45:
2385:
shipping companies hired private maritime security companies to protect their crews, ships and cargoes (known as 'Privately
Contracted Armed Security Personnel or PCASP)'. This development affects governments, navies and other security agencies because it is a form of privatised security, one of the core functions of modern states. The maritime industry has developed an ISO certification (ISO 28007:2015) for the provision of privately contracted armed security personnel on board ships. The presence of PCASPs on ships creates complex legal issues and in most cases, permission must be given from the ship's
2581:. The US used to be the dominant naval force in the region, yet this is changing and today the three states are competing over economic influence, extractive resources and military strength in the region. Where the US used to be the dominant security provider of crucial SLOCs in the region India and China are both vying for similar positions today. The increased tensions between have led to increased naval presence and an increasing number of military exercises, which risks intensifying military competition in the region and thus decreasing maritime security in the Western Indian Ocean.
2225:
2345:
2434:
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countries. The volume of illegal drugs being moved in commercial shipping continues to increase and therefore the risk to ships and ports continues to increase, with ships’ crews often unaware that their ship or its cargo are being used as a cover to transport illegal drugs. However, if illegal drugs are found on board by local customs or law enforcement agencies, innocent companies and seafarers may potentially be exposed to huge financial fines or penalties, or even the risk of imprisonment.
2574:
prevent others from doing so”. Interstate disputes vary in nature, scope and severity, yet interstate dispute is always politically motivated and concerns the interests of states’. The concept can be divided into three main categories of disputes; 1) Functional disputes over physical properties and resources at sea, 2) Institutional disputes over territorial boundaries and 3) symbolic disputes over cultural and political values that states attach to the maritime domain.
2543:
2295:. Besides maritime domain awareness (MDA) more topics began to become subject of these cooperation initiatives. The International Maritime Organization Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC), adopted in 2009, was originally an agreement on cooperation between East African and Southwest Asian states to counter piracy. Since its revision and the complementary Jeddah Amendment to the DCoC of 2017, it now also includes other illicit maritime activities than piracy like
2284:
world. Piracy was also the starting point of many international relations scholars for approaching maritime security as a concept. In the wake of the Mumbai
Terrorist attack in November 2008, an Indian scholar even lamented the serious lack of maritime vision in his government's policies to preserve India's expanding interests, thereby coining the catch-phrase "sea-blindness".
2066:
character enables international actors to discuss these new challenges without the need to define every potentially contested aspect of it. Maritime security is of increasing concern to the global shipping industry, where there are a wide range of security threats and challenges. Some of the practical issues clustered under the term of maritime security include crimes such as
2320:
2008 and the 1918th in 2010, in order to make member countries put piracy as a penal crime in their domestic legislation. Those resolutions were ratified, but despite ratification, few countries have applied that resolution in their domestic law. In 2011, NATO put the maritime security issue in its
Alliance Maritime Strategy objectives.
2403:"the undertaking of terrorist acts and activities within the maritime environment, using or against vessels or fixed platforms at sea or in port, or against any one of their passengers or personnel, against coastal facilities or settlements, including tourist resorts, port areas and port towns or cities."
2744:
Professor
Christian Bueger has proposed three frameworks for how to deconstruct concepts of maritime security by various actors: the maritime security matrix that helps conceptualise relations, the securitization framework that looks at claims that are being made in relation to maritime security, and
2712:
has been a means to transform the traditional way of countries power projection on the sea through their navies towards a cooperation in order to achieve common goals. The focus of the liberal paradigm has been criticised as being mainly limited to technicalities and formalities of international law,
2368:
off West Africa is increasingly dangerous for commercial shipping, accounting for just over 90% of maritime kidnappings worldwide. However, the report noted that the number of ship hijackings in the first half of 2020 was at their lowest level since 1993. In total, IMB's Piracy
Reporting Centre (PRC)
2319:
which entered into force in 2004. The United
Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS) which took place in 1984 gives a framework to piracy prohibition. Since 2008, the United Nations Security Council edited some Resolutions concerning the specific Somali case like for example the 1846th in
2840:
enables to analyse what kind of activities are actually conducted in the name of security. Practice in this theory is seen as patterns of doing and saying things that lead to the implementation of maritime security measures. According to Bueger five practices fit within the conventional spectrum of
2740:
is based on the notion, that security is a socially constructed concept. Rather than accepting maritime security as a given list of threats and means, the constructivist school of thought is interested in looking at the relations and how the concept of maritime security comes to be through actions,
2461:
Smuggling also includes legally allowed items brought in without declaration to avoid customs charges, such as tobacco. This poses issues for maritime security, as often the smuggling of such items is connected to organised crime. The smuggling of drugs through the sea is a security problem for all
2384:
started to increase in the early 2000s, after a civil war affected the area. Between 2008 and 2013, large numbers of attacks against merchant ships in the Indian Ocean occurred, gaining international attention. This eventually led to the privatisation of maritime security as an increasing number of
2283:
which has triggered recognition for the detrimental effects of maritime insecurities. As a result of the economic costs for world trade and the physical threats to seafarers, maritime security gained a significant increase of attention by the shipping industry, insurers and policy makers around the
2573:
Interstate dispute is a core dimension of maritime security and can be described as a hostile and conflictual relationship between two or more states. Interstate dispute arises due to strategic competition over access and capacity to “to utilise the seas for commercial and military purposes, or to
2564:
and surrounding maritime area. It includes the protection of the seaports themselves and the protection and inspection of the cargo moving through the ports. Security risks related to ports often focus on either the physical security of the port, or security risks within the maritime supply chain.
