1012:, misleading advertising and other issues, which lead to ethical decline of society. Mistreatment of women is evident immensely in advertisements. Often women are matched up with household products such as cleaning supplies and are shown as doing domestic work, which represents stereotyping of women. Women are also often used as sex symbols, to convey particular messages about products. Also men are often apparent in DIY (do it yourself) ads, which deliver the idea of them being a “handy man. An ad, which demonstrates ethical features, is truthful, it doesn’t make false claims, and it provides sufficient information for the buyer to make informed choices. Exhibiting a level of respect and dignity for its buyers is important while demonstrating decency. An example of an advert produced by Coca Cola, through using false advertising, it showed unethical issues behind its production. Coca Cola used of Karl Langerfeld (Chanel designer) who had claimed to lose 80 pounds on a diet that was mainly attributed to diet coke, “I drink diet coke from the minute I get up to the minute I go to bed and I drink nothing else”. This advert was specially targeted towards women as it aimed to be conveyed as a fashion trend, through the use of a famous fashion designer. Coke used thin models and world-renowned fashion designers both of whom are cautious of body image, which shows the wrong message for women, especially young women. The advert shows that going overboard with dieting is conventional and that diet coke is the way of going about achieving a thin and attractive body. It is ethically wrong to be using Karl Lagerfeld's extreme dieting ways in order to promote diet coke. It is not only advocating an extreme statement, but it is also sending the wrong message about the drink by directly associating it to a “healthy ideal body”. Often the line between ethical and unethical advertising is blurred, what may seem unethical to some consumers or businesses, may not to for others. Therefore, in cases like this, businesses should proceed with caution, because unethical advertising and promotion can fail, causing consumers to shy away from the company consequently defeating the purpose of any campaign.
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the right to bear arms, yet these weapons are criticized by the public because they are sold at a low price making it rather easy to purchase by members of less affluent communities. Critics have referred to these weapons as " Saturday Night
Specials" referring to the negative connotation that they are purchased to commit crimes. In defense of the critics opinions, if in fact these guns are purchased with the intent to commit such crimes, than one must question the ethics behind marketing these products to criminals. Is the marketer facilitating the crime by appealing to this target market with a weapon that is easily accessible? While the argument in this case may seem unethical due to the questionable nature of these cheap handguns, this argument does not apply to the sale of all guns. That is because weapons that are legally sold to customers at an affordable rate for safety purposes, self-defense, hunting, and law enforcement are perfectly ethical due to the fact that they are safe product that is marketed to a responsible consumer. This comparison supports the fact that ethical marketing can be perceived differently by consumers depending on the nature of the product that is being sold.
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advantage of their vulnerability is unjust”. George G Brenkert was amongst the first to raise the issue about taking advantage of the vulnerability of a person, which therefore makes marketing practices immoral or unjust. Adolescents and children in the US are major market force in the food and beverage industry and as a result, food marketers are “attracted to the youth as consumers because of their spending power, purchasing influences and as future adult consumers”. It is ethically wrong to target children especially when it comes to unhealthy food and beverages, as children may not want anything else, which could lead to child obesity. Children have difficulty deciding between the purpose of advertising and other modes of communication; therefore it is morally unacceptable to target vulnerable children with such products. In
Belgium, it is banned to show commercials during children's programs, similarly in Australia, such ads are not allowed during television programs for preschoolers. It is considered unethical to generate profits through marketing to vulnerable groups, such as children, the poor or the elderly.
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price war is to drive competitors out of the market or to create an entry barrier into the market. Although it is beneficial for consumers, as they will get the product or service at a low price, however they are often deprived for quality. Also in the long term, it will force other competitors out of business and lower profits threaten business survival. If a company is involved in price war tactics, then it can be seen as unethical within the industry because they are starting a dangerous position and driving other companies to use similar tactics. A companies overall goal is to maximize its profits and revenue, however through engaging in a price war they are unable to do this and are more likely making less money as they would have had they taken part in normal business competition. If price wars can be avoided, it will prove to be vital success for any business.
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these methods is accomplished through the use of humor. In a study conducted by Hassib
Shabbir and Des Thwaites, 238 advertisements were assessed and 73.5% of them were found to have used deceptive marketing practices. Of those advertisements that were conducted deceptively, 74.5% of them used humor as a masking device in order to mislead potential customers. Part of what drives this study is the idea that humor provides an escape or relief from some kind of human constraint, and that some advertisers intend to take advantage of this by deceptively advertising a product that can potentially alleviate that constraint through humor. Through the study it was also found that all types of humor are used to deceive consumers, and that there are certain types of humor that are used when making certain deceptive claims.
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groups and overweight (plus size) market groups. Customers are treated like this because companies think that they are unprofitable so they try to deprive them or avoid them altogether. It is often debated amongst the business community that in order to be profitable, often businesses have to be unethical. However, this idea is seemingly outdated as most businesses nowadays follow an ethical business plan. In the United States, plus size apparel is thought to have generated $ 17.5 billion between May 2013 and April 2014, which is a 5% increase from the previous year, this is to be expected as 65% of
American women are plus sized . Another example of exclusion from the market is some pharmaceutical industry's exclude developing countries from AIDS drugs
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between right and wrong. Businesses are confronted with ethical decision making every day, and whether employees decide to use ethics as a guiding force when conducting business is something that business leaders, such as managers, need to instill. Marketers are ethically responsible for what is marketed and the image that a product portrays. With that said, marketers need to understand what good ethics are and how to incorporate good ethics in various marketing campaigns to better reach a targeted audience and to gain trust from customers.
