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particularly amongst aristocrats who saw their power threatened by the reformers or those who feared that that greater literacy would expose the population to
Protestant or Enlightenment ideas. Felbiger's reforms were nevertheless pushed through, as a result of the consistent support of Maria Theresa and her minister Franz Sales Greiner. The reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa's aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807. Nevertheless, high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century, The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. However, the number of secondary schools decreased, since the quantity of new schools founded failed to make up for the numbers of Jesuit schools abolished. As a result, secondary schooling became more exclusive.
2391:, of 1775, Joseph complained that his mother intended to "abolish serfdom entirely and arbitrarily destroy the centuries-old property relations." He complained that "no consideration was being taken for the landlords, who were threatened with the loss of more than half their income. For many of them, who are carrying debts, this would mean financial ruin." By 1776, the court was polarized: on one side was a small reform party (including Maria Theresa, Raab, Blanc, Gebler and Greiner); on the conservative side were Joseph and the rest of the court. Joseph argued that it was difficult to find a middle way between the interests of the peasants and nobles; he suggested instead that the peasants negotiate with their landlords to reach an outcome. Joseph's biographer Derek Beales calls this change of course "puzzling". In the ensuing struggle, Joseph forced Blanc to leave the court. Because of the opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform and had to settle on a compromise. The system of serfdom was only abolished after Maria Theresa's death, in the
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to rebuke him. She even wrote: "We never see each other except at dinner ... His temper gets worse every day ... Please burn this letter ... I just try to avoid public scandal." In another letter, also addressed to Joseph's companion, she complained: "He avoids me ... I am the only person in his way and so I am an obstruction and a burden ... Abdication alone can remedy matters." After much contemplation, she chose not to abdicate. Joseph himself often threatened to resign as co-regent and emperor, but he, too, was induced not to do so. Her threats of abdication were rarely taken seriously; Maria
Theresa believed that her recovery from smallpox in 1767 was a sign that God wished her to reign until death. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch.
1641:
2938:, Dowager Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc.; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, of Styria, of Carinthia and of Carniola; Grand Princess of Transylvania; Margravine of Moravia; Duchess of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders, of Württemberg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Milan, of Mantua, of Parma, of Piacenza, of Guastalla, of Auschwitz and of Zator; Princess of Swabia; Princely Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hainault, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady of the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany.
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2359:, which was the basis for agriculture in eastern parts of her lands (particularly Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary and Galicia). Although Maria Theresa had initially been reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy. The census of 1770–1771 gave the peasants opportunity to express their grievances directly to the royal commissioners and made evident to Maria Theresa the extent to which their poverty was the result of the extreme demands for forced labour (called "
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2148:(who doubted the effectiveness of the technique), and ordered that it be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. The trial was successful, establishing that inoculation was effective in protecting against smallpox, and safe (in the case of the test subjects). The empress therefore ordered the construction of an inoculation centre, and had herself and two of her children inoculated. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in
2439:. Believing that the emperor must possess enough land to maintain his standing as emperor, Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765. From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. The 22 million florins that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of
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Herzogin zu
Braband, zu Limburg, zu Luxemburg und zu Geldern, zu Württemberg, zu Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, zu Milan, zu Mantua, zu Parma, zu Piacenza, zu Guastala, zu Auschwitz und Zator, Fürstin zu Schwaben, gefürstete Gräfin zu Habsburg, zu Flandern, zu Tirol, zu Hennegau, zu Kyburg, zu Görz und zu Gradisca, Markgräfin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, zu Burgau, zu Ober- und Nieder-Lausitz, Gräfin zu Namur, Frau auf der Windischen Mark und zu Mecheln, Herzoginwitwe zu Lothringen und Baar, Großherzoginwitwe zu Toskana
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2615:), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era. Vocelka even stated that "taken as a whole the reforms of Maria Theresa appear more absolutist and centralist than enlightened, even if one must admit that the influence of enlightened ideas is visible to a certain degree." Despite being among the most successful Habsburg monarchs and remarkable leaders of the 18th century, Maria Theresa has not captured the interest of contemporary historians or media, perhaps due her hardened nature.
1250:, and she asserted that "the very existence of the Kingdom of Hungary, of our own person and children, and our crown, are at stake. Forsaken by all, we place our sole reliance in the fidelity and long-tried valor of the Hungarians." The response was rather boorish, with the queen being questioned and even heckled by members of the Diet; someone cried that she "better apply to Satan than the Hungarians for help." However, she managed to show her gift for theatrical displays by holding her son and heir,
2101:), composed of the state chancellor, three members of the high nobility and three knights, which served as a committee of experienced people who advised her. The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority; nevertheless, it showed the difference between the form of government employed by Maria Theresa and that of Frederick II of Prussia. Unlike the latter, Maria Theresa was not an autocrat who acted as her own minister. Prussia would adopt this form of government only after 1807.
2109:, he pursued a policy of "aristocratic enlightenment" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. Nonetheless, the governing system remained centralised, and a strong institution made it possible for Kaunitz to increase state revenues substantially. In 1775, the Habsburg monarchy achieved its first balanced budget, and by 1780, the Habsburg state revenue had reached 50 million florins.
1838:. She even advocated for a state church and contemporary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious. However, she never allowed the church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots. Overall, the ecclesiastical policies of Maria Theresa were enacted to ensure the primacy of state control in church-state relations. She was also influenced by
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1046:, which were claimed by his widow. The army had also been weakened due to these wars; instead of the full number of 160,000, the army had been reduced to about 108,000, and they were scattered in small areas from the Austrian Netherlands to Transylvania, and from Silesia to Tuscany. They were also poorly trained and discipline was lacking. Later Maria Theresa even made a remark: "as for the state in which I found the army, I cannot begin to describe it."
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840:, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. The portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna. The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body. Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other.
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1289:. Maria Theresa, then in Hungary, wept on learning of the loss of Bohemia. Charles Albert was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII on 24 January 1742, which made him the only non-Habsburg to be in that position since 1440. The Queen, who regarded the election as a catastrophe, caught her enemies unprepared by insisting on a winter campaign; the same day he was elected emperor, Austrian troops under
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peasants to work it on stipulated conditions. The nobles also claimed that the system of forced labour had no connection with the peasants' poverty, which was a result of the peasants' own wastefulness and the increased royal taxes. Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria
Theresa's son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom. In a letter to his brother
2302:. Education was to be multilingual; children were to be instructed first in their mother tongue and then in later years in German. Prizes were given to the most able students to encourage ability. Attention was also given to raising the status and pay of teachers, who were forbidden to take on outside employment. Teacher training colleges were established to train teachers in the latest techniques.
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was inclined to consider such an arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the
Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document. Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia, and she was confident that she would retain "the jewel of the House of Austria". The resulting war with Prussia is known as the
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perception. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria
Theresa's.
2085:). Thanks to this effort, by 1760 there was a class of government officials numbering around 10,000. However, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform. In the case of Hungary, Maria Theresa was particularly mindful of her promise that she would respect the privileges in the kingdom, including the immunity of nobles from taxation.
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withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Throughout her widowhood, she spent the whole of August and the eighteenth of each month alone in her chamber, which negatively affected her mental health. She described her state of mind shortly after
Francis's death: "I hardly know myself now, for I have become like an animal with no true life or reasoning power."
1230:(today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Hungarian Diet. To appease those who considered her gender to be a serious obstacle, Maria Theresa assumed masculine titles. Thus, in nomenclature, Maria Theresa was archduke and king; normally, however, she was styled as queen.
644:. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the
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she wrote of the Jews: "I know of no greater plague than this race, which on account of its deceit, usury and avarice is driving my subjects into beggary. Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided." Her animosity was such that she was willing to tolerate
Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born
1734:. Maria Theresa blamed herself for her daughter's death for the rest of her life because, at the time, the concept of an extended incubation period was largely unknown and it was believed that Josepha had caught smallpox from the body of the late empress. The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the twenty-four year old
2144:(who in turn probably knew of it through her own correspondence with Frederick the Great). After unsuccessfully inviting the Sutton brothers from England to introduce their technique in Austria, Maria Theresa obtained information on current practices of smallpox inoculation in England. She overrode the objections of
1664:, died shortly after her first birthday. The second Maria Carolina was born feet first in 1748. As it became evident that she would not survive, preparations were hastily made to baptize her while still living; according to traditional Catholic belief, unbaptized infants would be condemned to eternity in
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Moravia. Her first intention was to deport all Jews by 1 January, but having accepted the advice of her ministers, had the deadline postponed. The expulsion was executed only for Prague and only retracted in 1748 due to economic considerations and pressures from other countries, including Great
Britain.
2371:" (i.e. regulations regarding forced labour), which regulated and restricted peasant labour only in the German and Bohemian parts of the realm. The goal was to ensure that peasants not only could support themselves and their family members, but also help cover the national expenditure in peace or war.
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However, Maria
Theresa's attempts to extend the Raab system to the great estates belonging to the Bohemian nobles were fiercely resisted by the nobles. They claimed that the crown had no right to interfere with the serf system, since the nobles were the original owners of the land and had allowed the
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conflict with her son and nominal co-ruler Joseph II. The need for the reform became evident after the census of 1770–1771, which revealed the widespread illiteracy of the populace. Maria Theresa thereupon wrote to her rival Frederick II of Prussia to request him to allow the Silesian school reformer
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In light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state. The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate
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In contrast to Maria Theresa's efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the Protestants (whom she regarded as heretics) to Catholicism. Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements
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was complex. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her
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The relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not without warmth but was complicated and their personalities clashed. Despite his intellect, Maria Theresa's force of personality often made Joseph cower. Sometimes, she openly admired his talents and achievements, but she was also not hesitant
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celebrating the wedding of his second surviving son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. She completely
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In the 1770s, reform of the schooling system for all levels of society became a major policy. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that the reform of the primary schools in particular was the most long-lasting success of Maria Theresa's later reign, and one of the few policy agendas in which she was not in open
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and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province. Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Francis Stephen
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to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler, since they asserted that the sovereignty of Hungary could not be shared. Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed.
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The Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive. The letters she sent to him shortly before their marriage expressed her eagerness to see him; his letters, on the other hand, were stereotyped and formal. She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest
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and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen (Regnant) of Hungary. Her 40-year reign was considered to be very successful when compared to
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are included in the list, from the immoral tendency or licentious nature of their writings; but many authors whom we consider as unexceptionable or harmless, experience a similar treatment." The censorship particularly affected works that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Ironically,
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The education reform was met with considerable opposition. Predictably, some of this came from peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead. Maria Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed. However, much of the opposition came from the imperial court,
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Maria Theresa's government confirmed (1743) and continued to uphold old privileges granted to their Eastern Orthodox subjects by previous Habsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI), but at the same time, new reforms were enforced, establishing much firmer state control over the
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to be neutral. Therefore, she needed troops from Hungary in order to support the war effort. Although she had already won the admiration of the Hungarians, the number of volunteers was only in the hundreds. Since she required them in thousands or even tens of thousands, she decided to appear before
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In German: Maria Theresia von Gottes Gnaden Heilige Römische Kaiserinwitwe, Königin zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slavonien, Gallizien, Lodomerien, usw., Erzherzogin zu Österreich, Herzogin zu Burgund, zu Steyer, zu Kärnten und zu Crain, Großfürstin zu Siebenbürgen, Markgräfin zu Mähren,
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An additional prompt to reform was the famine which afflicted the empire in the early 1770s. Bohemia was particularly hard hit. Maria Theresa was increasingly influenced by the reformers Franz Anton von Blanc and Tobias Philipp von Gebler, who called for radical changes to the serf system to allow
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as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. She was probably the most anti-Jewish monarch of her time, having inherited the traditional prejudices of her ancestors and acquired new ones. This was a product of commonplace antisemitism and was not kept secret in her time. In 1777,
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Shortly after giving birth to the younger children, Maria Theresa was confronted with the task of marrying off the elder ones. She led the marriage negotiations along with the campaigns of her wars and the duties of state. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for
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was signed, whereby Louis XV promised to provide Austria with 130,000 men in addition to 12 million florins yearly. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian
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She has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. She detests Your Majesty, but acknowledges your ability. She cannot forget the loss of
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In 1770, she enacted a strict regulation of the sale of poisons, and apothecaries were obliged to keep a poison register recording the quantity and circumstances of every sale. If someone unknown tried to purchase a poison, that person had to provide two character witnesses before a sale could be
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after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this for as long as she lived. In May
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According to Austrian historian Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound
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with a model project on the crown lands in Bohemia: he was tasked to divide up the large estates into small farms, convert the forced labour contracts into leases, and enable the farmers to pass the leaseholds onto their children. Raab pushed the project through so successfully that his name was
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In December 1744, she proposed to her ministers the expulsion of around 10,000 Jews from Prague amid accusations that they were disloyal at the time of the Bavarian-French occupation during the War of the Austrian Succession. The order was then expanded to all Jews of Bohemia and major cities of
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and even sex between members of different religions. This Commission cooperated closely with the police, and the Commission even employed secret agents to investigate private lives of men and women with bad reputation. They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to
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extracted from crown lands. The central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes. Moreover, after Haugwitz was appointed the head of the new central administrative agency, dubbed the Directory,
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who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs. The Emperor, who spent his entire reign securing the Pragmatic Sanction, left Austria in an impoverished state, bankrupted by the recent Turkish war and the
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Maria Theresa found herself in a difficult situation. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more
864:. Her father allowed her to attend meetings of the council from the age of 14 but never discussed the affairs of state with her. Even though he had spent the last decades of his life securing Maria Theresa's inheritance, Charles never prepared his daughter for her future role as sovereign.
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Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards and quality of life of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue. The Habsburg government under her rule also tried to strengthen its industry through government
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Maria Theresa in fact contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law. Throughout the city prayers were made for her recovery, and the sacrament was displayed in all churches. Joseph slept in one of his mother's antechambers and hardly left her bedside. On 1 June, Maria Theresa was given the
2865:. It has a portrait of the queen dressed for her coronation, alongside a portrait of her husband Emperor Francis I on the other side. The room was especially tailored in memory of the reconciliation between the monarch and the government and is used for official state receptions.
1273:, Elector of Bavaria, to her as sovereign. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery." She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the
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Throughout her reign, Maria Theresa made the promotion of education a priority. Initially this was focused on the wealthier classes. She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of
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of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. With the First Silesian War at an end, the Queen soon made the recovery of Bohemia her priority. French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia in
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to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well. Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors. Maria Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess
4107:... I speak politically now, not as a Christian. Nothing is so necessary and beneficial as religion. Would you allow everyone to act according to his fantasy? If there were no fixed cult, no subjection to the Church, where should we be? The law of might would take command."
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in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War). The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. The
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the circumstances under which she had ascended: "I found myself without money, without credit, without army, without experience and knowledge of my own and finally, also without any counsel because each one of them at first wanted to wait and see how things would develop."
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ideas. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocacy of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. Although Austria had always stressed the rights of the state in relation to the church, Jansenism provided new theoretical justification for this.
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Maria Theresa doubled the state revenue from 20 to 40 million florins between 1754 and 1764, though her attempt to tax clergy and nobility was only partially successful. These financial reforms greatly improved the economy. After Kaunitz became the head of the new
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1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary. Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa's death.
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Maria Theresa's reform established secular primary schools, which children of both sexes from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend. The curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere
2462:. She even once argued, "What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support?" The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that
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in the 1750s. Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous". Despite her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants
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In the third decade of her reign, Maria Theresa issued edicts that offered some state protection to her Jewish subjects. She forbade the forcible conversion of Jewish children to Christianity in 1762, and in 1763 she forbade Catholic clergy from extracting
2044:, a comprehensive document that regulated all major issues relating to the religious life of their Eastern Orthodox subjects and the administration of the Serbian Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Maria Theresa's rescript of 1779 was kept in force until 1868.
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Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor
2607:" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people. Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the
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in 1763. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied. Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the
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area, this "Potato War" caused a setback to the financial improvement that the empress had made. The 500,000 florins in annual revenue from 100,000 inhabitants of Innviertel were not comparable to the 100,000,000 florins that were spent during the war.
2590:. Joseph II, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her and introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa issued only about 100 edicts annually.
887:, was invited to Vienna. Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand, the Emperor considered other possibilities. Religious differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince
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ideas," although the ulterior motive was still to "meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area."
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At the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, Count Podewils was sent as an ambassador to the Austrian court by King Frederick II of Prussia. Podewils wrote detailed descriptions of Maria Theresa's physical appearance and how she spent her
1062:, Maria Theresa wanted to secure the imperial office for her husband, but Francis Stephen did not possess enough land or rank within the Holy Roman Empire. In order to make him eligible for the imperial throne and to enable him to vote in the
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in the village of Orkuta. Notwithstanding her continuing strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria. There were also parts of the realm where the Jews were treated better, such as
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next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph's wife). Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Carolina was to replace her as the pre-determined bride of King
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other Habsburg rulers. Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing. She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of "
2363:" in Czech) by the landlords. On some estates, the landlords demanded that the peasants work up to seven days per week in tilling the nobles' land, so that the only time available for the peasants to till their own land was at night.
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It takes at least a week for the smallpox rash to appear after a person is infected. Since the rash appeared two days after Maria Josepha had visited the vault, the Archduchess must have been infected much before visiting the vault.
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One of Maria Theresa's greatest wishes was to have as many grandchildren as possible, but she had only about two dozen at the time of her death, of which all the eldest surviving daughters were named after her, with the exception of
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once wrote from Vienna: "he injudicious bigotry of the Empress may chiefly be attributed the deficiency . It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. Not only
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in early 1762. In the meantime, France was losing badly in America and India, and thus they had reduced their subsidies by 50%. Since 1761, Kaunitz had tried to organise a diplomatic congress to take advantage of the accession of
1600:(b. & d. 1748). During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the
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and haughtiness. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect – she did not produce any surviving children.
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of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile. Maria Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to
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in 1757. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. However, these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at
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and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling.
1738:. Although she recovered, she was badly scarred with pock marks from the illness. Maria Theresa's losses to smallpox, especially in the epidemic of 1767, were decisive in her sponsoring trials to prevent the illness through
1675:
Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. Four years later, Maria Theresa's governess, Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, died. She showed her gratitude to Countess Fuchs by having her buried in the
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the benefit of the state. A devoted but self-conscious mother, she wrote to all of her children at least once a week and believed herself entitled to exercise authority over her children regardless of their age and rank.
2505:
died without leaving any children. As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. This alarmed Frederick II of Prussia, and thus the
2236:
In 1776, Austria outlawed torture, at the particular behest of Joseph II. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. Born and raised between
4102:
In a letter to Joseph, she wrote: "What, without a dominant religion? Toleration, indifferentism, are exactly the right means to undermine everything... What other restraint exists? None. Neither the gallows nor the
1254:, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the "brave Hungarians". This act managed to win the sympathy of the members, and they declared that they would die for Maria Theresa.
