693:. From 1905 to 1910, she had actually been a member of that organization's Washington, D.C. chapter as an Oberlin graduate. However, she let her membership lapse due to growing involvement in other civic commitments. By the time she sought reinstatement in 1946, the chapter had become all-White and refused her application. Terrell appealed the matter to the national office which affirmed her eligibility, but the D.C. chapter changed its rules to make membership contingent on approval from its board of directors. After the chapter refused to amend its bylaws, the AAUW's national office filed a lawsuit in federal district court on Terrell's behalf, but lost the case. This led to the overwhelming passage at the organization's 1949 convention of an anti-discrimination requirement. Incidentally, a number of the Washington, D.C. chapter's White members subsequently resigned in protest and formed their own organization, the University Women's Club of Washington. In 1948 Terrell won the anti-discrimination lawsuit (against the AAUW) and regained her membership, becoming the first black member after the exclusion of people of color within the DC chapter.
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addressed the "double burden" African
American women were facing. Terrell believed that, when compared to Euro-American women, African American women had to overcome not only their sex, but race as well. The speech received great reception from the Association and African-American news outlets, ultimately leading Terrell to be invited back as an unofficial African-American ambassador for the Association. Though many African-American women were concerned and involved in the fight for American women's right to vote, the NAWSA did not allow African-American women to create their own chapter within the organization. Terrell went on to give more addresses, such as "In Union There is Strength", which discussed the need for unity among African-American people, and "What it Means to be Colored in the Capital of the U.S.", in which she discussed her own personal struggles that she faced as an African American woman in Washington, D.C. Terrell also addressed the Seneca Falls Historical Society in 1908 and praised the work of woman suffragists who were fighting for all races and genders alongside their primary causes.
474:, Terrell recalls how she was able to navigate her college years at the predominantly White-attended Oberlin with a sense of ease due to her racial ambiguity. She never passed as White at Oberlin, which was founded by abolitionists and accepted both Euro-American and African-American students even before the Civil War. In fact, her gender made her stand out more in her predominantly male classes. In subsequent years, it can be noted that she understood her mobility as a Euro-American-passing African-American woman as necessary to creating greater links between African-Americans and Euro-American Americans, thus leading her to become an active voice in NAWSA.
463:, an association which Terrell describes in her biography as "delightful, helpful friendship," which lasted until Anthony's death in 1906. Terrell also came to know Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1893 around the same time she met Susan B. Anthony. What grew out of Terrell's association with NAWSA was a desire to create a formal organizing group among African-American women to tackle issues of lynching, the disenfranchisement of the race, and the development of educational reform. As one of the few African-American women who was allowed to attend NAWSA's meetings, Terrell spoke directly about the injustices and issues within the African-American community.
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622:'s inaugural gala. She became especially close with Douglass and worked with him on several civil rights campaigns. One of these campaigns includes a petition both Terrell and Douglass signed, in 1893, in hopes of a hearing of statement regarding lawless cases where black individuals in certain states were not receiving due process of law. Shortly after her marriage to Robert Terrell, she considered retiring from activism to focus on family life. Douglass, making the case that her talent was too immense to go unused, persuaded her to stay in public life.
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mixed descent and her paternal grandfather was
Captain Charles B. Church, a Euro-American steamship owner and operator from Virginia. After working for wages as a steward on his father's ship, Robert Church continued to accumulate wealth by investing in real estate, and purchased his first property in Memphis in 1866. He made his fortune by buying property after the city was depopulated following the 1878
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285:, the first college in the United States to accept African American and female students. She was one of the first African American women to graduate with a Bachelor’s degree, rather than a 2-year ladies’ degree. The freshman class nominated her as class poet, and she was elected to two of the college's literary societies. She also served as an editor of
854:, she returned to her work at the M Street High School where she rekindled her romance with Robert. While she had been away, Robert became a lawyer, though it is speculated that he regretted leaving his teacher job but he wanted to have an income in which he could afford to propose to Mary and support their life together.
