86:
2093:(ruled 745â727 BC) created Assyria's first standing army. Tiglath-Pileser III disbanded militias and instead paid professional soldiers for their services. His army was composed largely of Assyrian soldiers but was supplemented with foreign mercenaries and vassal states. The standing army he created was the most sophisticated administrative and economic institution of its time, and was the engine of Assyrian economy which capitalized on warfare.
54:, and temporary armies, which are raised from the civilian population only during a war or threat of war, and disbanded once the war or threat is over. Standing armies tend to be better equipped, better trained, and better prepared for emergencies, defensive deterrence, and particularly, wars. The term dates from approximately 1600, although the phenomenon it describes is much older.
2352:, which was an unusual ratio at the time. The high price of medieval gunpowder prevented them from raising it any further. The main troops of the army were the infantry, artillery and light and heavy cavalry. The function of the heavy cavalry was to protect the light armoured infantry and artillery, while the other corps delivered sporadic, surprise assaults on the enemy.
2109:. Herodotus describes that if any of these guardsmen drops out owing to death or disease, a substitute is immediately supplied and the number again filled. Thousands of these 10,000 guardsmen composed the royal bodyguards in the palace, their insignia were golden apples or pomegranates at the butts of their spears (accordingly they are named âapple-bearersâ by
2413:
composition assured predominance in the
European battlefields from the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century. Although other powers adopted the tercio formation, their armies fell short of the fearsome reputation of the Spanish, whose core of professional soldiers gave them an edge that
2104:
formed the first professional army of Persia. The composition of the army varied and developed in the course of time. The empire's great armies were, like the empire itself, very diverse. Its standing army was composed of
Persians (the bravest people of empire according to Herodotus) and Medes. This
2449:
prohibited local authorities from assembling militia without the approval of the king, to prevent such a force being used to oppress local opponents. This weakened the incentive for local officials to draw up their own fighting forces, and King
Charles II subsequently assembled four regiments of
2393:
was recorded by a
Chinese observer as having 30,000 full-time professional troops, whose soldiers and commanders were paid in gold. This shows the existence of a standing army, an achievement that only a handful of Southeast Asian empires could hope to achieve. In addition to these professional
2305:
The bulk of the infantry for warfare was still provided by urban or provincial militias, raised from an area or city to fight locally and named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually these units became more permanent, and in the 1480s, Swiss instructors were recruited and some of the 'bandes'
2450:
infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of ÂŁ122,000 paid out of his regular budget. This became the foundation of the permanent
British Army. By 1685 it had grown to 7,500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1,400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. The
2454:
in 1685 provided James II with a pretext to increase the size of the force to 20,000 men, and there were 37,000 in 1688, when
England played a role in the closing stage of the Franco-Dutch War. In 1689, William III expanded the army to 74,000, and then to 94,000 in 1694.
2340:
was the first
Central/Eastern European standing army. However, while the Black Army was certainly the first standing field army in that part of Europe, Hungary in fact had maintained a permanent army in the form of garrisons of border fortresses since the 1420s.
2135:, which had a standing army that trained year-round (and not only in summertime). Through the 5th century, they comprised the only professional soldiers in ancient Greece, aside from hired mercenaries. However, the Spartan army commonly consisted of
2186:, warfare was first attested during the Vedic period. However, warfare was primarily waged between various clans and kingdoms solely by the kshatriya class during times of conflict. True standing armies in India developed under the
2149:
instituted the first true professional
Hellenic army, with soldiers and cavalrymen paid for their service year-round, rather than a militia of men who mostly farmed the land for subsistence and occasionally mustered for campaigns.
2458:
Nervous at the power such a large force afforded the king whilst under his personal command, Parliament reduced the cadre to 7,000 in 1697. Scotland and
Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were
2283:
was still raging. As he realized that France needed professional reliable troops for ongoing and future conflicts, units were raised by issuing "ordonnances" to govern their length of service, composition and payment. These
2394:
soldiers, Majapahit was strengthened by troops from subordinate countries and regional leaders. As was common in
Southeast Asia, Majapahit also used a levy system, in fact, the majority of the Majapahit troops were a levy.