5812:
2510:
erupted in 1778. Maria Theresa very unwillingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections. Although Austria managed to gain the
2187:
The centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. These laws were compiled and the resulting
2566:
Maria Theresa fell ill on 24 November 1780. Her physician, Dr. Störk, thought her condition serious, although her son Joseph was confident that she would recover in no time. By 26 November, she asked for the
1871:
monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of
1435:, since Louis XV was required to deploy troops in Germany and to provide subsidies of 25–30 million pounds a year to Maria Theresa that were vital for the Austrian war effort in Bohemia and Silesia.
675:. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. A pious Catholic, she despised
2289:
to move to Austria. Felbiger's first proposals were made law by December 1774. Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria Theresa were "really founded on
1142:
of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance. Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King
11082:
1652:, commissioned by Maria Theresa in remembrance of her daughters who died in childhood: Maria Johanna (1750–1762), Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), Maria Carolina (1740–1741) and Maria Carolina (1748)
2068:
Maria Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but she implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency. She employed
977:
Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1738, Charles VI sent the young couple to make their formal entry into Tuscany. The
770:
which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession. Charles sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. They exacted harsh terms: in the
608:, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the
1344:
Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia (with the exception of
1710:
likewise caught the disease in May 1767 and died a week later. Maria Theresa ignored the risk of infection and embraced her daughter-in-law before the sick chamber was sealed to outsiders.
1169:, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War. Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the
1058:
She dismissed the possibility that other countries might try to seize her territories and immediately started ensuring the imperial dignity for herself; since a woman could not be elected
2348:
interventions. After the loss of Silesia, they implemented subsidies and trade barriers to encourage the move of Silesian textile industry to northern Bohemia. In addition, they cut back
2582:, on hearing of her death, said that she had honored her throne and her sex, and although he had fought against her in three wars, he never considered her his enemy. With her death, the
2198:
was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages. This criminal code allowed the possibility of establishing the truth through
922:
Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine, but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the
843:
Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from horse riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her
1477:
that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Frederick lost one third of his troops, and before the battle was over, he had left the scene. Subsequently, Prussia was defeated at
1411:
from 1750 to 1753 to win over the French. Meanwhile, the British rebuffed requests from Maria Theresa to aid her in reclaiming Silesia, and Frederick II himself managed to secure the
2431:
Upon his accession to the imperial throne, Joseph ruled less land than his father had in 1740, since he had given up his rights over Tuscany to Leopold, and thus he only controlled
985:
was brief. Charles VI soon recalled them, as he feared he might die while his heiress was miles away in Tuscany. In the summer of 1738, Austria suffered defeats during the ongoing
1001:. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. Francis Stephen was popularly despised, as he was thought to be a cowardly French spy. The war was concluded the next year with the
2664:
A number of streets and squares were named after her throughout the empire as well as statues and monuments built. In Vienna a large bronze monument was built in her honour at
1461:, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law. However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was replaced by
2383:. After the success of the program on the crown lands, Maria Theresa had it also implemented on the former Jesuit lands, as well as crown lands in other parts of her empire.
2748:
12167:
11075:
4016:
876:
was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. These plans were forestalled by his death from
13278:
11902:
4019:: "Better the Turks before Vienna, better the surrender of the Netherlands to France, better every concession to Bavaria and Saxony, than the renunciation of Silesia!"
1086:
of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. It was an elaborate public event which served as a formal recognition and legitimation of her accession. The
2020:, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining
14504:
13048:
11263:
2736:
1854:
Catholics. Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public
1138:
Immediately after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector
1552:
Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children in nineteen years from 1737 to 1756. Thirteen survived infancy, but only ten survived into adulthood. The first child,
6865:
6590:
1777:
in Vienna. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the
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11721:
11650:
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14444:
13185:
12805:
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11171:
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3005:
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as the main foundation of university education. Furthermore, educational institutions were created to prepare officials for work in the state bureaucracy: the
1735:
1597:
415:
4032:
She explained her resolution to the Count furthermore: "I shall have all my armies, all my Hungarians killed off before I cede so much as an inch of ground."
3043:
2202:, and it also criminalised witchcraft and various religious offenses. Although this law came into force in Austria and Bohemia, it was not valid in Hungary.
2129:). Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs.
746:, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor
13433:
13266:
13173:
12923:
12800:
12795:
11877:
11746:
11381:
4074:
2754:
2688:
2571:, and on 28 November, the doctor told her that the time had come. On 29 November, she died surrounded by her remaining children. Her body is buried in the
7424:
Vocelka, Karl (2000). "Enlightenment in the Habsburg Monarchy: History of a Belated and Short-Lived Phenomenon". In Grell, Ole Peter; Porter, Roy (eds.).
13583:
12946:
11483:
873:
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13088:
13006:
12876:
12852:
11892:
11524:
11151:
11126:
3131:
1657:
1632:, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself.
1581:
1553:
1505:
on 3 November 1760, Maria Theresa realised that she could no longer reclaim Silesia without Russian support, which vanished after the death of Empress
395:
370:
12543:
3948:, etc). Maria Theresa, however, descended from Leopold I's third wife who was not closely related to him, and her parents were only distantly related.
12864:
12785:
11569:
11136:
11131:
3924:
Members of the Habsburg dynasty often married their close relatives; examples of such inbreeding were uncle-niece pairs (Maria Theresa's grandfather
3024:
1661:
1561:
943:
860:, who taught her etiquette. She was educated in drawing, painting, music and dancing – the disciplines which would have prepared her for the role of
837:
380:
13321:
12952:
12420:
12160:
11897:
9996:
9287:
2706:
1202:
582:
14321:
13967:
847:. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. Her education was overseen by
711:
498:
12616:
1819:
1209:. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a
14054:
12651:
11872:
11273:
11232:
11156:
6789:
Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
3777:
1718:. When the news came in early June that she had survived the crisis, there was huge rejoicing at the court and amongst the populace of Vienna.
1695:
1585:
663:
sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical, and educational reforms, with the assistance of
400:
6655:
906:
13539:
13190:
13114:
13071:
12934:
12888:
12858:
12706:
12573:
12498:
12121:
11771:
11604:
11549:
11294:
11176:
10056:
8890:
8588:
4086:
3239:
2742:
1699:
1609:
1557:
1108:
965:
420:
375:
2004:
subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the
14439:
13109:
12958:
12836:
12621:
11695:
11222:
558:
10954:
1556:(1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of
1337:; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. The French plans fell apart when Charles VII died in January 1745. The French overran the
14429:
13827:
13453:
13290:
12646:
12578:
12153:
11922:
2041:
1987:
2278:
2097:, or exchequer, was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts. Meanwhile, in 1760, Maria Theresa created the Council of State (
14534:
14499:
14414:
13547:
13033:
12700:
11867:
11599:
11574:
11503:
9240:
3312:
430:
2766:
727:
14419:
13076:
12759:
12636:
12050:
11630:
9823:
7913:
2502:
2352:
privileges, and internal duties on trade were either reformed or removed (such as the case for the Austrian-Bohemian lands in 1775).
13426:
13018:
13012:
12928:
11786:
11534:
11529:
11443:
11217:
10835:
10153:
7787:
4078:
3101:
2730:
2718:
2694:
2252:
From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands.
1834:, and a devout one. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of
1621:
1404:
978:
664:
435:
13442:
10940:
14539:
14256:
13897:
13576:
13156:
13151:
13146:
12940:
12641:
12527:
12504:
12263:
11907:
11473:
3803:
2669:
2568:
2152:, waiting on the children herself. Maria Theresa was responsible for changing Austrian physicians' negative view of inoculation.
1715:
8026:
1725:
also showed signs of the disease. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the
14459:
14434:
14021:
13817:
13807:
13499:
13475:
13231:
13195:
12666:
12340:
11776:
11317:
11201:
10791:
10783:
10461:
10453:
10002:
7855:
2419:
above her head, reaffirming Maria Theresa's monarchical status. This was the last commissioned state portrait of Maria Theresa.
1629:
1431:, but after the agreement, they were united by a common cause against Prussia. However, historians have blamed this treaty for
445:
7534:
3835:
636:(who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of
586:
14524:
13787:
13179:
13104:
13082:
13023:
12996:
12716:
12611:
12563:
12553:
12470:
12356:
12080:
11932:
11761:
11726:
11705:
11690:
11635:
11554:
11463:
7821:
7468:
Yonan, Michael (2003). "Conceptualizing the Kaiserinwitwe: Empress Maria Theresa and Her Portraits". In Levy, Allison (ed.).
6623:
4222:
3900:
3715:
2724:
2458:
despite Maria Theresa's protestations. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the
1640:
590:
7097:
Religion and nationality in Western Ukraine: the Greek Catholic Church and Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1867–1900
14549:
14509:
14449:
14424:
14271:
14216:
13917:
13842:
13141:
12894:
12754:
12533:
12521:
12413:
12335:
11751:
11736:
11609:
11468:
11453:
11181:
9990:
9280:
3362:
3258:
1722:
1613:
1531:. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations.
1458:
1278:
1223:
1117:
425:
5893:
1216:
Contrary to all expectations, the young Queen gained significant support from Hungary. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary
1050:
experienced, on other matters. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. Ten years later, Maria Theresa recalled in her
830:
825:
14544:
14494:
13531:
13523:
13419:
12870:
12656:
11912:
11741:
11680:
11670:
11660:
11655:
11640:
11237:
11146:
3593:
3089:
2523:
Maria Theresa and her husband are interred in the double tomb which she had inscribed as a widow. They lie buried in the
1687:
1573:
844:
811:
390:
191:
14360:
12004:
3994:
Francis Stephen was at the time Grand Duke of Tuscany, but Tuscany had not been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the
1281:: "My mind is made up. We must put everything at stake to save Bohemia." On 26 October, the Elector of Bavaria captured
14479:
14346:
14047:
13992:
13569:
13215:
12014:
11821:
11806:
11756:
11614:
11594:
11544:
11539:
10892:
7828:
7500:
7458:
7414:
7395:
7240:
7028:
6926:
6875:
6851:
6794:
Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living
4082:
3300:
2700:
1132:
1113:
1026:
719:
99:
6904:
2216:
She was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (
1290:
14489:
14119:
14114:
13629:
13260:
13254:
13001:
12991:
12439:
12126:
12090:
12070:
11862:
11857:
11801:
11700:
11645:
11559:
11519:
11493:
11458:
10880:
10862:
10743:
10606:
10437:
10397:
10365:
10049:
9984:
9470:
9126:
9101:
8581:
8460:
8436:
3657:
3415:
2482:
2432:
2194:
1432:
1416:
1407:
wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia. Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to
1274:
986:
903:, and the betrothal to Charles was broken off. Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved.
819:
613:
13491:
6703:
1333:
Prussia became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a
754:, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the
14454:
14326:
14296:
14281:
14236:
14201:
13972:
13942:
13927:
13847:
13762:
13316:
12826:
12631:
12548:
12075:
11478:
10898:
10874:
10767:
10719:
10654:
10622:
10429:
10373:
10121:
9707:
9604:
9555:
9116:
8467:
8454:
7780:
7756:
6637:
3741:
3683:
3535:
2141:
2093:
in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. In addition to this, the
1357:, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the
1354:
1162:. The invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as "that evil man".
1143:
857:
795:
739:
221:
8758:
7311:
Roider, Karl A. (1972). "The Perils of Eighteenth-Century Peacemaking: Austria and the Treaty of Belgrade, 1739".
2486:
1173:
in April 1741. France drew up a plan to partition Austria between Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Spain: Bohemia and
14011:
13732:
13311:
13205:
13200:
13094:
12606:
12406:
12116:
11791:
11781:
11665:
11579:
10759:
10735:
10646:
10638:
10421:
10389:
10113:
10014:
9761:
9336:
9273:
9146:
9096:
8840:
8835:
8430:
3937:
3289:
2774:
2679:
was renamed in her honor in 1779, as Maria-Theresiapolis, sometimes spelled as Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel.
2081:) in 1749, he initiated a radical centralization of state institutions down to the level of the District Office (
1731:
1270:
1139:
734:, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins,
151:
12318:
8810:
8703:
1785:, in which she often reproached her for laziness and frivolity and scolded her for failing to conceive a child.
683:, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the
519:
14514:
14316:
13962:
13272:
13248:
13028:
12981:
12964:
12882:
12568:
12558:
12291:
12281:
12273:
12085:
12055:
12024:
11981:
11887:
11852:
11564:
11448:
11404:
11247:
11166:
11161:
11030:
10968:
10916:
10904:
10886:
10868:
10775:
10711:
10614:
10525:
10517:
10485:
10445:
10206:
10081:
10008:
9954:
9893:
9885:
9846:
9547:
9392:
9376:
9296:
9191:
9186:
9141:
8951:
8825:
8799:
8763:
8728:
8525:
8519:
8488:
7479:
7435:
7372:
7351:
7301:
7280:
7200:
7179:
7158:
7131:
7106:
7068:
7049:
7004:
6983:
6958:
6822:
3499:
3177:
3154:
2507:
2388:
2069:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1103:
707:
676:
668:
641:
597:
488:
440:
410:
405:
204:
141:
31:
17:
8794:
8779:
6915:
Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788".
2229:
arrest those suspected of violating social norms. The punishments included whipping, deportation, or even the
14474:
14469:
14374:
14364:
14311:
14040:
13957:
13619:
13284:
13236:
13210:
13167:
13136:
13131:
13054:
12688:
11917:
11842:
11837:
11796:
11731:
11332:
11278:
11242:
11141:
11108:
10799:
10727:
10703:
10630:
10509:
10501:
10469:
10405:
10381:
10169:
10097:
9948:
9877:
9738:
9531:
9523:
9424:
9368:
9181:
9131:
9121:
9106:
8962:
8789:
8723:
8713:
8708:
8513:
8476:
8442:
8298:
7906:
7733:
7724:
7687:
7678:
6721:
3925:
3561:
3441:
3373:
3062:
2314:
Her regime was also known for institutionalising censorship of publications and learning. English author Sir
1895:
1691:
1565:
1251:
1166:
959:
884:
747:
731:
656:
652:
550:
385:
323:
214:
8698:
2791:
was issued during her reign but was continued to be struck afterwards and became legal tender as far as the
2174:
She is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been.
1572:, to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Maria Theresa's favourite child,
1473:. Frederick himself was startled by Lobositz; he eventually re-grouped for another attack in June 1757. The
14529:
14484:
14306:
14084:
14063:
13952:
13295:
12764:
11927:
11811:
11312:
11042:
10828:
10751:
10687:
10574:
10477:
10413:
10325:
10198:
10089:
10042:
9942:
9515:
9492:
9384:
9136:
9111:
8718:
8574:
8482:
8448:
8342:
7931:
4090:
3895:
3890:
2951:
2905:
2888:
2712:
1412:
1039:
935:
923:
743:
609:
12442:. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.
12186:
6757:
14291:
13937:
13912:
13822:
13242:
12986:
12721:
12538:
12307:
12065:
12034:
12020:
11847:
11816:
11361:
11191:
10590:
10333:
10309:
10161:
10105:
10065:
2881:
2029:
2009:
1983:
1439:
1420:
899:. However, other European powers compelled him to renounce the pact he had made with the Queen of Spain,
239:
8748:
8743:
14206:
13767:
13099:
13038:
12176:
11958:
11675:
11584:
11355:
11227:
11036:
11024:
10980:
10934:
10679:
10341:
10317:
10287:
10279:
10255:
10145:
9352:
8820:
8815:
8805:
8784:
8505:
7922:
6843:
2587:
2270:
1799:
1703:
1486:
1127:
947:
767:
680:
601:
166:
7535:
Maria Theresa, (1717–1780) Archduchess of Austria (1740–1780) Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–1780)
2858:
14301:
13947:
13342:
12900:
12743:
12711:
12600:
12106:
11882:
11685:
11498:
11268:
11186:
10974:
10541:
10190:
10137:
9919:
9650:
9447:
9202:
8876:
8769:
8733:
8597:
8537:
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4015:
The day after the entrance of Prussia into Silesia, Francis Stephen exclaimed to the Prussian envoy,
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for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man.
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81:
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Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829
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By late 1772, Maria Theresa had decided on more radical reform. In 1773, she entrusted her minister
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Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "
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from her Jewish subjects. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a
1707:
779:
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1781:
and the French. Maria Theresa kept up a fortnightly correspondence with Maria Antonia, now called
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died from stomach cramps at the age of three. Her third child, the first of three daughters named
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2757:. Her granddaughter Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily became Holy Roman Empress as well in 1792.
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2440:
2213:(also called Herrucina), who was the last prosecuted witch in Zagreb following her intervention.
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2072:, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000 men, paid for with 14 million
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In 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer
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Charles VI died on 20 October 1740, probably of mushroom poisoning. He had ignored the advice of
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3081:(1739–1767) – second cousin, had issue from his first marriage (two daughters, who died young)
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1858:. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders.
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would do it with or without Austrian participation. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took
1146:, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740.
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2843:'s school from 1741 depicting her in the Hungarian coronation dress hangs in the centre. All
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assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this.
1564:(1740–1741). While fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son,
531:(Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the
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Rather than using the formal manner and speech, Maria Theresa spoke (and sometimes wrote)
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1576:, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army at
8:
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in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure
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1369:, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa.
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1309:
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of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740. It took more than a year for the
645:
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of 1 May 1756. Thus, the efforts of Kaunitz and Starhemberg managed to pave a way for a
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was established in Vienna in 1746 to educate nobles' sons, a military school named the
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1879:
bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when
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survived a bout of the disease, followed in January 1757 by Maria Theresa's eldest son
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Four of Maria Theresa's children died before reaching adolescence. Her eldest daughter
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63:
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1742:, and subsequently insisting on members of the imperial family receiving inoculation.
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with Prussia, as did Great Britain. Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations.
659:, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an
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She has appeared as the main figure in a number of films and series such as the 1951
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2005:
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was erected at the Porta Galla in celebration, where it remains today. Their stay in
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recognised the sanction. France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria, and Prussia later reneged.
14251:
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Archduchess Maria Antonietta, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies
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8912:
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5824:
4781:
3999:
3331:
2436:
2001:
1915:
1880:
1782:
1625:
1524:
1502:
1427:; previously, France was one of Austria's archenemies together with Russia and the
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970:
763:
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1810:
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By July, attempts at conciliation had completely collapsed. Maria Theresa's ally,
1013:
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13737:
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13717:
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13352:
12682:
9682:
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are conducted in this room with the signing taking place underneath her portrait.
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in Vienna next to her husband in a coffin she had inscribed during her lifetime.
2408:
2274:
1970:
1899:
1831:
1790:
1514:, as he did not really care about Germany. Finally, the war was concluded by the
1286:
1075:
1067:
684:
562:
508:
8405:
1490:
1165:
As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released
1070:(which she could not do because of her sex), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen
48:
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the peasants to make a living. In 1771–1778, Maria Theresa issued a series of "
2355:
In the late part of her reign, Maria Theresa undertook reform of the system of
2249:, which is why she only slowly followed humanitarian reforms on the continent.
2021:
1815:
1774:
1726:
1702:
likewise died in agony from the disease. In November 1763, Joseph's first wife
1428:
1358:
1198:
1087:
1018:
990:
836:
Little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister,
807:
803:
791:
775:
700:
600:, died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the
578:
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310:
11565:
Archduchess Hermine, Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter
7324:
6685:
5828:
4786:
4769:
14393:
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14002:
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12626:
11132:
Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies
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9229:
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7603:
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was founded by her in 1757 and remained in existence until after World War I.