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proprietors "to serve any respectable, well-behaved person regardless of color, or face a $ 1,000 fine and forfeiture of their license." In 1949, Terrell and colleagues Clark F. King, Essie
Thompson, and Arthur F. Elmer entered the segregated Thompson Restaurant. When refused service, they promptly filed a
528:(she identified as a writer). In the 1880s and 1890s she sometimes used the pen name Euphemia Kirk to publish in both the black and White press promoting the African American Women's Club Movement. She wrote for a variety of newspapers "published either by or in the interest of colored people," such as the
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under the name
Federation of Afro-American Women. As both organizations had similar ambitions and audiences, they combined their efforts with hundreds of other organizations to reach a wider focus of African-American women workers, students and activists nearing the beginning of the 20th century. Out
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in 1884. She earned her degree in classics. She wrote that some of her friends tried to dissuade her from taking this degree, which included the study of Greek, on the grounds that Greek was in their view hard and that it would be hard to find an
African-American man who had studied it. She graduated
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In 1913, Alice Paul organized a NAWSA suffrage rally where she initially planned to exclude Black suffragists and later relegated them to the back of the parade in order to curry favor with
Southern Euro-American women. However, Terrell and Ida B. Wells fought to integrate the march. Terrell marched
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February 18, 1898, Terrell gave an address titled "The Progress of Colored Women" at the National American Woman Suffrage Association biennial session in Washington, D.C. This speech was a call of action for NAWSA to fight for the lives of Black women. It was also during this session that Terrell
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Church's mother, Louisa Ayres, is believed to be one of the first
African American women to establish and maintain a hair salon, frequented by well-to-do residents of Memphis. Ayres was a successful entrepreneur at a time when most women did not own businesses. She is credited with having encouraged
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Church's father was married three times. His first marriage, to
Margaret Pico Church, began in 1857, ended in 1862, and produced one child, Laura. Robert then married Louisa Ayers in 1862. Mary Church Terrell and her brother Thomas Ayres Church (1867–1937) were both products of this marriage, which
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after the Civil War, during the
Reconstruction Era. Her father, Robert Reed Church, was a businessman who became one of the first African American millionaires in the southern states and her mother, Louisa Ayers, was a hair stylist who owned her own hair salon. Her paternal great-grandmother was of
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Mary's miscarriage had lasting effects on her marriage to Robert; she suffered long-term health complications which sent her into a deep depression. Prior to her miscarriage, she had learned of her friend Thomas' lynching, and not long after learning of his death and losing her child, she began to
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Upon returning to the United States, Church shifted her attention from teaching to social activism, focusing especially on the empowerment of African-American women. She also wrote prolifically, including an autobiography, and her writing was published in several journals. "Lynching from a Negro's
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to attend Oberlin public school from eight grade to the end of her high school education in 1879. Terrell remained in Oberlin throughout her college career, opting to take the four-year “gentleman’s course” instead of the expected two-year ladies’ course, earning her B.A. in 1884 and her M.A. in
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in Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African American community. Cook was elected president. The Colored Women's League aided in elevating the lives of educated African-American women. It also started a
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In 1950, Terrell started what would be a successful fight to integrate eating places in the District of Columbia. In the 1890s the District of Columbia had formalized segregation, as did states in the South. Before then, local integration laws dating to the 1870s had required all eating-place
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in order to practice her language proficiency contain proof of correspondence with other men besides Robert. In Robert's courting letters to Mary, he mentions other women as well, though it is undetermined whether he mentioned them to make Mary jealous or for other reasons.
835:. The couple first met in Washington, DC, when Robert visited the home of Dr. John Francis, where Mary was living. Soon after meeting, Francis offered Mary the opportunity to teach at the M Street High School, in the Greek and Latin Department, which Robert was the head of.
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eating places in Washington, DC, were unconstitutional. Terrell was a leader and spokesperson for the Coordinating Committee for the Enforcement of the District of Columbia Anti-Discrimmination Laws which gave her the platform to lead this case successfully.
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In 1910, Terrell founded the College Alumnae Club, which later became the National Association of University Women (NAUW). The League started a training program and kindergarten before being included in the Washington, DC public school system.
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Terrell aligned the African-American Women's Club Movement with the broader struggle of black women and black people for equality. In 1892, she was elected as the first woman president of the prominent Washington DC black debate organization
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Point of View," published in 1904, is included in Terrell's long list of published work where she attempts to dismantle the skewed narrative of why Black men are targeted for lynching and she presents numerous facts to support her claims.
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training program and kindergarten, before these were included in the Washington, DC public schools. Combined with her achievements as a principal, the success of the League's educational initiatives led to Terrell's appointment to the
304:. Together, these three Oberlin graduates grew to become lifelong colleagues and highly regarded activists in the movement towards racial and gender equality in the United States. Continuing her studies at Oberlin, Terrell earned her
633:. She was the only black woman at the conference. She received an enthusiastic ovation when she honored the host nation by delivering her address in German. She delivered the speech in French, and concluded with the English version.