2376:
when everyone was a soldier." Askia Mohammad I is said to have possessed cynical attitudes towards kingdoms that lacked professional armies like his, notably in reference to the neighboring kingdoms in the land of
2294:
that dominated European battlefields in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies when needed. Provisions were also made for
2426:, England lacked a standing army, instead relying on militia organized by local officials, private forces mobilized by the nobility and hired mercenaries from Europe. This changed during the
2312:
further regularised the French army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the militia structure. The first, the Régiments de Picardie, Piémont, Navarre and Champagne, were called
2105:
standing army, which may have been reviewed every year by the king or his representative, is called kÄra in the inscriptions. At the heart of this army was its elite guard, The 10,000
2559:
2166:
initially did not have a standing army. Instead they drafted militias from around 150 city states. While the Eastern Zhao did not initially maintain a standing army, the state of
2434:
of 50,000 men. This professional body of soldiers proved more effective than untrained militia, and enabled him to exert control over the country. The army was disbanded by
2493:
2508:
suspicion of a standing army is reflected in the constitutional requirement that the appointment and promotion of high-ranking military officers (like civil officers) be
3409:
Mitchel A. Sollenberger (2015). "President and Congressional Relations: An Evolution of Military Appointments". In Colton C. Campbell & David P. Auerswald (ed.).
2480:
comments that standing armies are a sign of modernizing society, as modern warfare requires the increased skill and discipline of regularly trained standing armies.
2540:
commented, "I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force, if I not witnessed the scenes of this day."
2174:
in 221 BCE, which ushered Imperial China. Under the Qin dynasty, wars were fought by trained vocational soldiers instead of relying on temporary soldiers.
3397:
An Oration Delivered March 5, 1781, at the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston, to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March 1770,
2496:) limits federal appropriations to two years, and reserves financial control to Congress, instead of to the President. The President, however, retains
2226:, and guards. Legionaries were citizen volunteers entitled to a discharge bounty upon 25 years of honorable service; supplementing the legions were the
2442:
of the Monarchy in 1660, and the Cromwellian model was initially considered a failure due to various logistical and political problems with the force.
3380:
3195:
Thornton, John K.. Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500â1800 (Warfare and History) (Kindle Locations 871â872). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.
2162:
maintained a standing army, enabling them to effectively control other city states and spread their influence. Unlike the Western Zhou, the
2306:(militia) were combined to form temporary 'legions' of up to 9,000 men. The men would be paid and contracted and would receive training.
2222:
was expensive to maintain, but supported the authority of the empire, not only as combat troops but also as provincial police forces,
3356:
2956:
A Day in a Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions through History [3 volumes]: 300 Trades and Professions through History
1009:
3121:
Palosfalvi, Tamas â From Nicopolis to MohĂĄcs: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389â1526, Brill (September 20, 2018), pg.32
1441:
2747:
3482:
3282:
3170:
3018:
2964:
2934:
2907:
2877:
2831:
2782:
2757:
2669:
2372:, compared Askia Mohammad I's army to that of his predecessor; "he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike
1797:
85:
3049:
Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52.
3420:
2730:
2696:
1992:
1770:
380:
3451:
3257:
3217:
3146:
3106:
3071:
3054:
2991:
2598:
2321:
1446:
2190:, which relied on paid professional soldiers year round. The most prominent of the Mahajanapadas was the Kingdom of
3504:
2492:
in America, there was a strong distrust of a standing army not under civilian control. The U.S. Constitution in (
2435:
1524:
1869:
1507:
1294:
134:
2368:(1493â1528) possessed a full-time corps of 40,000 professional warriors. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the
2528:: "An excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a dangerous temptation to foreign adventure." After the
2517:
1633:
3066:
Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179â181.
