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criticism of the categorisation of rural black communities solely as the result of colonial social relations. In 2003, the government of
President Luiz Inácio "Lula" da Silva issued Presidential Decree 4887 that categorized quilombo descendants as "self-designated ethno-racial groups who have their own historical trajectory, specific territorial relations, and a presumed black ancestry related to the historical oppression they have suffered". Through the political pressure exerted by black peasants throughout Brazil, the government established explicitly that quilombos should be defined by their being communities formed by black peasants in general, part of the present agrarian structure and contemporary society, not only by their relation to the past as runaway-descendants.
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working to fight racial discrimination formed an alliance in 1986 that played an important role in the grassroots political action that resulted in
Article 68. Black militants across Brazil demanded reparation and the recognition of the detrimental effects of slavery, including preventing black communities from accessing land. The Black Movement explicitly decided to make land central to their political agenda during the constitutional debates. They capitalised on the perception that there were very few quilombos and that it would thus be mainly a symbolic gesture in order to get it into the Constitution. It was assumed that any community would have to prove its direct descent from a runaway slave settlement.
239:, seeing Palmares as a direct challenge to its colonial status, declared war on the Quilombolas. Twenty attacks on Palmares failed. But the constant attacks wore down Ganga Zumba, and in 1678 he agreed to stop accepting new slaves and move out of the mountains to safety. Ganga Zumba's nephew, Zumbi, saw this as betrayal and poisoned his uncle before tearing up the treaty with the Portuguese. Colonial forces continued the relentless attacks, and in the end Zumbi was unable to cope. In 1694, the Portuguese finally destroyed Palmares and killed hundreds of its citizens, ending the glory days of the Quilombolas. Zumbi and Palmares survived only as symbols of resistance.
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descendants of the maroon communities occupying their lands." Quilombo members cannot be legally evicted, except by the federal government (which has challenged at least two certified quilombos: Rio dos
Macacos whose claims overlapped a Navy base and Alcântara where a space station has been built). The inclusion of quilombo communities in the Constitution was the first recognisable government action towards the reparation of historical injustice against slave descendants.
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from
European influence, and after the fall of Palmares, all the quilombolas either went into hiding or were wiped out by Europeans. Most of the Quilombolas remained hidden so successfully it was assumed they had been destroyed or died out. They dropped farming at the risk of being discovered and continued the agricultural forest practice. The Quilombolas adopted a lifestyle that was a cross of Portuguese and various Indigenous and African cultures.
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316:, which included the collective rights of indigenous and quilombola communities to their traditional lands within Article 68 of the constitution's Temporary Constitutional Provisions Act (ADCT), came into force, with the text: "Final ownership shall be recognized for the remaining members of the ancient runaway slave communities who are occupying their lands and the State shall grant them the respective title deeds".
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The national black movement and the black rural communities in the northern regions of Pará and Maranhão gathered political momentum throughout the 1980s and succeeded in having quilombola land rights introduced into the 1988 Constitution in the form of
Article 68. Regional and national organisations
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was the first to include questions asking citizens about quilombola identity and status, despite the posture of the incumbent
Bolsonaro administration toward quilombolas. It counted 1,327,802 people, or 0.65% of the total population of Brazil, as quilombolas, 68.19% (or 905,415 people) of whom lived
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was the main proponent in
Congress of the inclusion of quilombo land rights in the new Constitution, which was drawn up after Brazil's military dictatorship ended in 1986. Article 68 stated that "definitive ownership will be recognized, and the respective title will be issued by the State, to those
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Until the 1970s, the
Quilombolas were mostly unknown internationally and assumed to have been entirely killed off. In 1970s, deforestation reached their lands. Loggers, assuming them to be squatters trying to steal property, forced them off their land at gunpoint and stole their land. They were not
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Other quilombos emerged during the age of
Palmares and the Aqualtune Dynasty. Fleeing slaves befriended and allied with Brazilian Indigenous peoples. Today most of the Quilombola population is of mixed African-Brazilian and Indigenous ancestry. Quilombos were mainly located deep in the jungles, far
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and Maurício Torres, only 219 of the 2,926 Quilombos had land titles as of 2018. Afro-Brazilians (only a small minority of whom are