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2210:
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1961:
1927:
1910:
1855:
1210:
1190:
1182:
1174:
998:
938:, who had been deposed as King of Poland. Francis Stephen was to receive the
861:
6796:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 3.
872:
The question of Maria Theresa's marriage was raised early in her childhood.
13639:
13600:
8774:
6889:
5844:
5178:
3320:
2803:
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in 1774 that concluded the war, Austria entered into negotiations with the
2416:
2368:
1957:
1851:
1569:
535:
from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position
8669:
7061:
The army of Maria Theresa: The Armed Forces of Imperial Austria, 1740–1780
918:. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table.
766:
to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the
10182:
9265:
8753:
2914:
2781:
2552:
2266:
2137:
1931:
1765:
In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married
1750:
1739:
1025:, on 22 November 1740. The pregnant queen is on way to hear High Mass at
11903:
Elisabeth Franziska, Countess Countess von Waldburg zu Zeil und Hohenems
8679:
5813:"An End to Witch Trials in Austria: Reconsidering the Enlightened State"
5258:
5256:
2824:
with Bohemian crystal glass was named in her honour and is known as the
2245:
eras, she found it difficult to fit into the intellectual sphere of the
695:
14094:
14032:
9300:
8065:
7968:
6056:
3351:
2821:
2512:
2423:
Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in
1944:
1511:
1261:
Engraved by Gustav Adolph Müller after Martin van Mytens, the Younger,
1177:
would be ceded to Bavaria, whose Elector would become emperor, whereas
1121:
930:
of France demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral
10034:
8566:
7891:
6234:
6183:
6171:
6119:
5514:
5502:
5190:
2682:
A number of her descendants were named in her honour. These include:
2474:; in the words of Frederick, "the more she cried, the more she took".
2403:
1891:
1698:
at the age of fifteen. In December 1762, her twelve-year-old daughter
1194:
14161:
14109:
14104:
13697:
13624:
9663:
8629:
6200:
6198:
5961:
5959:
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5253:
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2886:, an Austria-Czech television miniseries from 2017. In the 2006 film
2535:
It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the
2424:
2017:
1992:
1839:
1766:
1649:
1227:
1090:
to Maria Theresa was taken on the same day in the Ritterstube of the
1082:
The first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of
1071:
994:
660:
632:
all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime.
120:
8634:
5859:
5243:
5241:
5168:
5166:
2642:
2539:
attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. She suffered from
1686:
was a constant threat to members of the royal family. In July 1749,
1303:
Silesia, nor her grief over the soldiers she lost in wars with you.
12000:
8649:
7548:
7469:
6210:
6131:
6068:
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3143:
3104:(1738–1822), her second cousin, had issue (one stillborn daughter)
2839:
palace is named in her honour and a large state portrait of her by
2676:
2556:
2536:
2494:
2493:. Thus, in 1775, the Ottoman Empire ceded the northwestern part of
2320:
2262:
2225:
2133:
2052:
1996:
Confirmation of Serbian privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743
1683:
1383:
1366:
1326:
1218:
982:
927:
877:
778:
in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. In total,
604:
and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of
537:
7954:
7364:
The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740
7293:
Shylock's children: economics and Jewish identity in modern Europe
6195:
6044:
6032:
5956:
5538:
5526:
5398:
5226:
5127:
2784:
was founded by her in 1746 and is one of Austria's finest schools.
1489:
near Glatz in June 1760. Hungarian and Croat light hussars led by
1365:. France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but
13663:
13196:
Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
10813:
8664:
8644:
7296:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
7195:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
7150:
7145:
The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction
5238:
5214:
5163:
2903:
Years before, she appeared as a minor character in the 1938 film
2836:
2810:
2635:
2612:
2395:
issued (in another change of course) by Joseph II as sole ruler.
2356:
2238:
2205:
Maria Theresa is credited, however, in ending the witch hunts in
2199:
1940:
1936:
1867:
1395:
Frederick of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a
1206:
1178:
1091:
848:
723:
637:
596:
Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor
473:
12595:
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands
11777:
Maria Henrietta, Princess Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
11762:
Karoline Marie, Princess August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4073:
The eldest surviving daughters of Maria Theresa's children were
1447:, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa.
1419:, to negotiate an agreement with France, and the result was the
651:
Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor
8674:
7492:
Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art
7450:
7387:
7261:
7232:
7085:
6950:
6938:
Stadt Chronik Wien: 2000 Jahre in Daten, Dokumenten und Bildern
3316:
2242:
2206:
2121:
from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named
1294:
1282:
1022:
951:
742:, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor,
715:
699:
Painting of three-year-old Maria Theresa within the gardens of
277:
6306:
3965:, which she picked up from her servants and ladies-in-waiting.
13614:
8659:
8654:
7998:
6462:
5908:
5115:
2560:
2548:
2349:
2192:
could be used as a basis for legal unification. In 1769, the
2013:
1918:, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers.
1665:
1247:
852:
6591:"A Habsburg to Be Reckoned With: Two Books on Maria Theresa"
6085:
6083:
6005:
6003:
5870:
3350:
and Navarre. Had children but no grandchildren. Executed by
1580:. Five more children were born during the war: (the second)
718:, six months after the death of her elder brother, Archduke
706:
The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor
7384:
Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie
6546:
5780:
5672:
4999:
2854:
22nd Volunteer Cavalry Division 'Maria Theresa' (1943–1945)
2157:
2140:, which she had learned of through her correspondence with
1906:
1721:
In October 1767, Maria Theresa's sixteen-year-old daughter
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effectuated. Three years later, she prohibited the use of
2032:. Those reforms were initiated by royal patents, known as
1543:
Maria Theresa with her family, 1754, by Martin van Meytens
1242:
the Hungarian Diet on 11 September 1741 while wearing the
6474:
6440:
6438:
6398:
6396:
6381:
6347:
6345:
6270:
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6080:
6000:
5894:"What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler"
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5696:
5684:
5603:
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5081:
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2817:) in Bohemia was constructed in 1780 and named after her.
2749:
Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909)
2161:
12760:
Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate
7495:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
6425:
6423:
6022:
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2000:
The policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their
1453:
commanded the Austrian troops. Following the indecisive
1237:, now became her enemy, and George II declared the
14139:
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6522:
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4341:
4193:
4191:
2857:
The Maria Theresa Room is the most elegant room in the
1898:, Maria Theresa's eldest son and co-ruler, in 1775, by
714:, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in
12175:
6971:
Religion and the Enlightenment: from Descartes to Kant
6890:"Illyrian privileges and the Romanians from the Banat"
6510:
6435:
6393:
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6357:
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Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public
12428:
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7447:
Geschichte Österreichs: Kultur, Gesellschaft, Politik
6996:
Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe
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6015:
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5299:
5280:
4590:
4178:
4176:
2737:
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)
2477:
A few years after the partition, Russia defeated the
1694:. In January 1761, the disease killed her second son
946:. The couple were married on 12 February 1736 at the
9234:
During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title
7367:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
6814:
Joseph II: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780
6768:
6318:
5932:
5586:
5323:
5268:
4903:
4879:
4855:
4838:
4826:
4749:
4551:
4428:
4300:
4264:
4240:
4188:
4163:
4161:
2920:
1706:
died from the disease. Joseph's second wife Empress
13591:
12438:Generations are numbered by male-line descent from
7471:
Widowhood and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe
6758:"Maria Theresia: Eine Frau, die alles im Blick hat"
6534:
6148:
6146:
5347:
5151:
4602:
4452:
4416:
4392:
4368:
4353:
4146:
2672:was constructed in her memory as recently as 2013.
2379:identified with the program, which became known as
13110:Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
11696:Margarethe Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
9580:
9312:
7404:
7381:
7142:
7094:
6870:. Translated by Simpson, CA. New York: Routledge.
6638:"Modern Re-strikes: Maria Theresa Taler in Silver"
6240:
6216:
6204:
6189:
6177:
6137:
6125:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6038:
5977:
5965:
5544:
5532:
5520:
5508:
5404:
5262:
5247:
5232:
5220:
5196:
5184:
5172:
5145:
5133:
4512:
4252:
4173:
3998:. His only possessions within the Empire were the
774:, Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the
11767:Maria Christina, Hereditary Princess of Salm-Salm
7272:The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology
4158:
3054:died in childhood likely from smallpox, no issue
2501:) to Austria. Subsequently, on 30 December 1777,
2024:and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population.
1097:
446:Maximilian Francis, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
14505:Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
14391:
13180:Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
11631:Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria
6143:
2755:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)
2707:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia
2689:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)
12185:Generations start with the daughters-in-law of
7407:Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time
7346:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
1969:. In 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling
1805:
1680:along with the members of the imperial family.
301:Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
13500:Duchess Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
13441:
11651:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg and Büdingen
11090:
3778:Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen
2930:Her title after the death of her husband was:
1977:
14445:18th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
14322:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
14048:
13968:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
13577:
13427:
12755:Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine
12414:
12161:
11076:
10829:
10050:
9281:
8582:
7907:
3240:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria
2627:Oath of allegiance ceremony of cabinet II of
722:, and was baptised on that same evening. The
712:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
541:(in her own right). She was the sovereign of
499:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
13232:Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
12390:also a princess of Lorraine in her own right
11701:|Archduke Joseph August, Palatine of Hungary
7882:
6935:
6704:"300th Anniversary of Maria Theresa's Birth"
5876:
2125:, who founded the Viennese Medicine School (
1802:, her eldest granddaughter by Maria Amalia.
1415:with them. Subsequently, Maria Theresa sent
969:Maria Theresa in 1730, by Venetian painter,
11772:Maria Anna, Princess Elias of Bourbon-Parma
7192:A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918
2042:Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation
1988:Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation
1745:
1443:Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV,
910:Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their
14465:Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
14055:
14041:
13584:
13570:
13548:Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies
13434:
13420:
13089:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen
12421:
12407:
12168:
12154:
12025:Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
11187:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily
11083:
11069:
10998:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty:
10836:
10822:
10057:
10043:
9295:
9288:
9274:
8589:
8575:
7914:
7900:
6867:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700–1918
4223:"Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI"
4215:
2799:. The Austrian Mint continues to issue it.
2281:for future diplomats was created in 1754.
1754:The dowager empress with family, 1776, by
431:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily
47:
13261:Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio
12667:Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
12637:Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania
11843:Helena, Hereditary Duchess of Württemberg
11580:Archduke Joseph Karl, Palatine of Hungary
7430:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7275:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
7174:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7077:
7037:
6817:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6480:
6468:
6387:
6312:
6276:
6089:
6009:
5914:
5762:
5738:
5702:
5690:
5609:
5416:
5208:
5097:
5068:
5029:
5005:
4993:
4981:
4969:
4945:
4820:
4808:
4785:
4770:"Making Maria Theresia 'King' Of Hungary"
4731:
4719:
4707:
4632:
4545:
4506:
4494:
4446:
4410:
4347:
4282:
4209:
4140:
4108:
3346:(1754–1793) and became Marie Antoinette,
2743:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)
2503:Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria
2220:) in 1752 to clamp down on prostitution,
2089:financial bodies. She also refounded the
1814:Maria Theresa and her family celebrating
1485:in Brandenburg on 12 August 1759, and at
14062:
13147:Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg
13019:Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
12997:Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony
12081:Maria Carolina, Crown Princess of Saxony
11787:Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen
9174:
9089:
9055:
9021:
8984:
8939:
8905:
7360:
7013:
6944:
6860:
6588:
6528:
5666:
5636:
5568:
5109:
5085:
5056:
5041:
4957:
4933:
4921:
4897:
4873:
4743:
4695:
4683:
4656:
4644:
4620:
4533:
4323:
4033:
4020:
3966:
3102:Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen
2641:
2622:
2618:
2518:
2402:
2335:
2051:
1991:
1890:
1809:
1749:
1639:
1538:
1382:
1256:
1126:
1107:
1012:
964:
905:
824:
762:Maria Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as
694:
640:in the eight-year conflict known as the
464:Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina
436:Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este
339:
11535:Maria Teresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
10064:
8596:
7921:
7444:
7423:
7289:
7224:
7140:
7115:
6722:"Blog : Maria Theresa Chandeliers"
6576:
6564:
6552:
6504:
6414:
5994:
5798:
5786:
5750:
5726:
5678:
5496:
5481:
5365:
5341:
5017:
4671:
4061:
3804:Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
3313:Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa
2767:SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
2670:Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod)
2454:Joseph and Prince Kaunitz arranged the
1850:and emphasized their equal status with
1635:
1433:France's devastating defeats in the war
1017:Maria Theresa's procession through the
989:. The Turks reversed Austrian gains in
960:Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg
942:upon the death of childless Grand Duke
728:Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg
690:
14:
14392:
14022:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
13476:Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria
13077:Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria
13039:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
12959:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria
11585:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
11223:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria
7339:
7310:
7249:
7167:
7119:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840
6992:
6921:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62.
6914:
6884:
6831:
6810:
6774:
6516:
6444:
6429:
6402:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6336:
6300:
6288:
6228:
6113:
6101:
6026:
5950:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5714:
5651:
5624:
5580:
5556:
5433:
5392:
5305:
5293:
4909:
4861:
4608:
4596:
4584:
4560:
4518:
4386:
4306:
4246:
4197:
4152:
4003:
3982:
3949:
3757:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3515:
3405:
3401:
3113:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
3090:Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria
3006:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria
2079:Directorium in publicis et cameralibus
1042:; the treasury contained only 100,000
343:
14036:
13565:
13492:Princess Marguerite Louise of Orléans
13415:
13389:also an infanta of Spain and Portugal
13285:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg
13186:Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm
12941:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria
12765:Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress
12493:Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway
12487:Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France
12402:
12149:
11979:
11947:Great-great-great-great-grandchildren
11918:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg
11570:Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary
11474:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria
11464:Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria
11402:
11330:
11192:Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este
11102:
11064:
10817:
10038:
9917:
9579:
9311:
9269:
8570:
7895:
7530:Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria
7488:
7467:
7268:
7253:Maria Theresa – The Last Conservative
7209:
7092:
7058:
6967:
6656:"What are Maria Theresa Chandeliers?"
6589:Mitchell, A. Wess (28 January 2022).
6540:
6492:
6456:
6264:
6252:
5926:
5857:
5774:
5597:
5469:
5445:
5377:
5353:
5317:
5274:
5157:
5121:
4885:
4849:
4832:
4767:
4755:
4572:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4434:
4422:
4398:
4374:
4362:
4335:
4294:
4270:
4258:
4182:
4167:
4047:
3901:List of people with the most children
3833:
3823:
3819:
3807:
3801:
3791:
3775:
3765:
3761:
3745:
3739:
3729:
3716:Elisabeth Juliane of Holstein-Norburg
3713:
3703:
3699:
3687:
3681:
3671:
3655:
3645:
3641:
3617:
3607:
3591:
3581:
3577:
3565:
3559:
3549:
3533:
3523:
3519:
3503:
3497:
3487:
3471:
3461:
3457:
3445:
3439:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3278:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
3221:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
3044:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
2407:Maria Theresa as a widow in 1773, by
2040:(1777), and finalized in 1779 by the
13508:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
13348:Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine
13279:Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil
13191:Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma
12744:Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress
12722:Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress
12544:Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
12373:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
12336:Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland
11469:Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
11454:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8555:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
7405:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2022).
7382:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2017).
7188:
6910:from the original on 2 January 2019.
6626:from the original on 4 October 2023.
6324:
5938:
5810:
5457:
5329:
3363:Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria
3332:Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
3259:Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
2925:
2731:Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)
2719:Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)
2695:Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)
2209:, opposing the methods used against
1459:Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine
1197:to Prussia, and the entire Austrian
14440:18th-century Austrian women writers
13532:Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony
13524:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily
13353:Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
13322:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
13157:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
13083:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani
13055:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón
13049:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord
12987:Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil
12982:Marie Louise, Empress of the French
12871:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
12781:Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
12499:Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia
12066:Maria Leopoldina, Queen of Portugal
12035:Duchess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria
11782:Isabella, Princess Georg of Bavaria
11671:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen
11641:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
11636:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani
11279:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón
11264:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord
11147:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
7829:Duchess consort of Lorraine and Bar
6740:"History and Styles of Chandeliers"
5882:
3836:Christine Friederike of Württemberg
3594:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
3155:Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria
1372:
1246:. She began addressing the Diet in
883:Leopold Clement's younger brother,
391:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
24:
14430:18th-century German letter writers
14347:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
13993:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
13105:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
12965:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria
12601:Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy
12177:Princesses of Lorraine by marriage
12015:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
11691:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
11540:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
11248:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria
11177:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela
10853:
10843:
7474:. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.
7427:Toleration in Enlightenment Europe
7101:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press.
6947:The War of the Austrian Succession
4083:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
3132:Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria
2971:found on the Maria Theresa Thaler
2701:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
2142:Maria Antonia, Electress of Saxony
1560:, the eldest surviving child, and
934:to accommodate his father-in-law,
25:
14566:
14535:Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria
14500:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
14415:18th-century archdukes of Austria
13317:Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg
13216:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski
12717:Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua
12440:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
12430:Austrian archduchesses by descent
11807:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryska
11520:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
11494:Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
11459:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
11366:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria
10704:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets
7511:
5858:Balog, Zdenko (1 February 2017).
3980:No renunciation, no archduchess."
3658:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick
3416:Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
3290:Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily
3077:(1741–1763), married 2) Princess
2921:Titles, styles, honours, and arms
2896:portrayed Maria Theresa opposite
2764:The Imperial and Royal Navy ship
2725:Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879)
2634:in the Maria Theresa Room of the
2586:died out and was replaced by the
2195:Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana
1481:in Saxony on 14 October 1758, at
1417:Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg
360:
14420:18th-century monarchs of Bohemia
14370:
14369:
14237:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
14138:
13848:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
13763:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
13291:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
13013:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia
12953:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia
12827:Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
12707:Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
12579:Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
12274:Catherine Henriette de Bourbon,
12005:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg
11923:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
11732:Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony
11311:
9964:
9662:
9404:
8889:
8205:
7865:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany
7290:Penslar, Derek Jonathan (2001).
7171:The Habsburg monarchy, 1618–1815
7023:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
6936:Brandstätter, Christian (1986).
6780:
6750:
6732:
6714:
6696:
6678:
6662:. 27 August 2020. Archived from
6648:
6630:
6608:
6582:
5851:
5811:Kern, Edmund M. (January 1999).
5804:
4114:
3742:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick
3684:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick
3536:Philip William, Elector Palatine
2957:
2950:
2913:, in which she was portrayed by
2861:, the official residence of the
2835:) in the Leopoldine Wing of the
2806:was named in her honour in 1890.