2263:
from 2002 as a consequence of the attacks have been published by regulating authorities or the maritime industry. In the light of the perceived terrorist threat, the scope of the maritime security concept began to broaden from the narrow focus on interstate military confrontation to include other
2469:
to transport drugs, the primary method of transfer is utilising existing commercial shipping, either hidden on board or placed within legitimate cargoes such as containers. Large ships present organised criminals with the opportunity to transport high volumes of drugs from producing to consuming
2457:
from the Andean region of South
America. The smuggling of drugs through the sea is a security problem for all the countries of the Latin American region. Drug trafficking organizations have developed various complex systems for the transportation and distribution of illegal drugs, where several
2065:
that incorporates many interconnected sub-fields. The definition of the term maritime security varies and while no internationally agreed definition exists, the term has often been used to describe both existing, and new regional and international challenges to the maritime domain. The buzzword
2724:
However, it has also been pointed out that the liberalist approach is a much better reflection of reality than the highly theoretical constructivist approach, explained in detail below. Dirk
Siebels, an expert on maritime security, has explained that regional agreements between governments are
2671:
A number of constructivist’ scholars have criticised this approach to maritime security where defining what a maritime security issue actually is, often becomes a collection of topics associated with threats in the maritime domain. The US Naval
Operations Concept from 2006 for example listed
2478:
Issues such as war, political instability, famine and poverty have resulted in many thousands of people travelling by sea to find better conditions of living. This migration poses several potential security concerns for coastal States, including the safety and legal issues arising from
2802:
A matrix may have each concept in a corner of a square, maritime security being situated in the centre. Depending on what is being analysed, concepts like human trafficking can then be situated e.g. between ‘maritime security’, ‘human security’, and ‘economic development’.
2097:
While a concern throughout history for nation states, maritime security has evolved significantly since the early 2000s, when in particular concerns over terrorist attacks on port facilities sparked interest in security in the maritime domain and led to the creation of the
2514:
in 2015, the effects of unsafe mixed migration on maritime security have been shown by both the number of ships arriving from Africa to the
European coast (demonstrating the permeability of Europe's maritime borders) but also by the visible humanitarian consequences of
2650:(also command of the sea). In peacetime, sea power is associated with countries securing the ability to conduct transport and trade via the sea. In wartime, sea power describes the agency of navies to attack other navies or other countries
2407:"Any attempt or threat to seize control of a ship by force; To damage or destroy a ship or its cargo; To injure or kill a person on board a ship; or To endanger in any way the safe navigation of a ship that moves from the territorial waters
2363:
and armed robbery remains an ongoing issue in maritime security. The ICC International Maritime Bureau (IMB) Piracy and Armed Robbery report states that attacks against ships and their crews have risen in 2019/2020. They identify that the
2869:
These activities can be seen through two different perspective. The focus can either be laid on what activities belong to the everyday routine of maritime security actors or on the measures that are done in exceptional circumstances.
2288:
2409:". Some terrorist attacks against maritime targets are very rare compared to the total number of attacks noted by the global terrorism database, however notable cases are famous like the hijacking of the ship
2632:
There are significant cyber security gaps on ships. These are due to a lack of awareness from ship operators and seafarers. Also, navigation equipment such as ECDIS, GPS, AIS, RADAR can be compromised.
2725:
generally needed to define maritime security – or good order at sea – for the respective region. Governments in West Africa, Southeast Asia, Europe or other regions may have different priorities, “
2051:
stage for geopolitical power projection, interstate warfare or militarized disputes, as a source of specific threats such as piracy, or as a connector between states that enables various phenomena from
2323:
Despite the few countries who applied UN resolutions focused on Somalia piracy in their national legislation, many have created national agencies or bureaus specialized in maritime Security, like the
2458:
countries in the region serve as points of contact for the distribution of illegal products, with an estimated 90% of the cocaine produced in the Andean region transported at some point by sea.
2530:. However, the presence of stowaways also presents complex legal issues, involving refugees, the shipping company, ship and ship's crew, as well as the flag State of the ship and the
2828:, securitization looks at who is making claims (using some form of language) in the name of security to carryout measures that would otherwise not easily be justified and accepted.
2741:
interactions and perceptions. Constructivists’ look at how different understandings of maritime security are informed by different political interests and normative understandings.
2114:
which has triggered recognition for the detrimental effects of maritime insecurities for economic development, human security as well as the environment. Maritime security is often
3576:"ISO 28007:2015 Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies (PMSC) providing privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP) on board ships (and pro forma contract)"
2186:). In his book, Grotius laid out the foundation of the freedom of navigation at sea. The sea was seen as international territory, where every nation was free to conduct trade.
2674:
ensuring the freedom of navigation, the flow of commerce and the protection of ocean resources, as well as securing the maritime domain from nation-state threats, terrorism,
2327:
in Pakistan. The first country to put the problem on their agenda were the United States in 2004 with the Maritime Security Policy. It marked the beginning of United States'
3593:
2560:
is part of a broader definition concerning maritime security and refers to the defence, law and treaty enforcement, and counterterrorism activities that fall within the
3221:
Onuoha, Freedom C. (September 2009). "Sea piracy and maritime security in the Horn of Africa : the Somali coast and Gulf of Aden in perspective : feature".
2516:
3708:
2217:, a natural prolongation of the territory of the respective state. Maritime security has until then been mostly concerned with interstate naval conflicts and
2142:
in 30 BC to 117 AD as a term to describe its control of the Mediterranean Sea. From this concept of the sealing of a sea, the legal concept of mare clausum (
4109:
2589:
Armed conflict is an area of maritime security, both in the risks for shipping and users of the sea, but also in the wider context of maritime conflict and
2398:
2106:. Most littoral states and international organisations have also outlined maritime security strategies. It is in particular piracy in Southeast Asia,
2316:
2260:
2099:
2659:
The protection of a state’s land and maritime territory, infrastructure, economy, environment and society from certain harmful acts occurring at sea
2190:
2369:
recorded 98 incidents of piracy and armed robbery in the first half of 2020, up from 78 in Q2 2019. Some areas of Southeast Asia, including the
2243:
As a concept and agenda maritime security has evolved since the late 1990s and early 2000s. In particular concerns over terrorist attacks on
2421:
resulted in the global community agreeing on the wider need to improve security in the maritime domain and this led to the creation of the
4302:
2824:
2300:
2087:
2075:
2664:‘Hard’ maritime security signifying sea power and domination of the sea and ‘soft’ maritime security being used for threats concerning “
2450:
2453:
is the primary mean of transportation of illegal drugs produced in this region to global consumer markets, primarily in the form of
2811:
2737:
2061:”. The theoretical concept of maritime security has evolved from a narrow perspective of national naval power projection towards a
968:
2405:
The Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988 defines maritime terrorism as
2846:
2292:
1400:
4508:
2865:, warfare) This type of activity might not be associated with maritime security, but rather with war or other related concepts.
