlos Hugo 11022:* (1974–77) 11016:* (1959–74) 11010:* (1950–59) 11004:* (1939–50) 10998:* (1907–39) 10970:Charles III 10882:Ranuccio II 10792:(1665–1705) 10784:(1662–1665) 10776:(1632–1662) 10768:(1623–1632) 10760:(1619–1623) 10744:(1595–1619) 10736:(1564–1595) 10728:(1521–1564) 10725:Ferdinand I 10720:(1519–1521) 10712:(1490–1519) 10704:(1439–1490) 10696:(1406–1439) 10688:(1386–1406) 10680:(1365–1386) 10672:(1363–1365) 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4550:Morris 1937 4508:Roider 1972 4376:Morris 1937 4296:Morris 1937 4236:Ingrao 2000 4221:29 November 4187:Ingrao 2000 4142:Morris 1937 3993:Beales 2005 3972:Beales 1987 3939:Beales 1987 3294:1 June 1754 3201:from 1790. 3189:from 1790, 3135:, no issue 3083:13 May 1742 3002:7 June 1740 2904:Alma Kruger 2898:, starring 2817:chandelier. 2784:region and 2771:Theresianum 2542:necrophobia 2422:Falkenstein 2406:olive crown 2370:Raabisation 2256:Theresianum 2127:inoculation 2025:(1770) and 1940:Protestants 1921:blood libel 1900:Protestants 1729:inoculation 1524:Family life 1480:Count Hadik 925:Stanisław I 869:that year. 670:Protestants 264:13 May 1717 244:9 July 1737 194:Charles III 190:Predecessor 127:Predecessor 98:Predecessor 93:12 May 1743 14383:Categories 13675:(962–1806) 13670:within the 13592:during the 13061:Maria Anna 12991:Maria Anna 12924:Maria Anna 12848:Maria Anna 11971:Francis II 11394:Leopold II 10930:Cambacérès 10906:Charles II 10870:Ranuccio I 10852:Pier Luigi 10789:Leopold VI 10749:Albert VII 10636:Charles II 10515:Francis II 10459:Leopold VI 10411:Albert VII 10299:Leopold II 10082:(994–1018) 9980:William IV 9938:William II 9767:Charles IV 9736:Philip III 9680:Charles II 9337:(998–1026) 9319:(963–1136) 9305:(963–1354) 9290:Luxembourg 9181:Francis II 9176:Leopold II 9131:Charles II 9096:Rudolph II 9091:Maximilian 9023:Matthias I 8941:Charles IV 8921:Luxembourg 8856:Ottokar II 8769:Bořivoj II 8533:Charles IV 8509:Leopold II 8426:Maximilian 8351:Matthias I 8269:Charles II 8213:Wenceslaus 8181:Andrew III 8130:Stephen IV 8097:Stephen II 8028:(997–1000) 8022:. 972–997) 7858:1737–1765 7822:1736–1737 7783:1745–1765 7750:1772–1780 7641:Luxembourg 7601:1740–1748 7578:1740–1741 7470:0754607313 7426:0521651964 7363:1557530211 7342:0135561914 7292:0520225902 7271:0814325610 7209:: Crowell. 7191:0520042069 7170:0521785057 7149:0226351688 7122:0691007969 7097:0773518126 7059:0715373870 7040:0582107849 6995:1860649505 6974:0664257607 6965:Louisville 6949:0750905786 6813:0521242401 6589:3 February 6530:Yonan 2011 6482:Mahan 1932 6446:Mahan 1932 6254:Yonan 2003 6242:Yonan 2003 5916:Mahan 1932 5889:2 December 5853:Cris XVIII 5764:Mahan 1932 5587:Byrne 1997 5459:Patai 1996 5435:Mahan 1932 5367:Mahan 1932 5343:Himka 1999 5307:Mahan 1932 5264:Mahan 1932 5147:Mahan 1932 5111:Mahan 1932 4875:Duffy 1977 4839:Mahan 1932 4822:Mahan 