Quilombo residents) number around 15 million and as a group are among poorest in Brazil, with a poverty rate of around 75 percent among quilombolas, compared to 25.4
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Throughout the second half of the 1990s and the early 2000s, hundreds of black peasant communities in Brazil began the legal process for official recognition. Despite a government attempt in 1999 to restrict the application of Article 68, there was increasing black rural mobilisation and growing
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In the 1630s, Palmares was inherited by Aqualtune's son, Ganga Zumba, who ruled the city from a palace. The inhabitants used African style forges to make metal plows and scythes to harvest fields of corn, rice and manioc and created agricultural forests of palm and breadfruit. Palmares and other
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signaled a reversal of policy regarding quilombolas. President Bolsonaro had said: "They don't do anything! I don't think they even serve for procreation anymore." In 2017, during a speech at the Hebraica club, Bolsonaro stated: "If I , there won't be any money for NGOs ... You will not have a
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Original Text: " Art. 2o Consideram-se remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos, para os fins deste Decreto, os grupos étnico-raciais, segundo critérios de auto-atribuição, com trajetória histórica própria, dotados de relações territoriais específicas, com presunção de ancestralidade negra
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escaped bondage by running away and occupying land which led to the creation of Quilombos. Those who live in these autonomous communities are referred to as Quilombolas and for many years many Quilombolas have been struggling to keep and earn titles to their land in the face of modernization,
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began registration of quilombola communities, that the formal process of recognition of quilombo remnant communities and awarding of title began. However, the ordinance only applied to federally-owned lands, and activists for the quilombo remnant sector experienced greater support from state
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The policy of Bolsonaro on quilombola land rights was reversed Lula upon his return to the presidency. Lula appointed activist João Jorge Rodriguês as chair of the FCP, with over 100 certifications being issued to quilombola community claimants in 2023. In addition, on November 20, 2023
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As of 2016, 294 villages have applied to be recognized as quilombos, because they were founded by escaped slaves and are mainly inhabited by their descendants. The certification process thus far has been slow, and 152 villages have been recognized as quilombos.
448:), Lula signed Decree 11.786/2023, creating the National Quilombola Territorial and Environmental Management Policy (PNGTAQ), which seeks to standardize federal policies on territorial, environmental and cultural self-management of quilombola territories.
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signed Decree 4.887/2003, which recognized the inalienable rights of Quilombo communities and their claims to the land they inhabited, repealed the milestone thesis' application to quilombos, and transferred the titling process back to INCRA. The
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detailed the processes of titling and demarcation of the Quilombo land. Right wing opponents filed a lawsuit which suggested that Lula's decree was unconstitutional. The ruling on the case was postponed for over 3 years, which resulted in
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De La Torre, Oscar (2013) "Are They Really Quilombos?" Black Peasants, Politics, and the Meaning of Quilombo in Present-Day Brazil. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. OFO: Journal of Transatlantic Studies VOL. 3, Nos. 1 & 2,
255:. It was organised as a republic, with democratic voting in place. Over the course of the Mola quilombo's life, it expanded to include four other similar settlements in the region and was known as the Confederação do Itapocu
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quilombos during the Quilombola's glory days were surrounded by palisades, camouflaged pits filled with deadly stakes, and paths lined with lacerating caltrops. Palmares was behind many raids of Portuguese ports and towns.
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GOMES, Flávio dos Santos. In the labyrinth of rivers, boreholes and streams: black peasants, memory and post-emancipation in the Amazon, c. XIX-XX. : História Unisinos, 2006. p. 282.
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pretending to be Quilombolas to get land. Eventually, they were accepted as Quilombolas, but ranchers still kept stealing their land. The most avid supporter of the Quilombolas was
218:, a former Angolan princess and general enslaved during a Congolese war. Shortly after reaching Brazil, the pregnant Aqualtune escaped with some of her soldiers and fled to the
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The definitive property rights of remanescentes of quilombos that have been occupying the same lands are hereby recognized, and the state shall grant them title to such lands.
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Film looks at two Quilombola communities, one with no land title and one benefitting from legal recognition, and examines the disparities between them plus further context.
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in the Northeast region. It also counted only 167,202 quilombolas, or 4.3% of the national quilombola population, as living in officially delimited Quilombola Territories.