2449:
and trafficking of other prohibited items such as weapons is a key issue that affects global maritime security. In particular,
2377:
are also areas where piracy and armed robbery take place at sea, although in most cases, armed robbery is the most prevalent.
4420:
4129:
3970:
3758:
2757:) using four dimensions to relate and situate maritime security topics in and to the general concept of ‘maritime security’:
2753:
The maritime security matrix looks at the semantic relations between maritime security and other maritime concepts (see also
2646:
In the traditional realist school of thought of international relations, maritime security is mainly regarded as a matter of
3579:
2697:
2661:”. Some scholars then argue that maritime security can be classified into two different types, ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ security.
2626:
3804:
3786:
3690:
3353:
2622:
2621:
has become a maritime security concern. Cyber Security has come under increased focus in the maritime industry since the
2609:
and international events such as the ongoing 2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis continue to poses maritime security concerns.
2606:
2353:
2312:
2247:
sparked new security interests in the maritime domain. Notable events influencing the maritime security paradigm are the
1756:
44:
2704:
to maritime security is the regulation of the maritime domain. Some legal scholars have defined maritime security as a “
4355:
4330:
3715:
3657:
2255:
attacks in 2001. Several states and international organisations have since outlined maritime security strategies. Many
2162:. Maritime activity was exclusively reserved for the enhancement of national security through naval military. In 1609,
1951:
1729:
339:
2287:
One effect of piracy has been the development of regional cooperation initiatives. In Southeast Asia for example, the
4447:
4395:
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4165:
3843:
3835:
3512:
3504:
3124:
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1405:
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before armed personnel can attend the vessel and this usually involves confirming Rules for the Use of Force (RUF).
2213:
in which a state has the sole exploitation rights of resources like oil and fish. The latter can be extended by the
2201:, which is active since 1994. It now includes various zones and jurisdictions, including internal, territorial, and
3191:
1483:
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2107:
1828:
1466:
1253:
93:
2701:
1592:
3859:
3800:
3337:
3779:
3320:
3256:
Bueger, Christian (September 2014). "Piracy studies: Academic responses to the return of an ancient menace".
2311:
Maritime security is facilitated at sea and in ports by several international regulations and codes from the
2009:
1456:
2328:
2280:
1946:
645:
405:
3307:
1956:
1143:
940:
811:
349:
3535:
3349:
4027:"Silk Roads and Strings of Pearls: The Strategic Geography of China's New Pathways in the Indian Ocean"
1420:
3551:"Privatisation of maritime security: Implications for governments, navies and other security agencies"
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4026:
3987:
3916:
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3500:
3436:
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1530:
1038:
382:
256:
110:
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2331:, some maritime military actions other than wars, charged to detect and prevent illicit operations.
4513:
2593:. War like risks are of increasing concern for maritime users and governments in areas such as the
2397:
Maritime terrorism is also an issue for maritime security and the definition has been clarified by
2289:
Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCaap)
1981:
1848:
1395:
1088:
901:
749:
3295:
2193:. This international agreement first came into effect in 1958 as the Convention on the High Seas (
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1934:
1916:
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1231:
1153:
1098:
978:
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354:
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The West Indian Ocean is an area with maritime security concerns for shipping and governments.
1801:
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1498:
1410:
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1158:
754:
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177:
76:
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2425:. Since the introduction of the ISPS Code there has not been a major maritime terror attack.
2410:
1390:
1323:
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925:
888:
851:
769:
721:
605:
415:
223:
132:
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2122:). It is characterized as being cross-jurisdictional and/or highly jurisdictional complex.
1781:
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1540:
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1318:
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868:
726:
662:
516:
486:
83:
4110:"China–India and maritime security: A contest for power and influence in the Indian Ocean"
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8:
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practice theory to analyse what is actually being done in the name of maritime security.
2679:
2480:
2202:
1632:
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1493:
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61:
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Owing to the increased technology and connectivity on modern ships in the 21st century,
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between the 15th and 17th century. The sea became a restricted space, organised between
2130:
Historically, the sea has been subject to different concepts of law and power. The term
4472:
4216:
3828:
Maritime Security - A comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations
3677:
Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean. A Threat Assessment
3608:
3497:
Maritime Security - A comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations
3321:"Regional maritime piracy agreement broadened to cover other illicit maritime activity"
3273:
3238:
3057:
Maritime Security - A comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations
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4090:
4071:"Geopolitics of Western Indian Ocean: Unravelling China's Multi-dimensional Presence"
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2002:
1911:
1858:
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1303:
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1138:
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998:
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410:
344:
1971:
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4117:
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3999:
3928:
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3635:(Publication). (2010). Lisbon: EMCDDA–Europol joint publications. doi:10.2810/16059
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1976:
1941:
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1375:
1308:
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1123:
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935:
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610:
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506:
329:
306:
213:
142:
71:
54:
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3932:
3890:
3538:. International Chamber of Commerce and International Maritime Bureay. 2020-07-17.
