412:, born in Africa, successfully rebelled against the Spaniards in 1532, and banded together with other Africans in his 15-year struggle against the Spanish colonists. Lemba was eventually joined by other maroons such as Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo and Diego del Campo in the struggle against slavery. As the maroons threatened Spanish commerce and trade, Spanish officials began to fear a maroon takeover of the island. By the 1540s, maroons had already controlled the interior portions of the island, although areas in the east, north, and western parts of the island were also to fall under maroon control. Maroon bands would venture out throughout the island, usually in large groups, attack villages they encountered, burn down plantations, kill and ransack the Spaniards, and liberate the slaves. Roadways had become so open to attack, the Spaniards felt it was necessary to only navigate in groups. Dominican maroons would be present throughout the island until the mid 17th century.
2159:
377:
631:
154:
52:
1285:. In 1702, a French expedition against them killed three maroons and captured 11, but over 30 evaded capture, and retreated further into the mountainous forests. Further expeditions were carried out against them with limited success, though they did succeed in capturing one of their leaders, Michel, in 1719. In subsequent expeditions, in 1728 and 1733, French forces captured 46 and 32 maroons respectively. No matter how many detachments were sent against these maroons, they continued to attract runaways. Expeditions in 1740, 1742, 1746, 1757 and 1761 had minor successes against these maroons, but failed to destroy their hideaways.
643:
438:, they formed bands and on some islands, armed camps. Maroon communities faced great odds against their surviving the attacks by hostile colonists, obtaining food for subsistence living, as well as reproducing and increasing their numbers. As the planters took over more land for crops, the maroons began to lose ground on the small islands. Only on some of the larger islands were organised maroon communities able to thrive by growing crops and hunting. Here they grew in number as more slaves escaped from
7045:
1289:
mountainous forests where they could not be found. The detachment eventually returned, unsuccessful and having lost many soldiers to illness and desertion. In the years that followed, the maroons attacked a number of settlements, including Fond-Parisien, for food, weapons, gunpowder and women. It was on one of these excursions that one of the maroon leaders, Kebinda, who had been born in freedom in the mountains, was captured. He later died in captivity.
837:
7055:
207:
674:
leaving the community as desertion and therefore punishable by death. They also originally raided plantations. During these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities. Individual groups of maroons often allied themselves with the local
1188:, which comprised about 6,000 men who fought the First Brigand War against the British who had recently occupied the island. Led by the French Commissioner, Gaspard Goyrand, they succeeded in taking back control of most of the island from the British, but on 26 May 1796, their forces defending the fort at
2325:
One of
Guillermo's deputies, Ubaldo the Englishman, whose christened name was Jose Eduardo de la Luz Perera, was initially born a slave in London, sold to a ship captain, and took a number of trips before eventually being granted his freedom. He was one of a number of free black people who joined the
1729:
were one of the largest and most successful maroon communities in what is now
Florida due to more rights and freedoms extracted from the Spanish Empire. Some intermarried and were culturally Seminole; others maintained a more African culture. Descendants of those who were removed with the Seminole to
1443:
The government has tried to encourage the survival of the other maroon settlements. The
Jamaican government and the maroon communities organised the Annual International Maroon Conference, initially to be held at rotating communities around the island, but the conference has been held at Charles Town
822:
Absolute secrecy and loyalty of members were crucial to the survival of maroon communities. To ensure this loyalty, maroon communities used severe methods to protect against desertion and spies. New members were brought to communities by way of detours so they could not find their way back and served
1665:
In 1609, Captain Pedro
Gonzalo de Herrera lad an expedition against Yanga and his maroons, but despite severe casualties on both sides, neither emerged the victor. Instead, Yanga negotiated with the Spanish colonists to establish a self-ruled maroon settlement called San Lorenzo de los Negros (later
1357:
in the 1730s, but the
British were unable to defeat the maroons. They finally settled with the groups by treaty in 1739 and 1740, allowing them to have autonomy in their communities in exchange for agreeing to be called to military service with the colonists if needed. Certain maroon factions became
673:
offered food, shelter, and isolation for the escaped slaves. Maroons sustained themselves by growing vegetables and hunting. Their survival depended upon their cultures, and their military abilities, using guerrilla tactics and heavily fortified dwellings involving traps and diversions. Some defined
2717:
En resumen, los informes que aquà aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la
818:
Even though colonial governments were in a perpetual state of conflict with the maroon communities, individuals in the colonial system traded goods and services with them. Maroons also traded with isolated white settlers and Native
American communities. Maroon communities played interest groups off
2104:
of San
Basilio attracted large numbers of runaways to join his community. His maroons defeated the first expedition sent against them, killing their leader Juan Gomez. The Spanish arrived at terms with BiohĂł, but later they captured him in 1619, accused him of plotting against the Spanish, and had
2084:
of
Castillo was successfully established by runaway slaves. In 1732, the Spanish authorities tried to secure peace terms with the maroons of Castillo by inserting a clause requiring them to return runaways, but the rulers of Castillo rejected those terms. In 1745, the colonial authorities defeated
1033:
In 1731, slaves rose up in revolt at the Cobre mines, and set up an independent community at Sierra del Cobre, which existed untroubled until 1781, when the self-freed population had increased to over 1,000. In 1781, the
Spanish colonial authorities agreed to recognise the freedom of the people of
936:
landed on the island in 1715 they also had to face attacks by the
Mauritian maroons. Significant events were the 1724 assault on a military outpost in Savannah district, as well as the attack on a military barrack in 1732 at Poste de Flacq. Several deaths resulted from such attacks. Soon after his
1288:
In 1776–1777, a joint French–Spanish expedition ventured into the border regions of the Bahoruco mountains, with the intention of destroying the maroon settlements there. However, the maroons had been alerted of their coming, and had abandoned their villages and caves, retreating further into the
941:
assembled and equipped French militia groups made of both civilians and soldiers to fight against the maroons. In 1739, maroon leader Sans Souci was captured near Flacq and was burnt alive by the French settlers. A few years later, a group of French settlers gave chase to Barbe Blanche, another
2321:
of Ocoyta was eventually destroyed in 1771. A military expedition led by German de Aguilera destroyed the settlement, killing Guillermo, but only succeeded in capturing eight adults and two children. The rest of the runaways withdrew into the surrounding forests, where they remained at large.
2002:
In 1612, the Portuguese tried in vain to take Palmares in an expedition that proved to be very costly. In 1640, a Dutch scouting mission found that the self-freed community of Palmares was spread over two settlements, with about 6,000 living in one location and another 5,000 in another. Dutch
1588:
were a maroon group who formed from slaves who revolted on a Portuguese ship around 1640, wrecking the vessel on the coast of Honduras-Nicaragua and escaping into the interior. They intermarried with the indigenous people over the next half-century. They eventually rose to leadership of the
1292:
In 1782, de Saint-Larry decided to offer peace terms to one of the maroon leaders, Santiago, granting them freedom in return for which they would hunt all further runaways and return them to their owners. Eventually, at the end of 1785, terms were agreed, and the more than 100 maroons under
739:
The maroons created their own independent communities, which in some cases have survived for centuries, and until recently remained separate from mainstream society. In the 19th and 20th centuries, maroon communities began to disappear as forests were razed, although some countries, such as
921:. Only 18 of these escapees were caught. On 18 June 1695, a gang of maroons of Indonesian and Chinese origins, including Aaron d'Amboine, Antoni (Bamboes) and Paul de Batavia, as well as female escapees Anna du Bengale and Espérance, set fire to the Dutch settlers' Fort Frederick Hendryk (
600:
To this day, the Jamaican Maroons are to a significant extent autonomous and separate from Jamaican society. The physical isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today led to their communities remaining among the most inaccessible on the island. In their largest town,
1573:
to be shipped to Europe. When slaves escaped, they went to the mountains for safety. In 1548, in what is now Honduras, slaves in San Pedro rebelled, led by a self-freed slave named Miguel, who set up his own capital. The Spaniards had to send in reinforcements to put down the revolt.
1629:
in Panama. He and his followers escaped to found villages in the lowlands. Viceroy Canete felt unable to subdue these maroons, so he offered them terms that entailed a recognition of their freedom, provided they refused to admit any newcomers and returned runaways to their owners.
763:
The second group were slaves who had been working on plantations for a while. Those slaves were usually somewhat adjusted to the slave system but had been abused by the plantation owners – often with excessive brutality. Others ran away when they were being sold suddenly to a new
525:
in eastern Jamaica, to bring an end to the warfare between the communities. In exchange, they were to agree to capture other escaped slaves. They were initially paid a bounty of two dollars for each African returned. The treaties effectively freed the Maroons a century before the
4014:
Some maroon communities became powerful enough to force the European powers into formal peace treaties designed to pacify the interior while recognizing the freedom and autonomy of the rebels. Jamaica and Surinam provided the most famous of these cases, which had counterparts in
2688:
English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrĂłn "means, in the language of this island, fugitives", it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the TaĂno
2685:
Y si prestamos atenciĂłn al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, despuĂ©s de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrĂłn «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedarĂa demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano prĂ©stamo de la lengua
802:
Maroon communities turned the severity of their environments to their advantage to hide and defend their communities. Disguised pathways, false trails, booby traps, underwater paths, quagmires and quicksand, and natural features were all used to conceal maroon villages.
2724:
is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis
1346:. Some refugee slaves continued to join them through the decades until the abolition of slavery in 1838, but in the main, after the signing of the treaties of 1739 and 1740, the Maroons hunted runaway slaves in return for payment from the British colonial authorities.
442:
and joined their bands. Seeking to separate themselves from colonisers, the maroons gained in power amid increasing hostilities. They raided and pillaged plantations and harassed planters until the planters began to fear a massive revolt of the black slaves.
3267:
Edwards, Bryan (1801) . "Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroons of the island of Jamaica; and a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants".
609:, the Leeward Maroons still possess a vibrant community of about 600. Tours of the village are offered to foreigners and a large festival is put on every January 6 to commemorate the signing of the peace treaty with the British after the First Maroon War.
1691:
population of the region. Other Afro-Mexican communities descended from people who escaped slavery are found in Veracruz and in Northern Mexico; some of the later communities were populated by people who escaped slavery in the United States via the
1192:, about 2,000 men surrendered to a British division under the command of General John Moore. After the capitulation, over 2,500 French and Afro-Caribbean prisoners of war as well as ninety-nine women and children, were transported from St. Lucia to
662:. African traditions included such things as the use of certain medicinal herbs together with special drums and dances when the herbs are administered to a sick person. Other African healing traditions and rites have survived through the centuries.
446:
The early maroon communities were usually displaced. By 1700, maroons had disappeared from the smaller islands. Survival was always difficult, as the maroons had to fight off attackers as well as grow food. One of the most influential maroons was
5431:
2205:
started a war against them, resulting in a flight into French Guiana. The other tribes signed peace treaties with the Surinamese government, the Kwinti being the last in 1887. On 25 May 1891 the Aluku officially became French citizens.
814:
tactics that are also used today by many militaries around the world. European troops used strict and established strategies while maroons attacked and retracted quickly, used ambush tactics, and fought when and where they wanted to.
3773:
Stark's History and Guide to Barbados and the Caribbee Islands: Containing a Description of Everything on Or about These Islands of which the Visitor Or Resident May Desire Information ... Fully Illustrated with Maps, Engravings and
404:, on 26 December 1522, and was brutally crushed by the Admiral. The first maroon communities of the Americas were established following this revolt, as many of the slaves were able to escape. This was also to give rise to a wave of
2257:. The Dutch nailed severed hands of Maroons killed in the expedition to posts in the colony as a warning to other slaves. In 1782, a French official in the region estimated there were more than 2,000 Maroons in the vicinity of
2166:
Marronage was common in British, Dutch, and French Guiana, and today descendants of maroons account for about 15% of the current population of Suriname and 22% in French Guiana. In the Guianas, escaped slaves, locally known as
1084:
of maroon communities thrived in western Cuba, in particular the areas surrounding San Diego de Nunez. The Office of the Capture of Maroons reported that between 1797 and 1846, there were thousands of runaways living in these
1907:
in colonial Brazil, seven were destroyed within two years of being formed. Four fell in the state of Bahia in 1632, 1636, 1646 and 1796. The other three met the same fate in Rio in 1650, Parahyba in 1731, and Piumhy in 1758.