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privacy to a desired degree. If some companies are not sufficiently respectful of privacy, they will lose market share. In a consumer protection approach, in contrast, it is claimed that individuals may not have the time or knowledge to make informed choices, or may not have reasonable alternatives available. Stereotyping occurs because any analysis of real populations needs to make approximations and place individuals into groups. However, if conducted irresponsibly, stereotyping can lead to a variety of ethically undesirable results. In the
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the changing market. It is used to establish which portion of the population will or does purchase a product, based on age, gender, location, income level, and many other variables. This research allows companies to learn more about past, current, and potential customers, including their specific likes and dislikes. Meticulous codes of ethics have been devised by multiple professional institutions which aim to communicate conflicts that occur during the implementation of marketing research (
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1202:"Liberation marketing takes the old mass culture critique — consumerism as conformity — fully into account, acknowledges it, addresses it, and solves it. Liberation marketing imagines consumers breaking free from the old enforcers of order, tearing loose from the shackles with which capitalism has bound us, escaping the routine of bureaucracy and hierarchy, getting in touch with our true selves, and finally, finding authenticity, that holiest of consumer grails."
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sensitive and in the wrong hands, ethical abuse and misuse of sensitive data may happen. This is why the invasion of consumer privacy is still an issue in marketing research ethics. Today's consumers are bombarded with mail after using their email address to enter in a competition, thus becoming part of a business's mailing list. Therefore, companies are provided with critical information which they must not take advantage of but use in an ethical manner.
1225:. In a truly free market, any participant can make or change the rules. However, when new rules are invented which shift power too suddenly or too far, other participants may respond with accusations of unethical behaviour, rather than modifying their own behaviour to suit (which they might not be able to anyway). Most markets are not fully free: the real debate is as to the appropriate extent of regulation.
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resisting or understanding marketing tactics at younger ages ("children don't understand persuasive intent until they are eight or nine years old"). At older ages competitive feelings towards other children are stronger than financial sense. The practice of extending children's marketing from television to the school grounds is also controversial (see
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sales are now plus-size. Another example is the selective marketing of health care, so that unprofitable sectors (i.e. the elderly) will not attempt to take benefits to which they are entitled. A further example of market exclusion is the pharmaceutical industry's exclusion of developing countries from
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There are certain high caution aspects of ethical marketing in terms of market audience. Using selective marketing to discourage demand from an unwanted market group or exclude them altogether. Examples of market exclusion or selective marketing are certain company's attitudes towards the gay, ethnic
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However, marketers have been known to market questionable products to the public. These tend to be controversial products in that they appeal to some while offending others. An example of such a product that is sold regularly today is a cheap handgun. America is a country in which its citizens have
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are examples of ways for delivering a marketing message under the guise of independent product reviews and endorsements, or creating supposedly independent watchdog or review organizations. For example, fake reviews can be published on Amazon. Shills are primarily for message-delivery, but they can
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Advertising is mass and paid communication, with a fundamental purpose to deliver information, acquire attitudes and induce action beneficial to the advertiser – generally the sale of the product or service. Advertising and promotion have a significant influence on people, society in large, while
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Price wars, is when businesses constantly lower its prices in an attempt to demoralize its competition . Price wars can create emotionally devastating and psychologically devastating situations, which has an extraordinary impact on an individual, a company and industry profits . The intention of a
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Pricing along with product, place and promotion are the four functions of marketing. Retailers and producers must ensure that ethical pricing strategies are performed in order to earn profits without deceiving competitors or consumers .Issues in pricing ethics are related to fairness, specifically
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In the case of children, the main products are unhealthy food, fashionware and entertainment goods. Children are a lucrative market: "...children 12 and under spend more than $ 11 billion of their own money and influence family spending decisions worth another $ 165 billion", but are not capable of
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Market research is the collection and analysis of information about consumers, competitors and the effectiveness of marketing programs. With market research, businesses can make decisions based on how the responses of the market, leading to a better understanding of how the business has to adapt to
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Positive marketing ethics looks at the statement "what is" when it comes to examining marketing practices, an example would be to research fraudulent advertising and keep a record of the violations. Normative marketing ethics looks at theories that dictate how moral marketing should take place. The
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Marketing ethics, regardless of the product offered or the market targeted, sets the guidelines for which good marketing is practiced. When companies create high ethical standards upon which to approach marketing they are participating in ethical marketing. To market ethically and effectively one
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Price
Collusion is when several companies get together in order to hold the price of a good or service at a raised level in the hopes of achieving large profits or restricting the market. Price fixing is sometimes called price collusion in order to emphasize the agreement using secretive, to avoid
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Ethical thinking is responding to situations that deal with principles concerning human behavior in respect to the appropriateness and inappropriateness of certain communication and to the decency and indecency of the intention and results of such actions. In other words, ethics are distinctions
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Manipulation of information and personal data can take place during market research conducted by for-profit organizations because they have a profit motive. This motive can affect the accuracy and objectivity of the marketing research and create an exaggerated positive image of the organization's
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It is important to understand that humor is not the only method that is used to deter consumer's minds from what a product actually offers. Before making important purchases, one should always conduct their own research in order to gain a better understanding of what it is they are investing in.