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in the state. After 2 years of teaching in Ohio, Church moved to Washington, D.C. to accept a position in the Latin Department at the M Street School. She took a leave of absence from teaching in 1888 to travel and study in
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in 1891, she was forced to resign from her position at the M Street School where her husband also taught. In 1895 she was appointed superintendent of the M Street High School, becoming the first woman to hold this post.
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paid tribute to Terrell's memory in a letter read to the NACW convention on August 1, writing: "For more than 60 years, her great gifts were dedicated to the betterment of humanity, and she left a truly inspiring
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After the age of 80, Terrell continued to participate in picket lines, protesting the segregation of restaurants and theaters. During her senior years, she also succeeded in persuading the local chapter of the
197:. In 1895, she was the first African-American woman in the United States to be appointed to the school board of a major city, serving in the District of Columbia until 1906. Terrell was a charter member of the
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suffer physically and mentally. Eventually, Terrell began to focus on anti-lynching activism and spoke publicly about black women's health, utilizing her past trauma and experiences to inform her message.
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Prior to being engaged in a committed relationship, both Mary and Robert showed interest in pursuing others as romantic partners. Documentation from Mary's diary and letters that she wrote in both
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Around the same time, another group of progressive African-American women were gathering in Boston, Massachusetts under the direction of suffragist and intellectual
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during the first election in which American women won the right to vote. The Southern states from 1890 to 1908 passed voter registration and election laws that
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Brawley, Benjamin. The Negro Genius: a New Appraisal of the Achievement of the American Negro in Literature and the Fine Arts. Dodd Mead & Co., 1937.
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Having been an avid suffragist during her years as an Oberlin student, Terrell continued to be active in the happenings within suffragist circles in the
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Perkins, Linda M. (October 1990). "The National Association of College Women: Vanguard of Black Women'S Leadership and Education, 1923-1954".
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Church attended Antioch College Model School from 1871 to 1874, starting at the age of eight. In 1875, Mary’s parents moved her to
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Wade-Gayles, Gloria (1981). "Black Women Journalists in the South, 1880-1905: An Approach to the Study of Black Women's History".
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Uplifting the Women and the Race: The Educational Philosophies and Social Activism of Anna Julia Cooper and Nannie Helen Burroughs
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Historians have generally emphasized Terrell's role as a community leader and civil rights and women's rights activist during the
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Watson, Martha Solomon (2009). "Mary Church Terrell vs. Thomas Nelson Page: Gender, Race, and Class in Anti-Lynching Rhetoric".
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Through family connections and social networking, Terrell met many influential African-American activists of her day, including
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1933 – At Oberlin College's centennial celebration, Terrell was recognized among the college's "Top 100 Outstanding Alumni".
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Terrell experienced a late-term miscarriage, still-birth, and had one baby who died just after birth before their daughter
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Parker, Alison M. (Spring 2013). "'The Picture of Health': The Public Life and Private Ailments of Mary Church Terrell".
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2009 – Terrell was among 12 pioneers of civil rights commemorated in a United States Postal Service postage stamp series.
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Martinez, Donna. “Terrell, Mary Church: A to Z of Women: American Women Leaders and Activists – Credo Reference.” 2016.
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Mary Church Terrell Elementary School at 3301 Wheeler Road, SE in Washington, DC was named in her honor, closed in 2013.
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McCluskey, Audrey Thomas (March 1999). "Setting the Standard: Mary Church Terrell's Last Campaign for Social Justice".
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Board of Education which she held from 1895 to 1906. She was the first African-American woman to hold such a position.
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Jones, Beverly W. (April 1982). "Mary Church Terrell and the National Association of Colored Women, 1896 to 1901".
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Jones, Beverly W. (April 1982). "Mary Church Terrell and the National Association of Colored Women, 1896 to 1901".
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Shaw, Esther Popel (January 1941). "Mary Church Terrell and H. G. Wells, A Colored Woman in a White World".
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Patient Persistence: The Political and Educational Values of Anna Julia Cooper and Mary Church Terrell
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in Alabama. At the age of 17, when she was enrolled at Oberlin, her father introduced her to activist
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As a couple, Mary and Robert ran in many academic circles; Robert was a leader in the Washington D.C
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2093:"Document 4: Terrell Receives Honorary Degree from Oberlin College – Digitizing American Feminisms"
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663:. Terrell was a delegate to the International Peace Conference after the end of the war. While in
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was the other) invited to sign the "Call" and to attend the first organizational meeting of the
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Parker, Alison M. (2020). "Mary Church Terrell: Black Suffragist and Civil Rights Activist."