5432:
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) in collaboration with the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, with the support of the Special Exhibition Fund of the Smithsonian Institution (March 1999).
2209:
After Suriname gained independence from the Netherlands, the old treaties with the Bushinengues were abrogated. By the 1980s the Bushinengues in Suriname had begun to fight for their land rights. Between 1986 and 1992, the
1998:
was a self-sustaining community of escaped slaves from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, "a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia". At its height, Palmares had a population of over 30,000.
925:) in an attempt to take over control of the island. They were all caught and decapitated. In February 1706 another revolt was organised by the remaining maroons as well as disgruntled slaves. When the Dutch abandoned
2131:
formed independent communities along rivers of the northern coast and mingled with indigenous communities in areas beyond the reach of the colonial administration. Separate communities can be distinguished from the
2108:
But runaways continued to escape to freedom in San Basilio. In 1696, the colonial authorities subdued another rebellion there, and again between 1713 and 1717. Eventually, the Spanish agreed to peace terms with the
2060:
Escaped slaves established independent communities along the remote Pacific coast, outside of the reach of the colonial administration. At the start of the seventeenth century, a group of runaways had established a
1062:. Sanchez was tricked into going to Santiago de Cuba, where he committed suicide rather than be captured and returned to slavery. The leadership of the palenque then passed to Manuel Grinan, also known as Gallo.
348:
cattle, then to Indian slaves who escaped to the hills, and by the early 1530s to African slaves who did the same. He proposes that the American Spanish word derives ultimately from the Arawakan root word
1990:, established in about 1600. Part of the reason for the massive size of Palmares was due to its location in Brazil — at the median point between the Atlantic Ocean and Guinea, an important area of the
1069:
of Bumba was so well organised that they even sent maroons in small boats to Jamaica and Santo Domingo to trade. In 1830, the Spanish colonial authorities carried out military expeditions against the
3788:
1476:
moved into the southwestern mountain ranges, along with escaped African slaves who intermarried with them. The DNA analysis of contemporary persons from this area shows maternal ancestry from the
1104:
related to runaway African slaves or maroons of the early 19th century; the material evidence of their presence is found in caves of the region, where groups settled for various lengths of time.
1171:
in the island's densely forested interior to create maroon communities, which were constantly in conflict with the British colonial authorities throughout the period of formal chattel slavery.
3811:
6765:
5006:
5062:
1687:
include many hard-to-access areas that also provided refuge for slaves escaping Spanish ranches and estates on the Pacific coast. Evidence of these communities can be found in the
541:, escaped slaves revolted and started to build their villages from the end of the 17th century. As most of the plantations existed in the eastern part of the country, near the
1358:
so formidable that they made treaties with local colonial authorities, sometimes negotiating their independence in exchange for helping to hunt down other slaves who escaped.
791:
Maroon communities had to be inaccessible and located in inhospitable environments to be sustainable. For example, maroon communities were established in remote swamps in the
486:
kept many escaped maroons hidden in the southwestern hills where many also intermarried with the natives. Escaped slaves sought refuge away from the coastal plantations of
2003:
expeditions against Palmares in the 1640s were similarly unsuccessful. Between 1672 and 1694, Palmares withstood, on average, one Portuguese expedition nearly every year.
760:
Most of them were slaves who ran away directly after they got off the ships. They refused to surrender their freedom and often tried to find ways to go back to Africa.
3595:
612:
The Ndyuka treaty remains important to relations between the Ndyuka and the modern Surinamese government, as it defines the territorial rights of the Maroons in the
1812:. The San Malo community was a long-thriving autonomous community. These colonies were eventually eradicated by militia from Spanish-controlled New Orleans led by
5487:
4101:
4313:
3679:
573:. By 1740, the maroons had formed clans and felt strong enough to challenge the Dutch colonists, forcing them to sign peace treaties. On October 10, 1760, the
3618:
1281:
settlements, who had escaped the Spanish in the 17th century. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, there were a large number of maroons living in the
7084:
5670:
5396:
5364:
4697:
4191:
5458:
4791:
3923:
3796:
1369:
erupted in 1795. After the governor tricked the Trelawny Maroons into surrendering, the colonial government deported approximately 600 captive maroons to
5684:
1444:
since 2009. Maroons from other Caribbean, Central, and South America nations are invited. In 2016, Accompong's colonel and a delegation traveled to the
1116:
has archaeological exhibits that depict the life of runaway slaves, as deduced through archeological research. Cultural traditions reenacted during the
7124:
2113:
of San Basilio, and in 1772, this community of maroons was included within the Mahates district, as long they no longer accepted any further runaways.
5036:
1823:
People who escaped enslavement in ante-bellum America continued to find refuge and freedom in rural Louisiana, including in areas around New Orleans.
3904:
1859:
was a place where Blacks, Native Americans, and even some outlaw whites lived together and intermingled producing a people of great genetic mixture.
5447:
2158:
1896:(the Palm Nation), which was founded in the early 17th century. At its height, it had a population of over 30,000 free people and was ruled by King
7119:
3819:
1742:, but have been excluded since the late 20th century by new membership rules that require proving Native American descent from historic documents.
392:, as early as 1512, African slaves escaped from Spanish captors and either joined indigenous peoples or eked out a living on their own. The first
4131:
277:
3245:
4848:
4469:
938:
5014:
4914:
744:
and Suriname, still have large maroon populations living in the forests. Recently, many of them moved to cities and towns as the process of
4070:
376:
5070:
1676:
was accorded the status of a free town. In return, Yanga was required to return any further runaways to the Spanish colonial authorities.
5650:
5382:
1915:
in Minas Gerais lasted from 1712–1719. Another, the "Carlota" of Mato Grosso, was wiped out after existing for 25 years, from 1770–1795.
1440:, in the parish of St Mary. Accompong's autonomy was ratified by the government of Jamaica when the island gained independence in 1962.
229:, which can have a more general sense of being abandoned without resources, entered English around the 1590s, from the French adjective
5736:
5332:
3499:
6977:
6432:
5655:
2100:
led a group of about 30 runaways into the forests, and defeated attempts to subdue them. BiohĂł declared himself King Benkos, and his
4724:
2388:, meaning people of the forest, descendants of slaves who escaped enslavement and established independent communities in the forest.
6877:
6241:
5696:
3313:
2705:
1277:
and hunting. They were known to return to plantations to free family members and friends. On a few occasions, they also joined the
514:
4177:
7104:
7094:
7004:
6962:
5175:
1342:
living there, forming refugee communities. Later, many of them gained freedom during the confusion surrounding the 1655 English
6447:
713:
groups because of differences in history, geography, African nationality, and the culture of indigenous people throughout the
6546:
5937:
4504:
4426:"Maroons in Antebellum New Orleans: Independence at Any Cost - Stop 8 of 9 on the Urban Slavery and Everyday Resistance tour"
4258:
4038:
4007:
3980:
3883:
3854:
3737:
3710:
3662:
3113:
3067:
2943:
2784:
2750:
2582:
2544:
1900:. Palmares maintained its independent existence for almost a hundred years until it was conquered by the Portuguese in 1694.
1777:
994:
who had escaped from the United States were also resettled. Being unhappy with conditions, in 1800, a majority emigrated to
4825:
3587:
2253:, Dutch officials in 1744 conducted an expedition against encampments of at least 300 Maroons in the Northwest district of
2227:
1397:. Eventually, in the 1840s, about 200 Trelawny Maroons returned to Jamaica, and settled in the village of Flagstaff in the
1338:
People who escaped from slavery during the Spanish occupation of the island of Jamaica fled to the interior and joined the
6216:
4981:
2887:
Schwaller, Robert C. (2018). "Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620".
2234:
village massacre, in which soldiers had slaughtered 39 unarmed Ndyuka people, mainly women and children. On 13 June 2020,
7114:
6912:
6133:
5954:
2627:
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp.
1241:. When Archdeacon Alonso de Castro toured Hispaniola in 1542, he estimated the maroon population at 2,000–3,000 persons.
474:, there were maroon communities in the mountains, where African refugees had escaped the brutality of slavery and joined
4725:
Maroons in French Guiana: History, culture, demographics, and socioeconomic development along the Maroni and Lawa Rivers
4056:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
2302:
of Ocoyta, led by runaway Guillermo Ribas, which reportedly engaged in a number of attacks on the neighbouring towns of
7109:
7089:
6138:
5247:
3356:
1693:
1662:. It is believed Yanga had been a fugitive since the early 1570s, and was the leader of a formidable group of maroons.
1385:. It offered ethnic Africans a chance to set up their community there, beginning in 1792. Around 1800, several hundred
184:
4109:
7129:
7058:
6521:
6231:
5915:
5494:
5350:
5325:
5304:
5290:
5276:
5261:
5213:
5199:
5109:
4767:
4208:
Davidson, David (1996). "Negro Slave Control and Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519–1650". In Price, Richard (ed.).
3461:
3434:
3327:
3097:
3022:
2447:
1209:
876:
695:
3729:
Death Before Glory: The British Soldier in the West Indies in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1793–1815
1432:(formerly Nanny Town), also in the parish of Portland. In 2005, the music of the Moore Town Maroons was declared by
6882:
6066:
5787:
5760:
5665:
3626:
1963:
was discovered at Linhares in the state of SĂŁo Paulo. A decade later, another was found in Minas. In 1828, another
1601:
1386:
1353:, and made expansion into the interior more difficult. An increase in armed confrontations over decades led to the
1349:
During the late 17th and 18th centuries, the British tried to capture the maroons because they occasionally raided
977:
518:
434:
When runaway slaves and Amerindians banded together and subsisted independently they were called "maroons". On the
405:
172:
17:
4054:
Sivapragasam, Michael (2020). "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town". In Faraclas, Nicholas; et al. (eds.).
2171:', fled to the interior and joined with indigenous peoples and created several independent tribes, among them the
2153:
7099:
4283:
3943:
3225:
1853:. Although conditions were harsh, research suggests that thousands lived there between about 1700 and the 1860s.
606:
581:, a formerly enslaved African from Jamaica who had learned to read and write and knew about the Jamaican treaty.
5372:
2667:
1416:, whose people had abided by their 1739 treaty with the British. A Windward Maroon community is also located at
1237:
Maroons joined the natives in their wars against the Spanish and hid with the rebel chieftain Enriquillo in the
5729:
5701:
4408:
4380:
3533:
3451:
3386:
3296:
2414:
a 1985 film about Quilombo dos Palmares, a fugitive community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil.
2334:
1856:
858:
3705:. Translated by Vergnaud, Lara. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 170.
3478:
767:
The last group of maroons were usually skilled slaves with particularly strong opposition to the slave system.
256:
on the border of Virginia and North Carolina, on colonial islands of the Caribbean, and in other parts of the
6623:
6586:
6486:
6417:
6403:
6147:
6081:
2032:
659:
654:
Slaves escaped frequently within the first generation of their arrival from Africa and often preserved their
505:. Beginning in the late 17th century, Jamaican Maroons consistently fought British colonists, leading to the
4875:
3929:
1408:
The only Leeward Maroon settlement that retained formal autonomy in Jamaica after the Second Maroon War was
6516:
5660:
5419:
1780:
who lived, hunted, fished, and farmed this region and the black community integrated with the Amerindians.
991:
819:
of one another. At the same time, maroon communities were also used as pawns when colonial powers clashed.
678:
and occasionally assimilated into these populations. Maroons played an important role in the histories of
6907:
6862:
6790:
6437:
6051:
2872:
Franco, José (1996). "Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories". In Price, Richard (ed.).
1967:
was discovered at Cahuca, near Recife, and a year later an expedition was mounted against yet another at
1739:
1705:
1398:
630:
153:
4963:
Overleven in een grensgebied: Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans-Guyana - Page 207
1377:
settled at Nova Scotia and England after the American Revolution, Great Britain established a colony in
1296:
Other slave resistance efforts against the French plantation system were more direct. The maroon leader
1113:
6937:
6841:
6801:
6476:
6076:
6061:
5844:
5532:
5222:
The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone
2400:: one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana.