2179:Prussian ambassador's letter to
2063:
1905:Maria Theresa regarded both the
1628:. She delivered her last child,
1308:Prussian ambassador's letter to
1144:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
958:problem of their marriage, with
858:Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard
665:Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg
518:
222:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany
27:Habsburg ruler from 1740 to 1780
14332:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
14012:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
13593:Queens and empresses of Germany
13168:Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony
13115:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria
13100:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
12992:Clementina, Princess of Salerno
12929:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony
12901:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples
12837:Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine
12712:Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland
12122:Archduchess Maria Anna Karolina
12071:Clementina, Princess of Salerno
11831:Great-great-great-grandchildren
11676:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
11575:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska
11530:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia
11444:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony
11295:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria
11218:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia
7250:Morris, Constance Lily (1937).
7210:Mahan, Jabez Alexander (1932).
7153:: University of Chicago Press.
7063:. London: David & Charles.
6978:: Westminster John Knox Press.
5892:Krämer, Klaus (15 March 2017).
4761:
4096:
4067:
4053:
4039:
4026:
4009:
3988:
3972:
3955:
3918:
3344:Louis XVI of France and Navarre
3323:). Duke of Breisgau from 1803.
2775:Military Order of Maria Theresa
2485:. Following the signing of the
2136:epidemic of 1767, she promoted
2038:Regulamentum Illyricae Nationis
1547:
1291:Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller
895:and her sister, Maria Anna, to
891:. In 1725, he betrothed her to
335:
14540:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
14359:For Empresses after 1806, see
14317:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
14202:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
14017:Victoria of the United Kingdom
13963:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
13484:Princess Vittoria della Rovere
13468:Princess Christina of Lorraine
13237:Helena, Duchess of Württemberg
12907:Maria Antonia, Queen of France
12883:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma
12822:Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland
12738:Maria Theresa, Queen of France
12695:Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress
12341:Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans
12292:Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse
12282:Marguerite-Philippe du Cambout
12056:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
12051:Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth
11980:
11449:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
11403:
11274:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor
11233:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph
11197:Maria Antonia, Queen of France
11167:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
11162:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma
7757:Queen of Galicia and Lodomeria
7409:. Princeton University Press.
7361:Spielman, John Philip (1993).
7126:: Princeton University Press.
3500:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
2969:Coat of arms of Maria Theresa,
2847:ceremonies of a newly elected
2508:War of the Bavarian Succession
2117:After Maria Theresa recruited
2070:Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz
1950:
1602:War of the Austrian Succession
1534:
1104:War of the Austrian Succession
1098:War of the Austrian Succession
979:Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine
962:, as his best-known mistress.
829:Archduchess Maria Theresa, by
669:Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz
655:, and her eldest son, Emperor
642:War of the Austrian Succession
489:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
441:Maria Antonia, Queen of France
411:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
406:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma
32:Maria Theresa (disambiguation)
13:
1:
14460:Burials at the Imperial Crypt
14435:18th-century Austrian writers
14312:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
13958:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
13540:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony
13454:Archduchess Joanna of Austria
13296:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg
12791:Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal
12455:Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria
12357:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
12259:Princess Catherine of Navarre
12217:Princess Christina of Denmark
11928:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg
11331:
11142:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
8689:
7822:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
4087:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este
3906:
3562:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
3442:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
3374:Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
3315:, heiress of Breisgau and of
3301:Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
3178:Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II
2966:Coat of arms of Maria Theresa
2656:in the Maria Theresa Room of
2483:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
2398:
2309:
1501:in 1757. After the defeat in
851:. Contemporaries thought her
845:Hungarian coronation ceremony
820:Diet of the Holy Roman Empire
732:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
614:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
386:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
324:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
14525:Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia
14307:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
13953:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
13516:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain
13243:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg
13201:Princess Isabella of Bavaria
12528:Joanna, Princess of Portugal
12505:Catherine, Queen of Portugal
12319:Claude-Françoise of Lorraine
11908:Archduke Franz Karl Salvator
11848:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg
11428:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain
10720:Maximilian I the Last Knight
10623:Maximilian I the Last Knight
10374:Maximilian I the Last Knight
10170:Frederick II the Quarrelsome
9256:from the Wittelsbach dynasty
7078:Goldsmith, Margaret (1936).
6835:A Concise History of Austria
5571:, pp. 166–167, 196–197.
4128:
3911:
3896:Kings of Hungary family tree
3891:Kings of Bohemia family tree
3196:from 1765 (abdicated 1790),
3063:Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
3016:died in childhood, no issue
2255:
1806:Religious views and policies
1668:. Maria Theresa's physician
1457:in 1756, he was replaced by
1413:Treaty of Westminster (1756)
1297:, Charles Albert's capital.
1112:Maria Theresa being crowned
1040:War of the Polish Succession
1008:
924:War of the Polish Succession
616:. Moreover, upon his death,
610:War of the Polish Succession
7:
14550:Mothers of Italian monarchs
14510:People of the Silesian Wars
14450:18th-century dukes of Parma
14425:18th-century queens regnant
14292:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
14227:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
14162:Theophanu of Constantinople
13938:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
13913:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
13823:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
13044:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
12569:Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara
11590:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
11202:Archduke Maximilian Francis
11152:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth
11127:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth
10567:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola
7059:Duffy, Christopher (1977).
3884:
3382:
3269:died of smallpox, no issue
3250:died of smallpox, no issue
2869:
2112:
2030:Metropolitanate of Karlovci
2010:Eastern Orthodox Christians
1984:Metropolitanate of Karlovci
1978:Eastern Orthodox Christians
1846:Maria Theresa promoted the
1820:Archduchess Maria Christina
1512:George III of Great Britain
1440:Second Treaty of Versailles
1403:. Maria Theresa and Prince
874:Leopold Clement of Lorraine
867:
396:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth
371:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth
240:Duchess consort of Lorraine
10:
14571:
14545:Mothers of German monarchs
14495:Grand duchesses of Tuscany
14365:the corresponding template
14207:Constance, Queen of Sicily
14105:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
13768:Constance, Queen of Sicily
13443:Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
13395:also a princess of Tuscany
13343:Walburga, Countess Douglas
13211:Renata, Princess Radziwill
13137:Princess Gisela of Bavaria
12750:Maria Anna, Queen of Spain
12662:Constance, Queen of Poland
12612:Elisabeth, Queen of France
12559:Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua
12554:Catherine, Queen of Poland
12534:Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
12471:Margaret, Duchess of Savoy
11797:Renata, Princess Radziwiłł
11727:Archduke Leopold Ferdinand
11706:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp
11555:Archduchess Maria Karoline
11356:Princess Isabella of Parma
11228:Francis IV, Duke of Modena
11172:Archduchess Maria Carolina
11137:Archduchess Maria Karolina
11092:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
10358:Ladislaus I the Posthumous
9868:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
8506:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
8203:
7886:Links to related articles
7168:Ingrao, Charles W (2000).
7141:Hopkins, Donald R (2002).
7044:. New York: Viking Press.
7038:Crankshaw, Edward (1970).
6844:Cambridge University Press
6803:
6726:Classicalchandeliers.co.uk
4768:Varga, Benedek M. (2020).
4002:and County of Falkenstein.
3751:
3635:
3509:
3403:
3391:Ancestors of Maria Theresa
2588:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
2340:Maria Theresa depicted on
2331:
2271:Theresian Military Academy
2127:Wiener Medizinische Schule
2056:Maria Theresa in 1762, by
2047:
2034:Regulamentum privilegiorum
1981:
1866:Her relationship with the
1861:
1800:Princess Carolina of Parma
1421:First Treaty of Versailles
1376:
1355:Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle
1101:
768:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
602:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
416:Archduchess Maria Carolina
381:Archduchess Maria Carolina
29:
14480:Queens regnant of Hungary
14355:
14302:Margaret Theresa of Spain
14147:
14136:
14070:
14001:
13948:Margaret Theresa of Spain
13677:
13638:
13599:
13449:
13401:also a princess of Modena
13377:
13361:
13330:
13304:
13224:
13124:
13064:
12974:
12916:
12845:
12814:
12773:
12730:
12675:
12587:
12522:Maria, Holy Roman Empress
12514:
12479:
12463:
12447:
12436:
12386:
12365:
12349:
12328:
12300:
12251:
12238:Princess Claude of France
12230:
12209:
12193:
12183:
12107:Franz Joseph I of Austria
12099:
12043:
11992:
11988:
11975:
11946:
11878:Archduchess Maria Antonia
11830:
11752:Archduke Leopold Salvator
11747:Archduchess Maria Theresa
11737:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand
11715:Great-great-grandchildren
11714:
11623:
11610:Archduke Rainer Ferdinand
11512:
11436:
11415:
11411:
11398:
11382:Archduchess Maria Theresa
11374:
11343:
11339:
11326:
11309:
11288:Great-great-grandchildren
11287:
11269:Francis V, Duke of Modena
11256:
11210:
11182:Archduchess Maria Josepha
11119:
11115:
11098:
11051:
10996:
10851:
10666:
10561:
10226:
10181:
10082:Leopold I the Illustrious
10072:
9973:
9962:
9931:
9927:
9920:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
9913:
9866:
9835:
9812:
9789:
9719:
9671:
9660:
9593:
9589:
9575:
9504:
9459:
9436:
9413:
9402:
9327:Elder House of Luxembourg
9325:
9321:
9307:
9221:
9165:
9080:
9046:
9014:
8975:
8930:
8898:
8887:
8849:
8688:
8617:
8608:
8553:
8504:
8421:
8396:
8371:
8352:
8333:
8308:
8289:
8252:
8233:
8214:
8046:
7947:
7938:
7929:
7871:
7862:
7852:
7845:
7835:
7826:
7813:
7806:
7796:
7785:
7772:
7765:
7754:
7750:First Partition of Poland
7743:
7713:
7705:
7695:
7624:
7614:
7601:
7582:
7574:
7569:
7542:
7325:10.1017/s0008938900015478
7093:Himka, John-Paul (1999).
6616:"The History of Subotica"
5829:10.1017/S006723780001599X
5817:Austrian History Yearbook
5187:, pp. 507, 935 n193.
4787:10.1017/S0018246X20000151
3930:Margaret Theresa of Spain
3821:
3813:
3785:
3763:
3759:
3723:
3701:
3693:
3665:
3643:
3639:
3601:
3579:
3571:
3543:
3521:
3517:
3481:
3459:
3451:
3423:
3407:
3123:died unmarried, no issue
3035:died unmarried, no issue
2593:
2456:First Partition of Poland
2287:Johann Ignaz von Felbiger
752:Mutual Pact of Succession
514:
504:
494:
484:
472:
463:
458:
454:
426:Archduchess Maria Josepha
421:Archduchess Maria Johanna
353:
317:
305:
291:
264:
260:
249:
238:
227:
220:
210:
200:
190:
179:
157:
147:
137:
126:
116:
108:
98:
87:
80:
69:
62:
46:
41:
14490:Austrian Roman Catholics
14337:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
13983:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
13793:Isabella II of Jerusalem
13383:also an infanta of Spain
12657:Margaret, Queen of Spain
12627:Anna, Holy Roman Empress
12539:Anna, Duchess of Bavaria
11913:Archduke Hubert Salvator
11742:Archduke Peter Ferdinand
11681:Archduke Charles Stephen
11661:Archduke Johann Salvator
11656:Archduke Ludwig Salvator
11484:Archduchess Maria Amalia
10607:Frederick V the Peaceful
10366:Frederick V the Peaceful
10154:Frederick I the Catholic
9975:House of Nassau-Weilburg
9673:House of Valois-Burgundy
9002:Ladislaus the Posthumous
7800:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
7591:
7313:Central European History
7213:Maria Theresa of Austria
7081:Maria Theresa of Austria
5860:"Magda Logomer Herucina"
5124:, pp. 266–271, 313.
4079:Maria Theresa of Tuscany
4075:Maria Theresa of Austria
3620:Maria Theresa of Austria
3192:(1745–1792), had issue.
3169:(1751–1802), had issue.
3167:Ferdinand, Duke of Parma
3079:Marie Josepha of Bavaria
2977:
2831:The Maria Theresa Room (
2611:(such as her support of
2487:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1826:Like all members of the
1746:Dynastic marriage policy
1263:Maria Theresa of Austria
1185:would be granted to the
1133:Queen Regnant of Hungary
1114:Queen Regnant of Hungary
1029:before receiving homage.
750:, had his sons sign the
587:Grand Duchess of Tuscany
14455:Antisemitism in Austria
14327:Maria Amalia of Austria
14167:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
13893:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
13703:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
11822:Archduke Joseph Francis
11757:Archduke Franz Salvator
11615:Archduke Heinrich Anton
11595:Archduke Leopold Ludwig
11545:Archduke Karl Ferdinand
11525:Archduchess Maria Luisa
11157:Archduke Charles Joseph
10162:Leopold VI the Glorious
10098:Adalbert the Victorious
8850:1198–1306 (Kings)
8254:Capetian House of Anjou
7781:Maria Amalia of Austria
7489:Yonan, Michael (2011).
7445:Vocelka, Karl (2009) .
7269:Patai, Raphael (1996).
7225:Mitford, Nancy (1970).
6999:. London: I.B. Tauris.
6968:Byrne, James M (1997).
6945:Browning, Reed (1994).
6940:. Kremayr und Scheriau.
6832:Beller, Steven (2006).
6241:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6217:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6205:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6190:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6178:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6158:Encyclopædia Britannica
6138:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6126:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6075:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6063:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6051:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
6039:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5978:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5966:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5545:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5533:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5521:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5509:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5405:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5263:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5248:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5233:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5221:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5197:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5185:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5173:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5146:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
5134:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017
4227:Encyclopædia Britannica
4091:Marie Thérèse of France
3292:(1751–1825); had issue
3075:Isabella Maria of Parma
2942:
2859:Sándor Palace, Budapest
2713:Marie Thérèse of France
2529:Capuchin Church, Vienna
2497:(subsequently known as
2464:Frederick II of Prussia
2441:Leopold Joseph von Daun
2181:Frederick II of Prussia
1960:, including 2,600 from
1886:
1646:Franz Anton Maulbertsch
1471:Ernst Gideon von Laudon
1463:Leopold Joseph von Daun
1151:Frederick II of Prussia
1027:St. Stephen's Cathedral
944:Gian Gastone de' Medici
634:Frederick II of Prussia
581:. By marriage, she was
401:Archduke Charles Joseph
14247:Elizabeth of Pomerania
14120:Anna of Constantinople
14110:Ageltrude of Benevento
13883:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
13868:Elizabeth of Pomerania
13828:Elisabeth of Carinthia
13267:Princess Maria Antonia
12127:Archduke Ludwig Viktor
12112:Maximilian I of Mexico
12091:Archduchess Maria Anna
12061:Ferdinand I of Austria
11863:Archduchess Margaretha
11858:Archduchess Immaculata
11802:Archduke Karl Albrecht
11646:Archduke Karl Salvator
11560:Archduke Wilhelm Franz
11053:* denotes titular Duke
10858:
10615:Albert VI the Prodigal
10334:Albert III the Pigtail
10280:Leopold I the Glorious
10256:Rudolf II the Debonair
10146:Leopold V the Virtuous
9933:House of Orange-Nassau
9755:Isabella Clara Eugenia
8692:870–1198 (Dukes)
8276:(1382–1385; 1386–1395)
8062:(1038–1041; 1044–1046)
7788:Empress consort of the
7635:Archduchess of Austria
7523:Catholic Encyclopaedia
7116:Holborn, Hajo (1982).
6993:Beales, Derek (2005).
6811:Beales, Derek (1987).
4774:The Historical Journal
4093:(by Marie Antoinette).
3025:Archduchess Maria Anna
2940:
2833:Maria-Theresien-Zimmer
2770:was laid down in 1891.
2661:
2639:
2632:Alexander Schallenberg
2605:enlightened absolutism
2559:. She later developed
2532:
2468:Catherine II of Russia
2420:
2344:
2176:
2167:
2060:
1997:
1902:
1883:suppressed the order.
1830:, Maria Theresa was a
1823:
1758:
1732:Ferdinand IV of Naples
1653:
1544:
1516:Treaty of Hubertusburg
1399:and sparked the wider
1392:
1305:
1266:
1235:Augustus III of Poland
1224:St. Martin's Cathedral
1135:
1124:
1118:St. Martin's Cathedral
1035:Prince Eugene of Savoy
1030:
974:
940:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
919:
833:
703:
606:Prince Eugene of Savoy
376:Archduchess Maria Anna
162:Archduchess of Austria
14515:Daughters of emperors
14262:Bianca Maria of Milan
14080:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
13813:Gertrude of Hohenberg
13659:Matilda of Ringelheim
13462:Donna Bianca Cappello
12683:Anna, Queen of France
12632:Anna, Queen of Poland
12378:Marie Louise de Rohan
12201:Antoinette of Bourbon
12076:Archduke Joseph Franz
11933:Archduke Joseph Árpád
11479:Archduke Anton Victor
10857:
10696:William the Courteous
10680:Rudolf IV the Founder
10583:William the Courteous
10342:Albert IV the Patient
10318:Rudolf IV the Founder
10215:Ottokar II of Bohemia
10191:Vladislaus of Moravia
9438:House of Hohenstaufen
8640:Přemysl the Ploughman
7340:Roider, Karl (1973).
7189:Kann, Robert (1980).
6708:Lightingcompany.co.uk
4085:(by Maria Carolina),
3474:Maria Anna of Austria
3194:Grand Duke of Tuscany
2932:
2849:government of Austria
2809:The garrison town of
2666:Maria-Theresien-Platz
2645:
2626:
2619:Memorials and honours
2522:
2472:Galicia and Lodomeria
2406:
2393:Serfdom Patent (1781)
2339:
2218:Keuschheitskommission
2172:
2055:
1995:
1982:Further information:
1894:
1813:
1753:
1643:
1542:
1527:in Madrid, Parma and
1467:Franz Moritz von Lacy
1451:Maximilian von Browne
1425:Diplomatic Revolution
1386:
1300:
1285:and declared himself
1260:
1244:Holy Crown of Hungary
1239:Electorate of Hanover
1131:Maria Theresa as the
1130:
1111:
1016:
968:
909:
828:
698:
571:Galicia and Lodomeria
14475:Holy Roman Empresses
14470:Nobility from Vienna
14361:Empresses of Austria
14267:Isabella of Portugal
14197:Richenza of Northeim
14100:Richilde of Provence
14064:Holy Roman Empresses
13988:Maria Luisa of Spain
13908:Isabella of Portugal
13863:Anna von Schweidnitz
13818:Isabella of Burgundy
13808:Elisabeth of Bavaria
13753:Gertrude of Sulzbach
13743:Richenza of Northeim
12647:Gregoria Maximiliana
12617:Margaret (1567–1633)
12607:Anna, Queen of Spain
12117:Archduke Karl Ludwig
11893:Archduke Franz Josef
11792:Archduchess Eleonora
11666:Archduchess Mathilda
10688:Leopold III the Just
10575:Leopold III the Just
10326:Leopold III the Just
10272:Frederick I the Fair
10218:(claimant 1251–1278)
10210:(claimant 1250–1268)
10207:Frederick I of Baden
10202:(claimant 1248–1250)
10194:(claimant 1246–1247)
10138:Henry II Jasomirgott
10130:Leopold the Generous
10122:Leopold III the Good
9814:House of Wittelsbach
8913:Henry the Carinthian
8841:Vladislaus III Henry
8235:House of Wittelsbach
7875:Maria Luisa of Spain
7856:Anna Maria Franziska
7661:Countess of Flanders
7088:: Arthur Barker Ltd.