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214:. In Brazil, most worked on sugar plantations and mines, and were brutally tortured. Some slaves were able to escape. According to oral tradition, among them was
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would also give Congress power over land which has already been approved for demarcation. PEC 215 could potentially take away land titles from 219 Quilombolas.
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governments. In 1999, administration of the titling process was transferred to the FCP, which issued its own directive in 2000 for administering the process.
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In the 16th century, slavery was becoming common across the Americas, particularly in Brazil. Africans were kidnapped and shipped across the Atlantic via the
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Without land titles, the quilombolas don't have access to social benefits, such as subsidized housing. But threats are also looming from illegal loggers and
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was passed, to 1988, when the current constitution came into force. This threshold excluded a large number of territorial claims by quilombola communities.
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Approximately forty percent of the twelve million Africans imported to the Americas to be enslaved landed in Brazil in the late 16th century. Many enslaved
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in Brazil has power to demarcate Quilombola territories. PEC 215, if passed, would have given Congress exclusive authority to oversee demarcation of
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Dutra, ed., (2011) 'Direitos Quilombolas: Um Estudio do Impacto de Cooperação Ecumenico', Rio de Janeiro KOINONIA Presença Ecumênica e Serviço, p.20
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Though Quilombola land rights are secured by the STF for now, the communities still face many obstacles today, like the constitutional amendment
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suspending all new titles and demarcations of the lands until a ruling was made on the constitutionality of the decree. On February 8, 2018, the
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The Mola quilombo consisted of approximately 300 formerly enslaved people and had a high degree of political, social and military organization.
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to quilombola communities, requiring them to prove that they had maintained ownership of their claimed lands continuously from 1888, when the
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signed Decree 3.192/2001, which formally empowered the PCF to identify and demarcate quilombola communities but also extended the
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drafted Ordinance nº 307/1995, which laid out a formal legal framework for regulations for the titling of quilombo lands, and the
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1037:"'Stranded' for years, decree signed by Lula was a 'dream' of the quilombola struggle, says Conaq | Socioenvironmental Institute"
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http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2015/11/incra-reconhece-area-da-comunidade-quilombola-rio-dos-macacos-na-ba.html
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1266:'Supreme Court of Brazil to rule over Quilombo communities' rights to land – arguments for a protective approach'
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In 1895 there were still traces of the settlement to be seen; they have now disappeared. Historians, such as
973:"Their forefathers were enslaved. Now, 400 years later, their children will be landowners | World news"
948:"Their forefathers were enslaved. Now, 400 years later, their children will be landowners | World news"
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998:"Jair Bolsonaro is Elected President of Brazil. Read His Extremist, Far-Right Positions in His Own Words"
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A titulação das terras das comunidades tradicionais quilombolas no Brasil: análise da atuação do Estado
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The Bernard and Audre Rapoport Center for Human Rights, The University of Texas at Austin School of Law
304:, who argued for the preservation of the jungle and its Indigenous peoples, including the Quilombolas.
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Guimarães, José (2012). «Settlement in Southern Pará and Historical Origins of the Carajás Movement».
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Planas (2014) Brazil's 'Quilombo' Movement May Be The World's Largest Slavery Reparations Program
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to an isolated community populated by descendants of enslaved people who escaped centuries ago.
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825:"Between the Law and Their Land: Afro-Brazilian Quilombo Communities' Struggle for Land Rights"
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recognized as surviving Quilombola peoples until the 1980s. Enraged ranchers claimed they were
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Benatti, José Heder, 2004. Posse Agroecológica e Manejo Florestal. Curitiba: Juruá Editora
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region. It was here that Aqualtune founded a quilombo, or a colony of Quilombolas, called
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Arruti, José Maurício. (2000) "Comunidades Remanescentes de Quilombos," Tempo e Presença
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2020:
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776:«Rural Black Women: Resistance and Struggle for Survival in the Tocantins Region (PA)»
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267:, interpret the organisation of the group as an ideal model of resistance to slavery.