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Another breach of marketing ethics has to do with the use of deceptive advertising. This form of advertising is not specific to one target market, and can sometimes go unnoticed by the public. There are a number of different ways in which deceptive marketing can be presented to consumers; one of
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Horizontal price-fixing occurs when competitors in a market who are selling the same product or service come to decide on a mutual price that they will both set for their products or services. The anti-trust law in the United States as well as the competition law of the
European Union state that
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Examples of unethical market exclusion or selective marketing are past industry attitudes to the gay, ethnic minority and plus size markets. Contrary to the popular myth that ethics and profits do not mix, the tapping of these markets has proved highly profitable. For example, 20% of US clothing
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Business ethics has been an increasing concern among larger companies, at least since the 1990s. Major corporations increasingly fear the damage to their image associated with press revelations of unethical practices. Marketers have been among the fastest to perceive the market's preference for
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Children, elderly consumers, and economically disadvantaged consumers are often categorized as being a part of the vulnerable group in marketing, in terms of ethics. “Ethics and social responsibility communities seem to agree that targeting a vulnerable group with marketing campaigns that take
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Approaches to privacy can, broadly, be divided into two categories: free market, and consumer protection. In a free market approach, commercial entities are largely allowed to do what they wish, with the expectation that consumers will choose to do business with corporations that respect their
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Price fixing is thought to be unethical and socially irresponsible as it breaks laws that are specifically put into place to promote regular competition between companies . With competition between companies, business will be likely to keep costs low at affordable prices, in order to compete.
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Without information from the public, it is difficult to do market research. As companies conduct research they also come into contact with confidential and personal information, which comes with a level of risk for both the business as well as the individual. At times this information can be
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Other vulnerable audiences include emerging markets in developing countries, where the public may not be sufficiently aware of skilled marketing ploys transferred from developed countries, and where, conversely, marketers may not be aware how excessively powerful their tactics may be. See
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shaping their attitudes, behaviors and priorities . Some scholars believe that advertising supports ethical issues. It is also considered unethical to shame a substitute or rivals product or services (Srivastava & Nandan, 2010). Other ethical issues include, mistreatment of women,
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Contrary to popular impressions, not all marketing is adversarial, and not all marketing is stacked in favour of the marketer. In marketing, the relationship between producer/consumer or buyer/seller can be adversarial or cooperative. For an example of cooperative marketing, see
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Price fixing is maintaining a price at a certain level, which has been agreed upon between competing sellers and is illegal in most countries . When price fixing occurs and a price is set by an industry, customers are forced to pay the exorbitant price due to a lack of options.
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same theories and substructures used in business ethics to determine its level of morality are used to analyze whether moral marketing is taking place in normative marketing ethics. The three structures are known as duty-based theories, virtue ethics, and utilitarianism.
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Marketing targeting strategies for products that may cause economic, physical and psychological harm has become an aspect of marketing which is criticized a considerable amount, especially in marketing literature with a particular focus on vulnerable consumers
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However buyers and sellers have different goals and perceived outcomes in the exchange process. Usually buyers are seeking to gain products and services at the best possible price whereas sellers are generally concentrated on generating maximum profit.
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A popularist anti-marketing stance commonly discussed in the blogosphere and popular literature is that any kind of marketing is inherently evil. The position is based on the argument that marketing necessarily commits at least one of three wrongs:
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Process related ethical issues are often demonstrated through the use of deceptive or misleading advertising, where as product related issues is predominately focuses on marketing of certain “harmful” products such as tobacco, unhealthy food etc.
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has also frequently attracted criticism for unethical content (portrayals of Jesus which infuriated religious groups; racial innuendo in marketing black and white versions of its PSP product; graffiti adverts in major US
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Vertical price-fixing is also considered as illegal activity in the United States. This takes place when competitors in the same market enter into an agreement to set a mutual minimum or maximum resale price.
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the fair treatment of buyers and sellers as well as fair competition. Ethical pricing practice happens when it allows the market to remain competitive and other players in the market are treated fairly.
558:. If the marketing situation is adversarial, another dimension of difference emerges, describing the power balance between producer/consumer or buyer/seller. Power may be concentrated with the producer (
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should be reminded that all marketing decisions and efforts are necessary to meet and suit the needs of customers, suppliers, and business partners. Ethical behavior should be enforced throughout
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ethical companies, often moving faster to take advantage of this shift in consumer taste. This results in the expropriation of ethics itself as a selling point or a component of a corporate image.
1108:. In negative advertising, the advertiser highlights the disadvantages of competitor products rather than the advantages of their own. The methods are most familiar from the political sphere: see
566:). Identifying where the power in the relationship lies and whether the power balance is relevant at all are important to understanding the background to an ethical dilemma in marketing ethics.
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which protects competitors - in both cases, against unethical marketing practices. Regulation extends beyond the law to lobbies, watchdog bodies and self-regulatory industry bodies.
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is negatively impacting physicians' prescribing practices, influencing them to prescribe the marketed drugs rather than others which may be cheaper or better for the patient.
674:, it is about pleasing and developing a strong relationship with customers in a caring manner by not primarily only focusing on achieving results in order to generate profit.
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is another strategy whereby a product can masquerade behind an image that appeals to a range of values, including ethical values related to lifestyle and anti-consumerism.