6642:Muenzeoesterreich.at
6315:, pp. 268, 271.
6065:, pp. 712–714..
5199:, pp. 497, 508.
4017:Major General Borcke
3190:Maria Luisa of Spain
3073:married 1) Princess
2863:President of Hungary
2789:Maria Theresa thaler
2376:Franz Anton von Raab
2058:Jean-Étienne Liotard
1971:Moravian Protestants
1877:Apostolicum pascendi
1836:religious toleration
1636:Illnesses and deaths
1339:Austrian Netherlands
1205:joined Frederick at
1187:Electorate of Saxony
889:Frederick of Prussia
726:empresses, her aunt
691:Birth and early life
575:Austrian Netherlands
342:; died
282:Archduchy of Austria
73:13 September 1745 –
30:For other uses, see
14530:Monarchs of Croatia
14485:Austrian princesses
14287:Maria Anna of Spain
14257:Eleanor of Portugal
14232:Isabella of England
14222:Constance of Aragon
14095:Engelberga of Parma
14090:Ermengarde of Tours
13933:Maria Anna of Spain
13903:Bianca Maria Sforza
13898:Eleanor of Portugal
13838:Beatrice of Silesia
13833:Margaret of Brabant
13798:Isabella of England
13788:Margaret of Austria
13783:Constance of Aragon
13758:Adelaide of Vohburg
13748:Gertrude of Comburg
13733:Constance of Sicily
13713:Gunhilda of Denmark
13654:Cunigunde of Swabia
13606:Carolingian dynasty
13034:Elisabeth Franziska
12652:Eleanor (1582–1620)
12314:Béatrice de Cusance
12276:Légitimée de France
12243:Catherine of Cleves
12086:Archduke Franz Karl
11888:Archduchess Assunta
11853:Archduchess Dolores
11624:Great-grandchildren
11257:Great-grandchildren
11238:Archduke Maximilian
10264:Rudolf III the Good
10114:Leopold II the Fair
10066:Monarchs of Austria
9314:County of Luxemburg
9245:Wittelsbach dynasty
8739:Boleslaus the Brave
8291:House of Luxembourg
7923:Monarchs of Hungary
7839:Catherine Opalińska
7709:Emperor Charles VII
7595:Emperor Charles VII
7235:: Hamish Hamilton.
7228:Frederick the Great
6762:Bundespraesident.at
6555:, pp. 154–155.
6471:, pp. 336–338.
6255:, pp. 116–117.
6243:, pp. 740–742.
6192:, pp. 731–733.
6180:, pp. 726–731.
6128:, pp. 726–728.
5917:, pp. 167–168.
5789:, pp. 157–158.
5681:, pp. 221–222.
5583:, pp. 243–258.
5523:, pp. 647–666.
5511:, pp. 644–647.
5460:, pp. 189–190.
5265:, pp. 504–515.
5148:, pp. 306–310.
4587:, pp. 182–183.
4575:, pp. 145–146.
4485:, pp. 262–263.
4473:, pp. 261–262.
4089:(by Ferdinand) and
3996:Peace of Westphalia
3231:died during birth.
3202:Archduke of Austria
2936:by the Grace of God
2900:in the title role.
2647:Hungarian President
2629:Austrian chancellor
2580:Frederick the Great
2578:Her longtime rival
2541:shortness of breath
1779:court of Versailles
1438:On 1 May 1757, the
1335:Second Silesian War
1323:St. Vitus Cathedral
1310:Frederick the Great
1275:Bohemian chancellor
1203:Marshall Belle-Isle
1052:Political Testament
583:Duchess of Lorraine
253:12 February 1736 –
14297:Eleonora of Mantua
14282:Eleonora of Mantua
14212:Beatrice of Swabia
14192:Matilda of England
14072:Carolingian Empire
13843:Isabella of Aragon
13778:Beatrice of Swabia
13738:Matilda of England
13679:Kingdom of Germany
13645:Kingdom of Germany
13620:Liutgard of Saxony
12308:Nicole de Lorraine
12264:Margherita Gonzaga
11898:Archduke Karl Pius
11838:Archduke Gottfried
11605:Archduke Sigismund
11550:Archduke Friedrich
10859:
10712:Sigismund the Rich
10591:Leopold IV the Fat
10288:Albert II the Wise
10199:Herman VI of Baden
10090:Henry I the Strong
10074:House of Babenberg
9582:Duchy of Luxemburg
8785:Svatopluk the Lion
8373:House of Jagiellon
8335:House of Jagiellon
7818:Title last held by
7777:Title last held by
7639:Duchess of Brabant
7578:Emperor Charles VI
7264:: Alfred A. Knopf.
5008:, pp. 99–100.
4659:, pp. 42, 44.
3946:Mariana of Austria
3942:Philip IV of Spain
3934:Philip II of Spain
3198:Holy Roman Emperor
2894:Marianne Faithfull
2845:oath of allegiance
2841:Martin van Meytens
2662:
2652:with US President
2640:
2533:
2421:
2345:
2146:Gerard van Swieten
2119:Gerard van Swieten
2061:
1998:
1903:
1824:
1759:
1670:Gerard van Swieten
1654:
1630:Maximilian Francis
1545:
1455:Battle of Lobositz
1397:Third Silesian War
1393:
1267:
1171:Battle of Mollwitz
1160:First Silesian War
1136:
1125:
1064:imperial elections
1060:Holy Roman Empress
1031:
1003:Treaty of Belgrade
975:
948:Augustinian Church
920:
916:Martin van Meytens
834:
704:
673:Gerard van Swieten
591:Holy Roman Empress
533:Habsburg dominions
183:20 October 1740 –
130:20 October 1740 –
64:Holy Roman Empress
55:Martin van Meytens
14388:
14387:
14383:
14382:
14342:Ludovica of Spain
14157:Adelaide of Italy
14149:Holy Roman Empire
14085:Judith of Bavaria
14030:
14029:
13878:Sophia of Bavaria
13873:Joanna of Bavaria
13853:Blanche of Valois
13693:Adelaide of Italy
13684:Holy Roman Empire
13669:Adelaide of Italy
13559:
13558:
13409:
13408:
12622:Maria (1584–1649)
12396:
12395:
12269:Christina of Salm
12143:
12142:
12139:
12138:
12135:
12134:
11971:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11812:Archduke Leo Karl
11394:
11393:
11390:
11389:
11320:Holy Roman Empire
11307:
11306:
11303:
11302:
11058:
11057:
10989: (1854–1859)
10965: (1808-1814)
10964:
10951: (1808-1814)
10950:
10937: (1765–1802)
10901: (1694–1727)
10883: (1592–1622)
10811:
10810:
10804:
10796:
10792:Sigismund Francis
10788:
10784:Ferdinand Charles
10780:
10772:
10764:
10756:
10748:
10740:
10732:
10724:
10716:
10708:
10700:
10692:
10684:
10673:
10668:House of Habsburg
10659:
10651:
10643:
10635:
10627:
10619:
10611:
10603:
10595:
10587:
10579:
10568:
10563:House of Habsburg
10554:
10546:
10538:
10530:
10522:
10514:
10506:
10502:Francis I Stephen
10498:
10490:
10482:
10474:
10473:(1657, 1665–1705)
10466:
10462:Sigismund Francis
10458:
10454:Ferdinand Charles
10450:
10442:
10434:
10433:(1590, 1619–1637)
10426:
10418:
10410:
10402:
10394:
10386:
10378:
10370:
10362:
10354:
10346:
10338:
10330:
10322:
10314:
10306:
10300:
10292:
10284:
10276:
10268:
10260:
10252:
10244:
10233:
10228:House of Habsburg
10219:
10211:
10203:
10195:
10174:
10166:
10158:
10150:
10142:
10134:
10126:
10118:
10110:
10102:
10094:
10086:
10032:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10023:
9909:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9898:
9890:
9882:
9859:
9851:
9837:House of Habsburg
9828:
9805:
9782:
9774:
9766:
9759:
9751:
9743:
9735:
9721:House of Habsburg
9712:
9703:
9695:
9687:
9655:
9647:
9636:
9625:
9617:
9609:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9560:
9552:
9544:
9536:
9528:
9520:
9497:
9489:
9478:
9452:
9429:
9397:
9389:
9381:
9373:
9365:
9357:
9349:
9341:
9263:
9262:
9217:
9216:
9167:Habsburg-Lorraine
9161:
9160:
9076:
9075:
9042:
9041:
9010:
9009:
8971:
8970:
8926:
8925:
8885:
8884:
8564:
8563:
8471:
8423:House of Habsburg
8310:House of Habsburg
8201:
8200:
8144:
8136:
7881:
7880:
7872:Succeeded by
7858:of Saxe-Lauenburg
7836:Succeeded by
7797:Succeeded by
7790:Holy Roman Empire
7699:Emperor Joseph II
7696:Succeeded by
7615:Succeeded by
7592:Succeeded by
7549:House of Habsburg
5877:Brandstätter 1986
5753:, pp. 64–65.
5559:, pp. 51–62.
5484:, pp. 32–33.
5044:, pp. 80–82.
4972:, pp. 96–97.
4698:, pp. 52–53.
4509:, pp. 25–26.
4389:, pp. 25–26.
4338:, pp. 24–25.
4297:, pp. 21–22.
4285:, pp. 19–21.
3952:, pp. 20–21.
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3380:
3379:
3228:17 September 1748
3225:17 September 1748
3120:22 September 1808
2975:
2974:
2926:Titles and styles
2584:House of Habsburg
2316:Nathaniel Wraxall
2190:Codex Theresianus
2150:Schönbrunn Palace
2028:Serbian Orthodox
2006:Habsburg monarchy
1873:Pope Clement XIII
1828:House of Habsburg
1771:Dauphin of France
1596:and (the second)
1350:Treaty of Dresden
1318:Treaty of Breslau
1265:, 1742, engraving
1167:Marshall Neipperg
987:Russo-Turkish War
932:Duchy of Lorraine
912:wedding breakfast
901:Elisabeth Farnese
756:House of Habsburg
526:
525:
468:
467:
286:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
14562:
14373:
14372:
14252:Barbara of Cilli
14242:Anna of Świdnica
14217:Maria of Brabant
14187:Eupraxia of Kiev
14172:Gisela of Swabia
14142:
14141:
14130:Anna of Provence
14125:Bertila of Parma
14057:
14050:
14043:
14034:
14033:
13943:Eleonora Gonzaga
13928:Eleonora Gonzaga
13918:Maria of Austria
13888:Barbara of Cilli
13728:Eupraxia of Kiev
13708:Gisela of Swabia
13586:
13579:
13572:
13563:
13562:
13436:
13429:
13422:
13413:
13412:
13255:Maria Inmaculata
13162:Maria Antonietta
13152:Maria Annunciata
12642:Catherine Renata
12423:
12416:
12409:
12400:
12399:
12170:
12163:
12156:
12147:
12146:
11990:
11989:
11977:
11976:
11954:Archduke Dominic
11873:Archduke Leopold
11817:Archduke Wilhelm
11413:
11412:
11400:
11399:
11341:
11340:
11328:
11327:
11315:
11117:
11116:
11100:
11099:
11085:
11078:
11071:
11062:
11061:
11045:* (2010–present)
10958:
10944:
10838:
10831:
10824:
10815:
10814:
10802:
10794:
10786:
10778:
10770:
10762:
10754:
10746:
10738:
10730:
10722:
10714:
10706:
10698:
10690:
10682:
10671:
10657:
10649:
10641:
10633:
10625:
10617:
10609:
10601:
10593:
10585:
10577:
10566:
10552:
10544:
10542:Francis Joseph I
10536:
10528:
10520:
10512:
10504:
10496:
10488:
10480:
10472:
10464:
10456:
10448:
10440:
10432:
10424:
10416:
10408:
10400:
10392:
10384:
10376:
10368:
10360:
10352:
10344:
10336:
10328:
10320:
10312:
10304:
10298:
10296:Otto I the Merry
10290:
10282:
10274:
10266:
10258:
10250:
10242:
10231:
10217:
10209:
10201:
10193:
10172:
10164:
10156:
10148:
10140:
10132:
10124:
10116:
10108:
10106:Ernest the Brave
10100:
10092:
10084:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10036:
10035:
9968:
9929:
9928:
9915:
9914:
9896:
9888:
9880:
9857:
9849:
9826:
9803:
9791:House of Bourbon
9780:
9772:
9764:
9757:
9749:
9741:
9733:
9710:
9701:
9693:
9685:
9666:
9653:
9642:
9631:
9623:
9615:
9607:
9595:House of Limburg
9591:
9590:
9577:
9576:
9558:
9550:
9542:
9534:
9526:
9518:
9506:House of Limburg
9495:
9484:
9473:
9450:
9427:
9408:
9395:
9387:
9379:
9371:
9363:
9355:
9347:
9339:
9323:
9322:
9309:
9308:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9267:
9266:
9241:Elector Palatine
9172:
9171:
9087:
9086:
9053:
9052:
9019:
9018:
8998:
8982:
8981:
8937:
8936:
8903:
8902:
8893:
8836:Henry Bretislaus
8714:Saint Wenceslaus
8691:
8615:
8614:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8568:
8567:
8466:
8398:House of Zápolya
8354:House of Hunyadi
8216:House of Přemysl
8209:
8139:
8131:
7945:
7944:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7893:
7892:
7883:
7853:Preceded by
7716:Queen of Bohemia
7706:Preceded by
7627:Queen of Hungary
7604:Duchess of Parma
7585:Queen of Bohemia
7575:Preceded by
7565:
7564:29 November 1780
7558:
7540:
7539:
7506:
7485:
7464:
7453:: Heyne Verlag.
7449:(3rd ed.).
7441:
7420:
7401:
7378:
7357:
7336:
7307:
7286:
7265:
7246:
7221:
7206:
7185:
7164:
7148:
7137:
7112:
7100:
7089:
7074:
7055:
7034:
7010:
6989:
6964:
6941:
6932:
6911:
6909:
6894:
6881:
6857:
6828:
6798:
6797:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6746:. 26 April 2021.
6736:
6730:
6729:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6666:on 7 August 2021
6660:Glowlighting.com
6652:
6646:
6645:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6433:
6427:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6150:
6141:
6140:, pp. 728f.
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6078:
6077:, pp. 713f.
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6013:
6007:
5998:
5992:
5981:
5980:, pp. 708f.
5975:
5969:
5963:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5896:. Deutsche Welle
5889:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5655:
5649:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5236:
5235:, pp. 508f.
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5136:, pp. 291f.
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4100:
4094:
4071:
4065:
4057:
4051:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4013:
4007:
4000:Duchy of Teschen
3992:
3986:
3976:
3970:
3959:
3953:
3922:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3308:24 December 1806
3285:7 September 1814
3247:23 December 1762
3188:married Infanta
3159:26 February 1746
3070:20 February 1790
3032:19 November 1789
2982:
2981:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2906:Marie Antoinette
2889:Marie Antoinette
2279:Oriental Academy
2277:in 1751, and an
2183:
2095:Hofrechenskammer
2002:Eastern Orthodox
1916:Johann von Fries
1881:Pope Clement XIV
1783:Marie Antoinette
1648:in the Hofburg,
1606:Seven Years' War
1401:Seven Years' War
1379:Seven Years' War
1373:Seven Years' War
1346:Austrian Silesia
1312:
1155:Duchy of Silesia
971:Rosalba Carriera
893:Charles of Spain
792:United Provinces
772:Treaty of Vienna
764:heir presumptive
730:and grandmother
646:Seven Years' War
522:
456:
455:
364:
347:
345:
341:
337:
298:
295:29 November 1780
274:
272:
256:
234:
186:
185:29 November 1780
167:Queen of Hungary
133:
132:19 December 1741
94:
93:29 November 1780
82:Queen of Bohemia
76:
51:
39:
38:
21:
14570:
14569:
14565:
14564:
14563:
14561:
14560:
14559:
14390:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14351:
14182:Bertha of Savoy
14177:Agnes of Poitou
14143:
14134:
14115:Ota of Neustria
14066:
14061:
14031:
14026:
13997:
13858:Anne of Bavaria
13723:Bertha of Savoy
13718:Agnes of Poitou
13682:
13673:
13643:
13634:
13604:
13595:
13590:
13560:
13555:
13445:
13440:
13410:
13405:
13373:
13362:18th generation
13357:
13331:17th generation
13326:
13305:16th generation
13300:
13225:15th generation
13220:
13125:14th generation
13120:
13065:13th generation
13060:
12975:12th generation
12970:
12917:11th generation
12912:
12877:Maria Elisabeth
12853:Maria Elisabeth
12846:10th generation
12841:
12810:
12806:Maria Magdalena
12786:Maria Elisabeth
12769:
12726:
12671:
12583:
12510:
12475:
12459:
12443:
12432:
12427:
12397:
12392:
12382:
12361:
12345:
12324:
12296:
12247:
12226:
12205:
12189:
12179:
12174:
12144:
12131:
12095:
12039:
11984:
11963:
11959:Archduke Eduard
11942:
11868:Archduke Rainer
11826:
11710:
11619:
11600:Archduke Ernest
11508:
11504:Archduke Rudolf
11432:
11407:
11386:
11370:
11335:
11322:
11319:
11318:Armorial of the
11316:
11299:
11283:
11252:
11206:
11111:
11094:
11089:
11059:
11054:
11047:
10992:
10983: (1849–54)
10977: (1847–49)
10971: (1814–47)
10931: (1748–65)
10925: (1740–48)
10919: (1735–40)
10913: (1731–35)
10907: (1727–31)
10895: (1646–94)
10889: (1622–46)
10877: (1586–92)
10871: (1556–86)
10865: (1545–47)
10847:
10842:
10812:
10807:
10670:
10662:
10599:Ernest the Iron
10565:
10557:
10230:
10222:
10177:
10068:
10063:
10033:
10020:
9977:
9969:
9960:
9935:
9923:
9901:
9870:
9862:
9839:
9831:
9816:
9808:
9793:
9785:
9723:
9715:
9675:
9667:
9658:
9597:
9585:
9563:
9508:
9500:
9463:
9455:
9440:
9432:
9417:
9409:
9400:
9329:
9317:
9303:
9294:
9264:
9259:
9213:
9175:1780–1918
9157:
9090:1526–1780
9072:
9056:1471–1526
9038:
9022:1457–1471
9006:
8996:
8985:1437–1457
8967:
8940:1310–1437
8922:
8906:1306–1310
8894:
8881:
8845:
8684:
8604:
8595:
8565:
8560:
8549:
8500:
8417:
8392:
8367:
8348:
8329:
8304:
8285:
8248:
8229:
8210:
8197:
8042:
7934:
7925:
7920:
7877:
7868:
7860:
7857:
7847:Italian royalty
7841:
7832:
7819:
7802:
7793:
7789:
7778:
7760:
7752:
7747:
7731:
7721:
7719:
7711:
7701:
7685:
7675:
7673:
7664:
7659:
7646:
7637:
7633:
7620:
7618:Philip of Spain
7611:
7597:
7588:
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6986:
6961:
6953:: Alan Sutton.