3234:
3034:
3017:
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2727:
yet it is their order, defined in negotiations and in line with international law
2579:
interstate rivalry is between the US, India and China in the Western Indian Ocean
2466:
1786:
1771:
1689:
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1587:
1243:
1238:
1128:
1118:
1033:
1008:
945:
786:
716:
706:
558:
543:
466:
438:
238:
218:
66:
3367:
2858:
Coordination activities (e.g. forums, conferences, harmonizing legal frameworks)
4212:
3192:
International Code for the Security of Ships and of Port Facilities (ISPS Code)
2500:
2496:
2365:
2034:
1961:
1709:
1133:
1093:
1071:
1058:
1048:
1018:
930:
883:
686:
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568:
521:
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491:
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316:
273:
228:
100:
33:
3173:
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1808:
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682:
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311:
233:
196:
191:
88:
4411:
Aradau, Claudia; Huysman, Jef; Neal, Andrew; Voelkner, Nadine, eds. (2015).
2657:
One more recent definitions in realist’ thinking sees maritime security as “
4241:. Cass Series: Naval Policy and History (4.th ed.). Milton: Routledge.
4181:
2775:
2594:
2167:
2163:
2139:
2131:
1995:
1921:
1901:
1896:
1791:
1736:
1370:
1365:
1188:
1103:
846:
580:
481:
278:
182:
3575:
2815:
3917:"Maritime security and the Western Indian Ocean's militarisation dilemma"
2819:
2551:
2441:
following seizure of 20 tons of cocaine by the United States Coast Guard.
2374:
2183:
2147:
2111:
2053:
1906:
1657:
1622:
1461:
1148:
1113:
821:
764:
667:
451:
172:
167:
3175:
Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection Priorities
2982:
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2911:
2894:
2542:
2714:
2386:
2198:
2119:
1863:
1833:
1555:
919:
4463:
Bueger, Christian (2016). Balzaq, Thierry; Cavelty, Myriam D. (eds.).
4310:. Chief of Naval Operations – Command of the Marine Corps. p. 14.
2666:
ocean resources, transportation and trade, and exchange of information
2205:. It further defines the exclusive sovereign waters of a state called
2754:
2718:
2547:
2523:
2504:
2422:
2083:
2071:
1853:
1677:
1627:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1427:
1218:
1213:
1178:
615:
301:
268:
157:
4197:"Appraisal of a Ship's Cybersecurity efficiency: The case of piracy"
3550:
3181:. Library of Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service.
2194:
2155:
2062:
1868:
1843:
1476:
1108:
1083:
696:
251:
125:
2855:
Law enforcement activities (e.g. arrests, trials and prosecutions)
2814:
is a framework of international relations originally developed by
2271:
It is in particular the surge of piracy during the early 2000s in
2966:"Beyond seablindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies"
2895:"Beyond seablindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies"
2454:
2349:
1878:
1838:
1602:
1436:
1432:
774:
759:
635:
296:
291:
261:
200:
162:
4388:
Maritime Security in East and West Africa: A Tale of Two Regions
2938:
Maritime Security in East and West Africa: A Tale of Two Regions
2732:
2232:
after an attack in October 2000 while she was being refueled in
3296:
http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/indias-sea-blindness/0/
2360:
2218:
2067:
2046:
1385:
781:
598:
334:
2636:
2237:
2159:
2038:
856:
392:
387:
2706:
stable order of the oceans subject to the rule of law at sea
2691:
2259:
and standards regarding physical maritime security like the
3633:
Cocaine: A European Union perspective in the global context
2561:
2244:
2233:
152:
147:
3675:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2012).
2526:
remaining a practical security concern while at ports and
4410:
3714:. Financial Action Task Force. 2020-07-17. Archived from
3294:, Indian Defence Review, Vol. 24.1 (January–March 2009) (
2641:
25:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
2852:
Activities at sea (e.g. patrols, inspections, exercises)
2334:
2191:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
2102:. The ISPS Code is enforced through Chapter XI-2 of the
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3202:
2189:
Grotius’ concept of the free sea was superseded by the
2025:
is an umbrella term informed to classify issues in the
4413:
Critical Security Methods. New Frameworks for Analysis
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
2717:
aspects of maritime security that go beyond legal and
3811:
2964:
Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy (November 2017).
2893:
Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy (November 2017).
2166:, a Dutch philosopher and jurist, published the book
4239:
Seapower : A Guide for the Twenty-First Century
3915:
Bueger, Christian; Stockbruegger, Jan (2022-04-03).
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3478:
2399:
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific
3914:
3875:"China and India's soft rivalry in the Gulf region"
3207:(Second ed.). London, New York: NY: Routledge.
3042:
4435:
3910:
3908:
2625:required cyber security to be addressed under the
2317:International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
2100:International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
4436:Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole; de Wilde, Jaap (1998).
3732:
3416:"NATO - Alliance Maritime Strategy Official Text"
3203:Peoples, Columba; Vaughan-Williams, Nick (2015).
2428:
2301:illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU)
4495:
4148:
4146:
3171:
2473:
2118:and goes beyond the maritime domain itself (see
2033:, marine environment, economic development, and
4442:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
3905:
3462:"Nato Official Text - Maritime Security Agency"
2291:has been initiated in 2004 and includes now an
2125:
3643:
3641:
4320:
4154:Cyber Security Workbook for On Board Ship Use
4143:
3960:
3747:Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse On Board Ship
3140:Grotius, Hugo (2004). Armitage, David (ed.).
2963:
2892:
2733:Constructivist’ approach to maritime security
2003:
4345:
3961:Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy (2024).
2708:”. The liberalist’ approach emphasises that
2462:the countries of the Latin American region.
4182:"Cyberwarfare - Pelorus Maritime Education"
4114:Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations
3691:"Innovation in the War on Drugs: Narcosubs"
3638:
3586:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3161:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
2806:
2748:
2637:Theoretical approaches to maritime security
2491:. Geographic areas principally include the
2339:
2088:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
4325:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 1.
4194:
3985:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3671:
3669:
3613:Center for International Maritime Security
3205:Critical security studies, an introduction
3172:Parfomak, Paul W.; Fritelli, John (2007).