1932 4745:Yonan 2003 4562:Duffy 1977 4472:Mahan 1932 4460:Mahan 1932 4448:Mahan 1932 4424:Mahan 1932 4412:Mahan 1932 4388:Mahan 1932 4364:Mahan 1932 4352:Mahan 1932 4325:Mahan 1932 4284:Mahan 1932 4260:Mahan 1932 4248:Mahan 1932 4172:Mahan 1932 4157:Mahan 1932 4037:Mahan 1932 3896:References 3341:guillotine 3171:5 May 1747 2811:chandelier 2809:A crystal 2558:last rites 2502:Innviertel 2404:holds the 2388:Late reign 2331:her Thaler 2299:Censorship 2121:After the 1934:Vorarlberg 1705:last rites 1547:Maria Anna 1472:Kunersdorf 1398:Versailles 1190:to Spain. 827:Maria Anna 807:, and the 697:Charles VI 650:autocratic 587:Charles VI 260:1717-05-13 181:Coronation 131:Charles II 89:Coronation 13687:Theophanu 13636:(919–962) 13631:(911–919) 13614:Richardis 13597:(843–911) 12690:Margarita 12538:Magdalena 12010:HI&RH 11982:Spouse(s) 11405:Spouse(s) 11351:HI&RH 11333:Spouse(s) 11322:Joseph II 11098:Francis I 11014:Robert II 10924:Ferdinand 10900:Charles I 10888:Francesco 10864:Alexander 10765:Leopold V 10717:Charles I 10620:Charles I 10539:Charles I 10499:Joseph II 10435:Leopold V 10371:Charles I 10074:(976–994) 9992:Charlotte 9932:William I 9836:Charles V 9759:Philip IV 9720:Philip II 9618:Elisabeth 9537:Charles I 9521:Henry VII 9460:Ermesinde 9382:Conrad II 9374:William I 9366:Henry III 9350:Giselbert 9329:(963–998) 9326:Siegfried 9232:from the 9217:from the 9197:Charles I 9171:Joseph II 9121:Leopold I 9111:Frederick 8952:Sigismund 8907:Rudolph I 8846:Ottokar I 8820:Ottokar I 8805:Frederick 8795:Frederick 8688:Bořivoj I 8659:Křesomysl 8607:Legendary 8599:Přemyslid 8503:Joseph II 8466:Leopold I 8288:Sigismund 8251:Charles I 8169:Stephen V 8157:Andrew II 8043:Stephen I 7734:New title 7723:Joseph II 7714:Francis I 7709:1743–1780 7677:Joseph II 7668:Francis I 7663:1740–1780 7322:145605956 7113:Princeton 7009:The Serbs 6853:(2014) . 6829:Cambridge 6675:"History" 6314:Kann 1980 5928:Kann 1980 5826:1558-5255 5447:Kann 1980 5319:Kann 1980 4785:0018-246X 4118:Citations 3901:Footnotes 2791:Asteroid 2414:Innsbruck 2245:Education 2096:Staatsrat 2088:Staatsrat 2080:Hofkammer 2007:Romanians 2001:, mainly 1829:Jansenist 1811:, in 1762 1725:Elisabeth 1639:Innsbruck 1633:Mural by 1611:Ferdinand 1567:Chotusitz 1496:Elizabeth 1476:Landeshut 1468:Hochkirch 1282:captured 1217:Pressburg 1111:Pressburg 998:Accession 984:Wallachia 737:Leopold I 646:Joseph II 642:Francis I 504:Signature 204:Joseph II 200:Successor 137:Successor 116:1st reign 110:Joseph II 106:Successor 77:2nd reign 14364:Category 13358:Eleonore 13327:Gabriela 13301:Adelheid 13195:Eleonora 13084:Mathilda 12553:Margaret 12033:Children 11426:Children 11364:Children 11109:Children 10976:Robert I 10950:Piacenza 10741:Matthias 10467:Joseph I 10403:Matthias 10395:Rudolf V 10339:Albert V 10237:Albert I 10229:Rudolf I 9790:Philip V 9672:Philip I 9634:and then 9513:Henry VI 9476:and then 9471:Theobald 9414:Henry IV 9358:Conrad I 9342:Henry II 9286:Monarchs 9226:Antiking 9126:Joseph I 9071:Habsburg 8966:Habsburg 8759:Conrad I 8723:Vladivoj 8669:Hostivít 8639:Nezamysl 8587:Monarchs 8472:Joseph I 8376:Louis II 8139:Béla III 8061:Andrew I 7597:Piacenza 7247:New York 7207:New York 7006:(2004). 