2239:
1838:
1832:
1136:. Many of the Garifuna were deported to the American mainland, where some eventually settled along the
823:
probationary periods, often as slaves. Crimes such as desertion and adultery were punishable by death.
527:
253:
145:
3227:
After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842
1593:
and led extensive slave raids against Spanish-held territories in the first half of the 18th century.
7079:
7048:
6688:
6541:
6536:
5722:
4139:
3554:, University Press of Mississippi, 2011; accessed 12 July 2016, available online through Project MUSE
2506:
1179:
933:
795:; in deep canyons with sinkholes but little water or fertile soil in Jamaica; and in deep jungles of
423:
during his raids on the Spanish. As early as 1655, escaped Africans had formed communities in inland
4961:
4943:
4160:
1230:
by 1503. The first slave rebellion occurred in Hispaniola on the sugar plantations owned by Admiral
6591:
6315:
6026:
5765:
5554:
4817:
4373:
Spaniards, Planters, and enslaved people: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763–1803
4224:
3253:
1635:
1626:
1613:
1437:
1133:
910:
854:
141:
31:
1945:, but many runaways escaped capture. In 1746, a subsequent expedition captured 120 members of the
51:
7024:
6816:
6471:
6142:
2801:
2511:
2211:
2089:
2048:
2013:
are the two best-known warrior-leaders of Palmares which, after a history of conflict with first
1680:
1274:
847:
736:) as a common tongue, for members of the community frequently spoke a variety of mother tongues.
589:
Remnants of Maroon communities in the former Spanish Caribbean remain as of 2006, for example in
35:
4922:
4401:
Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century
4078:
3087:
1500:, which is present here. This was carried by African slaves who escaped from plantations around
6942:
6737:
6496:
5972:
5920:
5910:
5898:
5434:
3059:
Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora
2036:
1413:
1282:
1238:
792:
687:
625:
538:
494:
322:, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America)."
235:, meaning 'feral' or 'fugitive'. Despite the same spelling, the meaning of 'reddish brown' for
87:
4528:] (in Brazilian Portuguese) (4 ed.). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Graal. pp. 123–132.
4455:
3970:
3871:
3842:
3698:
2572:
2471:
6994:
6919:
6826:
6742:
6727:
6681:
6676:
6551:
6191:
6118:
6113:
5984:
5827:
5774:
5467:
Lands of Freedom: the oral histories and cultural heritage of the Matawai Maroons in Suriname
5218:
4028:
3997:
3771:
3727:
3521:
2651:, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).
2519:
2283:
2198:
The Ndyuka were the first to sign a peace treaty offering them territorial autonomy in 1760.
1625:
man who had been enslaved and taken to Panama in 1552, led a rebellion that year against the
1497:
1436:
as a 'Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.' A fourth community is at
1417:
1249:
The French encountered many forms of slave resistance during the 17th and 18th centuries, in
594:
2246:. He was inaugurated on 16 July as the first Maroon in Suriname to serve as vice president.
448:
384:
of a maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–1796.
6952:
6732:
6531:
6281:
5607:
4396:
3999:
From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World
2274:
2243:
2222:
group fighting for the rights of the maroon minority, against the military dictatorship of
2122:
1817:
1578:
1533:
1525:
1402:
1128:
Similar maroon communities developed on islands across the Caribbean, such as those of the
999:
906:
807:
720:
Maroon settlements often possessed a clannish, outsider identity. They sometimes developed
2310:. These Venezuelan maroons also traded in cocoa. Guillermo ran away in 1768, and formed a
2141:
2031:, continue to live in historic quilombo settlements post-emancipation. Their status as a "
1223:
1048:
8:
6710:
6701:
6666:
6442:
6071:
5876:
3654:
The Belizean Garifuna: Organization of Identity in an Ethnic Community in Central America
2361:
2295:
2202:
2070:
1991:
1983:
1893:
1429:
1343:
756:
A typical maroon community in the early stage usually consists of three types of people.
729:
683:
5859:
5192:
The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration & betrayal
4161:"Historical Meeting Between The Kingdom Of Ashanti And The Accompong Maroons In Jamaica"
3754:
3015:
The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal
2077:
6984:
6867:
6633:
6596:
6556:
6491:
6206:
5691:
5562:
5337:. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies. p. 16.
4314:"The Southbound Underground Railroad Brought Thousands of Enslaved Americans to Mexico"
3285:
Surinaams Contrast. Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie, 1750–1863
3173:
2618:
2254:
2096:
language is spoken. This community began at the start of the seventeenth century, when
1930:
in Bahia was reported at the start of the 17th century. Between 1737 and 1787, a small
1842:
1813:
1801:
1757:
1751:
1672:
1566:
1501:
1307:
1193:
1153:
1038:
714:
703:
642:
522:
487:
464:
397:
356:
298:
239:
did not appear until the late 1700s, perhaps influenced by the idea of maroon peoples.
5839:
5152:
Acosta Saignes, Miguel (1996). "Life in a Venezuelan Cumbe". In Price, Richard (ed.).
2766:
2701:
2663:
1312:
409:
329:
6947:
6887:
6747:
6613:
6481:
6372:
6128:
6103:
5645:
5626:
5592:
5390:
5346:
5321:
5300:
5286:
5272:
5257:
5243:
5209:
5195:
5115:
5105:
4773:
4763:
4539:
Kent, R. K. (1996). "Palmares: An African State in Brazil". In Price, Richard (ed.).
4500:
4443:
4404:
4376:
4287:
4264:
4254:
4185:
4034:
4003:
3976:
3879:
3850:
3733:
3706:
3658:
3529:
3457:
3430:
3392:
3382:
3352:
3323:
3292:
3289:
Surinamese Contrast. Robbery and Survival in a Caribbean Plantation Colony, 1750–1863
3093:
3063:
3018:
2972:
2939:
2780:
2746:
2578:
2550:
2540:
2453:
2443:
2219:
2137:
1722:
1366:
1273:), meaning 'escaped slave'. The maroons formed close-knit communities that practised
1197:
1094:
900:
811:
806:
Maroons utilised exemplary guerrilla warfare skills to fight their European enemies.
679:
655:
510:
435:
116:
6152:
4346:
Monuments, Paper; Frisbie-Calder, Pippin; artist; Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo; narrative.
3972:
The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture
2739:
2039:, although they continue to campaign for land rights and protections from violence.
1101:
6720:
6389:
6342:
6310:
6236:
6174:
6157:
6123:
6056:
6021:
6016:
5994:
5989:
5925:
5903:
5807:
5782:
5745:
5539:
5480:
4887:
4425:
4347:
3502:[History of Maroonage] (in French). Histoires Mauriciennes. 6 February 2018
2931:
2904:
2896:
2813:
2712:
2680:
2610:
2403:
2235:
1731:
1726:
1550:
1354:
1333:
1300:
led a movement to poison the drinking water of the plantation owners in the 1750s.
1059:
983:
943:
922:
917:. However, 52 of these first slaves, including women, escaped in the wilderness of
732:. At other times, the maroons would adopt variations of a local European language (
691:
578:
542:
506:
502:
112:
6645:
3117:
2500:
2394:: an African known for being the leader of a maroon colony of slaves in New Spain.
2279:
There were a number of rebellions of slaves throughout the history of the colony.
2223:
1570:
724:
by mixing European tongues with their original African languages. One such maroon
517:, signed treaties promising them 2,500 acres (1,012 ha) in two locations, at
6671:
6603:
6526:
6408:
6384:
6352:
6347:
6298:
6271:
6261:
6167:
6046:
5866:
5849:
5812:
5802:
5679:
5520:
3652:
3057:
3040:
2770:
2410:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2215:
2066:
2018:
1735:
1716:
1667:
1622:
1597:
1581:, reported active bands of maroons numbering in the hundreds along these routes.
1477:
1425:
1374:
1262:
1157:
1129:
926:
918:
914:
781:
725:
721:
699:
546:
393:
104:
4030:
Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti
3680:"Lennox Honychurch, In the Forests of Freedom: The Fighting Maroons of Dominica"
3571:
Perez de la Riva, Francisco (1996). "Cuban Palenques". In Price, Richard (ed.).
2097:
1521:
1469:
1278:
501:, for example), but none were seen as such a great threat to the British as the
475:
7014:
6999:
6511:
6501:
6459:
6427:
6422:
6362:
6266:
6211:
6201:
6162:
6004:
5999:
5888:
5797:
5587:
5465:
3759:. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 96 – via Internet Archive.
3522:"From French Slaves to French Citizens: The African Diaspora in RĂ©union Island"
2968:
Los guerrilleros negros : esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo
2925:
2192:
1850:
1805:
1769:
1590:
1445:
1421:
1321:
1270:
1250:
1231:
1137:
1105:
647:
431:
and other Jamaican maroon villages began to fight for independent recognition.
401:
192:
5343:
In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society
4892:
2935:
1257:. Formerly enslaved Africans who fled to remote mountainous areas were called
1093:, in particular those of Moa and Maluala, where the maroons thrived until the
7073:
6715:
6640:
6576:
6506:
6367:
6357:
6337:
6325:
6293:
6088:
6009:
5942:
5871:
5832:
5582:
5572:
5180:
4678:
Escalante, Aquiles (1996). "Palenques in Colombia". In Price, Richard (ed.).
4291:
2990:
2831:
2779:] (in Spanish). Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. p. 128.
2639:'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng.
2568:
2554:
2457:
2385:
2351:
2180:
1761:
1688:
1640:
1585:
1362:
1293:
Santiago's command stopped making incursions into French colonial territory.
1189:
1145:
1073:
of Bumba and Maluala. Antonio de Leon eventually succeeded in destroying the
670:
574:
570:
456:
416:
273:
261:
157:
5208:(translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
5119:
4268:
2976:
2817:
2073:, Don Pedro Zapata, defeated and subdued this community of runaway maroons.
1776:. They arrived between 1818 and 1820. This area was ideal for the remaining
459:
priest, who led a six-year rebellion against the white plantation owners in
6972:
6967:
6806:
6464:
6454:
6186:
5792:
4777:
4494:
4424:
Beaver, Jessica; Gillette, Jessica; Mason, Kate; O'Dwyer, Kathryn; Editor.
2668:"CimarrĂłn: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen"
2391:
2014:
1684:
1651:
1481:
1394:
1382:
745:
733:
214:
188:
4132:"11th Annual International Maroon Conference & Festival Magazine 2019"
3396:
2999:. The Harvard Classics. para. 101 – via Bartleby Great Books Online.
2670:[CimarrĂłn: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin].
2534:
2326:
community of Ocoyta. In 1772, he was captured by the Spanish authorities.
1226:
was already complaining of escaped slaves and their interactions with the
6989:
6831:
6655:
6618:
6608:
6581:
6196:
6108:
5817:
5093:
3907:(1996). "The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue". In Price, Richard (ed.).
3453:
Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation
2840:. The Harvard Classics. para. 21 – via Bartleby Great Books Online.
2598:
2417:
2381:
2168:
2054:
2021:
2006:
1793:
1789:
1773:
1465:
1453:
1378:
1370:
1175:
1097:
in 1868, when large numbers of maroons joined the Cuban Liberation Army.
987:
913:
brought 105 slaves from Madagascar and parts of Asia to work for them in
796:
569:) took place along the river borders and sometimes across the borders of
479:
408:
maroons who went on to lead the first maroon activities of the Americas.
293:
180:
128:
108:
4757:
4573:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 191–192.
3481:[Marronage Stories: The Freedom Fighters] (in French). Defimedia
2924:
LĂłpez de Cerrato, Alonso (2014). "Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola".
2720:
English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that
6957:
6628:
6568:
6286:
5893:
5617:
4569:
Bastide, Roger (1996). "The Other Quilombos". In Price, Richard (ed.).