3094:
2451:Maritime drug trafficking in Latin America
2010:
1996:
3965:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
3325:International Maritime Organization (IMO)
3033:
2993:1983/a9bb7d69-6274-4515-8db4-886079ca3668
2991:
2981:
2922:1983/a9bb7d69-6274-4515-8db4-886079ca3668
2920:
2910:
2845:Maritime domain awareness (MDA, see also
2692:Liberalist’ approach to maritime security
2483:but also the related criminal aspects of
2306:
4321:Kraska, James; Pedrozo, Raul A. (2013).
4279:Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea
4254:Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea
4107:
4024:
3988:"Geostrategic Storm in the Indian Ocean"
3872:
3626:
3521:
3117:Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea
2541:
2465:While traffickers sometimes make use of
2432:
2343:
2223:
969:List of military strategies and concepts
4385:
4346:Kaska, James; Pedrozo, Raul A. (2013).
4256:. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
3767:
3701:
3666:
3548:
3139:
2935:
2348:Armed pirates in the Indian Ocean near
2170:where he introduced the concept of the
2094:) are also maritime security concerns.
4496:
4462:
4439:Security: a new framework for analysis
4281:. Oxford University Press. p. 7.
4068:
3609:"The ISPS-Code and Maritime Terrorism"
3255:
3220:
3156:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3015:
2940:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 19–24.
2642:Realist’ approach to maritime security
2568:
4276:
4251:
4232:
4230:
4064:
4062:
4060:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3793:
3647:
3216:
3214:
3114:
2517:vessels transporting migrants sinking
2335:Practical issues of maritime security
4236:
3873:Huwaidin, Mohamed Bin (2022-01-02).
3787:North of England P&I Association
3688:
3580:International Standards Organization
3568:
3459:
3392:"United Nations Documents on Piracy"
3342:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2959:
2957:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2688:” as the goal of maritime security.
2627:International Safety Management Code
2584:
2086:and interstate rivalry (such as the
4370:
4348:International Maritime Security Law
4323:International Maritime Security Law
3805:International Maritime Organization
3354:International Maritime Organization
3081:
2550:access requirements in the port of
2313:International Maritime Organization
13:
4390:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21.
4227:
4201:Journal of Transportation Security
4057:
3947:
3879:Journal of the Indian Ocean Region
3338:STCW Maritime Security Regulations
3249:
3211:
3196:
3097:Maritime Security: An Introduction
3095:McNicholas, Michael (April 2016).
2831:
2713:but not helping understanding the
14:
4530:
3860:"The importance of port security"
3836:International Chamber of Shipping
3549:Siebels, Dirk (21 January 2018).
3505:International Chamber of Shipping
3103:
3065:International Chamber of Shipping
3000:
2954:
2879:
2612:
2325:Pakistan Maritime Security Agency
3437:"National Legislation on Piracy"
3368:"Piracy Under International Law"
3159:The International Law of the Sea
3016:Bueger, Christian (March 2015).
2847:Information Sharing Centre (ISC)
2686:and illegal seaborne immigration
2537:
2293:Information Sharing Centre (ISC)
2197:). The most recent agreement is
2049:and ports, where seas act as a “
43:
4456:
4429:
4404:
4379:
4364:
4350:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
4339:
4314:
4295:
4270:
4245:
4188:
4174:
4101:
4018:
3992:CSS Analyses in Security Policy
3979:
3963:Understanding maritime security
3866:
3852:
3801:"Unsafe mixed migration by sea"
3682:
3600:
3542:
3453:
3429:
3408:
3384:
3360:
3331:
3313:
3308:Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC)
3301:
3284:
3185:
3165:
2211:exclusive economic zones (EEZs)
4467:. Routledge. pp. 126–135.
4069:Gurjar, Sankalp (2019-09-03).
4025:Brewster, David (2017-04-03).
3150:
3133:
2929:
2629:of ships from 1 January 2021.
2429:Smuggling and drug trafficking
1:
4509:International water transport
4304:Naval Operations Concept 2006
4087:10.1080/09700161.2019.1647657
4043:10.1080/14650045.2016.1223631
3986:Lieberherr, Boas (May 2021).
3933:10.1080/10246029.2022.2053556
3891:10.1080/19480881.2022.2054505
3862:. Marine Insight. 2020-07-18.
3235:10.1080/10246029.2009.9627540
3146:. Liberty Fund, Incorporated.
2873:
2474:Unsafe mixed migration at sea
2074:of people and illicit goods,
4195:Karahalios, Hristos (2020).
3035:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005
3018:"What is maritime security?"
2605:where conflicts such as the
2546:Security signage indicating
2519:, leading to deaths at sea.
2392:
2329:Maritime Security Operations
2138:in Latin) was coined by the
2126:History of maritime security
2037:. This includes the world's
7:
3119:. Oxford University Press.
3115:Klein, Natalie (May 2011).
2510:Since the beginning of the
2150:) was developed during the
1467:Military–industrial complex
941:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
4535:
4213:10.1007/s12198-020-00223-1
3596:. Stable Seas. 2020-07-17.
3157:Tanaka, Yoshifumi (2012).
2315:. The primary Code is the
2029:that are often related to
4158:Witherby Publishing Group
3832:Witherby Publishing Group
3751:Witherby Publishing Group
3648:Perez, Ana Lilia (2014).
3501:Witherby Publishing Group
3061:Witherby Publishing Group
2698:liberal school of thought
2684:environmental destruction
2266:critical security studies
2082:. War, warlike activity,
1531:Loss-of-strength gradient
383:Combat information center
4122:10.4324/9781351001564-20
4108:Brewster, David (2020),
4004:10.3929/ethz-b-000480516
3838:. 2021. pp. 12–16.
3270:10.1177/0010836713484117
3258:Cooperation and Conflict
3099:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
2807:Securitization framework
2749:Maritime security matrix
2340:Piracy and armed robbery
2277:off the coast of Somalia
2108:off the coast of Somalia
2070:, armed robbery at sea,
2041:but also regional seas,
1849:Military science fiction
1334:Technology and equipment
750:List of military tactics
4415:. Abingdon: Routledge.