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Portraying an ideal body, weight or physical appearance can have potential harmful effects on the individual such as low self-esteem issues or anorexia. Good marketing is
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Excluding potential customers from the market: selective marketing is used to discourage demand from undesirable market sectors or disenfranchise them altogether.
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is the most controversial of advertising channels, particularly when approaches are unsolicited. TV commercials and direct mail are common examples. Electronic
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Process-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems in terms of the categories used by marketing specialists (e.g. research, price, promotion, placement).
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McDaniel, S. R.; Kinney, L.; Chalip, L. (2001). "A Cross-Cultural
Investigation of the Ethical Dimensions of Alcohol and Tobacco Sports Sponsorships".
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Taste and controversy. The advertising of certain products may strongly offend some people while being in the interests of others. Examples include:
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Manipulating social values. The victim in this case is society as a whole, or the environment as well. The argument is that marketing promotes
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Stakeholder-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of whom they affect (e.g. consumers, competitors, society as a whole).
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health. Today an advertiser who fails to tell the truth not only offends against morality but also against the law. However the law permits "
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None of these frameworks allows, by itself, a convenient and complete categorization of the great variety of issues in marketing ethics
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and others. The elderly hold a disproportionate amount of the world's wealth and are therefore the target of financial exploitation.
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Marketing ethics is known to have similarities with business ethics. Marketing ethics, however, can be divided into two categories:
2845:. Retrieved April 1, 2016, from the guardian : http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/jan/12/diet-coke-fashion-favourite-fizz
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Tom McGee and Kevin
Heubusch, `Getting Inside Kids' Heads', American Demographics, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1997), quoted in Sharon Beder,
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Gould, Stephen J. (1 September 1994). "Sexuality and Ethics in
Advertising: A Research Agenda and Policy Guideline Perspective".
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horizontal-price fixing agreements are illegal because it creates a monopolistic market environment that can exploit consumers.
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The ethics of marketing practice, especially directed towards the vulnerable can be divided into two areas, product and process.
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1043:: "The problem... is the slippery slope by which variations on puffery can descend fairly quickly to lies." See main article:
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Statement of Ethics, stereotyping is countered by the obligation to show respect ("acknowledge the basic human dignity of all
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299–303. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3704&context=californialawreview
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Causing harm to competitors. Excessively fierce competition and unethical marketing tactics are especially associated with
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Srivastava, V., & Nandan, T. (2010). A Study of
Perceptions in Society Regarding Unethical Practices in Advertising.
2582:. Retrieved March 31, 2016, from http://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/08/retails-plus-size-problem-designing-for-larger-sizes.html
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Story, M., & French, S. (2004). Food Advertising and Marketing Directed at Children and Adolescents in the US.
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How does dominance and competition affect the use of consumer information? Evidence from a famed field experiment.
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is normally used in the different context of a cartel of suppliers excluding newcomers from distribution chains.
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is an example of a company which marketed itself and its entire product range solely on an ethical message.
1062:. Violence is an issue especially for children's advertising and advertising likely to be seen by children.
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List of pricing practices which may be unethical in certain circumstances and should be used with caution:
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1779:, Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, Issue Volume 11, Number 4 / December 1990, Pages 301-309
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is an example of a strategy used to make a company appear ethical when its unethical practices continue.
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Gupta, S.; Pirsch, J. (2014). "Consumer Evaluation of Target Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid".
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Pharmaceutical Arbitrage: balancing access and innovation in international prescription drug markets.
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512:-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of the values which they infringe (e.g.
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2438:(in German), excerpted from: Bruhn, M., Homburg, C.: Gabler Marketing Lexikon, Wiesbaden 2001.
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Klein, T. (2008). "Assessing Distributive Justice in Marketing: A Benefit-Cost Approach".
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outwitted the regulatory bodies and caused substantial harm to consumers and competitors.
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The vastness of the literature on this topic is perhaps best conveyed by D. Slaters 1999
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Lies, Damn Lies and Puffery: Is it OK to bend the truth if no one believes you anyway?
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Palmer, D.; Hedberg, T. (2012). "The Ethics of Marketing to Vulnerable Populations".
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Shabbir, H.; Thwaites, D. (2007). "The use of humor to mask deceptive advertising".
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Pricing practices that are considered unethical in most geographic markets include:
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Ellis, N., Fitchett, J., Higgins, M., Jack, G., Lim, M., Saren, M., et al. (2011).
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push the borders of ethics and legality more strongly, and have been described as
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2667:. Retrieved March 28, 2016, from https://hbr.org/2000/03/how-to-fight-a-price-war
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2330:"Blurred Lines: Advertising or Content? – An FTC Workshop on Native Advertising"
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Miriam H. Zoll, Psychologists Challenge Ethics of Marketing to Children, (2000).
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products and services in order to attract clients to invest in their business.
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2865:." Encyclopedia of Business and Finance. Mohandeep Singh. Thomson Gale, 2001.
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be seen as a vulnerability and when should "cheap" loan providers be seen as
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which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of
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in respect of waste problems associated with the packaging of products.
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The ethics of selectively marketing the Health Maintenance Organization
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with over 1500 items. W.R. Childs (Ohio State University) has posted a
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Business Ethics in Action: Seeking Human Excellence in Organizations.