3177:
3157:
2900:
2574:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
2176:
2093:
2028:
1877:
1496:
associated with them yet also carried at low frequencies by Spaniards,
1350:
1219:
861: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
785:
777:
675:
439:
428:
341:
132:
124:
5037:"Inauguratie nieuwe president van Suriname op Onafhankelijkheidsplein"
4944:
Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname, Judgment of November 28, 2007
3925:
The Haitian Revolution of 1791–1803, An Historical Essay in Four Parts
3847:
Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora
2909:
2622:
1937:
The region of Campo Grande and SĂŁo Francisco was often populated with
1600:
are descendants of maroon communities that developed on the island of
1306:
declared war on the French plantation owners in 1791, setting off the
1054:
In the 1810s, Ventura Sanchez, also known as Coba, was in charge of a
955:
590:
6226:
5407:"Articles on Suriname Maroons and their culture in Dutch and English"
4249:
Agorsalt, E. Kofi (2007). Ogundiran, Akinwumi; Falola, Toyin (eds.).
2994:
2835:
2307:
2230:, the Suriname government agreed to compensate survivors of the 1986
2128:
2024:
authorities, finally fell to a Portuguese artillery assault in 1694.
1968:
1493:
1409:
1297:
602:
483:
389:
326:
257:
5311:
African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents.
5232:
4818:"Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië - Page 154 - Boschnegers"
2966:
1670:). Yanga secured recognition of the freedom of his maroons, and his
1020:
836:
780:. Punishments for recaptured maroons were severe, like removing the
252:, used to describe the runaway slave communities in Florida, in the
6377:
6330:
6276:
6093:
5977:
5947:
5930:
5714:
5612:
5602:
5577:
5547:
5525:
5448:"Music from Aluku: Maroon Sounds of Struggle, Solace, and Survival"
4543:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 172.
3812:"Hidden story of 2,000 African-Caribbean PoWs in a medieval castle"
3092:(revised ed.). New York: Facts on File Inc. pp. 155–168.
2614:
2397:
2375:
2262:
2172:
1884:
1873:
1846:
1809:
1796:, Louisiana. These escaped, enslaved people controlled many of the
1765:
1655:
1554:
1529:
1513:
1390:
1168:
1164:
1149:
995:
635:
534:
498:
381:
200:
196:
120:
5822:
4102:"Scott's Hall Maroons Looking to Develop Area as Major Attraction"
3703:
Slave No More: Self-Liberation before Abolitionism in the Americas
3548:
2333:
in the interior of what later became Venezuela. In 1810, when the
1509:
1339:
1227:
360:
7019:
4759:
The Guiana Maroons: A Historical and Bibliographical Introduction
4284:"Mexico's Black heritage: the Costa Chica of Guerrero and Oaxaca"
3944:"Albert Mangones, 85; His Bronze Sculpture Became Haitian Symbol"
2291:
2258:
2231:
2184:
1562:
1303:
710:
452:
424:
272:
means 'wild, unruly' or 'runaway slave'. In the early 1570s, Sir
176:
2539:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 4–5.
2406:: one of the few countries where Maroon communities still exist.
2341:
fought on the side of the rebels, and abandoned their villages.
2085:
Castillo, and over 200 African and Indian runaways surrendered.
1234:, on 26 December 1522, and was brutally crushed by the Admiral.
6303:
6221:
6179:
5854:
5341:
van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004),
5318:
Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas
5095:
Maroons of Guyana: Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana,
4253:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 340.
2303:
2250:
1987:
1889:
1659:
1618:
1558:
1517:
1505:
1485:
1473:
1433:
1141:
1109:
1044:
1027:
741:
666:
161:
4792:"The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon"
1089:. However, the eastern mountains harboured the longer lasting
6696:
6320:
5567:
5229:
Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas "Criollas" en Hispanoamérica
4345:
2286:, many free and escaped slaves founded communities, known as
2201:
In the 1770s, the Aluku also desired a peace treaty, but the
2188:
2010:
1897:
1797:
1544:
1489:
1449:
1254:
460:
345:
206:
5435:"Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas"
5406:
5206:
Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression
3843:"The Central African Presence in Spanish Maroon Communities"
3429:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–30.
1949:. In 1752, an expedition led by Pere Marcos was attacked by
1324:
to commemorate the role of maroons in Haitian independence.
493:
Maroon communities emerged in many places in the Caribbean (
5007:"Live blog: Verkiezing president en vicepresident Suriname"
4027:
Accilien, Cécile; Adams, Jessica; Méléance, Elmide (2006).
3528:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press Inc. p. 99.
3322:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Nieuw Amsterdam.
2162:
Maroon men in Suriname, picture taken between 1910 and 1935
1941:. In 1741, Jean Ferreira organised an expedition against a
1200:; some remained in Europe while others returned to France.
1123:
1016:
613:
509:(1728–1740). In 1739 and 1740, the British governor of the
471:
5472:
4423:
3874:. In Brown, Christopher Leslie; Morgan, Philip D. (eds.).
3592:
Places of Memory of the Slave Route in the Latin Caribbean
3524:. In Jayasuriya, Shihan de S.; Pankhurst, Richard (eds.).
3351:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: KIT Publishers.
3062:. Global Publications, Binghamton University. p. 22.
1320:
is an iconic bronze bust that was erected in the heart of
946:. Other maroons included Diamamouve and Madame Françoise.
350:
183:, and formed their own settlements. They often mixed with
5297:
Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas
5154:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
4743:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
4680:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
4608:
Braudel, Fernand (1984). "The Perspective of the World".
4571:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
4541:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
4210:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
3909:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
3573:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
3427:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
3379:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
3291:] (in Dutch). Leiden, Netherlands: KITLV Uitgeverij.
2874:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
2741:
Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas
2053:
In 1529, in what is now Colombia, rebel slaves destroyed
1788:
Until the mid-1760s, maroon colonies lined the shores of
1361:
Due to tensions and repeated conflicts with maroons from
1120:(Week of Culture) celebrate the town's founding in 1607.
1058:
of several hundred maroons in the mountains not far from
771:
577:
signed such a treaty, drafted by Adyáko Benti Basiton of
5334:
Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814
5264:(Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica)
5063:"Marronorganisaties blij met Brunswijk als vp-kandidaat"
3039:
Dinnerstein, Leonard; Jackson, Kenneth T., eds. (1975).
2804:[Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note].
1549:
Several different maroon societies developed around the
1026:
In 1538, runaways helped the French to sack the city of
173:
Africans in the Americas and Islands of the Indian Ocean
5401:
A good short history of the "Bush Negroes" of Suriname.
5283:
Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas
5126:
4762:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4652:
4640:
4251:
Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora
4180:. 8 May 2008. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008.
3479:"Histoires du marronage: Les combattants de la liberté"
2088:
The Caribbean coast still sees maroon communities like
1604:. They were deported to the coast of Honduras in 1797.
5417:
5231:
Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia,
4589:
4577:
4552:
4550:
4124:
3160:
Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870
2314:
which included runaways of African and Indian origin.
248:
is also often given as the source of the English word
4026:
3876:
Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age
2964:
2290:. One of the most well-known of these settlements is
5320:
University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica,
4698:"Villagers return to site of 1986 Suriname massacre"
3903:
3449:
3233:(PhD). Southampton, England: Southampton University.
3045:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 64.
1565:
was carried by slaves down to coastal towns such as
1108:
tells that maroons took refuge on the slopes of the
1100:
There are 28 identified archaeological sites in the
5240:
Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons
5104:. Georgetown, Guyana: Free Press. pp. 15, 21.
4723:Bellardie, Tristan; Heemskerk, Marieke (May 2019).
4628:
4616:
4547:
4496:
Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons
3781:
3756:
St. Lucia: Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive
3381:. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press. p. 25.
3342:
2745:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xi–xii.
2700:
2440:
Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons
2154:
History of Suriname § Slavery and emancipation
4722:
3995:
3677:
3585:
3343:van Stipriaan, Alex; Polimé, Thomas, eds. (2009).
3038:
2738:
2710:. Ediciones FundaciĂłn GarcĂa-ArĂ©valo. p. 30.
2499:
1959:continued to form in the 19th century. In 1810, a
5377:(The Maroons, Hindustanis and others of Surinam.)
4880:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
4099:
4058:. Curaçao: University of Curaçao. pp. 18–19.
4020:
3650:
3114:"The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution"
2442:. New York: NYU. pp. 81, 171–177, 215, 309.
1986:, an independent, self-sustaining community near
1953:fighters, resulting in significant loss of life.
1401:, not far from Trelawny Town, which is now named
7071:
5418:Reidell, Helen Reidell (January–February 1990).
5395:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4190:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3646:
3644:
3570:
3270:Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo
3208:American Colonies: The Settling of North America
3193:Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo
2923:
2498:
1654:was an African leader of a Maroon colony in the
1553:. Some were found in the interior of modern-day
537:, which England ceded to the Netherlands in the
478:. Before roads were built into the mountains of
4203:
4201:
3878:. Yale University Press. p. 139, note 17.
3863:
3610:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3345:Kunst van Overleven. Marroncultuur uit Suriname
2694:
2027:Numerous descendants of Quilombo residents, or
302:, says, "If there is a connection between Eng.
5151:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
4691:
4689:
3450:Carter, Marina; Ng Foong Kwong, James (2009).
3376:
3237:
3184:
3017:. Granby, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey.
2867:
2802:"Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique"
2609:(2). Linguistic Society of America": 145–147.
2127:In addition to escaped slaves, survivors from
1971:, near Rio de Janeiro. In 1855, the Maravilha
1826:
5730:
5488:
5380:
4849:"The Aluku and the Communes in French Guiana"
4664:
4068:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3641:
3349:Art of Survival. Maroon culture from Suriname
3311:
3282:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
1023:in the mountains to form maroon communities.
776:Maroonage was a constant threat to New World
316:
286:
266:
243:
5156:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4982:"To Suriname Refugees, Truce Means Betrayal"
4745:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4682:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4212:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4198:
4053:
3989:
3962:
3911:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3752:
3586:Guanche, Jesús; Acosta, Nilson (2006–2007).
3575:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3557:
2876:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2076:In what is now Colombia, in the district of
1183:
958:were Cimendef, Cotte, Dimitile and Maffate.
826:
308:
230:
7085:16th century in the Colony of Santo Domingo
5460:Black Prisoners of War at Porchester Castle
5445:
5385:. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12.
5138:
4948:La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
4741:Price, Richard, ed. (1996). "The Guianas".
4686:
4470:"More Than A Runaway: Maroons In Louisiana"
4336:"Memories of Lakeview, Jewell Cofield, 1976
4062:
3849:. Cambridge University Press. p. 234.
3834:
3699:"The Shock Waves of the Haitian Revolution"
3621:[Viñales celebrates Culture Week].
3219:
3217:
3049:
3008:
3006:
2561:
1196:. They were eventually sent to France in a
1156:. Gradually groups migrated south into the
554:
67:North and South America, Jamaica, Mauritius
5737:
5723:
5495:
5481:
5362:
4873:
4178:"African DNA Project mtDNA Haplogroup L1b"
3892:
3719:
3579:
3456:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 21.
3143:A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868
3085:
2989:
2844:
2830:
2672:Revista Española de AntropologĂa Americana
2591:
2368:of significant or mainly African ancestry.
1577:In 1648, the English bishop of Guatemala,
1545:Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
1037:In 1797, one of the captured leaders of a
400:on the sugar plantations owned by Admiral
160:man bringing the body of a child before a
50:
7125:Pre-emancipation African-American history
4891:
4677:
4222:
3803:
3763:
3746:
3272:. London: J. Stockdale. pp. 303–360.
2930:. Duke University Press. pp. 66–67.
2908:
2886:
2759:
2704:; GarcĂa ArĂ©valo, Manuel Antonio (1986).
1373:. Due to their difficulties and those of
1218:began in Spain's colony on the island of
909:in 1642, the early Dutch settlers of the
877:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:African refugees who escaped from slavery
5404:
5345:, Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press.
5330:
5132:
5091:
4946:, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (
4876:"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons"
4275:
4248:
4207:
3968:
3936:
3905:Moreau de Saint-Mery, Médéric Louis Élie
3777:. Photo-Electrotype Company. p. 55.