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Mary Church Terrell: Black Suffragist and Civil Rights Activist (U.S. National Park Service)
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Terrell worked actively in the women's suffrage movement, which pushed for enactment of the
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Shelby County, Tennessee, Property Records LR 55, page 95. Shelby County Register of Deeds.
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2292:"National Women's Hall of Fame Virtual Induction Series Inaugural Event December 10, 2020"
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2215:"Mary Church Terrell Elementary School (Closed 2008) Profile (2018–19) | New Orleans, LA"
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505:. These restrictions were not fully overturned until after Congressional passage of the
278:(1885–1952) and Annette (1887–1975), were born to Robert Sr.'s third wife, Anna Wright.
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Quest for equality : the life and writings of Mary Eliza Church Terrell, 1863–1954
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Quest for equality : the life and writings of Mary Eliza Church Terrell, 1863–1954
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epidemic. He is considered to be the first African-American millionaire in the South.
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White, Gloria M. (September 1979). "Mary Church Terrell: Organizer Of Black Women".
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White, Gloria M. (September 1979). "Mary Church Terrell: Organizer Of Black Women".
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2018 – Oberlin College named its main library the Mary Church Terrell Main Library.
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Culp, Daniel Wallace. Twentieth Century Negro Literature. Chadwyck-Healey, 1987.
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Charter member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofwlaase/terrell_mary_church/0
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992:"Peonage in the United States: The Convict Lease System and the Chain Gangs",
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1921:(2nd ed.). The City University of New York: The Feminist Press. p.
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When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America
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was named Mary Church Terrell Elementary School. It was severely damaged in
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1948 – Oberlin awarded Terrell the honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.
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Quest for Equality: The Life and Writings of Mary Eliza Church Terrell.
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15 Public Schools to be Closed in DC, Washington Examiner, Jan 17, 2013
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Tate, Claudia C.; Sterling, Dorothy. "Black Foremothers: Three Lives".
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Terrell, Mary Church (1904). "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View".
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sorority. She helped write its oath and became an honorary member.
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of mixed racial ancestry. Her parents were prominent members of the
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974:"What It Means to Be Colored in the Capital of the United States",
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In 1909, Terrell was one of two African-American women (journalist
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Black Women in the Ivory Tower, 1850–1954: An Intellectual History
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Black Women in the Ivory Tower, 1850–1954: An Intellectual History
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Black women's clubs and the National Association of Colored Women
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One of the first African-American women to earn a college degree
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Presidents of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs
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Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women.
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Chapter, and a part of the Music, Social, and Literary Club.
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in Education four years later, in 1888, becoming (along with
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100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
929:"The Washington Conservatory of Music for Colored People",
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2346:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 31–55.
1445:. Blanchester, Ohio: The Brown Publishing Co. p. 143.
1388:"Mary Church Terrell (September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954)"
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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The story of her life is retold in the 1949 radio drama "
2602:"Dignity and Defiance: A Portrait of Mary Church Terrell"
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A History and an Interpretation of Wilberforce University
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A marker honoring Mary Church Terrell in Washington, D.C.
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disenfranchised African-Americans of their right to vote
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Founding member of National Association of Colored Women
2331:. Howard University, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
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Jessie Carney Smith, ed., "Robert Reed Church Sr.", in
389:(1940), accounts her personal experiences with racism.
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Church began her career in education in 1885, teaching
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Members of the District of Columbia Board of Education
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Smith, Jessie Carney (1992). "Josephine Beall Bruce".
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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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173:; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was an American
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African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote.
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Unceasing Militant: The Life of Mary Church Terrell
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Unceasing Militant: The Life of Mary Church Terrell
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Unceasing Militant: The Life of Mary Church Terrell
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Unceasing Militant: The Life of Mary Church Terrell
2342:Parker, Alison M. (2020). "Love and Partnership".
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965:"A Plea for the White South by a Colored Woman",
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1744:. Washington, D.C.: Humanity Books. p. 185.
827:On October 18, 1891, in Memphis, Church married
2521:Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
850:However, once Mary returned from her travel in
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2116:"Mrs. Eisenhower Lauds Work of Mrs. Terrell,"
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2576:, Digital Library, Tennessee State University
2554:. "Restaurant's Right to Bar Negroes Upheld."