2554:
2106:
2050:
1497:
2348:
in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an
1987:
686:
446:
3509:
2634:
2505:
1997:
1184:
981:
852:
390:
1461:
2298:
and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but those units were disbanded at the end of the
2564:
2286:
1571:
1079:
423:
297:
151:
3372:
2536:, in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army, President
2316:(The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over to save costs. The
2022:
1889:
1436:
1129:
942:
790:
3132:
2850:
2170:
became the first to do so in 678 BCE. The first professional army in China was established by the
3138:
1975:
1957:
1713:
1272:
1194:
1139:
1019:
732:
395:
3443:
3437:
2807:
1842:
1817:
1539:
1451:
1324:
1199:
795:
772:
218:
117:
43:
2954:
2899:
The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History: A New Theory of Chinese History
2659:
3008:
2924:
2897:
2867:
2720:
2688:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel
2686:
2529:
2472:
2439:
2333:
2299:
2291:
2280:
2276:
1431:
1364:
1317:
966:
929:
892:
810:
762:
646:
456:
264:
173:
2513:
2272:
2194:. It is accepted that the first standing army of India was created in Maghada by the ruler
2146:
1822:
1724:
1581:
1576:
1394:
1359:
1094:
909:
767:
703:
557:
527:
124:
20:
8:
3376:
2464:
2167:
2110:
2086:
1673:
1658:
1534:
1421:
1399:
1374:
1334:
1244:
1054:
954:
904:
671:
661:
626:
418:
408:
178:
102:
3354:
2802:
2509:
2501:
2451:
2309:
2007:
1862:
1782:
1703:
1648:
1623:
1544:
1490:
1456:
1387:
1304:
1214:
1119:
1064:
949:
914:
867:
742:
713:
666:
604:
579:
413:
227:
146:
3174:
3478:
3474:
3447:
3416:
3278:
3253:
3213:
3142:
3102:
3067:
3050:
3014:
2987:
2960:
2930:
2903:
2873:
2827:
2778:
2753:
2726:
2692:
2665:
2594:
2489:
2427:
2337:
2223:
2043:
1952:
1899:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1757:
1740:
1735:
1708:
1653:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1209:
1179:
1069:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
919:
872:
842:
681:
474:
451:
385:
2012:
2446:
2365:
2017:
1982:
1914:
1807:
1745:
1638:
1566:
1559:
1416:
1349:
1299:
1289:
1164:
1084:
1044:
1029:
991:
976:
847:
832:
785:
693:
651:
594:
589:
547:
370:
347:
254:
183:
112:
95:
51:
2852:
The EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature
2610:
2251:
The first modern standing armies on European soil during the Middle Ages were the
3468:
3410:
3360:
2981:
2533:
2524:
argued against a large standing army, comparing it, mischievously, to a standing
2423:
2369:
2275:
to be paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established by King
2131:) armies were essentially drafted citizen militias. The exception was in ancient
2101:
2082:
2078:
1827:
1812:
1730:
1686:
1628:
1284:
1279:
1169:
1159:
1074:
1049:
986:
827:
757:
747:
599:
584:
507:
479:
279:
259:
107:
2467:
officially reserved authority over a standing army to Parliament, not the king.
3205:
2521:
2431:
2409:
were the first Spanish standing units composed of professional soldiers. Their
2403:
2361:
2256:
2235:
2122:
2002:
1750:
1174:
1134:
1112:
1099:
1089:
1059:
971:
924:
727:
718:
609:
562:
542:
532:
502:
469:
357:
314:
269:
141:
74:
3498:
3275:
Hikayat Majapahit - Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan Kerajaan Terbesar di Nusantara
3134:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume I
2537:
2410:
2390:
2211:
2187:
2183:
1849:
1837:
1693:
1613:
1529:
1512:
1369:
1224:
1204:
882:
877:
857:
837:
752:
723:
698:
574:
552:
537:
512:
352:
274:
232:
129:
3392:
2661:
The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
2549:
2295:
2218:
was gradually instituted, with regularized pay. This professional force of
2215:
2163:
2159:
2036:
1962:
1942:
1937:
1832:
1777:
1411:
1406:
1229:
1144:
887:
621:
522:
319:
223:
2586:
2252:
2171:
1947:
1698:
1663:
1502:
1189:
1154:
862:
805:
708:
492:
213:
208:
3338:
Britain and her army, 1509â1970: a military, political and social survey
2085:, is believed to have formed the first standing professional army.