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Under Sergio Camargo, a conservative activist appointed by Bolsonaro as chair, the
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BAHIA (2015) Incra reconhece área da comunidade quilombola Rio dos Macacos, na BA
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Movement May Be The World's Largest Slavery Reparations Program. Huffington Post
1238:"Brasil tem 1,3 milhão de quilombolas em 1.696 municípios | Agência de Notícias"
732:(interview). Interview with Teixeira de Souza, M .. Teixeira de Souza, M. Belém.
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issued far fewer certifications of quilombola communities and territories.
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Legally, the Quilombolas were granted rights to their land in 1988 as the
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1998:
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1012:"Fundação Cultural Palmares emite 104 Certidões de Autodefinição em 2023"
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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/10/brazil-quilombos_n_5572236.html
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1063:"DECRETO Nº 11.786, DE 20 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2023 - DOU - Imprensa Nacional"
870:"Brazilian Supreme Court ruling protects Quilombola land rights for now"
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Rapoport Delegation on Afro-Brazilian Land Rights (September 22, 2008).
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594:"Incra não cumpre meta e titula 2 territórios quilombolas em 2009"
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was the first leader of the community. The group was also led by
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centimeter demarcated for indigenous reserves or quilombolas."
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rejected the legal action and voted in favor of Lula's decree.
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https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2014.pdf
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923:"Slaves' descendants in Brazil braced for land titles' fight"
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relacionada com a resistência à opressão histórica sofrida"
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http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/2003/d4887.htm
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percent in the general population, government data shows.
226:. Palmares was one of the largest quilombos in Brazil.
896:"Governo Temer trava demarcações de áreas quilombolas"
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encroaching on quilombola land, activists have said.
705:"Quilombolas: quem são, origem, tradição, condições"
1214:"Brazil finally has census data on its quilombolas"
799:"Portaria Incra n.º 307, de 22 de novembro de 1995"
162:settlements first established by escaped slaves in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
377:gentrification, and oppressive regimes in Brazil.
645:Children of the days: a calendar of human history
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1128:Soares (2009) Quilombo atrasa programa espacial
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1278:Freedom: Quilombo land title struggle in Brazil
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568:"Descendants of slaves still suffer in Brazil"
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746:. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Edusp. p. 47.
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778:(PDF) . XXVI National Symposium on History.
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384:acknowledged these communities and stated:
129:during a meeting in the capital of Brazil,
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619:"Tucuruí - Informações, Imagens e Vídeos"
319:Despite this, it was not until 1995 when
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
744:Dicionário da escravidão negra no Brasil
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120:
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1276:Redman, Paul & Renold, Jaye (2015)
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1270:Planas, R. (2014) Brazil's 'Quilombo'
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1244:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2023-07-27
1198:10.11606/T.8.2018.tde-09042018-155054
1191:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). São Paulo.
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1130:http://www.sindct.org.br/?q=node/1517
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1185:Silva, Marcelo Gonçalves da (2017).
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1104:Full 1988 Constitution in English:
774:PINTO, Benedita Celeste de Morais.
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473:, which has often been proposed in
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797:Bellinger, Carolina (1995-11-22).
643:Galeano, Eduardo (30 April 2013).
14:
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16:Resident of a quilombo settlement
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2107:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
566:Colitt, Raymond (July 4, 2007).
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34:needs additional citations for
1336:Atlantic slave trade to Brazil
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286:List of quilombola territories
166:. They are the descendants of
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501:Black federal representative
493:1988 Constitution: Article 68
367:Brazilian Supreme Court (STF)
1832:British and French Caribbean
1523:Palmares Cultural Foundation
1365:Revolution of the Ganhadores
433:Palmares Cultural Foundation
418:
346:
325:Palmares Cultural Foundation
307:
271:Other quilombola communities
7:
1683:
1212:Audi, Amanda (2023-07-27).
894:Fellet, João (2017-04-18).
874:Mongabay Environmental News
592:Pyl, Bianca (May 3, 2010).