6929:
6907:
6892:
6886:Bocşan, Nicolae
6878:
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6744:Nonsololuce.com
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3963:Viennese German
3960:
3956:
3938:Anna of Austria
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3887:
3882:
3385:
3367:8 December 1756
3348:Queen of France
3339:16 October 1793
3336:2 November 1755
3266:15 October 1767
3244:4 February 1750
3210:King of Bohemia
3206:King of Hungary
3139:18 January 1761
3136:1 February 1745
3051:25 January 1741
3048:12 January 1740
3010:5 February 1737
2980:
2970:
2945:
2934:Maria Theresa,
2928:
2923:
2872:
2621:
2596:
2409:Anton von Maron
2401:
2334:
2312:
2275:Wiener Neustadt
2273:was founded in
2258:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2115:
2066:
2050:
2008:, inhabited by
1990:
1980:
1953:
1900:Anton von Maron
1889:
1864:
1848:Greek Catholics
1808:
1748:
1688:Maria Christina
1658:Maria Elisabeth
1638:
1582:Maria Elisabeth
1574:Maria Christina
1554:Maria Elisabeth
1550:
1537:
1475:Battle of Kolín
1445:Philip of Parma
1389:Battle of Kolín
1381:
1375:
1363:Philip of Spain
1314:
1307:
1287:King of Bohemia
1106:
1100:
1076:Diet of Hungary
1068:King of Bohemia
1011:
897:Philip of Spain
885:Francis Stephen
870:
693:
509:Catholic Church
450:
358:
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231:12 July 1737 –
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13068:
13066:
13062:
13061:
13059:
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13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13024:Maria Caroline
13021:
13016:
13010:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12978:
12976:
12972:
12971:
12969:
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12956:
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12914:
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12911:
12910:
12904:
12898:
12892:
12886:
12880:
12874:
12868:
12865:Maria Carolina
12862:
12856:
12849:
12847:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12818:
12816:
12815:9th generation
12812:
12811:
12809:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12777:
12775:
12774:8th generation
12771:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12741:
12734:
12732:
12731:7th generation
12728:
12727:
12725:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12698:
12692:
12686:
12679:
12677:
12676:6th generation
12673:
12672:
12670:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12598:
12591:
12589:
12588:5th generation
12585:
12584:
12582:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12525:
12518:
12516:
12515:4th generation
12512:
12511:
12509:
12508:
12502:
12496:
12490:
12483:
12481:
12480:3rd generation
12477:
12476:
12474:
12473:
12467:
12465:
12464:2nd generation
12461:
12460:
12458:
12457:
12451:
12449:
12448:1st generation
12445:
12444:
12437:
12434:
12433:
12426:
12425:
12418:
12411:
12403:
12394:
12393:
12387:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12380:
12375:
12369:
12367:
12366:8th generation
12363:
12362:
12360:
12359:
12353:
12351:
12350:7th generation
12347:
12346:
12344:
12343:
12338:
12332:
12330:
12329:6th generation
12326:
12325:
12323:
12322:
12316:
12311:
12304:
12302:
12301:5th generation
12298:
12297:
12295:
12294:
12289:
12287:Marie de Rohan
12284:
12279:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12255:
12253:
12252:4th generation
12249:
12248:
12246:
12245:
12240:
12234:
12232:
12231:3rd generation
12228:
12227:
12225:
12224:
12219:
12213:
12211:
12210:2nd generation
12207:
12206:
12204:
12203:
12197:
12195:
12194:1st generation
12191:
12190:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12173:
12172:
12165:
12158:
12150:
12141:
12140:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12103:
12101:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12047:
12045:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12037:
12027:
12017:
12007:
11996:
11994:
11986:
11985:
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11972:
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11965:
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11961:
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11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11883:Archduke Anton
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11834:
11832:
11828:
11827:
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11814:
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11804:
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11774:
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11759:
11754:
11749:
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11734:
11729:
11724:
11718:
11716:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11686:Archduke Eugen
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11627:
11625:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11516:
11514:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11506:
11501:
11499:Archduke Louis
11496:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11440:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11419:
11417:
11409:
11408:
11396:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11388:
11387:
11385:
11384:
11378:
11376:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11368:
11358:
11347:
11345:
11337:
11336:
11324:
11323:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11297:
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11230:
11225:
11220:
11214:
11212:
11208:
11207:
11205:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11123:
11121:
11113:
11112:
11096:
11095:
11088:
11087:
11080:
11073:
11065:
11056:
11055:
11052:
11049:
11048:
11046:
11040:
11034:
11028:
11022:
11016:
11010:
11004:
10997:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10990:
10984:
10978:
10972:
10966:
10952:
10938:
10932:
10926:
10920:
10914:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10878:
10872:
10866:
10852:
10849:
10848:
10845:Dukes of Parma
10841:
10840:
10833:
10826:
10818:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10797:
10789:
10781:
10773:
10765:
10757:
10749:
10741:
10733:
10725:
10717:
10709:
10701:
10693:
10685:
10676:
10674:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10660:
10652:
10644:
10636:
10628:
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10612:
10604:
10596:
10588:
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10571:
10569:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10555:
10547:
10539:
10531:
10523:
10515:
10507:
10499:
10491:
10483:
10475:
10467:
10459:
10451:
10443:
10435:
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10403:
10395:
10387:
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10363:
10355:
10347:
10339:
10331:
10323:
10315:
10307:
10301:
10293:
10285:
10277:
10269:
10261:
10253:
10245:
10236:
10234:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10212:
10204:
10196:
10187:
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10030:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9997:Marie-Adélaïde
9994:
9988:
9981:
9979:
9978:(1890–present)
9971:
9970:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9939:
9937:
9925:
9924:
9911:
9910:
9907:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9899:
9891:
9883:
9874:
9872:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9860:
9852:
9843:
9841:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9829:
9820:
9818:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9797:
9795:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9775:
9767:
9752:
9744:
9736:
9727:
9725:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9713:
9705:
9696:
9688:
9679:
9677:
9669:
9668:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9656:
9648:
9637:
9626:
9618:
9610:
9601:
9599:
9587:
9586:
9573:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9553:
9545:
9537:
9529:
9521:
9512:
9510:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9498:
9490:
9479:
9467:
9465:
9461:House of Namur
9457:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9444:
9442:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9421:
9419:
9415:House of Namur
9411:
9410:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9398:
9390:
9382:
9374:
9366:
9358:
9350:
9342:
9333:
9331:
9319:
9318:
9305:
9304:
9293:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9270:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9250:Prince-elector
9247:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9226:Duke of Poland
9222:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9205:
9203:Francis Joseph
9200:
9195:
9189:
9184:
9178:
9176:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9147:Charles Albert
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9093:
9091:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9065:
9059:
9057:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9025:
9023:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8988:
8986:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8949:
8947:John the Blind
8943:
8941:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8900:
8896:
8895:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8877:Wenceslaus III
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8853:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8821:Conrad II Otto
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8695:
8693:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8621:
8619:
8612:
8606:
8605:
8594:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8571:
8562:
8561:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8541:
8538:Francis Joseph
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8510:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8492:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8458:
8452:
8446:
8440:
8434:
8427:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8412:John Sigismund
8409:
8402:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8384:
8377:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8358:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8339:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8321:
8314:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8295:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8258:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8239:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8137:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8099:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8050:
8048:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8034:
8024:
8010:
7996:
7980:
7966:
7951:
7949:
7942:
7940:House of Árpád
7936:
7935:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7896:
7888:
7887:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7870:
7861:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7834:
7825:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:French royalty
7804:
7803:
7798:
7795:
7784:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7767:German royalty
7763:
7762:
7753:
7748:
7741:
7740:
7712:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7694:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7613:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7590:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7570:Regnal titles
7567:
7566:
7546:
7544:Maria Theresa
7543:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7513:
7512:External links
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:978-0271037226
7501:
7486:
7480:
7465:
7460:978-3453216228
7459:
7442:
7436:
7421:
7416:978-0691179063
7415:
7402:
7397:978-3406697487
7396:
7379:
7373:
7358:
7352:
7337:
7319:(3): 195–207.
7308:
7302:
7287:
7281:
7266:
7247:
7242:978-0241019221
7241:
7222:
7207:
7201:
7186:
7180:
7165:
7159:
7138:
7132:
7113:
7107:
7090:
7075:
7069:
7056:
7050:
7035:
7030:978-1405142915
7029:
7015:Ćirković, Sima
7011:
7005:
6990:
6984:
6965:
6959:
6942:
6933:
6928:978-3643106117
6927:
6912:
6882:
6877:978-0582090071
6876:
6862:Berenger, Jean
6858:
6853:978-0521473057
6852:
6829:
6823:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6779:
6767:
6749:
6731:
6713:
6710:. 11 May 2017.
6695:
6677:
6647:
6629:
6607:
6581:
6579:, p. 202.
6569:
6567:, p. 156.
6557:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6519:, p. 197.
6509:
6507:, p. 287.
6497:
6495:, p. 335.
6485:
6483:, p. 272.
6481:Goldsmith 1936
6473:
6469:Crankshaw 1970
6461:
6459:, p. 334.
6449:
6447:, p. 196.
6434:
6419:
6417:, p. 154.
6407:
6405:, p. 195.
6392:
6390:, p. 285.
6388:Crankshaw 1970
6380:
6378:, p. 194.
6368:
6366:, p. 185.
6356:
6354:, p. 183.
6341:
6339:, p. 182.
6329:
6327:, p. 157.
6317:
6313:Crankshaw 1970
6305:
6303:, p. 192.
6293:
6291:, p. 194.
6281:
6279:, p. 267.
6277:Crankshaw 1970
6269:
6267:, p. 112.
6257:
6245:
6233:
6231:, p. 346.
6221:
6209:
6207:, p. 739.
6194:
6182:
6170:
6142:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6104:, p. 188.
6094:
6092:, p. 138.
6090:Goldsmith 1936
6079:
6067:
6055:
6053:, p. 709.
6043:
6041:, p. 710.
6031:
6014:
6012:, p. 308.
6010:Crankshaw 1970
5999:
5997:, p. 200.
5982:
5970:
5968:, p. 714.
5955:
5943:
5941:, p. 179.
5931:
5929:, p. 242.
5919:
5915:Goldsmith 1936
5907:
5881:
5879:, p. 163.
5869:
5850:
5803:
5801:, p. 158.
5791:
5779:
5777:, p. 230.
5767:
5765:, p. 309.
5763:Crankshaw 1970
5755:
5743:
5741:, p. 310.
5739:Crankshaw 1970
5731:
5729:, p. 160.
5719:
5707:
5705:, p. 196.
5703:Crankshaw 1970
5695:
5693:, p. 195.
5691:Crankshaw 1970
5683:
5671:
5656:
5641:
5629:
5614:
5612:, p. 192.
5610:Crankshaw 1970
5602:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5547:, p. 666.
5537:
5535:, p. 665.
5525:
5513:
5501:
5499:, p. 201.
5486:
5474:
5472:, p. 203.
5462:
5450:
5448:, p. 254.
5438:
5421:
5419:, p. 313.
5417:Crankshaw 1970
5409:
5407:, p. 644.
5397:
5382:
5380:, p. 253.
5370:
5368:, p. 222.
5358:
5346:
5344:, p. 223.
5334:
5332:, p. 187.
5322:
5320:, p. 251.
5310:
5298:
5296:, p. 194.
5279:
5277:, p. 271.
5267:
5252:
5250:, p. 511.
5237:
5225:
5223:, p. 508.
5213:
5211:, p. 273.
5209:Crankshaw 1970
5201:
5189:
5177:
5175:, p. 507.
5162:
5150:
5138:
5126:
5114:
5102:
5100:, p. 242.
5098:Crankshaw 1970
5090:
5073:
5071:, p. 240.
5069:Crankshaw 1970
5061:
5046:
5034:
5032:, p. 238.
5030:Crankshaw 1970
5022:
5020:, p. 158.
5010:
5006:Crankshaw 1970
4998:
4994:Crankshaw 1970
4986:
4982:Crankshaw 1970
4974:
4970:Crankshaw 1970
4962:
4960:, p. 114.
4950:
4946:Crankshaw 1970
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4888:, p. 151.
4878:
4866:
4854:
4852:, p. 122.
4837:
4835:, p. 121.
4825:
4821:Crankshaw 1970
4813:
4809:Crankshaw 1970
4801:
4780:(2): 233–254.
4760:
4758:, p. 118.
4748:
4736:
4732:Crankshaw 1970
4724:
4720:Crankshaw 1970
4712:
4708:Crankshaw 1970
4700:
4688:
4676:
4674:, p. 218.
4661:
4649:
4637:
4633:Crankshaw 1970
4625:
4613:
4601:
4599:, p. 189.
4589:
4577:
4565:
4550:
4546:Crankshaw 1970
4538:
4536:, p. 207.
4523:
4511:
4507:Crankshaw 1970
4499:
4495:Crankshaw 1970
4487:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4447:Goldsmith 1936
4439:
4437:, p. 261.
4427:
4415:
4411:Crankshaw 1970
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4352:
4348:Crankshaw 1970
4340:
4328:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4283:Crankshaw 1970
4275:
4273:, p. 228.
4263:
4251:
4249:, p. 128.
4239:
4214:
4210:Crankshaw 1970
4202:
4200:, p. 129.
4187:
4172:
4157:
4145:
4141:Goldsmith 1936
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4109:Crankshaw 1970
4095:
4081:(by Leopold),
4066:
4052:
4050:, p. 230.
4038:
4025:
4008:
4006:, p. 190.
3987:
3971:
3969:, p. 206.
3954:
3916:
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3282:13 August 1752
3280:
3275:
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3117:13 August 1743
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3029:6 October 1738
3027:
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2922:
2919:
2883:Maria Theresia
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2829:
2818:
2815:Theresienstadt
2807:
2800:
2797:Southeast Asia
2785:
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2771:
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2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
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2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2654:George W. Bush
2620:
2617:
2595:
2592:
2573:Imperial Crypt
2525:Imperial Crypt
2479:Ottoman Empire
2400:
2397:
2333:
2330:
2311:
2308:
2257:
2254:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2114:
2111:
2065:
2062:
2049:
2046:
2022:Ottoman Empire
1979:
1976:
1952:
1949:
1888:
1885:
1863:
1860:
1816:Saint Nicholas
1807:
1804:
1756:Heinrich Füger
1747:
1744:
1727:Imperial Crypt
1678:Imperial Crypt
1662:Maria Carolina
1637:
1634:
1618:Maria Carolina
1616:, (the third)
1598:Maria Carolina
1568:, named after
1562:Maria Carolina
1549:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1429:Ottoman Empire
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1359:Duchy of Parma
1299:
1271:Charles Albert
1222:took place in
1140:Charles Albert
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1088:oath of fealty
1021:, a square on
1010:
1007:
869:
866:
831:Andreas Möller
776:Ostend Company
720:Leopold Johann
701:Hofburg Palace
692:
689:
524:
523:
516:
512:
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502:
501:
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351:
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331:
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321:
319:
315:
314:
311:Imperial Crypt
309:
307:
303:
302:
299:(aged 63)
293:
289:
288:
266:
262:
261:
258:
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247:
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236:
235:
233:18 August 1765
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164:
158:
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152:Charles Albert
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
112:Charles Albert
110:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
91:12 May 1743 –
89:
85:
84:
78:
77:
75:18 August 1765
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
18:Maria Theresia
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14567:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14520:Queen mothers
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14400:Maria Theresa
14398:
14397:
14395:
14376:
14368:
14366:
14362:
14358:
14357:
14354:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14277:Anna of Tyrol
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14154:
14152:
14150:
14146:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14077:
14075:
14073:
14069:
14065:
14058:
14053:
14051:
14046:
14044:
14039:
14038:
14035:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14003:German Empire
14000:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13978:Maria Theresa
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13923:Anna of Tyrol
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13803:Bianca Lancia
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13680:
13676:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13641:
13637:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13602:
13598:
13594:
13587:
13582:
13580:
13575:
13573:
13568:
13567:
13564:
13552:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13466:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13448:
13444:
13437:
13432:
13430:
13425:
13423:
13418:
13417:
13414:
13402:
13398:
13396:
13392:
13390:
13386:
13384:
13380:
13379:
13376:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13360:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13335:
13333:
13329:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13303:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13286:
13283:
13280:
13277:
13274:
13271:
13268:
13265:
13262:
13259:
13256:
13253:
13250:
13247:
13244:
13241:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13223:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13181:
13178:
13175:
13174:Maria Theresa
13172:
13169:
13166:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13142:Marie Valerie
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13123:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13090:
13087:
13084:
13081:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13069:
13067:
13063:
13056:
13053:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13014:
13011:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12979:
12977:
12973:
12966:
12963:
12960:
12957:
12954:
12951:
12948:
12945:
12942:
12939:
12936:
12933:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12924:Maria Theresa
12922:
12921:
12919:
12915:
12908:
12905:
12902:
12899:
12896:
12895:Maria Josepha
12893:
12890:
12887:
12884:
12881:
12878:
12875:
12872:
12869:
12866:
12863:
12860:
12857:
12854:
12851:
12850:
12848:
12844:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12832:Maria Theresa
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12819:
12817:
12813:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12801:Maria Josepha
12799:
12797:
12796:Maria Theresa
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12772:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12745:
12742:
12739:
12736:
12735:
12733:
12729:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12702:
12699:
12696:
12693:
12690:
12687:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12674:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12602:
12599:
12596:
12593:
12592:
12590:
12586:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12529:
12526:
12523:
12520:
12519:
12517:
12513:
12506:
12503:
12500:
12497:
12494:
12491:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12482:
12478:
12472:
12469:
12468:
12466:
12462:
12456:
12453:
12452:
12450:
12446:
12441:
12435:
12431:
12424:
12419:
12417:
12412:
12410:
12405:
12404:
12401:
12391:
12385:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12364:
12358:
12355:
12354:
12352:
12348:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12331:
12327:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12309:
12306:
12305:
12303:
12299:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12277:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12254:
12250:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12229:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12208:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12188:
12182:
12178:
12171:
12166:
12164:
12159:
12157:
12152:
12151:
12148:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12100:Grandchildren
12098:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12048:
12046:
12042:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12012:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
11998:
11997:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11983:
11978:
11974:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11945:
11939:
11938:Archduke Géza
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11829:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11713:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11622:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11513:Grandchildren
11511:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11489:Archduke John
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11421:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11401:
11397:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11349:
11348:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11314:
11296:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11255:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11243:Archduke Karl
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11211:Grandchildren
11209:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11105:Maria Theresa
11101:
11097:
11093:
11086:
11081:
11079:
11074:
11072:
11067:
11066:
11063:
11050:
11044:
11041:
11039:* (1977–2010)
11038:
11035:
11032:
11029:
11026:
11023:
11020:
11017:
11014:
11011:
11008:
11005:
11003:* (1859–1907)
11002:
10999:
10995:
10988:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10976:
10975:Charles Louis
10973:
10970:
10967:
10962:
10956:
10953:
10948:
10942:
10939:
10936:
10933:
10930:
10927:
10924:
10923:Maria Theresa
10921:
10918:
10915:
10912:
10909:
10906:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10891:
10888:
10885:
10882:
10879:
10876:
10873:
10870:
10867:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10856:
10850:
10846:
10839:
10834:
10832:
10827:
10825:
10820:
10819:
10816:
10801:
10798:
10793:
10790:
10785:
10782:
10777:
10774:
10769:
10768:Ferdinand III
10766:
10761:
10758:
10753:
10750:
10745:
10742:
10737:
10734:
10729:
10726:
10721:
10718:
10713:
10710:
10705:
10702:
10697:
10694:
10689:
10686:
10681:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10669:
10665:
10656:
10655:Ferdinand III
10653:
10648:
10645:
10640:
10637:
10632:
10629:
10624:
10621:
10616:
10613:
10608:
10605:
10600:
10597:
10592:
10589:
10584:
10581:
10576:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10564:
10560:
10551:
10548:
10543:
10540:
10535:
10532:
10527:
10524:
10519:
10516:
10511:
10508:
10503:
10500:
10495:
10494:Maria Theresa
10492:
10487:
10484:
10479:
10476:
10471:
10468:
10463:
10460:
10455:
10452:
10447:
10444:
10439:
10436:
10431:
10430:Ferdinand III
10428:
10423:
10420:
10415:
10412:
10407:
10404:
10399:
10398:Maximilian II
10396:
10391:
10388:
10383:
10380:
10375:
10372:
10367:
10364:
10359:
10356:
10351:
10348:
10343:
10340:
10335:
10332:
10327:
10324:
10319:
10316:
10311:
10308:
10303:Frederick II
10302:
10297:
10294:
10289:
10286:
10281:
10278:
10273:
10270:
10265:
10262:
10257:
10254:
10249:
10246:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10229:
10225:
10216:
10213:
10208:
10205:
10200:
10197:
10192:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10180:
10171:
10168:
10163:
10160:
10155:
10152:
10147:
10144:
10139:
10136:
10131:
10128:
10123:
10120:
10115:
10112:
10107:
10104:
10099:
10096:
10091:
10088:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10060:
10055:
10053:
10048:
10046:
10041:
10040:
10037:
10016:
10013:
10010:
10007:
10004:
10001:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9967:
9956:
9953:
9950:
9947:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9912:
9895:
9892:
9887:
9884:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9856:
9853:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9825:
9824:Maximilian II
9822:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9779:
9776:
9771:
9768:
9763:
9756:
9753:
9748:
9745:
9740:
9737:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9709:
9706:
9700:
9697:
9692:
9689:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9665:
9652:
9649:
9646:
9643:(1411–1415),
9641:
9638:
9635:
9630:
9627:
9622:
9619:
9614:
9613:Wenceslaus II
9611:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9574:
9557:
9554:
9549:
9546:
9541:
9538:
9533:
9530:
9525:
9522:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9494:
9491:
9488:
9485:(1197–1214),
9483:
9480:
9477:
9474:(1197–1247),
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9449:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9407:
9394:
9391:
9386:
9383:
9378:
9375:
9370:
9367:
9362:
9359:
9354:
9351:
9346:
9343:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9291:
9286:
9284:
9279:
9277:
9272:
9271:
9268:
9255:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9230:Piast dynasty
9227:
9224:
9223:
9220:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9154:
9153:Maria Theresa
9151:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9127:Ferdinand III
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9063:Vladislaus II
9061:
9060:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9045:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9017:
9013:
9003:
9000:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8958:Wenceslaus IV
8956:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8929:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8892:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8872:Wenceslaus II
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8826:Wenceslaus II
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8800:Vladislaus II
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8775:Bretislaus II
8773:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8764:Vratislaus II
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8729:Boleslaus III
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8592:
8587:
8585:
8580:
8578:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8558:
8552:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8518:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8496:
8495:Maria Theresa
8493:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:Ferdinand III
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8420:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8381:Vladislaus II
8379:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8208:
8193:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8162:Ladislaus III
8160:
8157:
8154:
8151:
8148:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7967:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:Grand Princes
7946:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7905:
7903:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7884:
7876:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7831:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7792:
7791:
7783:
7782:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7758:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7718:
7717:
7710:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7596:
7587:
7586:
7579:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7541:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7518:Maria Theresa
7516:
7515:
7504:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7390:: C.H. Beck.