2477:
1904:
1874:
1596:
960:
39:
3038:
Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order
2373:
2219:
2195:
2140:
1894:
1718:
1668:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1468:
1259:
1254:
1219:
656:
342:
309:
198:
3250:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
3173:. Toronto, ON, Canada: Rakoczi Press. pp. 35â36. Archived from
2349:
2345:
2207:
1909:
1884:
1517:
1149:
1124:
737:
292:
166:
35:
19:"Standing Army" redirects here. For the 2010 documentary film, see
2560:
List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
16:
Permanent army composed of full-time career soldiers or conscripts
2406:
2260:
2229:
2191:
2090:
1919:
1879:
1643:
1477:
1473:
815:
800:
676:
337:
332:
302:
241:
203:
46:, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during
2611:"Standing army | Definition of Standing army at Dictionary.com"
2136:
2132:
1426:
822:
639:
375:
3351:
An Inquiry into the Nature And Causes of the Wealth of Nations
2591:
A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government
3312:
The History of England from the accession of James the Second
2525:
2378:
2126:
897:
433:
428:
193:
188:
31:
3399:
pp. 14â15, printed by Thomas and John Fleet, Boston, 1781.
2238:
who typically earned citizenship as a reward for service.
2344:
Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early
66:
47:
3168:
2824:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
2775:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
2271:
The first Christian standing army since the fall of the
3408:
3101:. Budapest, Hungary: CsengĆkert KiadĂł. pp. 2â208.
2722:
The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome: A Brief History
2259:, which were formed in the 14th century under Sultan
3040:(Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 104â05, 239â40.
2826:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 262.
2777:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 261.
2658:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Scheidel, Walter (2013-01-31).
2234:, auxiliary forces composed of non-citizens in the
3299:The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change, 1578â1700
2983:Warfare in Pre-British India â 1500 BCE to 1740 CE
3210:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800
3496:
3010:Warfare in Pre-British India â 1500BCE to 1740CE
3415:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 29â31.
3381:Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
3130:
3442:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p.
3171:"A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war"
2872:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 33â34.
2500:of the armed forces when they are raised, as
2044:
2718:
2657:
2417:
3032:
3030:
2227:
2869:Elite Military Formations in War and Peace
2139:(serfs), who considerably outnumbered the
2051:
2037:
3232:
2336:, established in 1462 by Hungarian king,
2320:and the king's own household troops (the
2241:
3435:
3429:
3402:
3272:
3233:Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017).
3027:
2952:
2143:, as well as numerous allies of Sparta.
1010:List of military strategies and concepts
3085:Harper Encyclopedia of Military History
2865:
2859:
2745:
2582:
2580:
3497:
3373:American Resistance to a Standing Army
3325:The Oxford history of the British army
3204:
2821:
2803:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY, I/4, pp. 414-426"
2772:
2749:100 Turning Points in Military History
2684:
2593:New York, N.Y.; Simon & Schuster.
2214:, a standing professional army of the
3412:Congress and Civil-Military Relations
3301:Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. Page 117.
3252:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
3247:
2948:
2946:
2922:
2891:
2889:
2845:
2843:
38:who may be either career soldiers or
3466:
3226:
2895:
2796:
2794:
2577:
2414:was hard for other states to match.
30:is a permanent, often professional,
3439:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
3266:
3241:
3198:
3096:
3006:
2979:
2800:
2463:merged with the English force. The
2384:
13:
3277:. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.
2973:
2943:
2886:
2840:
2068:
14:
3521:
3169:Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982).
2791:
2355:
2322:Maison militaire du roi de France
2246:
2116:
3314:(C.H. Firth ed. 1913), 1:136â38.
2483:
2177:
2153:
84:
3460:
3386:
3365:
3343:
3330:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3189:
3162:
3137:. New York, NY, United States:
3124:
3115:
3099:A Fekete Sereg (The Black Army)
3090:
3077:
3060:
3043:
3000:
2916:
2815:
2201:
2081:, the founder of the
2766:
2739:
2712:
2678:
2651:
2627:
2603:
2518:1787 Constitutional Convention
2290:formed the core of the French
2073:
34:. It is composed of full-time
1:
2953:Westfahl, Gary (2015-04-21).
2570:
2555:List of militaries by country
2896:Zhao, Dingxin (2015-10-16).
2752:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2746:Axelrod, Alan (2019-08-26).
7:
3383:at George Mason University.
3248:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
3007:Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03).
2980:Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03).
2929:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
2926:History of China's Military
2923:Sahay, R. K. (2016-05-24).
2902:. Oxford University Press.
2719:Schwartzwald, Jack (2014).
2622:First recorded in 1595â1605
2543:
2430:, when Cromwell formed his
2324:) were the only survivors.