4277:Klein, Natalie (2011).
4252:Klein, Natalie (2011).
4237:Till, Geoffrey (2018).
3921:African Security Review
3709:"Illicit Tobacco Trade"
3507:. 2021. pp. 7–11.
3223:African Security Review
2822:. Sometimes called the
2702:international relations
2603:Southern Red Sea Region
2512:European migrant crisis
1917:Wartime sexual violence
1673:Full-spectrum dominance
1484:Supply-chain management
4386:Siebels, Dirk (2020).
2936:Siebels, Dirk (2020).
2861:Naval diplomacy (e.g.
2554:
2442:
2357:
2354:engaged pirate vessels
2307:Regulatory environment
2240:
1829:Awards and decorations
1802:Peace through strength
1777:Low-intensity conflict
1411:Conscientious objector
1284:Area of responsibility
3536:"Q1/Q2 Piracy Report"
3292:India's Sea-blindness
3290:Khurana, Gurpreet S.
2970:International Affairs
2899:International Affairs
2545:
2436:
2417:bombing in 2000. The
2347:
2227:
416:Torpedo data computer
406:Ship gun fire-control
4465:Security as Practice
3695:The Marine Executive
3652:. Grijalbo Mondari.
3594:"Maritime Terrorism"
2772:Economic development
2419:September 11 attacks
2413:in 1961 and the USS
1947:Military occupations
1782:Military engineering
1684:Unrestricted Warfare
1541:Force multiplication
434:Military manoeuvrers
3606:Lars H. Bergqvist.
3460:NATO (2011-03-18).
3350:"Maritime Security"
3067:. 2021. p. 3.
2841:maritime security:
2794:(e.g. connected to
2784:(e.g. connected to
2774:(e.g. connected to
2764:(e.g. connected to
2680:transnational crime
2678:and other forms of
2569:Interstate conflict
2481:Illegal immigration
2203:archipelagic waters
2090:or conflict in the
1633:Penal military unit
1618:Rules of engagement
1294:Command and control
914:Operations research
378:Director (military)
368:Fire-control system
138:Command and control
19:Part of a series on
4075:Strategic Analysis
3689:Guerrero, Javier.
3327:. 13 January 2017.
2762:Marine environment
2652:sea transportation
2577:A present case of
2555:
2447:illegal drug trade
2443:
2371:Straits of Malacca
2358:
2264:issues. (See also
2241:
2084:maritime terrorism
2043:territorial waters
1742:Counter-insurgency
1663:Command of the sea
1608:Jewish laws on war
1583:Geneva Conventions
1119:Divide and conquer
909:Military operation
874:Tactical objective
373:Fire-control radar
350:Electronic-warfare
4422:978-0-415-71294-1
4131:978-1-351-00156-4
3972:978-0-19-776715-3
3780:"Migrants at Sea"
3760:978-1-85609-808-3
2983:10.1093/ia/iix174
2912:10.1093/ia/iix174
2863:capacity building
2836:The framework of
2825:Copenhagen School
2796:human trafficking
2782:National security
2710:international law
2585:War/Warlike Risks
2493:Mediterranean Sea
2489:human trafficking
2297:human trafficking
2215:continental shelf
2178:is translated to
2031:national security
2023:Maritime security
2020:
2019:
1912:Horses in warfare
1859:Anti-war movement
1762:Gunboat diplomacy
1752:Disaster response
1700:Philosophy of war
1695:Principles of war
1668:Deterrence theory
1613:Right of conquest
1536:Lanchester's laws
1304:Principles of war
994:Counter-offensive
974:Military campaign
879:Target saturation
802:Counterinsurgency
411:Gun data computer
345:Close air support
307:Aircraft carriers
4526:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4207:(3–4): 179–201.
4192:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4066:
4055:
4054:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3824:
3809:
3808:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3765:
3764:
3743:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3650:Mares de Cocaina
3645:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3493:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3013:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2985:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2914:
2905:(6): 1293–1311.
2890:
2676:drug trafficking
2599:Strait of Hormuz
2467:narco submarines
2437:Panamanian ship
2251:in 2000 and the
2249:USS Cole bombing
2228:The warship USS
2152:age of discovery
2104:SOLAS Convention
2092:Strait of Hormuz
2080:marine pollution
2012:
2005:
1998:
1767:Humanitarian aid
1705:Security dilemma
1526:Power projection
1309:Economy of force
1289:Chain of command
1004:Defence in depth
989:Commerce raiding
807:Defeat in detail
143:Defense ministry
47:
38:
37:
28:
16:
15:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4514:Water transport
4494:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4384:
4380:
4371:Siebels, Dirk.
4369:
4365:
4358:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4250:
4246:
4235:
4228:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4106:
4102:
4067:
4058:
4023:
4019:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3959:
3948:
3913:
3906:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3826:
3825:
3812:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3768:
3761:
3745:
3744:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3515:
3495:
3494:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3332:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3289:
3285:
3254:
3250:
3219:
3212:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3155:
3151:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3113:
3104:
3093:
3082:
3075:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3014:
3001:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2934:
2930:
2891:
2880:
2876:
2838:practice theory
2834:
2832:Practice theory
2809:
2751:
2735:
2696:Central to the
2694:
2644:
2639:
2615:
2587:
2571:
2540:
2476:
2431:
2395:
2342:
2337:
2309:
2245:port facilities
2207:contiguous zone
2128:
2076:illegal fishing
2027:maritime domain
2016:
1987:
1986:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1787:Multilateralism
1772:Law enforcement
1732:
1722:
1721:
1690:Just war theory
1648:
1638:
1637:
1588:Geneva Protocol
1558:
1548:
1547:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1154:Network-centric
1074:
1064:
1063:
966:
956:
955:
904:
894:
893:
842:Rapid dominance
747:
737:
736:
692:Electromagnetic
601:
591:
590:
577:
530:
478:
454:
444:
443:
439:Combat training
420:
397:
363:Combat systems:
359:
321:
317:Auxiliary ships
283:
243:
239:Military police
205:
128:
118:
117:
57:
31:
30:
29:
24:
12:
11:
5:
4532:
4522:
4521:
4519:Law of the sea
4516:
4511:
4506:
4491:
4490:
4455:
4448:
4428:
4421:
4403:
4396:
4378:
4363:
4357:978-9004233560
4356:
4338:
4332:978-9004233560
4331:
4313:
4294:
4287:
4269:
4262:
4244:
4226:
4187:
4173:
4166:
4156:. Livingston:
4142:
4130:
4100:
4081:(5): 385–401.