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Examples of marketing which unethically targets the elderly include:
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
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Hundreds Arrested in Mass-Marketing Fraud Targeting Senior Citizens
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Controversial marketing strategies associated with the internet:
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A list of known unethical or controversial marketing strategies:
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Ethical pitfalls in advertising and promotional content include:
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2526:"Television Food Advertising to Children: A Global Perspective"
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Defining advertising goals for measured advertising results.
1714:^ Quinn, Michael J. (2009). Ethics for the Information Age.
1085:-prevention, but are nevertheless seen by some as promoting
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The Moral Dimension of Marketing: Essays on Business Ethics
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632:, and the Council for Survey Research are a few examples).
1673:, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 72–86,
1171:
790:(Monitor on Psychology, Volume 31, No. 8 September 2000),
2568:"OPINION: Why advertising needs a wake-up call on ethics"
2268:"Next Up for the Internet: The Attention Rights Movement"
2011:
1154:
is the blurring of lines between advertising and content.
817:, unethically exploiting the economically disadvantaged?
504:
Frameworks of analysis for marketing: possible frameworks
2815:
Price-Fixing Agreements under the Sherman AntiTrust Law.
2897:
The Catholic Church's Handbook on Ethics in Advertising
1821:
Washington State Department of Financial Institutions,
1019:
Issues over truth and honesty. In the 1940s and 1950s,
2580:
Retail's plus-size problem: Designing for larger sizes
2231:
What factors make controversial advertising offensive?
1749:
The term "selective marketing" is preferred. The term
1611:"5 Ways to Improve Your Business With Market Research"
1217:
The main theoretical issue here is the debate between
1002:
762:). The following is a select list of online articles:
626:
The European Society of Marketing and Opinion Research
613:
1316:
1144:
also be used to drive up prices in auctions, such as
2706:
1399:
are related subjects. Relevant areas of law include
1514:
American Marketing Association Code of Ethics(2020)
1158:
2856:American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics
2469:
1732:American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics
635:Ethical danger points in market research include:
2877:Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions
2805:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2912:
2592:
1790:Antiretroviral treatment in developing countries
569:
478:
2354:
1031:" (a legal term). The difference between mere
841:Excluding potential customers from the market:
677:People affected by unethical market research:
2843:How Diet Coke became fashion's favourite fizz
2782:
2455:, March/April, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-10-06.
1525:Marketing With A Conscience: Sales and Ethics
1355:
499:Fundamental issues in the ethics of marketing
433:
1328:Some, such as members of the advocacy group
730:the vulnerable (e.g. children, the elderly).
463:. Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of
2637:Journal of International Consumer Marketing
2634:
2410:Liberation Marketing and the Culture Trust
1641:"What is Market Research? (with pictures)"
1081:has become acceptable in the interests of
1054:is a mainstay of advertising content (see
440:
426:
2618:
2595:"Minimum quality standards and collusion"
2549:
2390:Liberation Marketing and Consumer Society
2009:Marketing of antipsychotic drugs attacked
1058:), and yet is also regarded as a form of
1050:Issues with violence, sex and profanity.
528:). An example of such an approach is the
2891:Guidelines for Ethical Business Practice
2663:Harvard Business Review. (2000, March).
2467:
1664:
1591:shorter bibliography of consumer culture
1554:, King Marketing, 2004; William DeJong,
1489:
2441:
2310:Shill Bidding Exposed in E-Bay Auctions
2256:
2240:, ANZCA04 Conference, Sydney, July 2004
1556:Marketing Gets Unfairly Branded as Evil
1172:The use of ethics as a marketing tactic
788:Advertising to children: Is it ethical?
548:
2913:
2699:Mahmood, A., & Vulkan, N. (2013).
2491:Murphy, Patrick E.; Gene R. Laczniak;
2091:
2023:
2670:
2523:
2262:
2202:
2087:
2085:
1827:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
1212:
782:Ads and Kids: How young is too young?
780:Donnell Alexander and Aliza Dichter,
2742:
2251:Sony's fony graffiti sparks lashback
1671:SAGE Brief Guide to Marketing Ethics
1496:SAGE Brief Guide to Marketing Ethics
1485:
1483:
1481:
1359:
853:
2841:The Guardian . (2013, January 12).
2599:The Journal of Industrial Economics
2593:Ecchia, G.; Lambertini, L. (1997).
1003:Ethics in advertising and promotion
614:Specific issues in marketing ethics
13:
2082:
1840:Consumer fraud against the elderly
1825:, July 11, 2006 (Originally from:
1317:Further issues in marketing ethics
807:Nestle infant milk formula scandal
792:American Psychological Association
715:
618:
14:
2937:
2849:
2530:American Journal of Public Health
2319:, Consume Affairs, November 2004.
1872:, University of Wollongong, 1998.
1764:Plus-Size People, Plus-Size Stuff
1478:
849:
473:media and public relations ethics
2881:Illinois Institute of Technology
2822:South Asia Journal of Management
1580:bibliography of consumer culture
1567:You ARE a marketer. Deal with it
1432:Customer relationship management
1363:
1332:, have argued that marketing by
1159:Deceptive Advertising and Ethics
857:
2629:Marketing: A Critical Textbook.
2461:
2422:
2402:
2383:
2348:
2322:
2303:
2290:
2243:
2223:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2150:
2024:Garcia, Cheryl Crozier (2012).
2017:
2001:
1983:
1941:
1923:
1905:
1875:
1832:
1815:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1725:
1348:and through company practices.