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2411:. Washington, DC: Ransdell, Inc. Publishers.
790:included Mary Church Terrell on his list of
704:District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.
689:Terrell was instrumental in integrating the
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225:Mary Church was born in the year of 1863 in
3008:Activists for African-American civil rights
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1358:. University Press of Florida. p. 77.
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205:of Washington (1892). She helped found the
177:, journalist, teacher and one of the first
2672:
2658:
1953:. Cleveland, Ohio. Mar 11, 1893. p. 2
1398:
1242:
1137:. The University of North Carolina Press.
361:for two years, where she became fluent in
29:
2418:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
2388:
2052:
2017:"Mary Church Terrell: a capital crusader"
808:, closed in 2008, and demolished in 2012.
296:alongside African-American intellectuals
2560:. "Assails Mrs. Terrell". June 19, 1904.
2483:. University of California at Riverside.
1912:
1809:
1440:
1318:
822:
744:
718:American Association of University Women
691:American Association of University Women
319:
216:
3113:Black conservatism in the United States
2620:
2610:"Mary Church Terrell: Online Resources"
2014:
1971:
1837:
1781:
1739:
1176:
908:
776:neighborhood of Washington was named a
274:ended in divorce. Their half-siblings,
134: 1891; died 1925)
3093:International Congress of Women people
2990:
2514:New York: The Feminist Press, 119–148.
2374:
2341:
2322:
2148:. Prometheus Books. pp. 275–278.
2143:
2033:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1621:(v1 ed.). Gale Research. p.
1534:
1269:
1239:1 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1999), 202.
1132:
1003:"Phyllis Wheatley – An African Genius"
868:was born in 1898. She was named after
602:Bethel Literary and Historical Society
3098:American women civil rights activists
2953:Women's suffrage in the United States
2653:
2435:
1862:
1754:
1662:
1612:
1407:
1353:
814:2020 – Terrell was inducted into the
441:National Association of Colored Women
212:
207:National Association of Colored Women
3103:20th-century African-American people
2679:
1865:Equity & Excellence in Education
1757:Equity & Excellence in Education
1577:
1229:
740:
524:She also had a prolific career as a
3108:20th-century African-American women
3088:American people of Malagasy descent
2297:. November 11, 2020. Archived from
1883:
1842:. Pantianos Classics. p. vii.
1083:Black suffrage in the United States
534:of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the
451:Fighting for Black women's suffrage
324:Painting of Mary Church Terrell by
13:
2401:
1500:Jones, Beverly Washington (1990).
1456:Jones, Beverly Washington (1990).
671:and his wife at their invitation.
354:African Methodist Episcopal Church
14:
3129:
3023:Activists from Memphis, Tennessee
3018:Educators from Memphis, Tennessee
2915:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
2586:
2574:"Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954)"
2189:"New Orleans schools in disarray"
2015:Quigley, Joan (9 February 2016).
1786:. Pantianos Classics. p. v.
1707:"Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954)"
1036:"I Remember Frederick Douglass",
737:near her home in Highland Beech.
87:Civil rights activist, journalist
3028:People from Yellow Springs, Ohio
2898:
2409:A Colored Woman in a White World
2329:Manuscript Division Finding Aids
2270:Oberlin College and Conservatory
1742:A Colored Woman In A White World
1179:"Biography: Mary Church Terrell"
1067:
1053:
1031:A Colored Woman in a White World
655:, Terrell was involved with the
472:A Colored Woman In A White World
387:A Colored Woman in a White World
191:Paul Laurence Dunbar High School
2627:National Women's History Museum
2512:Black Foremothers: Three Lives.
2432:, New York: Garland Publishing.
2425:. New York: G.K. Hall & Co.
2377:Journal of Historical Biography
2368:
2335:
2316:
2284:
2258:
2232:
2207:
2181:
2162:
2137:
2125:
2110:
2085:
2073:
2046:
2034:Mansky, Jackie (June 8, 2016).
2027:
2008:
1965:
1939:
1906:
1897:
1856:
1831:
1818:
1775:
1748:
1733:
1724:
1699:
1656:
1647:
1606:
1571:
1528:
1493:
1484:
1449:
1434:
1412:. University Press of Florida.