4056:
4037:(2): 269–291.
4017:
3978:
3971:
3946:
3927:(2): 195–210.
3904:
3865:
3851:
3844:
3830:. Livingston:
3810:
3792:
3766:
3759:
3731:
3700:
3681:
3665:
3659:978-6073126359
3658:
3637:
3625:
3599:
3585:
3567:
3541:
3520:
3513:
3499:. Livingston:
3477:
3452:
3428:
3407:
3383:
3359:
3341:
3330:
3312:
3300:
3283:
3264:(3): 406–416.
3248:
3210:
3195:
3184:
3164:
3149:
3132:
3125:
3102:
3080:
3073:
3059:. Livingston:
3041:
2999:
2953:
2946:
2928:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2833:
2830:
2812:Securitization
2808:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2792:Human security
2789:
2779:
2769:
2750:
2747:
2738:Constructivism
2734:
2731:
2693:
2690:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2619:cyber security
2614:
2613:Cyber Security
2611:
2607:Yemen Conflict
2586:
2583:
2570:
2567:
2539:
2536:
2522:For shipping,
2501:Southeast Asia
2497:Horn of Africa
2475:
2472:
2430:
2427:
2394:
2391:
2366:Gulf of Guinea
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2308:
2305:
2273:Southeast Asia
2257:best practices
2127:
2124:
2035:human security
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Military terms
1949:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1710:Tripwire force
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1643:
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1636:
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1610:
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1600:
1595:
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1570:
1565:
1559:
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1528:
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1517:
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1496:
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1398:
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1373:
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1296:
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1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1232:Administrative
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:New generation
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1134:Fleet in being
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1072:Grand strategy
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:Scorched earth
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
967:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
931:Deep operation
928:
923:
916:
911:
905:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
860:
859:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
778:
777:
772:
767:
757:
748:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
732:Unconventional
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
680:
678:Disinformation
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
649:
648:
643:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
583:
576:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
524:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
455:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
436:
431:
429:Basic training
426:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
357:
355:Reconnaissance
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
282:
281:
276:
274:Special forces
271:
266:
265:
264:
254:
249:
242:
241:
236:
231:
229:Reconnaissance
226:
221:
216:
211:
204:
203:
194:
189:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
98:
97:
96:
91:
81:
80:
79:
72:Post-classical
69:
64:
58:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4531:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Admiralty law
4502:
4501:
4499:
4486:
4474:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4449:9781555877842
4445:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4397:9783030226886
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4288:9780199566532
4284:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4263:9780199566532
4259:
4255:
4248:
4240:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4169:
4167:9781856099462
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4116:, Routledge,
4115:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3845:9781913997014
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3807:. 2020-07-17.
3806:
3802:
3796:
3789:. 2020-07-18.
3788:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3721:on 2021-10-20
3717:
3710:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3679:. (September)
3678:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3582:. 2020-07-17.
3581:
3577:
3571:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3514:9781913997014
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3356:. 2020-07-17.
3355:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3293:
3287:
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3275:
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3259:
3252:
3244:
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3215:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3177:
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3160:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3126:9780199566532
3122:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3074:9781913997014
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:Marine Policy
3019:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2947:9783030226886
2943:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
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2900:
2896:
2889:
2887:
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2883:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2857:
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2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2766:marine safety
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:Naval warfare
2582:
2580:
2575:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:Port security
2553:
2549:
2544:
2538:Port security
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2382:Somali piracy
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:transnational
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:globalization
2055:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Warrior caste
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:Show of force
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Peacebuilding
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Air supremacy
1651:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Islamic rules
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Court-martial
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Arms industry
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Broken-backed
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
959:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:Expeditionary
924:
922:
921:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
903:
898:
897:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Counterattack
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
746:
741:
740:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:Psychological
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:Combined arms
656:
654:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
600:
595:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:Fortification
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
457:
456:
453:
448:
447:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
313:
312:Landing craft
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
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3716:the original
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3617:. Retrieved
3615:. 2014-07-15
3612:
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3558:. Retrieved
3555:Academia.edu
3554:
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3469:. Retrieved
3465:
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3418:. 2011-03-18
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3143:The Free Sea
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2595:Persian Gulf
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2253:September 11
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2176:mare liberum
2175:
2168:mare liberum
2164:Hugo Grotius
2143:
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2132:mare nostrum
2129:
2096:
2050:
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1922:Fifth column
1902:War resister
1897:Women in war
1792:Peacekeeping
1737:Arms control
1682:
1371:Mobilization
1366:Conscription
1324:Intelligence
1277:Organization
918:
847:Encirclement
727:Radiological
663:Conventional
517:Subterranean
424:Development:
423:
400:
362:
324:
287:Naval units:
286:
279:Signal corps
246:
224:Intelligence
209:Specialties:
208:
133:Organization
84:Early modern
4481:|work=
4031:Geopolitics
3885:(1): 6–20.
3028:: 159–164.
2976:(6): 1295.