3690:
3616:
3526:The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean
3519:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3243:
3214:
3199:
3136:
3134:
3081:
3079:
3012:
3003:
2730:
2656:
2577:. Oxford University Press. p. 400.
2567:
2157:
1124:Dominica, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent
986:were deported to British settlements in
942:maroon leader, but lost track of him at
641:
629:
375:
205:
152:
56:An 18th-century illustration of a Maroon
7120:People from the Colony of Santo Domingo
5383:"Society-BUSH-NEGROES: Culture summary"
4695:
4607:
4595:
4583:
4568:
4093:
3869:
3840:
3789:"Black prisoners at Portchester Castle"
3678:Alejandra Bronfman (12 December 2019).
3266:
3190:
3055:
2996:Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern
2837:Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern
2799:
2678:. Madrid: Universidad Complutense: 10.
2597:
2532:
2069:. Eventually, in 1654, the governor of
1144:. From their original landing place in
14:
7072:
5194:, Granby, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey.
4979:
4281:
4138:. Charles Town Maroons. Archived from
3725:
3619:"Viñales celebra semana de la Cultura"
3205:
3155:
2983:
2871:
2824:
1934:thrived in the vicinity of SĂŁo Paulo.
1456:and Asante people of their ancestors.
772:Relationship with colonial governments
5718:
5476:
4959:
4953:
4755:
4740:
4519:
4492:
4311:
4154:
4069:Batson-Savage, Tanya (13 June 2004).
3996:Eugene D. Genovese (1 January 1992).
3809:
3769:
3598:from the original on 4 September 2019
3424:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3365:
3248:[The Temple of the Maroons].
3140:
3131:
3076:
2765:
2736:
2662:
2494:
2492:
2437:
2226:. In 2005, following a ruling by the
1203:
7054:
5744:
5267:Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997),
4907:
4826:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
4730:(Report). Denver, Colorado: Newmont.
4658:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4556:
4538:
4403:. Louisiana State University Press.
4395:
3872:"Transforming Bondsmen into Vassals"
3696:
3476:
3223:
2635:is attested earlier (1666) than Fr.
2520:participating institution membership
2228:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
1918:There were also a number of smaller
859:adding citations to reliable sources
830:
62:Regions with significant populations
5313:University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.
5299:, Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books.
4370:
4312:Grant, Richard (July–August 2022).
4282:Vaughn, Bobby (September 1, 1998).
3921:
3551:Creolization as Cultural Creativity
3166:Hispanic American Historical Review
3116:. The City of Miami. Archived from
1167:, escaped slaves joined indigenous
929:in 1710 the maroons stayed behind.
810:, the famous Jamaican maroon, used
751:
709:There is much variety among maroon
530:, which came into effect in 1838.
332:has traced the origins of the word
24:
5190:Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988),
4980:French, Howard W (14 April 1991).
4969:. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers.
4375:. Texas A&M University Press.
4100:Garfield L. Angus (17 July 2015).
3403:
3158:"Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret,
3056:Ohadike, Don C. (1 January 2002).
3013:Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988).
2489:
1557:, along the trade routes by which
1539:
1536:) can also be found in this area.
355:, construed as 'fugitive', in the
25:
7141:
5420:"The Maroon Culture of Endurance"
5356:
4696:Kuipers, Ank (30 November 2005).
3651:Henning Roessingh, Carel (2001).
3244:Sartorio, Blanchie (2004-03-13).
2971:. FundaciĂłn Cultural Dominicana.
2772:Estudios de lexicologĂa antillana
1738:. Many were formerly part of the
1643:in fighting against the Spanish.
1633:Later these people, known as the
1561:mined on the Pacific side of the
1210:History of the Dominican Republic
7053:
7044:
7043:
5926:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5428:(A history of Jamaican Maroons.)
5269:The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname
5224:. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803.
5085:
5055:
5029:
4999:
4973:
4033:. Educa Vision Inc. p. 81.
3156:Knight, Franklin W. (May 1986).
3089:A Brief History of the Caribbean
1862:
1841:inhabited the marshlands of the
1699:
1504:and formed communities with the
1253:, which later came to be called
1019:, escaped slaves joined refugee
978:Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone
961:
835:
5426:. Vol. 42. pp. 46–49.
5281:Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995),
4937:
4867:
4841:
4810:
4784:
4749:
4734:
4716:
4601:
4562:
4532:
4522:Palmares: A Guerra dos Escravos
4513:
4486:
4462:
4417:
4389:
4364:
4339:
4330:
4305:
4242:
4216:
4170:
4047:
3915:
3671:
3542:
3513:
3492:
3470:
3443:
3336:
3305:
3276:
3260:
3149:
3106:
3032:
2958:
2917:
2880:
2793:
2472:"Maroon definition and meaning"
2378:people in Florida and Oklahoma.
2298:is celebrated. Another was the
2275:Afro-Venezuelans § History
2123:Afro-Ecuadorians § History
1800:and back-country passages from
1760:by a group of African-American
1734:in the 1830s are recognized as
846:needs additional citations for
371:
7105:Ethnic groups in South America
7095:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean
5285:Garland Publishing, New York,
5204:Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003),
3969:Saunders, Nicholas J. (2005).
3684:New Books in Caribbean Studies
3549:Robert Baron and Ana C. Cara,
2965:Deive, Carlos Esteban (1997).
2526:
2464:
2431:
2374:: Indians associated with the
2147:
1926:was in 1575 in Bahia. Another
1857:Robeson County, North Carolina
1756:Lakeview was established as a
1459:
1182:soldiers formed the so-called
971:
954:The most important maroons on
788:, and being roasted to death.
658:and much of their culture and
278:raids on the Spanish in Panama
13:
1:
5295:Price, Richard (ed.) (1973),
5169:
5096:
4612:. Vol. III. p. 390.
3845:. In Linda M. Heywood (ed.).
3732:. Pen and Sword. p. 21.
3686:(Podcast). New Books Network.
3246:"El Templo de los CimarrĂłnes"
3102:– via Internet Archive.
2927:The Dominican Republic Reader
2800:Tardieu, Jean-Pierre (2006).
2424:
2337:began, many members of these
1721:Maroons who escaped from the
1694:Southern Underground Railroad
1185:Armée Française dans les bois
998:where they identified as the
584:
519:Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)
363:people native to the island.
5651:British and French Caribbean
4229:www.smithsonianeducation.org
3810:Brown, Mark (18 July 2017).
3753:Hegart Breen, Henry (1844).
3625:(in Spanish). Archived from
3283:van Stipriaan, Alex (1995).
3252:(in Spanish). Archived from
3141:Aimes, Hubert H. S. (1967).
2806:Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire
2777:Antillean Lexicology Studies
2601:(1938). "Spanish cimarrĂłn".
2268:
1783:
1005:
932:When representatives of the
894:
533:In the plantation colony of
221:
7:
5502:
5331:Thompson, Alvin O. (1976).
5316:Thompson, Alvin O. (2006),
5252:Honychurch, Lennox (1995),
5238:Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014),
5227:De Granada, Germán (1970),
5092:Thompson, Alvin O. (1999).
4921:(in French). Archived from
4610:Civilization and Capitalism
4493:Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014).
4106:Jamaica Information Service
3770:Stark, James Henry (1893).
2631:, wild, untamed'. But Eng.
2438:Diouf, Sylviane A. (2016).
2344:
2042:
2037:1988 Constitution of Brazil
1975:in Amazonas was destroyed.
1827:North Carolina and Virginia
1745:
1740:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
616:-rich inlands of Suriname.
607:parish of St Elizabeth
427:, and by the 18th century,
284:," a likely misspelling of
88:African diasporic religions
10:
7146:
7115:People from Saint-Domingue
6938:African diaspora religions
6062:Indigenous Black Canadians
5881:
5656:Spanish New World colonies
5164:
5069:(in Dutch). Archived from
5013:(in Dutch). Archived from
3250:Guerrillero: Pinar del RĂo
3210:. New York: Penguin Books.
3145:. New York: Octagon Books.
3042:American Vistas: 1607–1877
2272:
2240:Vice President of Suriname
2151:
2120:
2116:
2046:
1871:
1839:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1833:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1830:
1749:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1611:
1532:people represented within
1472:families from neighboring
1393:, the first settlement of
1331:
1327:
1207:
975:
949:
898:
623:
619:
528:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
366:
242:The American Spanish word
146:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
29:
7110:Ethnic groups in Suriname
7090:People of African descent
7039:
6928:
6913:African Hebrew Israelites
6898:
6852:
6789:
6778:
6758:
6689:Afro-Asians in South Asia
6654:
6567:
6402:
6252:
6037:
5963:
5773:
5759:
5752:
5635:
5510:
4893:10.1163/13822373-90002003
4286:. Mexconnect newsletter.
4002:. LSU Press. p. 65.
3975:. ABC-CLIO. p. 145.
3657:. Rozenberg. p. 71.
3315:Geschiedenis van Suriname
2936:10.1215/9780822376521-015
2507:Oxford English Dictionary
1867:
1658:highlands in what is now
1646:
1607:
1180:French Revolutionary Army
1095:First War of Independence
966:
934:French East India Company
889:
827:Geographical distribution
336:further than the Spanish
325:Alternatively, the Cuban
296:, writing in the journal
211:Maroons surprised by dogs
98:
93:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
49:
7130:Fugitive American slaves
5955:Turks and Caicos Islands
4960:Boven, Karin M. (2006).
4950:), accessed 21 May 2009.
4874:Hoogbergen, Wim (1992).
4702:Forest Peoples Programme
4371:Din, Gilbert C. (1999).
3520:Hintjens, Helen (2003).
3312:Buddingh', Hans (2012).
3086:Rogozinski, Jan (1999).
2065:on the outskirts of the
2035:" was recognized in the
1888:(maroon settlements) in
1820:aided in their capture.
1706:List of freedmen's towns
1614:Cimarron people (Panama)
1244:
1174:In the French colony of
1114:Viñales Municipal Museum
982:In the 1790s, about 600
911:Dutch East India Company
396:occurred in present day
32:Maroons (disambiguation)
5309:Schwaller, Robert, ed.
5271:, Academic Publishers.
5242:, New York: NYU Press,
4756:Price, Richard (1976).
4526:Palmares: The Slave War
4520:DĂ©cio, Freitas (1982).
4223:Jimenez Roman, Miriam.
3726:Howard, Martin (2015).
3617:Morales Pino, Loraine.
3500:"Histoire du marronage"
3425:Price, Richard (1979).
3377:Price, Richard (1973).
3320:The History of Suriname
3195:. London: J. Stockdale.
3191:Edwards, Bryan (1801).
2818:10.3406/outre.2006.4201
2737:Price, Richard (1996).
2512:Oxford University Press
2212:Surinamese Interior War
2090:San Basilio de Palenque
2049:San Basilio de Palenque
1681:Costa Chica of Guerrero
1452:to renew ties with the
1275:small-scale agriculture
1178:, maroons and fugitive
1160:and north into Belize.
1152:, the maroons moved to
1047:was an Indian from the
1010:
521:in western Jamaica and
351:
36:Maroon (disambiguation)
7100:Ethnic groups in Haiti
6943:Anti-African sentiment
5702:Quilombola territories
5697:Quilombola communities
5375:on September 28, 2007.
5365:"The World of Surinam"
5176:History of the Maroons
4430:New Orleans Historical
4352:New Orleans Historical
4071:"A Maroon masterpiece"
3870:Landers, Jane (2008).
3841:Landers, Jane (2002).
3224:Siva, Michael (2018).
2716:
2684:
2533:Roberts, Neil (2015).
2282:Through the region of
2163:
2136:Cojimies y Tababuela,
1882:One of the best-known
1414:Saint Elizabeth Parish
1310:. A statue called the
1184:
1112:and in the caves; the
939:Mahé de La Bourdonnais
793:southern United States
651:
639:
626:Afro-American religion
539:Treaty of Breda (1667)
385:
317:
309:
287:
267:
264:says the Spanish word
244:
231:
218:
165:
6995:Civil rights movement
6883:Afro-Caribbean people
6192:Chestnut Ridge people
6114:African-American Jews
5916:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5256:, London: Macmillan.