1508:Militaryâindustrial complex
982:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3526:
3353:Book 5. Chapter 1. Part 1.
2422:Prior to the influence of
2327:
2063:
18:
3436:Isaacson, Walter (2003).
3036:Christopher J. Fuhrmann,
2725:. McFarland. p. 24.
2691:. McFarland. p. 36.
2613:. ORIGIN OF STANDING ARMY
2565:List of armies by country
2418:England and Great Britain
2266:
1572:Loss-of-strength gradient
424:Combat information center
3340:(1970) pp 90â98, 110â25.
3323:David G. Chandler, ed.,
3131:Clifford Rogers (2010).
2685:Howard, Michael (2002).
2470:In his influential work
2397:
1890:Military science fiction
1375:Technology and equipment
791:List of military tactics
3505:17th-century neologisms
3273:Oktorino, Nino (2020).
3139:Oxford University Press
2822:Briant, Pierre (2002).
2773:Pierre, Briant (2002).
2287:compagnies d'ordonnance
2279:in the 1430s while the
1958:Wartime sexual violence
1714:Full-spectrum dominance
1525:Supply-chain management
3235:Ancient Southeast Asia
2866:Legault, Roch (1996).
2639:Guinness World Records
2242:Post-classical history
2228:
1870:Awards and decorations
1843:Peace through strength
1818:Low-intensity conflict
1452:Conscientious objector
1325:Area of responsibility
3371:Hamner, Christopher.
2635:"First standing army"
2530:Battle of Bladensburg
2473:The Wealth of Nations
2277:Charles VII of France
457:Torpedo data computer
447:Ship gun fire-control
3349:Smith, Adam. (1776)
3237:. London: Routledge.
2808:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
2494:Article 1, Section 8
2360:In West Africa, the
2273:Western Roman Empire
2147:Philip II of Macedon
2125:, the city-states' (
1988:Military occupations
1823:Military engineering
1725:Unrestricted Warfare
1582:Force multiplication
475:Military manoeuvrers
21:Standing Army (film)
3467:Benn, Carl (2002).
3377:TeachingHistory.org
3097:Pål, Földi (2015).
2465:Bill of Rights 1689
2206:Under the reign of
2087:Tiglath-Pileser III
1674:Penal military unit
1659:Rules of engagement
1335:Command and control
955:Operations research
419:Director (military)
409:Fire-control system
179:Command and control
60:Part of a series on
3510:Military sociology
3359:2007-09-27 at the
3336:Correlli Barnett,
3327:(2003), pp. 46â57.
3177:on 26 January 2011
2801:Schmitt, RĂŒdiger.
2502:commander-in-chief
2476:(1776), economist
2452:Monmouth Rebellion
2300:Hundred Years' War
2281:Hundred Years' War
2111:Heraclides Cumaeus
1783:Counter-insurgency
1704:Command of the sea
1649:Jewish laws on war
1624:Geneva Conventions
1160:Divide and conquer
950:Military operation
915:Tactical objective
414:Fire-control radar
391:Electronic-warfare
42:. It differs from
3484:978-1-84176-466-5
3475:Osprey Publishing
3284:978-623-00-1741-4
3083:Trevor N. Dupuy,
3020:978-1-317-58691-3
2966:978-1-61069-403-2
2936:978-93-86019-90-5
2909:978-0-19-935174-9
2879:978-0-275-94640-1
2833:978-1-57506-031-6
2784:978-1-57506-031-6
2759:978-1-4930-3746-9
2671:978-0-19-518831-8
2490:Thirteen Colonies
2428:English Civil War
2061:
2060:
1953:Horses in warfare
1900:Anti-war movement
1803:Gunboat diplomacy
1793:Disaster response
1741:Philosophy of war
1736:Principles of war
1709:Deterrence theory
1654:Right of conquest
1577:Lanchester's laws
1345:Principles of war
1035:Counter-offensive
1015:Military campaign
920:Target saturation
843:Counterinsurgency
452:Gun data computer
386:Close air support
348:Aircraft carriers
52:natural disasters
3517:
3489:
3488:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3406:
3400:
3390:
3384:
3369:
3363:
3347:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2584:
2532:in 1814, during
2447:Militia Act 1661
2385:Majapahit Empire
2366:Askia Mohammad I
2338:Matthias Hunyadi
2233:
2053:
2046:
2039:
1808:Humanitarian aid
1746:Security dilemma
1567:Power projection
1350:Economy of force
1330:Chain of command
1045:Defence in depth
1030:Commerce raiding
848:Defeat in detail
184:Defense ministry
88:
79:
78:
69:
57:
56:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3470:The War of 1812
3465:
3461:
3454:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3391:
3387:
3370:
3366:
3361:Wayback Machine
3348:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3246:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3206:Miksic, John M.