535:
229:
10:
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3119:African diaspora religions
2243:Indigenous Black Canadians
1837:Spanish New World colonies
1264:Osorio & Baldi (2010)
1242:Agência de Notícias - IBGE
1016:Fundação Cultural Palmares
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212:Trans-Atlantic slave trade
205:
3271:People of African descent
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1445:Afro-Brazilian literature
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1069:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1018:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
805:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
711:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
686:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
625:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
570:. Reuters. Archived from
465:Opposition and challenges
333:Fernando Henrique Cardoso
182:in 1888. The most famous
145:Portuguese pronunciation:
2136:Turks and Caicos Islands
487:constitutional amendment
3276:Ethnic groups in Brazil
242:
170:who escaped from slave
3124:Anti-African sentiment
1883:Quilombola territories
1878:Quilombola communities
1641:Quilombola territories
1636:Quilombola communities
1041:www.socioambiental.org
742:Moura, Clóvis (2004).
647:. London: Allen Lane.
390:
382:Brazilian Constitution
314:Constitution of Brazil
280:Quilombola land rights
134:
3176:Civil rights movement
3064:Afro-Caribbean people
2373:Chestnut Ridge people
2295:African-American Jews
2097:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1450:Afro-Brazilian Museum
730:Carajás Youth Debates
529:2022 Brazilian census
452:Area and demographics
386:
312:In 1988, the current
168:Afro-Brazilian slaves
124:
3134:Atlantic slave trade
2822:United Arab Emirates
1583:Caribbean immigrants
1370:Abolition of slavery
1218:The Brazilian Report
1061:Nacional, Imprensa.
190:and the most famous
43:improve this article
3023:Sierra Leone Creole
2874:India and Pakistan
2119:Trinidad and Tobago
1969:Antigua and Barbuda
1823:History of slavery
1567:African immigrants
1538:Ethnic subdivisions
1501:Black Awareness Day
1341:Early slave revolts
850:www.planalto.gov.br
510:Redefinition - 2003
446:Black Awareness Day
331:In 2001, President
249:Felipa Maria Aranha
149:[kilõˈbɔlɐ]
3166:Black Lives Matter
2773:Ethiopian Israelis
2423:African immigrants
2398:Louisiana Redbones
2334:Chickasaw freedmen
2263:African immigrants
2031:Dominican Republic
1873:Haitian Revolution
1714:Great Dismal Swamp
1355:Revolt of the Lash
574:on August 16, 2010
403:, the governor of
399:On March 3, 2018,
135:
3261:Slavery in Brazil
3248:
3247:
3216:
3215:
3129:Anti-Black racism
3069:British Jamaicans
3059:African Americans
3044:African Americans
2998:Americo-Liberians
2983:African Americans
2955:
2954:
2778:Sudanese refugees
2579:
2578:
2349:Seminole freedmen
2329:Cherokee freedmen
2310:Black Southerners
2285:African Americans
2233:African Americans
1893:
1892:
1651:
1650:
1624:
1623:
1331:Slavery in Brazil
654:978-1-56858-971-8
503:Benedita da Silva
477:. Currently, the
253:Maria Luiza Piriá
202:live in poverty.
119:
118:
111:
93:
3288:
3266:Maroons (people)
3238:
3237:
3228:
3227:
2968:
2967:
2356:Creoles of color
2339:Choctaw freedmen
2305:Black Mennonites
2238:Black Mennonites
2085:Jamaican Maroons
2041:Samaná Americans
1952:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1927:African diaspora
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1852:colonial history
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1601:
1600:
1393:Racial democracy
1383:Racial whitening
1307:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1228:
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766:
765:
739:
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717:
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695:
694:
692:
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680:"Brasil de Fato"
676:
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640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
615:
609:
608:
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605:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
563:
479:executive branch
423:The election of
337:Milestone thesis
174:that existed in
151:
146:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3296:
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3291:
3290:
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3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3212:
3186:Genetic history
3111:
3105:
3081:
3075:
3055:United Kingdom
3029:
3008:Afro-Brazilians
2963:
2961:
2951:
2935:
2840:
2831:
2744:
2587:
2575:
2435:
2429:
2300:Alabama Creoles
2220:
2214:
2146:
2140:
1945:
1929:
1924:
1894:
1889:
1861:Slave rebellion
1812:
1702:Black Seminoles
1687:
1682:
1652:
1647:
1620:
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1487:
1454:
1397:
1317:
1311:
1262:
1260:Further reading
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900:BBC News Brasil
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600:(in Portuguese)
598:Repórter Brasil
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374:Afro-Brazilians
363:President Temer
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220:Serra da Bariga