4919:Parc-Amazonien-Guyane
4397:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo
3932:on 14 September 2019.
3623:PeriĂłdico Guerrillero
3477:Peerthum, Satyendra.
3206:Taylor, Alan (2001).
2242:by acclamation in an
2161:
1996:Quilombo dos Palmares
1922:. The first reported
1438:Scott's Hall, Jamaica
1418:Charles Town, Jamaica
1208:Further information:
996:Freetown, West Africa
976:Further information:
645:
633:
379:
213:(1893) (Brussels) by
209:
156:
94:Related ethnic groups
6953:Atlantic slave trade
6641:United Arab Emirates
5452:Smithsonian Folkways
4915:"Parcours La Source"
4318:Smithsonian Magazine
4136:Charles Town Maroons
3697:Helg, Aline (2019).
2536:Freedom as Marronage
2244:uncontested election
1818:Free people of color
1792:, just downriver of
1768:who immigrated from
1516:) in the mountains.
1488:peoples through the
1403:Maroon Town, Jamaica
1389:were transported to
1118:Semana de la Cultura
1000:Sierra Leone Creoles
907:Adriaan van der Stel
855:improve this article
784:, amputating a leg,
179:, through flight or
30:For other uses, see
6842:Sierra Leone Creole
6693:India and Pakistan
5938:Trinidad and Tobago
5788:Antigua and Barbuda
5642:History of slavery
5185:The Book of Jamaica
5073:on 24 November 2020
4925:on 31 December 2022
4661:, pp. 186–187.
4649:, pp. 177–179.
4142:on 23 December 2019
4081:on 23 December 2019
2510:(Online ed.).
2362:Afro-Latin American
2335:War of Independence
2294:, where the annual
2203:Society of Suriname
2092:, where the creole
2071:Cartegena de Indias
1992:African slave trade
1524:represented within
1344:Invasion of Jamaica
171:are descendants of
46:
6985:Black Lives Matter
6592:Ethiopian Israelis
6242:African immigrants
6217:Louisiana Redbones
6153:Chickasaw freedmen
6082:African immigrants
5850:Dominican Republic
5692:Haitian Revolution
5533:Great Dismal Swamp
5381:Lagace, Robert O.
5254:The Dominica Story
5017:on 15 January 2021
4986:The New York Times
4454:has generic name (
4348:"San Malo Maroons"
3629:on 2 December 2019
2901:10.1017/tam.2018.3
2769:(1 January 2000).
2476:Collins Dictionary
2296:Fiesta de San Juan
2164:
2033:traditional people
1843:Great Dismal Swamp
1814:Francisco Bouligny
1802:Lake Pontchartrain
1772:shortly after the
1752:Lakeview, Illinois
1446:Kingdom of Ashanti
1399:parish of St James
1308:Haitian Revolution
1283:Bahoruco mountains
1239:Bahoruco Mountains
1204:Dominican Republic
1194:Portchester Castle
728:, in Suriname, is
715:Western Hemisphere
696:Dominican Republic
652:
640:
465:Haitian Revolution
463:that preceded the
449:François Mackandal
398:Dominican Republic
386:
254:Great Dismal Swamp
219:
185:Indigenous peoples
166:
44:
7067:
7066:
7035:
7034:
6948:Anti-Black racism
6888:British Jamaicans
6878:African Americans
6863:African Americans
6817:Americo-Liberians
6802:African Americans
6774:
6773:
6597:Sudanese refugees
6398:
6397:
6168:Seminole freedmen
6148:Cherokee freedmen
6129:Black Southerners
6104:African Americans
6052:African Americans
5712:
5711:
5446:Various artists.
5369:toplumpostasi.net
4853:Cultural Survival
4796:Cultural Survival
4506:978-0-8147-2437-8
4260:978-0-253-34919-4
4225:"Africa's Legacy"
4040:978-1-58432-293-1
4009:978-0-8071-4813-6
3982:978-1-57607-701-6
3948:Los Angeles Times
3885:978-0-300-13485-8
3856:978-0-521-00278-3
3739:978-1-4738-7152-6
3712:978-1-4696-4963-4
3664:978-90-5170-574-4
3069:978-1-58684-175-1
2945:978-0-8223-5688-2
2786:978-0-8477-0374-6
2752:978-0-8018-5496-5
2718:propia metrĂłpoli.
2584:978-0-19-514050-7
2546:978-0-226-20118-4
2518:(Subscription or
2265:, and Essequibo.
2214:was waged by the
1723:Thirteen Colonies
1367:Second Maroon War
1224:Nicolás de Ovando
1198:prisoner exchange
1148:off the coast of
937:arrival in 1735,
901:Mauritian Maroons
887:
886:
879:
812:guerrilla warfare
676:indigenous tribes
656:African languages
511:Colony of Jamaica
436:Caribbean islands
419:enlisted several
357:Arawakan language
175:who escaped from
151:
150:
137:Historical groups
117:Mauritian Maroons
16:(Redirected from
7137:
7080:Maroons (people)
7057:
7056:
7047:
7046:
6787:
6786:
6175:Creoles of color
6158:Choctaw freedmen
6124:Black Mennonites
6057:Black Mennonites
5904:Jamaican Maroons
5860:Samaná Americans
5771:
5770:
5757:
5756:
5746:African diaspora
5739:
5732:
5725:
5716:
5715:
5671:colonial history
5497:
5490:
5483:
5474:
5473:
5455:
5442:
5427:
5414:
5400:
5394:
5386:
5376:
5371:. Archived from
5363:Chaglar, Alkan.
5338:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5101:
5100: 1750–1814
5098:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4957:
4951:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4855:. September 1989
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4829:(in Dutch). 1916
4822:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4112:on 26 April 2019
4108:. Archived from
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4077:. Archived from
4066:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3928:. Archived from
3919:
3913:
3912:
3901:
3890:
3889:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3818:. Archived from
3807:
3801:
3800:
3799:on 24 July 2019.
3795:. Archived from
3793:English Heritage
3785:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3555:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3401:
3400:
3374:
3363:
3362:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2812:(350): 237–247.
2797:
2791:
2790:
2767:Arrom, José Juan
2763:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2702:Arrom, José Juan
2698:
2692:
2691:
2664:Arrom, José Juan
2660:
2654:
2653:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2435:
2404:Jamaican Maroons
2329:There were many
2236:Ronnie Brunswijk
1978:The most famous
1903:Of the 10 major
1808:, including the
1778:Native Americans
1732:Indian Territory
1727:Seminole Indians
1725:and allied with
1551:Gulf of Honduras
1428:. Another is at
1387:Jamaican maroons
1355:First Maroon War
1334:Jamaican Maroons
1187:
1060:Santiago de Cuba
1034:this community.
984:Jamaican Maroons
923:Vieux Grand Port
882:
875:
871:
868:
862:
839:
831:
752:Types of maroons
722:Creole languages
646:Maroon village,
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
543:Commewijne River
507:First Maroon War
503:Jamaican Maroons
354:
340:, used first in
320:
312:
290:
270:
247:
234:
164:. Suriname, 1955
113:Jamaican Maroons
77:Creole languages
54:
47:
43:
21:
18:Maroons (people)
7145:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7031:
7005:Genetic history
6930:
6924:
6900:
6894:
6874:United Kingdom
6848:
6827:Afro-Brazilians
6782:
6780:
6770:
6754:
6659:
6650:
6563:
6406:
6394:
6254:
6248:
6119:Alabama Creoles
6039:
6033:
5965:
5959:
5764:
5748:
5743:
5713:
5708:
5680:Slave rebellion
5631:
5521:Black Seminoles
5506:
5501:
5388:
5387:
5359:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5150:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5112:
5099:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4770:
4754:
4750:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4694:
4687:
4676:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4537:
4533:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4491:
4487:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4451:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4280:
4276:
4261:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4221:
4217:
4206:
4199:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4075:Jamaica Gleaner
4067:
4063:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4025:
4021:
4010:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3950:. 27 April 2002
3942:
3941:
3937:
3920:
3916:
3902:
3893:
3886:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3804:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3768:
3764:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3695:
3691:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3649:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3584:
3580:
3569:
3558:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3423:
3404:
3389:
3375:
3366:
3359:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3281:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3215:
3204:
3200:
3189:
3185:
3154:
3150:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3011:
3004:
2988:
2984:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2922:
2918:
2885:
2881:
2870:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2735:
2731:
2699:
2695:
2661:
2657:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2566:
2562:
2547:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2497:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2450:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2372:Black Seminoles
2366:Latin Americans
2357:Slave rebellion
2347:
2277:
2271:
2216:Jungle Commando
2156:
2150:
2125:
2119:
2067:Magdalena River
2051:
2045:
1880:
1872:Main articles:
1870:
1865:
1835:
1829:
1786:
1758:Freedmen's town
1754:
1748:
1736:Black Seminoles
1719:
1717:Black Seminoles
1713:
1708:
1702:
1649:
1639:, assisted Sir
1616:
1610:
1571:Puerto Caballos
1547:
1542:
1540:Central America
1462:
1426:Portland Parish
1375:Black Loyalists
1336:
1330:
1313:Le Nègre Marron
1247:
1212:
1206:
1158:Miskito Kingdom
1130:Garifuna people
1126:
1013:
1008:
992:American slaves
980:
974:
969:
964:
952:
927:Dutch Mauritius
919:Dutch Mauritius
915:Dutch Mauritius
905:Under governor
903:
897:
892:
883:
872:
866:
863:
852:
840:
829:
782:Achilles tendon
774:
754:
726:creole language
634:Maroon flag in
628:
622:
597:, Puerto Rico.
587:
566:
563:
560:
557:
547:Marowijne River
523:Crawford's Town
515:Edward Trelawny
495:St Vincent
410:Sebastián Lemba
394:slave rebellion
374:
369:
330:José Juan Arrom
292:. The linguist
280:were aided by "
224:
193:creole cultures
144:
142:Cimarron people
139:
135:
105:Black Seminoles
102:
57:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7143:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7017:
7015:Pan-Africanism
7012:
7007:
7002:
7000:Creole peoples
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6934:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6795:
6793:
6784:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6716:Black Dutchmen
6708:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6691:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6532:United Kingdom
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6313:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6163:Creek freedmen
6160:
6155:
6150:
6136:
6134:Black Hispanic
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6100:United States
6098:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6005:Miskito people
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5813:Cayman Islands
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5768:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5639:
5637:
5636:Related topics
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5605:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5517:United States
5514:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5443:
5429:
5415:
5405:Mosis, André.
5402:
5378:
5358:
5357:External links
5355:
5354:
5353:
5339:
5328:
5314:
5307:
5293:
5279:
5265:
5250:
5248:978-0814724378
5236:
5225:
5216:
5202:
5188:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5137:
5125:
5110:
5084:
5054:
5028:
4998:
4972:
4952:
4936:
4906:
4886:(1–2): 27–59.
4866:
4840:
4809:
4783:
4768:
4748:
4733:
4715:
4685:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4637:, p. 175.
4627:
4625:, p. 185.
4615:
4600:
4598:, p. 195.
4588:
4586:, p. 193.
4576:
4561:
4559:, p. 172.
4546:
4531:
4512:
4505:
4485:
4461:
4416:
4409:
4388:
4381:
4363:
4338:
4329:
4304:
4274:
4259:
4241:
4215:
4197:
4169:
4153:
4123:
4092:
4061:
4046:
4039:
4019:
4008:
3988:
3981:
3961:
3935:
3922:Corbett, Bob.
3914:
3891:
3884:
3862:
3855:
3833:
3822:on 20 May 2019
3802:
3780:
3762:
3745:
3738:
3718:
3711:
3689:
3670:
3663:
3640:
3609:
3578:
3556:
3541:
3534:
3512:
3491:
3469:
3462:
3442:
3435:
3402:
3387:
3364:
3358:978-9460220401
3357:
3335:
3328:
3304:
3297:
3275:
3259:
3256:on 2008-05-08.