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3141:. p. 152.
3129:
3125:
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3116:
3109:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2855:. Werner. 1893.
2849:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2820:
2816:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2546:
2534:the War of 1812
2488:In the British
2486:
2424:Oliver Cromwell
2420:
2400:
2387:
2370:Tarikh al-Sudan
2358:
2330:
2314:Les Vieux Corps
2269:
2249:
2244:
2204:
2180:
2156:
2119:
2102:Cyrus the Great
2083:Akkadian Empire
2079:Sargon of Akkad
2076:
2071:
2069:Ancient history
2066:
2057:
2028:
2027:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1828:Multilateralism
1813:Law enforcement
1773:
1763:
1762:
1731:Just war theory
1689:
1679:
1678:
1629:Geneva Protocol
1599:
1589:
1588:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1195:Network-centric
1115:
1105:
1104:
1007:
997:
996:
945:
935:
934:
883:Rapid dominance
788:
778:
777:
733:Electromagnetic
642:
632:
631:
618:
571:
519:
495:
485:
484:
480:Combat training
461:
438:
404:Combat systems:
400:
362:
358:Auxiliary ships
324:
284:
280:Military police
246:
169:
159:
158:
98:
72:
71:
70:
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3477:. p. 20.
3459:
3452:
3428:
3422:978-1626161801
3421:
3401:
3385:
3364:
3342:
3329:
3316:
3310:Lord Macaulay
3303:
3290:
3283:
3265:
3258:
3240:
3225:
3218:
3197:
3188:
3161:
3147:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3089:
3076:
3059:
3042:
3026:
3019:
2999:
2992:
2972:
2965:
2942:
2935:
2915:
2908:
2885:
2878:
2858:
2839:
2832:
2814:
2790:
2783:
2765:
2758:
2738:
2732:978-0786478064
2731:
2711:
2698:978-0786468034
2697:
2677:
2670:
2650:
2626:
2602:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2522:Elbridge Gerry
2485:
2482:
2438:following the
2432:New Model Army
2419:
2416:
2404:Spanish Empire
2399:
2396:
2389:The Majapahit
2386:
2383:
2362:Songhai Empire
2357:
2356:Songhai Empire
2354:
2329:
2326:
2268:
2265:
2257:Ottoman Empire
2248:
2247:Ottoman Empire
2245:
2243:
2240:
2203:
2200:
2179:
2176:
2155:
2152:
2123:ancient Greece
2118:
2117:Ancient Greece
2115:
2097:Ancient Persia
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Military terms
1990:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:Tripwire force
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1273:Administrative
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:New generation
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Fleet in being
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1113:Grand strategy
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:Scorched earth
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
972:Deep operation
969:
964:
957:
952:
946:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
901:
900:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
819:
818:
813:
808:
798:
789:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
773:Unconventional
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
721:
719:Disinformation
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
690:
689:
684:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
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629:
624:
617:
616:
615:
614:
613:
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587:
582:
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569:
568:
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555:
550:
545:
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535:
530:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
470:Basic training
467:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
398:
396:Reconnaissance
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
323:
322:
317:
315:Special forces
312:
307:
306:
305:
295:
290:
283:
282:
277:
272:
270:Reconnaissance
267:
262:
257:
252:
245:
244:
235:
230:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
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176:
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165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
139:
138:
137:
132:
122:
121:
120:
113:Post-classical
110:
105:
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
81:
80:
62:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3522:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3453:0-684-80761-0
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3393:Dawes, Thomas
3389:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3297:Lynch, John.
3294:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3259:981-4155-67-5
3255:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3219:9789971695583
3215:
3212:. NUS Press.
3211:
3207:
3201:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3150:
3148:9780195334036
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3110:
3108:9786155476839
3104:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3072:0-8050-4081-1
3069:
3063:
3056:
3055:0-688-08093-6
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3013:. Routledge.