208:
144:
115:
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52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3196:Pan-Africanism
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3188:
3183:
3181:Creole peoples
3178:
3173:
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2899:
2897:Black Dutchmen
2889:
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2872:
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2713:United Kingdom
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2665:
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2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2344:Creek freedmen
2341:
2336:
2331:
2317:
2315:Black Hispanic
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2281:United States
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
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2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2186:Miskito people
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
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2161:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
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2126:
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2043:
2038:
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2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1994:Cayman Islands
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1971:
1966:
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1818:
1817:Related topics
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1698:United States
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1515:
1513:Black movement
1510:
1503:
1497:
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1486:
1485:
1483:Tambor de Mina
1480:
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1325:
1319:
1318:
1314:Afro-Brazilian
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1229:
1204:
1177:
1167:
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1097:
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1079:
1053:
1028:
1003:
989:
979:. 5 March 2018
964:
954:. 5 March 2018
939:
929:. 6 March 2018
911:
886:
861:
837:
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684:Brasil de Fato
668:
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610:
584:
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437:
425:Jair Bolsonaro
420:
417:
353:President Lula
348:
345:
309:
306:
292:
289:
284:Main article:
281:
278:
272:
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261:Benedita Pinto
244:
241:
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228:
207:
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154:Afro-Brazilian
117:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3293:
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3047:
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3042:
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3038:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:Sierra Leone
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:Afro-American
2958:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
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2907:
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2900:
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2798:
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2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:French Guiana
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
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2449:
2446:
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2432:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Somali Bantus
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
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2359:
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2345:
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2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:Black Indians
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Affrilachians
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:New Brunswick
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:Miskito Sambu
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Dougla people
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
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2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:Ganga-Longoba
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
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1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
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1961:
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1947:Latin America
1943:
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1932:
1928:
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1914:
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1907:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1884:
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1879:
1876:
1874:
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1867:
1866:United States
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
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1850:
1848:
1845:
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1842:United States