3236:
3213:
3198:
3183:
3172:(2): 381–382.
3148:
3130:
3105:
3098:
3075:
3068:
3048:
3031:
3023:
3002:
2991:Drake, Frances
2982:
2957:
2944:
2916:
2895:(4): 609–638.
2879:
2843:
2832:Drake, Frances
2823:
2792:
2785:
2758:
2751:
2729:
2693:
2674:(in Spanish).
2655:
2615:10.2307/408879
2590:
2583:
2569:Campbell, Lyle
2560:
2545:
2525:
2488:
2463:
2448:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2273:Main article:
2270:
2267:
2249:In modern-day
2152:Main article:
2149:
2146:
2121:Main article:
2118:
2115:
2047:Main article:
2044:
2041:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1851:North Carolina
1831:Main article:
1828:
1825:
1785:
1782:
1770:North Carolina
1762:runaway slaves
1750:Main article:
1747:
1744:
1715:Main article:
1712:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1648:
1645:
1612:Main article:
1609:
1606:
1591:Mosquito Coast
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1461:
1458:
1422:Buff Bay River
1332:Main article:
1329:
1326:
1322:Port-au-Prince
1271:Haitian Creole
1251:Saint Domingue
1246:
1243:
1232:Diego Columbus
1205:
1202:
1138:Mosquito Coast
1125:
1122:
1106:Oral tradition
1102:Viñales Valley
1080:In the 1830s,
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
951:
948:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
891:
888:
885:
884:
843:
841:
834:
828:
825:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
761:
753:
750:
648:Suriname River
638:, Sierra Leone
621:
618:
586:
583:
402:Diego Columbus
373:
370:
368:
365:
359:spoken by the
223:
220:
149:
148:
100:Maroon peoples
96:
95:
91:
90:
84:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7142:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7060:
7052:
7050:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6897:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:Sierra Leone
6837:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6781:Afro-American
6777:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6316:French Guiana
6314:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6251:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Somali Bantus
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6139:Black Indians
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Affrilachians
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:New Brunswick
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6010:Miskito Sambu
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5943:Dougla people
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5833:Ganga-Longoba
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:Latin America
5762:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5685:United States
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5661:United States
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:Ethnic groups
5509:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5351:1-57766-323-3
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5326:976-640-180-2
5323:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5305:0-385-06508-6
5302:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:0-8153-1543-0
5288:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5277:90-04-09303-6
5274:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:0-333-62776-8
5259:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:OCLC 37821053
5230:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5219:Dallas, R. C.
5217:
5215:
5214:0-8078-2803-3
5211:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5200:0-89789-148-1
5197:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5181:Russell Banks
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5135:, p. 16.
5134:
5133:Thompson 1976
5129:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5111:976-8178-03-5
5107:
5103:
5102:
5088:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4828:
4827:
4819:
4813:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4769:0-8018-1840-0
4765:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4737:
4726:
4719:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4502:
4499:. NYU Press.
4498:
4497:
4489:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4457:
4445:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4165:Modern Ghana,
4162:
4157:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3645:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3501:
3495:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3463:9789004175723
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3436:0-8018-2247-5
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3329:9789046811726
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3120:on 2007-08-26
3119:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3099:0-8160-3811-2
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3026:
3024:0-89789-148-1
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2993:(1909–1914).
2992:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:(1909–1914).
2833:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2808:(in French).
2807:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:9780814724491
2445:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:French Guiana
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Slave catcher
2350:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:DĂ©si Bouterse
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:(Aukan), the
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1863:South America
1860:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1707:
1700:United States
1697:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1641:Francis Drake
1638:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1602:Saint Vincent
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:Miskito Sambu
1582:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1537:
1535:
1534:haplogroups C
1531:
1527:
1526:haplogroups A
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Trelawny Town
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:TaĂno Indians
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:Morne Fortune
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Roatan Island
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Saint Vincent
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
962:North America
959:
957:
947:
945:
940:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
881:
878:
870:
867:December 2019
860:
856:
850:
849:
844:This section
842:
838:
833:
832:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:
804:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
766:
762:
759:
758:
757:
749:
748:accelerates.
747:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
671:Caribbean Sea
668:
663:
661:
657:
649:
644:
637:
632:
627:
617:
615:
610:
608:
604:
598:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:French Guiana
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Francis Drake
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
378:
364:
362:
358:
353:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
323:
321:
319:
313:
311:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
289:
283:
279:
275:
274:Francis Drake
271:
269:
263:
262:Lyle Campbell
259:
255:
251:
246:
240:
238:
233:
228:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:evolving into
187:, eventually
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
163:
159:
155:
147:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
92:
89:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
53:
48:
37:
33:
19:
7009:
6766:Saint Helena
6702:in Karnataka
6619:Saudi Arabia
6187:Brass Ankles
5828:Cape Verdean
5503:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5438:
5423:
5410:
5373:the original
5368:
5342:
5333:
5317:
5310:
5296:
5282:
5268:
5253:
5239:
5235:(in Spanish)
5228:
5221:
5205:
5191:
5184:
5153:
5128:
5094:
5087:
5075:. Retrieved
5071:the original
5067:De Ware Tijd
5066:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5040:
5031:
5019:. Retrieved
5015:the original
5011:De Ware Tijd
5010:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4985:
4975:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4923:the original
4918:
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4883:
4879:
4869:
4857:. Retrieved
4852:
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4824:
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4795:
4786:
4758:
4751:
4742:
4736:
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4701:
4679:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4609:
4603:
4596:Bastide 1996
4591:
4584:Bastide 1996
4579:
4570:
4564:
4540:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4495:
4488:
4477:. Retrieved
4473:
4464:
4452:|last5=
4433:. Retrieved
4429:
4419:
4400:
4391:
4372:
4366:
4355:. Retrieved
4351:
4341:
4332:
4321:. Retrieved
4317:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4277:
4250:
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4228:
4218:
4209:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:the original
4135:
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4110:the original
4105:
4095:
4083:. Retrieved
4079:the original
4074:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4029:
4022:
4013:
3998:
3991:
3971:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3947:
3938:
3930:the original
3924:
3917:
3908:
3875:
3865:
3846:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3820:the original
3816:The Guardian
3815:
3805:
3797:the original
3792:
3783:
3774:Photo-prints
3772:
3765:
3755:
3748:
3728:
3721:
3702:
3692:
3683:
3673:
3653:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:the original
3622:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3591:
3581:
3572:
3550:
3544:
3525:
3515:
3504:. Retrieved
3494:
3483:. Retrieved
3472:
3452:
3445:
3426:
3378:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3269:
3262:
3254:the original
3249:
3239:
3226:
3207:
3201:
3192:
3186:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3142:
3122:. Retrieved
3118:the original
3108:
3088:
3058:
3051:
3041:
3034:
3014:
2995:
2985:
2967:
2960:
2949:. Retrieved
2926:
2919:
2892:
2889:The Americas
2888:
2882:
2873:
2836:
2826:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2740:
2732:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2658:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2606:
2602:
2599:Spitzer, Leo
2593:
2573:
2563:
2535:
2528:
2505:
2479:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2439:
2433:
2409:
2392:Gaspar Yanga
2382:Bushinengues
2338:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2248:
2238:was elected
2208:
2200:
2197:
2189:Aluku (Boni)
2169:Bushinengues
2165:
2133:
2126:
2110:
2107:
2105:him hanged.
2101:
2098:Benkos BiohĂł
2087:
2081:
2075:
2062:
2059:
2052:
2026:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1883:
1881:
1855:
1836:
1822:
1787:
1755:
1720:
1689:Afro-Mexican
1678:
1671:
1664:
1652:Gaspar Yanga
1650:
1634:
1632:
1617:
1595:
1583:
1576:
1548:
1522:TaĂno people
1463:
1442:
1407:
1395:Sierra Leone
1383:Sierra Leone
1360:
1348:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1266:
1258:
1248:
1236:
1215:
1213:
1173:
1162:
1127:
1117:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1014:
981:
953:
931:
904:
873:
864:
853:Please help
848:verification
845:
821:
817:
805:
801:
790:
778:slavocracies
775:
755:
746:urbanization
738:
734:creolization
719:
708:
664:
653:
611:
599:
593:, Cuba, and
588:
564:running away
550:
532:
492:
469:
445:
433:
420:
414:
387:
372:Colonial era
344:to refer to
337:
333:
324:
315:
307:
303:
297:
285:
281:
265:
249:
241:
236:
226:
225:
215:Louis Samain
210:
195:such as the
168:
167:
136:
103:
99:
41:Ethnic group
7025:Reparations
6990:Black power
6738:New Zealand
6569:Middle East
6522:Switzerland
6482:Netherlands
6197:Dominickers
6072:Nova Scotia
5990:El Salvador
5921:Saint Lucia
5911:Puerto Rico
5439:Smithsonian
4234:21 December
4146:23 December
4116:23 December
4085:23 December
3826:20 December
3633:21 December
3602:21 December
2481:16 December
2418:Jean Dugain
2148:The Guianas
2055:Santa Marta
2029:Quilombolas
2007:Ganga Zumba
1794:New Orleans
1790:Lake Borgne
1774:War of 1812
1579:Thomas Gage
1466:Puerto Rico
1460:Puerto Rico
1379:West Africa
1371:Nova Scotia
1351:plantations
1222:. Governor
1176:Saint Lucia
988:Nova Scotia
972:Nova Scotia
797:the Guianas
688:Puerto Rico
669:around the
480:Puerto Rico
440:plantations
327:philologist
294:Leo Spitzer
260:. Linguist
181:manumission
129:Palenqueros
109:Bushinengue
7074:Categories
6958:Coromantee
6373:Paramaccan
6287:Quilombola
6227:Melungeons
5985:Costa Rica
5894:Coromantee
5618:Quilombola
5593:Paramaccan
5170:Literature
5043:(in Dutch)
4798:(in Dutch)
4479:2023-01-28
4435:2023-01-28
4410:0807119997
4382:0890969043
4357:2023-01-28
4323:2022-08-19
4167:2 May 2016
3535:086543980X
3506:2018-02-06
3485:2019-02-24
3388:0385065086
3298:9067180521
3124:2007-08-16
2951:2022-07-15
2910:1808/29355
2647:, and Sp.
2522:required.)
2425:References
2284:Barlovento
2191:, and the
2138:Esmeraldas
2129:shipwrecks
2094:Palenquero
2019:Portuguese
1878:Quilombola
1704:See also:
1520:lineages (
1430:Moore Town
1220:Hispaniola
1077:of Bumba.
786:castration
730:Saramaccan
624:See also:
585:Modern era
429:Nanny Town
421:cimarrones
342:Hispaniola
314:, and Sp.
133:Quilombola
125:Machapunga
6779:Secondary
6743:Sri Lanka
6721:Mardijker
6711:Indonesia
6682:Hong Kong
6677:Guangzhou
6667:Australia
6614:Palestine
6542:Liverpool
6537:Cambridge
6390:Venezuela
6262:Argentina
6017:Nicaragua
5995:Guatemala
5775:Caribbean
5753:Geography
5627:Mauritius
5544:Honduras
5411:Kingbotho
5041:Waterkant
4704:. Reuters
4659:Kent 1996
4647:Kent 1996
4635:Kent 1996
4623:Kent 1996
4557:Kent 1996
4297:April 27,
4292:1028-9089
4015:Mexico...
2689:language.