3012:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2993:9781317586913
2989:
2986:. Routledge.
2985:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:0-684-84489-3
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2538:James Madison
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:United States
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2412:
2411:pike and shot
2408:
2405:
2395:
2392:
2391:thalassocracy
2382:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:franc-archers
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:Roman emperor
2209:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:Mahajanapadas
2185:
2184:Ancient India
2178:Ancient India
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:Ancient China
2151:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Warrior caste
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1850:Show of force
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Peacebuilding
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
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1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
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1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Air supremacy
1692:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Islamic rules
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Court-martial
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
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1564:
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1556:
1555:
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1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Arms industry
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1479:
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1467:
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1460:
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1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
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1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
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1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1384:
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1130:Broken-backed
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967:Expeditionary
965:
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839:
838:Counterattack
836:
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774:
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763:Psychological
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699:Combined arms
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538:Fortification
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353:Landing craft
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238:Standing army
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130:pike and shot
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44:army reserves
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:standing army
22:
3469:
3462:
3438:
3431:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3367:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3274:
3268:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:the original
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3133:
3126:
3117:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3062:
3045:
3037:
3009:
3002:
2982:
2975:
2959:. ABC-CLIO.
2955:
2925:
2918:
2898:
2868:
2861:
2851:
2823:
2817:
2806:
2774:
2768:
2748:
2741:
2721:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2687:
2680:
2660:
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2621:
2615:. Retrieved
2605:
2590:
2587:Wills, Garry
2550:Regular army
2497:
2487:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2457:
2444:
2421:
2401:
2388:
2359:
2343:
2331:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2285:
2270:
2250:
2216:Roman Empire
2210:, the first
2205:
2202:Ancient Rome
2181:
2164:Eastern Zhou
2160:Western Zhou
2157:
2145:
2127:
2120:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2077:
1963:Fifth column
1943:War resister
1938:Women in war
1833:Peacekeeping
1778:Arms control
1723:
1412:Mobilization
1407:Conscription
1365:Intelligence
1318:Organization
959:
888:Encirclement
768:Radiological
704:Conventional
558:Subterranean
465:Development:
464:
441:
403:
365:
328:Naval units:
327:
320:Signal corps
287:
265:Intelligence
250:Specialties:
249:
237:
174:Organization
125:Early modern
27:
25:
2664:. OUP USA.
2440:Restoration
2318:Vieux Corps
2253:Janissaries
2220:legionaries
2172:Qin dynasty
2074:Mesopotamia
1948:War studies
1771:Non-warfare
1699:Appeasement
1664:Martial law
1503:War economy
1442:Transgender
1395:Recruitment
1155:Containment
1040:Culminating
1020:Anti-access
943:Operational
863:Envelopment
806:Air assault
687:Air cavalry
647:Air defence
627:Information
528:Cold-region
493:Battlespace
442:Historical:
288:Land units:
214:Space force
209:Coast guard
142:Late modern
103:Prehistoric
3499:Categories
3473:. Oxford:
3181:11 October
2644:2021-01-07
2617:2021-04-20
2571:References
2478:Adam Smith
2436:Parliament
2364:under the
2334:Black Army
2141:Spartiates
2008:War crimes
1998:Operations
1905:Foot drill
1875:Battle cry
1788:deterrence
1447:Harassment
1422:Specialism
1245:Technology
1240:Succession
1185:Liberation
1120:Asymmetric
1055:Empty fort
961:Blitzkrieg
930:Withdrawal
893:Investment
672:Camouflage
667:Biological
605:Underwater
580:Amphibious
499:Aerospace
366:Air units:
343:Submarines
152:fourth-gen
147:industrial
135:napoleonic
40:conscripts
3154:10 August
2516:. At the
2510:confirmed
2374:Sunni Ali
2292:gendarmes
2236:provinces
2224:engineers
2196:Bimbisara
2107:Immortals
1895:War novel
1798:Grey-zone
1758:War games
1719:Overmatch
1669:War crime
1619:Desertion
1609:Ceasefire
1604:Armistice
1491:Logistics
1469:Mercenary
1457:Volunteer
1388:Personnel
1360:Engineers
1305:Sociology
1260:World war
1255:Total war
1235:Strategic
1225:Religious
1210:Political
1205:Perpetual
1180:Irregular
1095:Offensive
1070:Defensive
1065:Deception
1025:Attrition
873:Guerrilla
868:Formation
811:Airbridge
743:Loitering
657:Artillery
310:Artillery
260:Engineers
228:Irregular
199:Air force
3357:Archived
3208:(2013).