6894:Archived 6886:Banatica 6877:(2015). 6659:7 August 6613:Archived 5834:21180204 3874:See also 3372:Ancestry 3365:, 1784. 3331:married 3300:married 3154:married 3133:smallpox 3131:died of 3089:married 2859:In media 2666:Subotica 2546:insomnia 2526:smallpox 2488:Bukovina 2484:Moldavia 2314:Rousseau 2310:Voltaire 2252:theology 2215:adultery 2123:smallpox 2102:Medicine 2072:Kreisamt 1956:en masse 1821:Catholic 1693:Isabella 1673:Smallpox 1593:and the 1514:Bourbons 1488:Rossbach 1356:Louis XV 1330:in May. 1316:suo jure 1266:, Count 1208:suo jure 1188:Lombardy 1061:co-ruler 972:Florence 917:Louis XV 867:smallpox 857:Marriage 801:Sardinia 733:Joseph I 601:and the 527:suo jure 494:Religion 468:Habsburg 13653:Eadgyth 13262:Assunta 13238:Dolores 13018:Hermine 12878:Johanna 12176:Réné II 10894:Antonio 10876:Odoardo 10858:Ottavio 10221:Austria 9974:Adolphe 9883:Francis 9875:Leopold 9844:Mary II 9640:John II 9629:Anthony 9505:Henry V 9482:Waleran 9334:Henry I 9243:Bavaria 8738:Oldřich 8733:Jaromír 8654:Vnislav 8634:Valasca 8591:Bohemia 8546:italics 8515:Francis 8432:Rudolph 8257:Louis I 8163:Béla IV 8109:Géza II 8103:Béla II 8091:Coloman 8073:Solomon 8026:Stephen 8002:Taksony 7655:Hainaut 7637:Lothier 7632:Limburg 7620:Croatia 7140:Chicago 6793:Sources 6584:Wsj.com 3915:Leopold 2826:Hofburg 2800:Terezin 2625:Hofburg 2602:torture 2589:persona 2534:fatigue 2516:in the 2470:in the 2426:Teschen 2378:Leopold 2346:serfdom 2321:Economy 2228:Baroque 2189:torture 2063:florins 2037:Reforms 1930:Gorizia 1926:Trieste 1857:Jesuits 1851:Jesuits 1712:Josepha 1689:Johanna 1685:Charles 1583:Leopold 1575:Charles 1394:Kaunitz 1337:by the 1168:Moravia 1081:Hofburg 1033:florins 838:Jesuits 805:Bavaria 797:Denmark 789:Prussia 713:dowager 627:Silesia 615:Bavaria 611:Prussia 544:Bohemia 540:Croatia 536:Hungary 532:Austria 350:more... 337: 321: 317: 160:Croatia 13121:Sophie 12563:Helena 11096:& 11032:Carlos 11020:Xavier 11002:Joseph 10990:Robert 10946: 10944:Lebrun 10932: 10918:Philip 10752:(1619) 10414:(1619) 9867:Joseph 9751:Albert 9688:Mary I 9529:John I 9018:George 8981:Albert 8664:Neklan 8624:Libuše 8307:Albert 8145:Emeric 8079:Géza I 8067:Béla I 8055:Samuel 8012:. 972) 8008:. 955– 7998:. 955) 7994:. 947– 7984:. 947) 7980:. 907– 7973:Zoltán 7968:. 907) 7964:. 895– 7954:. 895) 7950:. 850– 7804:Vacant 7763:Vacant 7549: 7488: 7467: 7446: 7440:Munich 7423: 7402: 7383: 7377:Munich 7360: 7339: 7320: 7289: 7268: 7251:London 7228: 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