1321:Marketing ethics overlaps with
1077:medication. The advertising of
720:Ethical danger points include:
2745:"ADVERTISING ETHICS: A REVIEW"
2429:Definition of marketing ethics
2298:Amazon.com reviews are a farce
2217:10.1080/00913367.1994.10673452
1823:Frauds That Target The Elderly
1708:
1658:
1633:
1603:
1572:
1537:
1517:
1506:
1467:Socially responsible marketing
1292:Embrace, extend and extinguish
697:American Marketing Association
530:American Marketing Association
1:
2906:FTC Guidelines on Advertising
2476:. South-Western Educational.
1838:US Federal Trade Commission,
1565:, Youth Today; Kathy Sierra,
1472:
1403:which protects consumers and
1230:California electricity crisis
570:Is marketing inherently evil?
479:Two types of marketing ethics
2887:Direct Marketing Association
2649:10.1080/08961530.2014.848084
1452:Marketing warfare strategies
7:
2026:"Ethical Issues in Pricing"
1420:
490:Normative marketing ethics.
10:
2942:
2873:Marketing Ethics Resources
2785:Journal of Business Ethics
2468:Davidson, D. Kirk (2002).
2369:10.2753/joa0091-3367360205
2180:, CMO Magazine, July 2005.
2092:Latham, Stephen R (2012).
1356:Regulation and enforcement
1297:Search engine optimisation
1244:Anti-competitive practices
487:Positive marketing ethics.
364:Promotional representative
2673:Journal of Macromarketing
2300:, Jave.net, Nov 16, 2003.
2156:Chickenhead Productions,
2102:10.4135/9781452243962.n13
2034:10.4135/9781452243962.n12
1975:Cite uses generic title (
1490:Laczniak, Gene R (2018).
1023:used to be advertised as
971:Supra competitive pricing
798:How marketers target kids
796:Media Awareness Network.
2902:Federal Trade Commission
2793:10.1007/570551-012-14762
2709:Teaching Business Ethics
2685:10.1177/0276146707311243
2665:How to Fight a Price War
2542:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179267
1792:, BMJ 2003;326:1382-1384
1679:10.4135/9781452243962.n9
1334:pharmaceutical companies
951:Dumping (pricing policy)
821:Targeting the Vulnerable
772:University of Wollongong
2754:: 33–44. Archived from
2752:The Journal of Commerce
2721:10.1023/A:1011428610136
2611:10.1111/1467-6451.00037
2578:CNBC. (2015, April 8).
2296:Richard Monson-Haefel,
2191:Ethics Today Newsletter
1883:"Marketing to Children"
1665:Laczniak, Gene (2012),
1010:advertising to children
630:Market Research Society
359:Promotional merchandise
344:Out-of-home advertising
133:Account-based marketing
2795:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2357:Journal of Advertising
2253:, Joystiq, Dec 3, 2005
2205:Journal of Advertising
1492:"Marketing, Ethics of"
1411:Advertising regulation
1282:Subliminal advertising
1210:
556:relationship marketing
168:Horizontal integration
16:Area of applied ethics
2869:. 2006. 16 Oct, 2006
2837:10.1186/1479-5868-1-3
1863:Marketing to Children
1667:"Ethics of Marketing"
1395:Marketing ethics and
1199:
768:Marketing to Children
597:and waste. See also:
354:Product demonstration
206:Corporate anniversary
2447:Brendan I. Koerner.
2278:on September 3, 2017
2266:(3 September 2017).
2193:, September 17, 2003
2158:Truth in Advertising
2096:. pp. 106–111.
1534:, US Dept. of State.
1323:environmental ethics
1254:Planned obsolescence
1194:Liberation marketing
1110:negative campaigning
1104:techniques, such as
1102:Negative advertising
981:Price discrimination
760:marketing in schools
752:mass marketing fraud
549:Power-based analysis
369:Visual merchandising
299:Behavioral targeting
173:Vertical integration
153:Influencer marketing
2863:Ethics in Marketing
2813:Peppin, J. (1998).
2585:Colley, R. (1961).
2028:. pp. 99–105.
1415:Consumer protection
657:Invasion of privacy
603:ethical consumerism
319:In-game advertising
309:Display advertising
185:Promotional content
2434:2007-09-30 at the
2415:2007-01-29 at the
2395:2006-10-31 at the
2336:. 14 November 2013
2315:2006-10-19 at the
2236:2007-09-14 at the
2163:2006-10-15 at the
2007:Deborah Josefson,
1995:2009-04-16 at the
1990:Media-awareness.ca
1935:2006-10-22 at the
1917:2006-09-28 at the
1868:2009-07-22 at the
1845:2006-09-26 at the
1808:2006-10-17 at the
1737:2006-10-22 at the
1596:2006-09-09 at the
1585:2006-10-06 at the
1561:2007-03-13 at the
1550:2006-11-07 at the
1545:Is marketing evil?
1530:2006-10-12 at the
1375:. You can help by
1277:guerilla marketing
1213:Marketing strategy
1152:Native advertising
1056:sex in advertising
938:fair competition.
869:. You can help by
579:Damaging personal
402:Marketing research
339:Online advertising
329:Native advertising
324:Mobile advertising
276:Sex in advertising
93:Consumer behaviour
2735:Melé, D. (2009).
2524:Kelly, B (2010).