2555:899240409
2458:864551110
2308:Panaquire
2269:Venezuela
2255:Essequibo
2220:guerrilla
2017:and then
1969:Corcovado
1957:Quilombos
1939:quilombos
1920:quilombos
1905:quilombos
1885:quilombos
1784:Louisiana
1685:of Oaxaca
1494:haplotype
1410:Accompong
1318:Nèg Mawon
1298:Mackandal
1216:marronage
1214:American
1091:palenques
1087:palenques
1082:palenques
1071:palenques
1006:Caribbean
895:Mauritius
605:, in the
603:Accompong
551:Marronage
406:Dominican
390:New World
258:New World
222:Etymology
191:separate
72:Languages
7049:Category
6899:Asia and
6868:Haitians
6823:Nigeria
6813:Liberia
6783:diaspora
6759:Atlantic
6733:Malaysia
6634:Africans
6552:Scotland
6497:Portugal
6418:Abkhazia
6378:Saramaka
6353:Suriname
6343:Paraguay
6331:Saramaka
6299:Colombia
6277:Kalungas
6207:Garifuna
6143:Freedmen
6094:Mascogos
6027:CimarrĂłn
6000:Honduras
5978:Garifuna
5948:Merikins
5931:Garifuna
5845:Dominica
5803:Barbados
5783:Anguilla
5761:Americas
5613:Quilombo
5603:Kalungas
5578:Saramaka
5563:Suriname
5559:Guianas
5548:Garifuna
5526:Mascogos
5424:Américas
5391:cite web
5183:(1980),
5120:49332819
4444:cite web
4399:(1995).
4269:87082740
4186:cite web
3596:Archived
2977:44735015
2722:cimarrĂłn
2707:CimarrĂłn
2666:(1983).
2649:cimarrĂłn
2629:cimarrĂłn
2603:Language
2571:(2000).
2501:"maroon"
2411:Quilombo
2398:Saramaka
2376:Seminole
2345:See also
2263:Demerara
2177:Paramaka
2173:Saramaka
2134:cantones
2111:palenque
2102:palenque
2082:palenque
2063:palenque
2043:Colombia
2022:colonial
1984:Palmares
1980:quilombo
1973:quilombo
1965:quilombo
1961:quilombo
1951:quilombo
1947:quilombo
1943:quilombo
1932:quilombo
1928:quilombo
1924:quilombo
1913:quilombo
1894:Palmares
1874:Quilombo
1847:Virginia
1810:Rigolets
1806:the Gulf
1766:freedmen
1746:Illinois
1673:palenque
1666:renamed
1656:Veracruz
1636:CimarrĂłn
1623:Mandinka
1598:Garifuna
1567:Trujillo
1555:Honduras
1530:Kalinago
1514:Kalinago
1492:African
1478:Mandinka
1391:Freetown
1169:Kalinago
1165:Dominica
1154:Trujillo
1150:Honduras
1075:palenque
1067:palenque
1056:palenque
1040:palenque
990:, where
944:Le Morne
711:cultural
684:Suriname
660:religion
636:Freetown
595:Adjuntas
535:Suriname
499:Dominica
482:, heavy
382:aquatint
352:simarabo
338:cimarrĂłn
318:cimarrĂłn
299:Language
288:cimarrĂłn
282:Symerons
268:cimarrĂłn
245:cimarrĂłn
201:Mascogos
199:and the
197:Garifuna
121:Kalungas
82:Religion
7059:Commons
7020:Slavery
7010:Maroons
6929:Related
6901:Oceania
6859:France
6748:Kaffirs
6660:Oceania
6527:Ukraine
6502:Romania
6472:Ireland
6455:Germany
6438:Finland
6433:Denmark
6428:Belgium
6423:Austria
6385:Uruguay
6363:Matawai
6311:Ecuador
6282:Macombo
6267:Bolivia
6255:America
6077:Ontario
6040:America
5966:America
5964:Central
5889:Jamaica
5877:Marabou
5867:Grenada
5840:Curaçao
5808:Bermuda
5798:Bahamas
5608:Macombo
5599:Brazil
5588:Matawai
5540:Jamaica
5504:Maroons
5165:Sources
5077:13 July
5047:13 July
5021:13 July
4991:14 June
4899:21 July
4859:21 July
4833:21 July
4802:21 July
4778:2121443
4708:14 June
3954:9 March
3178:2515149
2725:itself.
2713:Spanish
2686:taina.»
2681:Spanish
2292:Curiepe
2259:Berbice
2232:Moiwana
2193:Matawai
2142:Limones
2117:Ecuador
2078:Popayán
1711:Florida
1627:Spanish
1563:isthmus
1328:Jamaica
1316:or the
1304:Boukman
1110:mogotes
1049:Yucatán
956:RĂ©union
950:RĂ©union
704:Jamaica
667:jungles
620:Culture
591:Viñales
558:
453:houngan
425:Jamaica
388:In the
367:History
177:slavery
169:Maroons
45:Maroons
6978:Yoruba
6931:topics
6908:Israel
6853:Europe
6798:Ghana
6791:Africa
6629:Turkey
6604:Jordan
6587:Israel
6547:London
6517:Sweden
6507:Russia
6492:Poland
6487:Norway
6465:Blacks
6460:Greece
6443:France
6409:Blacks
6404:Europe
6368:Ndyuka
6358:Kwinti
6338:Guyana
6326:Ndyuka
6304:Raizal
6272:Brazil
6237:Yoruba
6222:Lumbee
6202:Fulani
6180:Gullah
6089:Mexico
6047:Canada
6022:Panama
5973:Belize
5882:Marron
5855:Cocolo
5646:Brazil
5583:Kwinti
5573:Ndyuka
5555:Panama
5349:
5324:
5303:
5289:
5275:
5260:
5246:
5212:
5198:
5118:
5108:
4929:1 June
4776:
4766:
4503:
4407:
4379:
4290:
4267:
4257:
4037:
4006:
3979:
3882:
3853:
3736:
3709:
3661:
3588:"Cuba"
3532:
3460:
3433:
3397:805137
3395:
3385:
3355:
3326:
3295:
3176:
3096:
3066:
3021:
2975:
2942:
2783:
2749:
2645:marron
2643:, Fr.
2641:maroon
2637:marron
2633:maroon
2623:408879
2621:
2581:
2553:
2543:
2456:
2446:
2339:cumbes
2331:cumbes
2304:Chuspa
2288:cumbes
2251:Guyana
2187:, the
2185:Kwinti
2181:Ndyuka
2179:, the
2175:, the
2080:, the
1988:Recife
1890:Brazil
1868:Brazil
1798:canals
1660:Mexico
1647:Mexico
1619:Bayano
1608:Panama
1559:silver
1518:Arawak
1506:Arawak
1486:Fulani
1484:, and
1474:Utuado
1434:UNESCO
1365:, the
1263:French
1259:marron
1142:Belize
1140:or in
1045:Jaruco
1028:Havana
1021:TaĂnos
967:Canada
890:Africa
764:owner.
742:Guyana
702:, and
680:Brazil
650:, 1955
579:Boston
575:Ndyuka
549:, the
476:TaĂnos
457:voodoo
334:maroon
310:marron
306:, Fr.
304:maroon
250:maroon
237:maroon
232:marron
227:Maroon
162:shaman
158:Ndyuka
6973:Tikar
6968:Kongo
6920:Japan
6807:Tabom
6728:Japan
6697:Siddi
6672:China
6646:Yemen
6624:Syria
6557:Wales
6512:Spain
6477:Italy
6448:Paris
6321:Aluku
6294:Chile
6253:South
6212:Igbos
6038:North
5899:Igbos
5872:Haiti
5823:Arará
5793:Aruba
5666:Trade
5568:Aluku
4967:(PDF)
4821:(PDF)
4728:(PDF)
4524:[
3347:[
3318:[
3287:[
3231:(PDF)
3174:JSTOR
2775:[
2619:JSTOR
2516:
2384:: in
2319:cumbe
2312:cumbe
2300:cumbe
2015:Dutch
2011:Zumbi
1898:Zumbi
1668:Yanga
1510:TaĂno
1502:Ponce
1490:mtDNA
1482:Wolof
1470:TaĂno
1450:Ghana
1420:, on
1412:, in
1340:TaĂno
1279:TaĂno
1267:mawon
1265:) or
1255:Haiti
1245:Haiti
1043:near
808:Nanny
692:Haiti
488:Ponce
484:brush
461:Haiti
380:1801
361:TaĂno
346:feral
6963:Igbo
6832:Saro
6656:Asia
6609:Oman
6582:Iraq
6577:Iran
6348:Peru
5818:Cuba
5397:link
5347:ISBN
5322:ISBN
5301:ISBN
5287:ISBN
5273:ISBN
5258:ISBN
5244:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5196:ISBN
5116:OCLC
5106:ISBN
5079:2020
5049:2020
5023:2020
4993:2018
4931:2020
4901:2020
4861:2020
4835:2020
4804:2020
4774:OCLC
4764:ISBN
4710:2018
4501:ISBN
4474:WWNO
4456:help
4405:ISBN
4377:ISBN
4299:2012
4288:ISSN
4265:OCLC
4255:ISBN
4236:2019
4192:link
4148:2019
4118:2019
4087:2019
4035:ISBN
4004:ISBN
3977:ISBN
3956:2016
3880:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3828:2019
3734:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3659:ISBN
3635:2019
3604:2019
3530:ISBN
3458:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3393:OCLC
3383:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3094:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2973:OCLC
2940:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2551:OCLC
2541:ISBN
2483:2019
2454:OCLC
2444:ISBN
2317:The
2306:and
2218:, a
2009:and
1982:was
1911:One
1892:was
1876:and
1849:and
1837:The
1764:and
1683:and
1679:The
1621:, a
1596:The
1584:The
1528:and
1512:and
1454:Akan
1065:The
1017:Cuba
1011:Cuba
700:Cuba
665:The
614:gold
555:lit.
545:and
497:and
472:Cuba
451:, a
415:Sir
34:and
6658:and
4888:doi
2932:doi
2905:hdl
2897:doi
2814:doi
2676:XII
2611:doi
1845:in
1804:to
1569:or
1498:L1b
1464:In
1448:in
1424:in
1163:In
1132:on
1015:In
857:by
490:.
470:In
455:or
276:'s
7076::
5450:.
5437:.
5422:.
5409:.
5393:}}
5389:{{
5367:.
5140:^
5114:.
5097:c.
5065:.
5039:.
5009:.
4984:.
4917:.
4884:66
4882:.
4878:.
4851:.
4823:.
4794:.
4772:.
4700:.
4688:^
4666:^
4549:^
4472:.
4448::
4446:}}
4442:{{
4428:.
4350:.
4316:.
4263:.
4227:.
4200:^
4188:}}
4184:{{
4163:,
4134:.
4104:.
4073:.
4012:.
3946:.
3894:^
3814:.
3791:.
3701:.
3682:.
3643:^
3594:.
3590:.
3559:^
3405:^
3391:.
3367:^
3216:^
3170:66
3168:.
3164:.
3133:^
3078:^
3005:^
2938:.
2903:.
2893:75
2891:.
2846:^
2810:93
2715::
2683::
2625:.
2617:.
2607:14
2605:.
2549:.
2504:.
2491:^
2474:.
2452:.
2364::
2261:,
2195:.
2144:.
2140:,
2057:.
1994:.
1816:.
1696:.
1480:,
1468:,
1405:.
1381:,
1051:.
1030:.
1002:.
799:.
717:.
706:.
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
513:,
467:.
203:.
131:,
127:,
123:,
119:,
115:,
111:,
107:,
6411:)
6407:(
6141:/
5763:/
5738:e
5731:t
5724:v
5496:e
5489:t
5482:v
5454:.
5441:.
5413:.
5399:)
5187:.
5122:.
5081:.
5051:.
5025:.
4995:.
4933:.
4903:.
4890::
4863:.
4837:.
4806:.
4780:.
4712:.
4509:.
4482:.
4458:)
4438:.
4413:.
4385:.
4360:.
4326:.
4301:.
4271:.
4238:.
4194:)
4150:.
4120:.
4089:.
4043:.
3985:.
3958:.
3888:.
3859:.
3830:.
3742:.
3715:.
3667:.
3637:.
3606:.
3538:.
3509:.
3488:.
3466:.
3439:.
3399:.
3361:.
3332:.
3301:.
3180:.
3162:"
3127:.
3072:.
3029:.
3027:.
2979:.
2954:.
2934::
2913:.
2907::
2899::
2820:.
2816::
2789:.
2755:.
2613::
2587:.
2557:.
2514:.
2485:.
2460:.
2167:'
1508:(
1269:(
1261:(
880:)
874:(
869:)
865:(
851:.
567:'
561:'
553:(
217:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.