2704:21 March
2589:(1999).
2544:See also
2506:Framers'
2461:de facto
2350:arquebus
2346:firearms
2310:Henry II
2208:Augustus
1910:War song
1885:War film
1518:Materiel
1437:Children
1417:Training
1355:Medicine
1340:Doctrine
1295:Training
1230:Resource
1215:Princely
1165:Economic
1150:Conquest
1145:Colonial
1140:Cold war
1125:Blockade
1005:Strategy
977:Maneuver
738:Infantry
694:Chemical
548:Mountain
508:Airborne
371:Fighters
338:Warships
293:Infantry
219:Reserves
167:Military
36:soldiers
2512:by the
2498:command
2407:tercios
2328:Hungary
2261:Murad I
2255:of the
2230:auxilia
2192:Magadha
2091:Assyria
2064:History
2023:Writers
2018:Weapons
1983:Battles
1932:Related
1920:Wargame
1915:Uniform
1863:Culture
1644:Perfidy
1639:Justice
1560:Science
1545:Outpost
1498:History
1478:Warrior
1474:Soldier
1462:foreign
1400:counter
1300:Service
1250:Theater
1190:Limited
1170:Endemic
1085:Nuclear
853:Foxhole
828:Cavalry
816:Airdrop
801:Airlift
786:Tactics
758:Nuclear
748:Missile
677:Cavalry
662:Barrage
640:Weapons
600:Surface
381:Command
376:Bombers
333:Frogman
303:Cavalry
275:Medical
242:Militia
224:Regular
204:Marines
118:castles
108:Ancient
96:History
75:outline
3481:
3450:
3419:
3281:
3256:
3216:
3145:
3105:
3087:(1993)
3070:
3053:
3017:
2990:
2963:
2933:
2906:
2876:
2830:
2781:
2756:
2729:
2695:
2668:
2597:
2514:Senate
2504:. The
2267:France
2137:helots
2133:Sparta
2128:poleis
2003:Sieges
1687:Theory
1427:Morale
1285:Policy
1280:Branch
1060:Mosaic
1050:Fabian
992:Covert
925:Trench
910:Screen
833:Charge
823:Battle
796:Aerial
714:Denial
682:Horses
610:Seabed
563:Tunnel
543:Jungle
533:Desert
503:Aerial
2526:penis
2398:Spain
2379:Borgu
1976:Lists
1432:Women
1370:Ranks
1290:Staff
1220:Proxy
1135:Class
1090:Naval
1075:Depth
905:Swarm
898:Siege
878:Naval
858:Drone
753:Music
728:Robot
724:Drone
709:Cyber
652:Armor
622:Cyber
595:Green
590:Brown
553:Urban
513:Space
434:Radar
429:Sonar
298:Armor
255:Staff
233:Ranks
3479:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3279:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3183:2010
3156:2013
3143:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3051:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2988:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2706:2016
2693:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2445:The
2402:The
2332:The
2158:The
2013:Wars
1530:Base
1080:Goal
987:Raid
585:Blue
523:Land
194:Navy
189:Army
48:wars
32:army
3444:456
3395:.
2182:In
2168:Jin
2121:In
2113:).
2089:of
1597:Law
1540:FOB
1535:MOB
575:Sea
67:War
50:or
3501::
3446:.
3379:,
3375:.
3029:^
2945:^
2888:^
2842:^
2805:.
2793:^
2637:.
2620:.
2579:^
2520:,
2381:.
2302:.
2263:.
2198:.
1476:/
726:/
240:/
226:/
26:A
3487:.
3456:.
3425:.
3287:.
3262:.
3222:.
3185:.
3158:.
3111:.
3074:.
3057:.
3023:.
2996:.
2969:.
2939:.
2912:.
2882:.
2836:.
2811:.
2787:.
2762:.
2735:.
2708:.
2674:.
2647:.
2052:e
2045:t
2038:v
77:)
73:(
23:.
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