2506:978-0-13-184814-6
2499:. Prentice Hall.
2497:Ethical Marketing
2483:978-0-87757-300-5
2449:Dr. No Free Lunch
2419:, (date unknown).
2399:, KLM Inc., 2001.
2229:David S. Waller,
2138:Missing or empty
2070:Missing or empty
1775:Mark H. Waymack,
1523:Lizabeth England,
1442:False advertising
1437:Ethical marketing
1393:
1392:
1223:regulated markets
1115:Delivery channels
1060:sexual harassment
1045:false advertising
956:Predatory pricing
887:
886:
672:ethical marketing
588:saturated markets
450:
449:
412:Consumer research
293:Promotional media
281:Underwriting spot
256:Product placement
236:On-hold messaging
226:Loyalty marketing
143:Product marketing
138:Digital marketing
2933:
2893:(September 2006)
2810:
2804:
2796:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2749:
2743:Nooh, M (2012).
2732:
2696:
2660:
2624:
2622:
2575:
2563:
2553:
2536:(9): 1730–1736.
2518:
2487:
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2439:
2426:
2420:
2406:
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2381:
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2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:. Archived from
2260:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2227:
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2220:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
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2135:
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2125:
2123:
2115:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2055:
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2005:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1949:"Page Not Found"
1945:
1939:
1930:Mediachannel.org
1927:
1921:
1912:Mediachannel.org
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:. Archived from
1879:
1873:
1859:
1850:
1836:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1801:Senior Journal,
1799:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1751:market exclusion
1747:
1741:
1729:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1621:on 15 April 2016
1617:. Archived from
1607:
1601:
1576:
1570:
1541:
1535:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1487:
1388:
1385:
1367:
1360:
1119:Direct marketing
1067:feminine hygiene
997:Variable pricing
933:Price Collusion:
882:
879:
861:
854:
607:anti-consumerism
453:Marketing ethics
442:
435:
428:
407:Mystery shopping
304:Brand ambassador
241:Personal selling
231:Mobile marketing
211:Direct marketing
196:Ambush marketing
163:Annoyance factor
148:Social marketing
98:Consumer culture
78:Brand management
19:
18:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2921:Business ethics
2911:
2910:
2852:
2798:
2797:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2747:
2566:
2507:
2493:Norman E. Bowie
2484:
2464:
2459:
2446:
2442:
2436:Wayback Machine
2427:
2423:
2417:Wayback Machine
2407:
2403:
2397:Wayback Machine
2388:
2384:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2317:Wayback Machine
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2261:
2257:
2249:Vladimir Cole,
2248:
2244:
2238:Wayback Machine
2228:
2224:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2165:Wayback Machine
2155:
2151:
2139:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2090:
2083:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1997:Wayback Machine
1988:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1937:Wayback Machine
1928:
1924:
1919:Wayback Machine
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1893:on 22 July 2009
1881:
1880:
1876:
1870:Wayback Machine
1860:
1853:
1847:Wayback Machine
1837:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1810:Wayback Machine
1800:
1796:
1788:RuairĂ Brugha,
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1739:Wayback Machine
1730:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1598:Wayback Machine
1587:Wayback Machine
1577:
1573:
1563:Wayback Machine
1552:Wayback Machine
1542:
1538:
1532:Wayback Machine
1522:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1423:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1373:needs expansion
1358:
1346:company culture
1319:
1273:Viral marketing
1268:Vendor lock-out
1249:Bait and switch
1215:
1174:
1161:
1131:attention theft
1052:Sexual innuendo
1005:
890:Pricing ethics:
883:
877:
874:
867:needs expansion
852:
718:
716:Market audience
621:
619:Market research
616:
572:
551:
506:
501:
481:
471:) overlap with
446:
417:
416:
397:Market research
392:
384:
383:
294:
286:
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271:Sales promotion
186:
178:
177:
73:Brand licensing
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2929:
2928:
2923:
2909:
2908:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2870:
2859:
2851:
2850:External links
2848:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2780:
2770:
2740:
2739:United Kingdom
2733:
2715:(3): 307–330.
2704:
2703:Retrieved from
2697:
2668:
2661:
2632:
2631:United Kingdom
2625:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2564:
2520:
2519:
2505:
2488:
2482:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2440:
2421:
2408:Thomas Frank,
2401:
2382:
2347:
2321:
2302:
2289:
2255:
2242:
2222:
2195:
2182:
2176:Lew McCreary,
2169:
2149:
2128:|journal=
2110:
2094:"Price-Fixing"
2081:
2060:|journal=
2042:
2016:
2000:
1982:
1940:
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1874:
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1831:
1829:Consumer News)
1814:
1812:, May 24, 2006
1794:
1781:
1768:
1766:, Nov 10, 2003
1755:
1742:
1724:
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1354:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1270:
1264:Vendor lock-in
1261:
1259:Pyramid scheme
1256:
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1004:
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989:
987:Price skimming
984:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
885:
884:
864:
862:
851:
850:Pricing ethics
848:
802:
801:
794:
786:Rebecca Clay,
784:
778:
775:
766:Sharon Beder,
732:
731:
725:
717:
714:
707:Profit motive:
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539:
536:
533:Code of Ethics
505:
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500:
497:
492:
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480:
477:
457:applied ethics
455:is an area of
448:
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314:Drip marketing
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95:
90:
88:Communications
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80:
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50:
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41:
40:
37:
36:
35:
34:
26:
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2918:
2916:
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2892:
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2885:
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2878:
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2853:
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2840:
2838:
2834:
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2819:
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2812:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Outterson, K.