7389:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7343:Maria Theresa
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7274:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7076:
7072:
7066:
7062:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7041:Maria Theresa
7036:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6939:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6913:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6771:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6554:
6549:
6542:
6537:
6531:, p. 67.
6530:
6529:Browning 1994
6525:
6518:
6513:
6506:
6501:
6494:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6470:
6465:
6458:
6453:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6432:, p. 94.
6431:
6426:
6424:
6416:
6411:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6346:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6314:
6309:
6302:
6297:
6290:
6285:
6278:
6273:
6266:
6261:
6254:
6249:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6225:
6218:
6213:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6191:
6186:
6179:
6174:
6159:
6155:
6154:"Robotpatent"
6149:
6147:
6139:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6116:, p. 93.
6115:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6029:, p. 92.
6028:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6011:
6006:
6004:
5996:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5979:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5953:, p. 91.
5952:
5947:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5916:
5911:
5895:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5728:
5723:
5717:, p. 90.
5716:
5711:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5675:
5669:, p. 85.
5668:
5667:Berenger 2014
5663:
5661:
5654:, p. 89.
5653:
5648:
5646:
5639:, p. 86.
5638:
5637:Berenger 2014
5633:
5627:, p. 88.
5626:
5621:
5619:
5611:
5606:
5600:, p. 38.
5599:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5582:
5577:
5570:
5569:Ćirković 2004
5565:
5558:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5534:
5529:
5522:
5517:
5510:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5436:, p. 87.
5435:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5418:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5395:, p. 14.
5394:
5389:
5387:
5379:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5308:, p. 69.
5307:
5302:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5244:
5242:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5160:, p. 22.
5159:
5154:
5147:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5118:
5112:, p. 84.
5111:
5110:Berenger 2014
5106:
5099:
5094:
5088:, p. 83.
5087:
5086:Berenger 2014
5082:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5065:
5059:, p. 82.
5058:
5057:Berenger 2014
5053:
5051:
5043:
5042:Berenger 2014
5038:
5031:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4996:, p. 99.
4995:
4990:
4984:, p. 97.
4983:
4978:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4958:Browning 1994
4954:
4948:, p. 93.
4947:
4942:
4936:, p. 92.
4935:
4934:Browning 1994
4930:
4924:, p. 88.
4923:
4922:Browning 1994
4918:
4912:, p. 86.
4911:
4906:
4900:, p. 79.
4899:
4898:Browning 1994
4894:
4887:
4882:
4876:, p. 65.
4875:
4874:Browning 1994
4870:
4864:, p. 74.
4863:
4858:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4829:
4823:, p. 77.
4822:
4817:
4811:, p. 75.
4810:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4752:
4746:, p. 66.
4745:
4744:Browning 1994
4740:
4734:, p. 58.
4733:
4728:
4722:, p. 57.
4721:
4716:
4710:, p. 56.
4709:
4704:
4697:
4696:Browning 1994
4692:
4686:, p. 44.
4685:
4684:Browning 1994
4680:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4658:
4657:Browning 1994
4653:
4647:, p. 43.
4646:
4645:Browning 1994
4641:
4635:, p. 43.
4634:
4629:
4623:, p. 38.
4622:
4621:Browning 1994
4617:
4610:
4605:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4563:, p. 47.
4562:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4534:Spielman 1993
4530:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4497:, p. 26.
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4461:, p. 39.
4460:
4455:
4449:, p. 55.
4448:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4425:, p. 38.
4424:
4419:
4413:, p. 25.
4412:
4407:
4401:, p. 37.
4400:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4377:, p. 26.
4376:
4371:
4365:, p. 27.
4364:
4359:
4357:
4350:, p. 22.
4349:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4326:, p. 37.
4325:
4324:Browning 1994
4320:
4318:
4316:
4309:, p. 28.
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4261:, p. 23.
4260:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4212:, p. 24.
4211:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4185:, p. 12.
4184:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4155:, p. 21.
4154:
4149:
4143:, p. 17.
4142:
4137:
4133:
4117:
4111:, p. 302
4110:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4077:(by Joseph),
4076:
4070:
4064:, p. 64.
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4036:, p. 76.
4035:
4034:Browning 1994
4029:
4023:, p. 43.
4022:
4021:Browning 1994
4018:
4012:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3985:, p. 23.
3984:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3967:Spielman 1993
3964:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3513:
3512:
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3319:, had issue (
3318:
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3299:
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3295:
3291:
3288:married King
3287:
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3263:19 March 1751
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3067:13 March 1741
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2996:
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2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:Norma Shearer
2908:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2898:Kirsten Dunst
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:Maria Theresa
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
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2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:Marie Therese
2823:
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2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2668:in 1888. The
2667:
2659:
2658:Sándor Palace
2655:
2651:
2650:László Sólyom
2648:
2644:
2638:palace (2020)
2637:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:Enlightenment
2606:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
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2538:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Sublime Porte
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:Polish people
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2369:Robot Patents
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:rote learning
2295:
2292:
2291:Enlightenment
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Enlightenment
2244:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2231:death penalty
2227:
2223:
2222:homosexuality
2219:
2214:
2212:
2211:Magda Logomer
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:Anton de Haen
2120:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2064:Institutional
2059:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1962:Upper Austria
1959:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:surplice fees
1923:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1856:flagellantism
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1708:Maria Josepha
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:Maria Antonia
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:Maria Josepha
1611:
1610:Maria Johanna
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1494:raided Berlin
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Philip Kinsky
1276:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1211:rapprochement
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Lower Silesia
1188:
1184:
1183:Upper Silesia
1180:
1176:
1175:Upper Austria
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1149:In December,
1147:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
972:
967:
963:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
913:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
865:
863:
862:queen consort
859:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
832:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Great Britain
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Maria Josepha
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
529:Maria Theresa
521:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
480:
477:
475:
471:
462:
457:
453:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:
356:
352:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
267:
263:
259:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
193:
189:
182:
178:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
90:
86:
83:
79:
72:
68:
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
42:Maria Theresa
40:
37:
33:
19:
14555:Anti-Masonry
14331:
13977:
13973:Maria Amalia
13640:East Francia
13601:East Francia
13550:
13542:
13534:
13526:
13518:
13510:
13507:
13502:
13494:
13486:
13478:
13470:
13456:
13400:
13394:
13388:
13382:
12947:Maria Amalia
12831:
12389:
12372:
12275:
12029:
12019:
12009:
11999:
11422:
11360:
11350:
11104:
10969:Marie Louise
10960:
10946:
10922:
10744:Ferdinand II
10493:
10438:Ferdinand IV
10017:(since 2000)
9922:(since 1815)
9854:
9708:Maximilian I
9644:
9633:
9632:(1411–1443)
9605:Wenceslaus I
9556:Wenceslaus I
9486:
9475:
9152:
9117:Ferdinand II
9048:Jagiellonian
9015:Non-dynastic
8899:Non-dynastic
8862:Wenceslaus I
8811:Sobeslaus II
8790:Vladislaus I
8759:Spytihněv II
8754:Bretislaus I
8724:Boleslaus II
8709:Vratislaus I
8556:
8494:
8468:Ferdinand IV
8463:(1637–1657)
8455:Ferdinand II
8343:Vladislaus I
8186:Ladislaus IV
8133:Ladislaus II
8128:(1162–1172)
8030:
8020:
8016:
8006:
8002:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7962:
7958:
7863:
7827:
7820:
7814:
7786:
7779:
7773:
7755:
7744:
7737:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7714:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7625:
7602:
7583:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7521:
7491:
7470:
7446:
7426:
7406:
7383:
7363:
7342:
7316:
7312:
7292:
7271:
7252:
7227:
7212:
7191:
7170:
7144:
7118:
7096:
7080:
7060:
7040:
7019:
6995:
6970:
6946:
6937:
6917:
6900:
6896:
6866:
6834:
6813:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6777:, p. 1.
6770:
6761:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6725:
6716:
6707:
6698:
6689:
6680:
6668:. Retrieved
6664:the original
6659:
6650:
6641:
6632:
6619:
6610:
6598:. Retrieved
6594:
6584:
6577:Vocelka 2000
6572:
6565:Vocelka 2009
6560:
6553:Vocelka 2009
6548:
6543:, p. 3.
6536:
6524:
6512:
6505:Mitford 1970
6500:
6488:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6415:Vocelka 2009
6410:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6332:
6320:
6308:
6296:
6284:
6272:
6260:
6248:
6236:
6224:
6212:
6185:
6173:
6161:. Retrieved
6157:
6133:
6121:
6109:
6097:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6034:
5995:Vocelka 2000
5973:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5910:
5898:. Retrieved
5872:
5863:
5853:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5799:Vocelka 2009
5794:
5787:Vocelka 2009
5782:
5770:
5758:
5751:Hopkins 2002
5746:
5734:
5727:Vocelka 2009
5722:
5710:
5698:
5686:
5679:Holborn 1982
5674:
5632:
5605:
5576:
5564:
5552:
5540:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5497:Vocelka 2000
5482:Penslar 2001
5477:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5412:
5400:
5373:
5366:Holborn 1982
5361:
5356:, p. 5.
5349:
5342:Holborn 1982
5337:
5325:
5313:
5301:
5270:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5192:
5180:
5153:
5141:
5129:
5117:
5105:
5093:
5064:
5037:
5025:
5018:Mitford 1970
5013:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4672:Holborn 1982
4652:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4611:, p. 8.
4604:
4592:
4580:
4568:
4548:, p. 3.
4541:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4343:
4331:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4226:
4217:
4205:
4170:, p. 6.
4148:
4136:
4116:
4098:
4069:
4062:Hopkins 2002
4055:
4041:
4028:
4011:
3990:
3979:
3974:
3957:
3920:
3619:
3370:27 July 1801
3321:Austria-Este
3185:1 March 1792
3162:18 June 1806
3097:24 June 1798
2933:
2929:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2832:
2825:
2814:
2804:295 Theresia
2793:Persian Gulf
2765:
2681:
2675:The city of
2674:
2663:
2599:
2597:
2577:
2565:
2551:, distress,
2534:
2476:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2430:
2422:
2412:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2346:
2313:
2304:
2296:
2283:
2259:
2251:
2235:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2154:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2037:
2033:
2026:
1999:
1966:
1958:Transylvania
1954:
1924:
1920:
1904:
1865:
1852:Latin Church
1845:
1825:
1796:
1787:
1764:
1760:
1720:
1712:
1682:
1674:
1655:
1590:Maria Amalia
1570:Saint Joseph
1551:
1548:Childbearing
1449:
1437:
1394:
1343:
1332:
1325:
1315:
1306:
1301:
1268:
1262:
1232:
1217:
1215:
1164:
1153:invaded the
1148:
1137:
1081:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1032:
976:
956:
921:
882:
871:
842:
835:
761:
740:Maria Amalia
705:
685:state church
650:
595:
559:Transylvania
536:
528:
527:
359:
297:(1780-11-29)
196:25 June 1741
53:Portrait by
36:
14410:1780 deaths
14405:1717 births
14005:(1871–1918)
13551:(1833–1859)
13543:(1824–1832)
13535:(1821–1824)
13527:(1790–1801)
13519:(1765–1790)
13511:(1737–1765)
13503:(1689–1728)
13495:(1670–1721)
13487:(1634–1670)
13479:(1609–1621)
13471:(1589–1609)
13464:(1579–1587)
13457:(1574–1578)
13007:Maria Luisa
12222:Anna d'Este
11037:Carlos Hugo
11033:* (1974–77)
11027:* (1959–74)
11021:* (1950–59)
11015:* (1939–50)
11009:* (1907–39)
10981:Charles III
10893:Ranuccio II
10803:(1665–1705)
10795:(1662–1665)
10787:(1632–1662)
10779:(1623–1632)
10771:(1619–1623)
10755:(1595–1619)
10747:(1564–1595)
10739:(1521–1564)
10736:Ferdinand I
10731:(1519–1521)
10723:(1490–1519)
10715:(1439–1490)
10707:(1406–1439)
10699:(1386–1406)
10691:(1365–1386)
10683:(1363–1365)
10658:(1590–1637)
10650:(1564–1590)
10642:(1521–1564)
10639:Ferdinand I
10634:(1519–1521)
10626:(1493–1519)
10618:(1457–1463)
10610:(1424–1493)
10602:(1402–1424)
10594:(1386–1411)
10586:(1386–1406)
10578:(1365–1386)
10553:(1916–1918)
10545:(1848–1916)
10537:(1835–1848)
10534:Ferdinand I
10529:(1792–1835)
10521:(1790–1792)
10518:Leopold VII
10513:(1765–1790)
10505:(1740–1765)
10497:(1740–1780)
10489:(1711–1740)
10486:Charles III
10481:(1705–1711)
10465:(1662–1665)
10457:(1632–1662)
10449:(1623–1632)
10441:(1637–1657)
10417:(1608–1619)
10409:(1576–1608)
10401:(1564–1576)
10393:(1521–1564)
10390:Ferdinand I
10385:(1519–1521)
10377:(1493–1519)
10369:(1457–1493)
10361:(1440–1457)
10353:(1404–1439)
10345:(1395-1404)
10337:(1365-1395)
10329:(1365-1379)
10321:(1358–1365)
10313:(1339–1344)
10305:(1339–1344)
10299:(1330–1339)
10291:(1330–1358)
10283:(1308–1326)
10275:(1308–1330)
10267:(1298–1307)
10259:(1282–1283)
10251:(1282–1308)
10243:(1278–1282)
10183:Interregnum
10173:(1230–1246)
10165:(1198–1230)
10157:(1195–1198)
10149:(1177–1194)
10141:(1141–1177)
10133:(1137–1141)
10125:(1095–1136)
10117:(1075–1095)
10109:(1055–1075)
10101:(1018–1055)
10011:(1964–2000)
10005:(1919–1964)
9999:(1912–1919)
9993:(1905–1912)
9987:(1890–1905)
9957:(1849–1890)
9955:William III
9951:(1840–1849)
9945:(1815–1840)
9936:(1815–1890)
9897:(1792–1794)
9889:(1790–1792)
9881:(1780–1790)
9871:(1780–1794)
9858:(1740–1780)
9850:(1713–1740)
9840:(1713–1780)
9827:(1712–1713)
9817:(1712–1713)
9804:(1700–1712)
9794:(1700–1712)
9781:(1665–1700)
9773:(1621–1665)
9765:(1598–1621)
9758:(1598–1621)
9750:(1556–1598)
9742:(1506–1556)
9739:Charles III
9734:(1482–1506)
9724:(1482–1700)
9711:(1477–1482)
9702:(1477–1482)
9694:(1467–1477)
9686:(1443–1467)
9676:(1443–1482)
9654:(1418–1425)
9624:(1388–1411)
9616:(1383–1388)
9608:(1354–1383)
9598:(1354–1443)
9584:(1354–1794)
9559:(1353–1354)
9551:(1346–1353)
9543:(1313–1346)
9535:(1288–1313)
9527:(1281–1288)
9519:(1247–1281)
9509:(1247–1354)
9496:(1214–1226)
9464:(1197–1247)
9451:(1196–1197)
9441:(1196–1197)
9428:(1136–1189)
9418:(1136–1189)
9396:(1131–1136)
9388:(1096–1131)
9380:(1086–1096)
9372:(1059–1086)
9364:(1047–1059)
9356:(1026–1047)
9198:Ferdinand V
9112:Matthias II
9097:Ferdinand I
8997:Interregnum
8795:Sobeslaus I
8719:Boleslaus I
8704:Spytihněv I
8546:(1916–1918)
8540:(1848–1916)
8534:(1835–1848)
8532:Ferdinand V
8528:(1792–1835)
8522:(1790–1792)
8516:(1780–1790)
8497:(1740–1780)
8491:(1711–1740)
8489:Charles III
8485:(1705–1711)
8479:(1657–1705)
8470:(1647–1654)
8457:(1619–1637)
8451:(1608–1619)
8449:Matthias II
8445:(1576–1608)
8439:(1564–1576)
8433:(1526–1564)
8431:Ferdinand I
8414:(1540–1570)
8408:(1526–1540)
8389:(1516–1526)
8383:(1490–1516)
8364:(1458–1490)
8345:(1440–1444)
8326:(1440–1457)
8324:Ladislaus V
8320:(1437–1439)
8301:(1387–1437)
8282:(1385–1386)
8270:(1342–1382)
8264:(1308–1342)
8245:(1305–1307)
8226:(1301–1305)
8194:(1290–1301)
8188:(1272–1290)
8182:(1270–1272)
8176:(1235–1270)
8170:(1205–1235)
8164:(1204–1205)
8158:(1196–1204)
8152:(1172–1196)
8143:(1163–1165)
8135:(1162–1163)
8126:Stephen III
8122:(1141–1162)
8116:(1131–1141)
8110:(1116–1131)
8104:(1095–1116)
8098:(1077–1095)
8096:Ladislaus I
8092:(1074–1077)
8086:(1063–1074)
8080:(1060–1063)
8074:(1046–1060)
8068:(1041–1044)
8056:(1000–1038)
7932:Family tree
7738:(1765–1780)
7729:(1743–1765)
7692:(1765–1780)
7683:(1740–1765)
7557:13 May 1717
6903:: 243–258.