1840:
1838:
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1800:
1797:
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1779:
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32:This article
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2947:Saint Helena
2883:in Karnataka
2800:Saudi Arabia
2467:
2368:Brass Ankles
2009:Cape Verdean
1798:
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1507:Frente Negra
1505:
1430:Funk carioca
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1043:. 2023-11-23
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977:The Guardian
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952:The Guardian
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876:. 2018-02-13
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572:the original
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439:2023-present
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156:resident of
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99:October 2015
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58:"Quilombola"
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3206:Reparations
3171:Black power
2919:New Zealand
2750:Middle East
2703:Switzerland
2663:Netherlands
2378:Dominickers
2253:Nova Scotia
2171:El Salvador
2102:Saint Lucia
2092:Puerto Rico
1551:Quilombolas
1360:Malê revolt
523:2022 census
394:gold miners
200:quilombolas
172:plantations
127:quilombolas
3255:Categories
3139:Coromantee
2554:Paramaccan
2468:Quilombola
2408:Melungeons
2166:Costa Rica
2075:Coromantee
1799:Quilombola
1774:Paramaccan
1588:Barbadians
1248:2023-09-23
1223:2023-09-23
1073:2024-04-04
1047:2024-04-04
1022:2024-01-06
983:2021-01-06
958:2021-01-06
933:2021-01-06
905:2018-12-01
880:2018-12-01
855:2018-12-01
809:2024-04-05
715:2021-01-02
690:2021-01-02
629:2021-01-02
604:2010-07-23
578:2010-07-23
553:References
485:land. The
483:indigenous
184:quilombola
140:quilombola
125:Brazilian
69:newspapers
2960:Secondary
2924:Sri Lanka
2902:Mardijker
2892:Indonesia
2863:Hong Kong
2858:Guangzhou
2848:Australia
2795:Palestine
2723:Liverpool
2718:Cambridge
2571:Venezuela
2443:Argentina
2198:Nicaragua
2176:Guatemala
1956:Caribbean
1934:Geography
1808:Mauritius
1725:Honduras
1576:Nigerians
1473:Quimbanda
1468:Candomblé
1350:Quilombos
663:895700030
419:2019-2022
351:In 2003,
347:2003-2018
341:Lei Áurea
308:1988-2003
298:squatters
216:Aqualtune
180:abolition
3281:Quilombo
3230:Category
3080:Asia and
3049:Haitians
3004:Nigeria
2994:Liberia
2964:diaspora
2940:Atlantic
2914:Malaysia
2815:Africans
2733:Scotland
2678:Portugal
2599:Abkhazia
2559:Saramaka
2534:Suriname
2524:Paraguay
2512:Saramaka
2480:Colombia
2458:Kalungas
2388:Garifuna
2324:Freedmen
2275:Mascogos
2208:Cimarrón
2181:Honduras
2159:Garifuna
2129:Merikins
2112:Garifuna
2026:Dominica
1984:Barbados
1964:Anguilla
1942:Americas
1794:Quilombo
1784:Kalungas
1759:Saramaka
1744:Suriname
1740:Guianas
1729:Garifuna
1707:Mascogos
1604:Diaspora
1593:Haitians
1571:Angolans
1556:Kalungas
1528:Feminism
1493:Politics
1460:Religion
1435:Maracatu
1425:Capoeira
1346:Mocambos
762:62236622
623:Amazônia
547:Quilombo
536:See also
475:Congress
409:hectares
230:Palmares
224:Palmares
196:Palmares
192:quilombo
159:quilombo
152:) is an
131:Brasília
3240:Commons
3201:Slavery
3191:Maroons
3110:Related
3082:Oceania
3040:France
2929:Kaffirs
2841:Oceania
2708:Ukraine
2683:Romania
2653:Ireland
2636:Germany
2619:Finland
2614:Denmark
2609:Belgium
2604:Austria
2566:Uruguay
2544:Matawai
2492:Ecuador
2463:Macombo
2448:Bolivia
2436:America
2258:Ontario
2221:America
2147:America
2145:Central
2070:Jamaica
2058:Marabou
2048:Grenada
2021:Curaçao
1989:Bermuda
1979:Bahamas
1789:Macombo
1780:Brazil
1769:Matawai
1721:Jamaica
1685:Maroons
1629:Related
1563:Cafuzos
1478:Umbanda
1415:Cafundó
1403:Culture
1388:Favelas
1323:History
927:Reuters
846:"D4887"
542:Maroons
471:PEC 215
206:History
198:. Many
83:scholar
3159:Yoruba
3112:topics
3089:Israel
3034:Europe
2979:Ghana
2972:Africa
2810:Turkey
2785:Jordan
2768:Israel
2728:London
2698:Sweden
2688:Russia
2673:Poland
2668:Norway
2646:Blacks
2641:Greece
2624:France
2590:Blacks
2585:Europe
2549:Ndyuka
2539:Kwinti
2519:Guyana
2507:Ndyuka
2485:Raizal
2453:Brazil
2418:Yoruba
2403:Lumbee
2383:Fulani
2361:Gullah
2270:Mexico
2228:Canada
2203:Panama
2154:Belize
2063:Marron
2036:Cocolo
1827:Brazil
1764:Kwinti
1754:Ndyuka
1736:Panama
1546:Pardos
1518:Racism
1316:topics
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358:decree
237:Lisbon
178:until
176:Brazil
164:Brazil
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3149:Kongo
3101:Japan
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2909:Japan
2878:Siddi
2853:China
2827:Yemen
2805:Syria
2738:Wales
2693:Spain
2658:Italy
2629:Paris
2502:Aluku
2475:Chile
2434:South
2393:Igbos
2219:North
2080:Igbos
2053:Haiti
2004:Arará
1974:Aruba
1847:Trade
1749:Aluku
1616:Tabom
1440:Samba
1420:Afoxé
1407:music
828:(PDF)
321:INCRA
188:Zumbi
90:JSTOR
76:books
3144:Igbo
3013:Saro
2837:Asia
2790:Oman
2763:Iraq
2758:Iran
2529:Peru
1999:Cuba
1611:Saro
1405:and
1175:p.10
758:OCLC
748:ISBN
659:OCLC
649:ISBN
527:The
405:Pará
263:and
243:Mola
194:was
186:was
62:news
2839:and
1193:doi
411:of
45:by
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