2771:
2761:on 2020-11-25
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
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2666:
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2658:
2654:
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2642:
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2621:
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2608:
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2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:Campaign Asia
2569:
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2557:
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1405:antitrust law
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1397:marketing law
1387:
1378:
1374:
1371:This section
1369:
1366:
1362:
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1330:No Free Lunch
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865:This section
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564:caveat vendor
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560:caveat emptor
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2763:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2751:
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2496:
2471:
2462:Bibliography
2453:Mother Jones
2452:
2443:
2424:
2404:
2385:
2363:(2): 75–85.
2360:
2356:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
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2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2271:
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2225:
2211:(3): 73–80.
2208:
2204:
2198:
2185:
2172:
2152:
2140:|title=
2072:|title=
2019:
2014:1998;316:645
2003:
1985:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1925:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1886:
1877:
1834:
1817:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1727:
1710:
1700:, retrieved
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1645:wisegeek.com
1644:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:the original
1614:
1605:
1574:
1539:
1519:
1508:
1502:: 2189–2196.
1499:
1495:
1457:Media ethics
1401:consumer law
1394:
1381:
1377:adding to it
1372:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1327:
1320:
1286:
1238:
1227:
1219:free markets
1216:
1206:Thomas Frank
1201:
1200:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1141:astroturfers
1075:constipation
1024:
1014:
1006:
975:
966:Price fixing
940:
936:
932:
931:
927:
923:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
875:
871:adding to it
866:
844:
840:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
811:endebtedness
803:
797:
787:
781:
767:
756:
741:
733:
719:
710:
706:
705:
701:stakeholders
693:
676:
669:
665:
664:
660:
656:
655:
647:Stereotyping
639:Invasion of
634:
622:
573:
563:
559:
552:
544:
526:transparency
493:
482:
452:
451:
123:Segmentation
112:
48:Distribution
42:Key concepts
2787:: 403–413.
2605:: 101–103.
1543:A.J.Kandy,
1427:Consumerism
1087:promiscuity
946:Bid rigging
924:Price wars:
815:loan sharks
690:Researchers
684:Respondents
595:consumerism
465:advertising
216:Franchising
191:Advertising
158:Attribution
83:Co-creation
2915:Categories
2765:2016-04-01
2589:New York .
2264:Hayes, Tom
2189:S.Gilman,
1887:uow.edu.au
1762:CBS News,
1702:2022-02-10
1473:References
1462:Propaganda
1302:Spamdexing
1106:attack ads
1071:hemorrhoid
1069:products,
748:time share
737:AIDS drugs
374:Web banner
261:Propaganda
68:Activation
32:Management
2926:Marketing
2875:from the
2729:141786403
2693:145206262
2679:: 33–43.
2657:168105941
2643:: 58–74.
2130:ignored (
2120:cite book
2062:ignored (
2052:cite book
1697:150766509
1615:about.com
1447:Marketing
1384:June 2008
1188:Greenwash
1148:auctions.
1025:promoting
992:Price war
878:June 2008
728:Targeting
599:affluenza
469:promotion
461:marketing
334:New media
266:Publicity
118:Promotion
103:Dominance
23:Marketing
2824:, 61–69.
2775:(2004).
2560:20634464
2515:54805964
2495:(2004).
2432:Archived
2413:Archived
2393:Archived
2377:14500301
2340:16 April
2313:Archived
2282:9 August
2234:Archived
2161:Archived
1993:Archived
1968:cite web
1958:16 April
1933:Archived
1915:Archived
1897:16 April
1866:Archived
1843:Archived
1806:Archived
1735:Archived
1650:16 April
1625:16 April
1594:Archived
1583:Archived
1559:Archived
1548:Archived
1528:Archived
1421:See also
1098:cities).
1091:Benetton
774:, 1998).
581:autonomy
518:autonomy
391:Research
246:Premiums
201:Branding
128:Strategy
2831:, 1–3.
2551:2920955
2334:ftc.gov
2272:Tombomb
1953:apa.org
1569:, 2005.
1307:Spyware
1079:condoms
1033:puffery
1029:puffery
1021:tobacco
750:fraud,
687:Clients
641:privacy
522:privacy
514:honesty
63:Service
53:Pricing
2867:eNotes
2858:(2004)
2727:
2691:
2655:
2558:
2548:
2513:
2503:
2480:
2375:
2108:
2040:
1718:
1695:
1685:
1311:Adware
1228:Case:
1137:Shills
681:Public
628:, the
251:Prizes
113:Ethics
58:Retail
2759:(PDF)
2748:(PDF)
2725:S2CID
2689:S2CID
2653:S2CID
2373:S2CID
1693:S2CID
1234:Enron
1039:is a
1037:fraud
510:Value
221:Label
2807:link
2556:PMID
2511:OCLC
2501:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2342:2018
2284:2021
2144:help
2132:help
2106:ISBN
2076:help
2064:help
2038:ISBN
1977:help
1960:2018
1899:2018
1716:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1652:2018
1627:2018
1221:and
1146:eBay
1139:and
1125:and
1123:spam
1095:Sony
1083:AIDS
1073:and
1035:and
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467:and
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2645:doi
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