6775:Roider 1973
6690:Artglass.cz
6620:subotica.rs
6517:Ingrao 2000
6445:Ingrao 2000
6430:Beller 2006
6403:Ingrao 2000
6376:Ingrao 2000
6364:Beales 2005
6352:Beales 2005
6337:Beales 2005
6301:Beales 2005
6289:Beales 2005
6229:Beales 1987
6163:28 November
6114:Beller 2006
6102:Ingrao 2000
6027:Beller 2006
5951:Beller 2006
5823:: 159–185.
5715:Beller 2006
5652:Beller 2006
5625:Beller 2006
5581:Bocşan 2015
5557:Bronza 2010
5434:Beller 2006
5393:Beales 2005
5306:Beales 2005
5294:Beales 1987
4910:Beller 2006
4862:Morris 1937
4609:Roider 1973
4597:Beales 2005
4585:Beales 2005
4561:Morris 1937
4519:Roider 1972
4387:Morris 1937
4307:Morris 1937
4247:Ingrao 2000
4232:29 November
4198:Ingrao 2000
4153:Morris 1937
4004:Beales 2005
3983:Beales 1987
3950:Beales 1987
3305:1 June 1754
3212:from 1790.
3200:from 1790,
3146:, no issue
3094:13 May 1742
3013:7 June 1740
2915:Alma Kruger
2909:, starring
2828:chandelier.
2795:region and
2782:Theresianum
2553:necrophobia
2433:Falkenstein
2417:olive crown
2381:Raabisation
2267:Theresianum
2138:inoculation
2036:(1770) and
1951:Protestants
1932:blood libel
1911:Protestants
1740:inoculation
1535:Family life
1491:Count Hadik
936:Stanisław I
880:that year.
681:Protestants
275:13 May 1717
255:9 July 1737
205:Charles III
201:Predecessor
138:Predecessor
109:Predecessor
104:12 May 1743
14394:Categories
13686:(962–1806)
13681:within the
13603:during the
13072:Maria Anna
13002:Maria Anna
12935:Maria Anna
12859:Maria Anna
11982:Francis II
11405:Leopold II
10941:Cambacérès
10917:Charles II
10881:Ranuccio I
10863:Pier Luigi
10800:Leopold VI
10760:Albert VII
10647:Charles II
10526:Francis II
10470:Leopold VI
10422:Albert VII
10310:Leopold II
10093:(994–1018)
9991:William IV
9949:William II
9778:Charles IV
9747:Philip III
9691:Charles II
9348:(998–1026)
9330:(963–1136)
9316:(963–1354)
9301:Luxembourg
9192:Francis II
9187:Leopold II
9142:Charles II
9107:Rudolph II
9102:Maximilian
9034:Matthias I
8952:Charles IV
8932:Luxembourg
8867:Ottokar II
8780:Bořivoj II
8544:Charles IV
8520:Leopold II
8437:Maximilian
8362:Matthias I
8280:Charles II
8224:Wenceslaus
8192:Andrew III
8141:Stephen IV
8108:Stephen II
8039:(997–1000)
8033:. 972–997)
7869:1737–1765
7833:1736–1737
7794:1745–1765
7761:1772–1780
7652:Luxembourg
7612:1740–1748
7589:1740–1741
7481:0754607313
7437:0521651964
7374:1557530211
7353:0135561914
7303:0520225902
7282:0814325610
7220:: Crowell.
7202:0520042069
7181:0521785057
7160:0226351688
7133:0691007969
7108:0773518126
7070:0715373870
7051:0582107849
7006:1860649505
6985:0664257607
6976:Louisville
6960:0750905786
6824:0521242401
6600:3 February
6541:Yonan 2011
6493:Mahan 1932
6457:Mahan 1932
6265:Yonan 2003
6253:Yonan 2003
5927:Mahan 1932
5900:2 December
5864:Cris XVIII
5775:Mahan 1932
5598:Byrne 1997
5470:Patai 1996
5446:Mahan 1932
5378:Mahan 1932
5354:Himka 1999
5318:Mahan 1932
5275:Mahan 1932
5158:Mahan 1932
5122:Mahan 1932
4886:Duffy 1977
4850:Mahan 1932
4833:Mahan 1932
4756:Yonan 2003
4573:Duffy 1977
4483:Mahan 1932
4471:Mahan 1932
4459:Mahan 1932
4435:Mahan 1932
4423:Mahan 1932
4399:Mahan 1932
4375:Mahan 1932
4363:Mahan 1932
4336:Mahan 1932
4295:Mahan 1932
4271:Mahan 1932
4259:Mahan 1932
4183:Mahan 1932
4168:Mahan 1932
4048:Mahan 1932
3907:References
3352:guillotine
3182:5 May 1747
2822:chandelier
2820:A crystal
2569:last rites
2513:Innviertel
2415:holds the
2399:Late reign
2342:her Thaler
2310:Censorship
2132:After the
1945:Vorarlberg
1716:last rites
1558:Maria Anna
1483:Kunersdorf
1409:Versailles
1201:to Spain.
838:Maria Anna
818:, and the
708:Charles VI
661:autocratic
598:Charles VI
271:1717-05-13
192:Coronation
142:Charles II
100:Coronation
13698:Theophanu
13647:(919–962)
13642:(911–919)
13625:Richardis
13608:(843–911)
12701:Margarita
12549:Magdalena
12021:HI&RH
11993:Spouse(s)
11416:Spouse(s)
11362:HI&RH
11344:Spouse(s)
11333:Joseph II
11109:Francis I
11025:Robert II
10935:Ferdinand
10911:Charles I
10899:Francesco
10875:Alexander
10776:Leopold V
10728:Charles I
10631:Charles I
10550:Charles I
10510:Joseph II
10446:Leopold V
10382:Charles I
10085:(976–994)
10003:Charlotte
9943:William I
9847:Charles V
9770:Philip IV
9731:Philip II
9629:Elisabeth
9548:Charles I
9532:Henry VII
9471:Ermesinde
9393:Conrad II
9385:William I
9377:Henry III
9361:Giselbert
9340:(963–998)
9337:Siegfried
9243:from the
9228:from the
9208:Charles I
9182:Joseph II
9132:Leopold I
9122:Frederick
8963:Sigismund
8918:Rudolph I
8857:Ottokar I
8831:Ottokar I
8816:Frederick
8806:Frederick
8699:Bořivoj I
8670:Křesomysl
8618:Legendary
8610:Přemyslid
8514:Joseph II
8477:Leopold I
8299:Sigismund
8262:Charles I
8180:Stephen V
8168:Andrew II
8054:Stephen I
7745:New title
7734:Joseph II
7725:Francis I
7720:1743–1780
7688:Joseph II
7679:Francis I
7674:1740–1780
7333:145605956
7124:Princeton
7020:The Serbs
6864:(2014) .
6840:Cambridge
6686:"History"
6325:Kann 1980
5939:Kann 1980
5837:1558-5255
5458:Kann 1980
5330:Kann 1980
4796:0018-246X
4129:Citations
3912:Footnotes
2802:Asteroid
2425:Innsbruck
2256:Education
2107:Staatsrat
2099:Staatsrat
2091:Hofkammer
2018:Romanians
2012:, mainly
1840:Jansenist
1822:, in 1762
1736:Elisabeth
1650:Innsbruck
1644:Mural by
1622:Ferdinand
1578:Chotusitz
1507:Elizabeth
1487:Landeshut
1479:Hochkirch
1293:captured
1228:Pressburg
1122:Pressburg
1009:Accession
995:Wallachia
748:Leopold I
657:Joseph II
653:Francis I
515:Signature
215:Joseph II
211:Successor
148:Successor
127:1st reign
121:Joseph II
117:Successor
88:2nd reign
14375:Category
13369:Eleonore
13338:Gabriela
13312:Adelheid
13206:Eleonora
13095:Mathilda
12564:Margaret
12044:Children
11437:Children
11375:Children
11120:Children
10987:Robert I
10961:Piacenza
10752:Matthias
10478:Joseph I
10414:Matthias
10406:Rudolf V
10350:Albert V
10248:Albert I
10240:Rudolf I
9801:Philip V
9683:Philip I
9645:and then
9524:Henry VI
9487:and then
9482:Theobald
9425:Henry IV
9369:Conrad I
9353:Henry II
9297:Monarchs
9237:Antiking
9137:Joseph I
9082:Habsburg
8977:Habsburg
8770:Conrad I
8734:Vladivoj
8680:Hostivít
8650:Nezamysl
8598:Monarchs
8483:Joseph I
8387:Louis II
8150:Béla III
8072:Andrew I
7608:Piacenza
7258:New York
7218:New York
7017:(2004).
6905:Archived
6897:Banatica
6888:(2015).
6670:7 August
6624:Archived
5845:21180204
3885:See also
3383:Ancestry
3376:, 1784.
3342:married
3311:married
3165:married
3144:smallpox
3142:died of
3100:married
2870:In media
2677:Subotica
2557:insomnia
2537:smallpox
2499:Bukovina
2495:Moldavia
2325:Rousseau
2321:Voltaire
2263:theology
2226:adultery
2134:smallpox
2113:Medicine
2083:Kreisamt
1967:en masse
1832:Catholic
1704:Isabella
1684:Smallpox
1604:and the
1525:Bourbons
1499:Rossbach
1367:Louis XV
1341:in May.
1327:suo jure
1277:, Count
1219:suo jure
1199:Lombardy
1072:co-ruler
983:Florence
928:Louis XV
878:smallpox
868:Marriage
812:Sardinia
744:Joseph I
612:and the
538:suo jure
505:Religion
479:Habsburg
13664:Eadgyth
13273:Assunta
13249:Dolores
13029:Hermine
12889:Johanna
12187:Réné II
10905:Antonio
10887:Odoardo
10869:Ottavio
10232:Austria
9985:Adolphe
9894:Francis
9886:Leopold
9855:Mary II
9651:John II
9640:Anthony
9516:Henry V
9493:Waleran
9345:Henry I
9254:Bavaria
8749:Oldřich
8744:Jaromír
8665:Vnislav
8645:Valasca
8602:Bohemia
8557:italics
8526:Francis
8443:Rudolph
8268:Louis I
8174:Béla IV
8120:Géza II
8114:Béla II
8102:Coloman
8084:Solomon
8037:Stephen
8013:Taksony
7666:Hainaut
7648:Lothier
7643:Limburg
7631:Croatia
7151:Chicago
6804:Sources
6595:Wsj.com
3926:Leopold
2837:Hofburg
2811:Terezin
2636:Hofburg
2613:torture
2600:persona
2545:fatigue
2527:in the
2481:in the
2437:Teschen
2389:Leopold
2357:serfdom
2332:Economy
2239:Baroque
2200:torture
2074:florins
2048:Reforms
1941:Gorizia
1937:Trieste
1868:Jesuits
1862:Jesuits
1723:Josepha
1700:Johanna
1696:Charles
1594:Leopold
1586:Charles
1405:Kaunitz
1348:by the
1179:Moravia
1092:Hofburg
1044:florins
849:Jesuits
816:Bavaria
808:Denmark
800:Prussia
724:dowager
638:Silesia
626:Bavaria
622:Prussia
555:Bohemia
551:Croatia
547:Hungary
543:Austria
361:more...
348:
332:
328:
171:Croatia
13132:Sophie
12574:Helena
11107:&
11043:Carlos
11031:Xavier
11013:Joseph
11001:Robert
10957:
10955:Lebrun
10943:
10929:Philip
10763:(1619)
10425:(1619)
9878:Joseph
9762:Albert
9699:Mary I
9540:John I
9029:George
8992:Albert
8675:Neklan
8635:Libuše
8318:Albert
8156:Emeric
8090:Géza I
8078:Béla I
8066:Samuel
8023:. 972)
8019:. 955–
8009:. 955)
8005:. 947–
7995:. 947)
7991:. 907–
7984:Zoltán
7979:. 907)
7975:. 895–
7965:. 895)
7961:. 850–
7815:Vacant
7774:Vacant
7560:
7499:
7478:
7457:
7451:Munich
7434:
7413:
7394:
7388:Munich
7371:
7350:
7331:
7300:
7279:
7262:London
7239:
7233:London
7199:
7178:
7157:
7130:
7105:
7086:London
7067:
7048:
7027:
7003:
6982:
6957:
6951:Stroud
6925:
6874:
6850:
6821:
5843:
5835:
4794:
3317:Modena
2997:Notes
2660:(2006)
2594:Legacy
2361:robota
2243:Rococo
2207:Zagreb
1896:Joseph
1791:French
1692:Joseph
1566:Joseph
1529:Naples
1503:Torgau
1391:, 1757
1295:Munich
1283:Prague
1252:Joseph
1207:Olmütz
1084:homage
1023:Vienna
1019:Graben
999:Bosnia
997:, and
991:Serbia
952:Vienna
804:Russia
788:Saxony
784:France
716:Vienna
671:, and
630:France
628:, and
618:Saxony
589:, and
577:, and
573:, the
563:Mantua
495:Mother
485:Father
338:
318:Spouse
306:Burial
278:Vienna
250:Tenure
228:Tenure
70:Tenure
57:, 1759
13615:Hemma
12689:María
11019:Elias
11007:Henry
10947:Parma
10672:Tyrol
10015:Henri
9621:Jobst
9210:(III)
9149:(II)
9068:Louis
8660:Vojen
8655:Mnata
8625:Czech
8274:Maria
8060:Peter
8047:Kings
7999:Fajsz
7969:Árpád
7955:Álmos
7723:with
7677:with
7670:Namur
7656:Milan
7562:Died:
7555:Born:
7329:S2CID
6908:(PDF)
6893:(PDF)
6792:[
4105:wheel
4046:days.
2994:Death
2991:Birth
2978:Issue
2751:, and
2561:edema
2549:cough
2413:Peace
2350:guild
2014:Serbs
1818:, by
1775:proxy
1773:, by
1767:Louis
1666:limbo
1520:Paris
1248:Latin
1195:Glatz
914:, by
853:Latin
796:Spain
579:Parma
567:Milan
474:House
459:Names
355:Issue
346:)
334:(
330:
180:Reign
14363:and
10009:Jean
9760:and
9634:with
9476:with
9448:Otto
8630:Krok
8406:John
8243:Otto
8027:Géza
7668:and
7654:and
7629:and
7606:and
7497:ISBN
7476:ISBN
7455:ISBN
7432:ISBN
7411:ISBN
7392:ISBN
7369:ISBN
7348:ISBN
7298:ISBN
7277:ISBN
7237:ISBN
7197:ISBN
7176:ISBN
7155:ISBN
7128:ISBN
7103:ISBN
7065:ISBN
7046:ISBN
7025:ISBN
7001:ISBN
6980:ISBN
6955:ISBN
6923:ISBN
6872:ISBN
6848:ISBN
6819:ISBN
6672:2021
6602:2022
6165:2018
5902:2018
5841:PMID
5833:ISSN
4792:ISSN
4234:2018
3944:and
3936:and
3928:and
3834:15.
3776:14.
3714:13.
3656:12.
3592:11.
3534:10.
3208:and
2988:Name
2943:Arms
2880:and
2787:The
2780:The
2773:The
2555:and
2466:and
2435:and
2323:and
2241:and
2158:lead
2016:and
1986:and
1943:and
1909:and
1907:Jews
1887:Jews
1624:and
1518:and
1469:and
1387:The
1316:The
1193:and
1181:and
738:and
710:and
679:and
677:Jews
344:1765
340:1736
292:Died
265:Born
242:and
169:and
13630:Ota
13387:**
12031:HRH
12011:HRH
11424:HRH
11352:HRH
9704:and
9299:of
9252:of
9194:(I)
8954:(I)
8802:(I)
8766:(I)
8600:of
7321:doi
5825:doi
4782:doi
3802:7.
3740:3.
3682:6.
3618:1.
3560:5.
3498:2.
3472:9.
3440:4.
3414:8.
2985:No.
2168:Law
2162:tin
1875:'s
1361:to
1066:as
950:in
244:Bar
14396::
13399:#
13393:^
13381:*
12740:**
12703:**
12697:**
12691:**
12685:**
12603:**
12597:**
12001:HH
8690:c.
7650:,
7641:,
7386:.
7327:.
7315:.
7260:,
7256:.
7231:.
7216:.
7149:.
7122:.
7084:.
6974:.
6949:.
6901:25
6899:.
6895:.
6846:.
6842::
6838:.
6760:.
6742:.
6724:.
6706:.
6688:.
6658:.
6640:.
6622:.
6618:.
6593:.
6437:^
6422:^
6395:^
6344:^
6197:^
6156:.
6145:^
6082:^
6017:^
6002:^
5985:^
5958:^
5884:^
5862:.
5839:.
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