2820:Barry Buzan
2552:Southampton
2411:Santa Maria
2375:Celebes Sea
2281:West Africa
2184:legal Latin
2148:legal Latin
2112:West Africa
2072:trafficking
2054:colonialism
1907:War studies
1730:Non-warfare
1658:Appeasement
1623:Martial law
1462:War economy
1401:Transgender
1354:Recruitment
1114:Containment
999:Culminating
979:Anti-access
902:Operational
822:Envelopment
765:Air assault
646:Air cavalry
606:Air defence
586:Information
487:Cold-region
452:Battlespace
401:Historical:
247:Land units:
173:Space force
168:Coast guard
101:Late modern
62:Prehistoric
4498:Categories
4373:"Research"
4137:2024-05-25
3725:2020-07-17
3619:2017-10-09
3471:2017-10-05
3446:2017-10-09
3441:www.un.org
3422:2017-10-05
3401:2017-10-06
3396:www.un.org
3377:2017-10-06
3372:www.un.org
2874:References
2715:governance
2682:, piracy,
2532:Port State
2528:anchorages
2387:flag State
2209:, and the
2199:UNCLOS III
2144:closed sea
2120:liminality
1967:War crimes
1957:Operations
1864:Foot drill
1834:Battle cry
1747:deterrence
1406:Harassment
1381:Specialism
1204:Technology
1199:Succession
1144:Liberation
1079:Asymmetric
1014:Empty fort
920:Blitzkrieg
889:Withdrawal
852:Investment
631:Camouflage
626:Biological
564:Underwater
539:Amphibious
458:Aerospace
325:Air units:
302:Submarines
111:fourth-gen
106:industrial
94:napoleonic
4483:ignored (
4473:cite book
4221:224954063
4095:0970-0161
4051:1465-0045
4012:2296-0244
3941:1024-6029
3899:1948-0881
3278:144668470
3243:151661202
2816:Ole Wæver
2755:semiotics
2719:normative
2648:sea power
2548:ISPS Code
2524:Stowaways
2505:Caribbean
2423:ISPS Code
2401:as to be
2393:Terrorism
2261:ISPS Code
2236:harbour,
1854:War novel
1757:Grey-zone
1717:War games
1678:Overmatch
1628:War crime
1578:Desertion
1568:Ceasefire
1563:Armistice
1450:Logistics
1428:Mercenary
1416:Volunteer
1347:Personnel
1319:Engineers
1264:Sociology
1219:World war
1214:Total war
1194:Strategic
1184:Religious
1169:Political
1164:Perpetual
1139:Irregular
1054:Offensive
1029:Defensive
1024:Deception
984:Attrition
832:Guerrilla
827:Formation
770:Airbridge
702:Loitering
616:Artillery
269:Artillery
219:Engineers
187:Irregular
158:Air force
4160:. 2020.
3834:and the
3753:. 2019.
3503:and the
3466:Nato.int
3063:and the
2786:seapower
2503:and the
2373:and the
2221:at sea.
2195:UNCLOS I
2180:free sea
2172:free sea
2156:Portugal
2063:buzzword
1869:War song
1844:War film
1477:Materiel
1396:Children
1376:Training
1314:Medicine
1299:Doctrine
1254:Training
1189:Resource
1174:Princely
1124:Economic
1109:Conquest
1104:Colonial
1099:Cold war
1084:Blockade
964:Strategy
936:Maneuver
697:Infantry
653:Chemical
507:Mountain
467:Airborne
330:Fighters
297:Warships
252:Infantry
178:Reserves
126:Military
3560:23 July
2654:means.
2455:cocaine
2350:Somalia
2279:and in
2136:our sea
2110:and in
1982:Writers
1977:Weapons
1942:Battles
1891:Related
1879:Wargame
1874:Uniform
1822:Culture
1603:Perfidy
1598:Justice
1519:Science
1504:Outpost
1457:History
1437:Warrior
1433:Soldier
1421:foreign
1359:counter
1259:Service
1209:Theater
1149:Limited
1129:Endemic
1044:Nuclear
812:Foxhole
787:Cavalry
775:Airdrop
760:Airlift
745:Tactics
717:Nuclear
707:Missile
636:Cavalry
621:Barrage
599:Weapons
559:Surface
340:Command
335:Bombers
292:Frogman
262:Cavalry
234:Medical
201:Militia
183:Regular
163:Marines
77:castles
67:Ancient
55:History
34:outline
4446:
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2361:Piracy
2219:piracy
2140:Romans
2068:piracy
2047:rivers
2039:oceans
1962:Sieges
1646:Theory
1386:Morale
1244:Policy
1239:Branch
1019:Mosaic
1009:Fabian
951:Covert
884:Trench
869:Screen
792:Charge
782:Battle
755:Aerial
673:Denial
641:Horses
569:Seabed
522:Tunnel
502:Jungle
492:Desert
462:Aerial
4308:(PDF)
4217:S2CID
3783:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3712:(PDF)
3274:S2CID
3239:S2CID
3179:(PDF)
2439:Gatun
2352:(see
2238:Yemen
2160:Spain
1935:Lists
1391:Women
1329:Ranks
1249:Staff
1179:Proxy
1094:Class
1049:Naval
1034:Depth
864:Swarm
857:Siege
837:Naval
817:Drone
712:Music
687:Robot
683:Drone
668:Cyber
611:Armor
581:Cyber
554:Green
549:Brown
512:Urban
472:Space
393:Radar
388:Sonar
257:Armor
214:Staff
192:Ranks
4485:help
4444:ISBN
4417:ISBN
4392:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4327:ISBN
4283:ISBN
4258:ISBN
4162:ISBN
4126:ISBN
4091:ISSN
4047:ISSN
4008:ISSN
3967:ISBN
3937:ISSN
3895:ISSN
3840:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3562:2018
3509:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3069:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2818:and
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2487:and
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2234:Aden
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2158:and
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1489:Base
1039:Goal
946:Raid
544:Blue
482:Land
153:Navy
148:Army
4209:doi
4118:doi
4083:doi
4039:doi
4000:doi
3996:284
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