1380:
1347:
1321:Black American Literature Forum
1300:National Women's History Museum
1183:National Women's History Museum
1114:National Women's History Museum
627:International Congress of Women
375:Robert "Berto" Heberton Terrell
344:founded collaboratively by the
131:
3038:African-American women writers
2067:10.1080/00064246.1999.11430962
1917:Black Foremothers: Three Lives
1312:
1288:
1220:
1195:
1126:
892:"Club Work of Colored Women",
792:100 Greatest African Americans
610:, director of the influential
584:. She also contributed to the
512:
281:Church majored in Classics at
1:
3063:Washington, D.C., Republicans
2865:Evelyn Wotherspoon Wainwright
1840:The Progress of Colored Women
1838:Terrell, Mary Church (1898).
1784:The Progress of Colored Women
1782:Terrell, Mary Church (1898).
1740:Terrell, Mary Church (1940).
1462:. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Pub.
816:National Women's Hall of Fame
402:In 1892, Terrell, along with
233:and Louisa Ayres, both freed
3033:African-American suffragists
2800:Sophie Gooding Rose Meredith
2438:The Journal of Negro History
2414:Cooper, Brittney C. (2017).
2323:Harbin, Denise (June 1980).
2144:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002).
1665:The Journal of Negro History
1580:The Journal of Negro History
1441:McGinnis, Frederick (1941).
1408:Evans, Stephanie Y. (2008).
1354:Evans, Stephanie Y. (2008).
1088:
978:, October 10, 1906, 181–186.
422:and Evelyn Shaw, formed the
7:
2580:"Mary Eliza Church Terrell"
2510:Sterling, Dorothy. (1988).
1537:Rhetoric and Public Affairs
1237:Notable Black American Men,
1046:
726:Brown v. Board of Education
436:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
392:
10:
3134:
2486:Parker, Alison M. (2020).
1986:10.1177/002205749017200305
1913:Sterling, Dorothy (1988).
1133:Parker, Alison M. (2020).
1013:(7): 221–223. October 1928
998:62 (August 1907), 306–322.
896:, August 8, 1901, 435–438.
778:National Historic Landmark
657:War Camp Community Service
538:of Hampton, Virginia; the
342:historically Black college
3068:Delta Sigma Theta members
2923:
2907:
2896:
2687:
2517:Terborg-Penn, R. (1998).
1207:www.greatercentennial.org
933:(November 1904), 525–530.
911:The North American Review
770:Mary Church Terrell house
582:Norfolk Journal and Guide
507:Voting Rights Act of 1965
439:of this union formed the
385:Terrell's autobiography,
315:
152:
141:
113:
103:
91:
83:
75:
56:
37:
28:
21:
3043:African-American writers
2178:, USPS official website.
1877:10.1080/0020486790170501
1810:Giddings, Paula (1984).
1769:10.1080/0020486790170501
936:"Purity and the Negro",
889:(January 1900), 340–354.
879:
731:Highland Beach, Maryland
720:to admit black members.
2885:Margaret Fay Whittemore
2830:Elizabeth Selden Rogers
2765:Alison Turnbull Hopkins
2637:", a presentation from
2621:Michals, Debra (2017).
2582:, Afro-American History
2428:Johnson, K. A. (2000).
2122:, August 2, 1954, p. 6.
1270:Parker, Alison (2020).
1177:Michals, Debra (2017).
829:Robert Heberton Terrell
587:Washington Evening Star
416:Charlotte Forten Grimké
254:her daughter to attend
120:Robert Heberton Terrell
3013:Oberlin College alumni
2931:National Woman's Party
2760:Florence Bayard Hilles
2503:National Park Service.
2119:The Charleston Gazette
2080:Current Biography 1942
1617:Notable American women
1033:(1940), autobiography.
985:on the Race Problem",
951:(April 1906), 271–277.
905:(April 1904), 150–156.
887:A. M. E. Church Review
802:Gert Town, New Orleans
750:
424:Colored Women's League
338:Wilberforce University
329:
222:
203:Colored Women's League
2790:Anne Henrietta Martin
2740:Sarah Tarleton Colvin
2623:"Mary Church Terrell"
2570:, Library of Congress
2564:"Mary Church Terrell"
2472:Jones, B. W. (1990).
2423:Lifting as They Climb
2421:Davis, E. L. (1996).
2407:Church, M. T.(1940).
2097:americanfeminisms.org
1903:Terrell, 1940, p. 222
1296:"Mary Church Terrell"
1110:"Mary Church Terrell"
962:(June 1906), 411–416.
958:, the Abolitionist",
823:Marriage and children
748:
578:North American Review
499:presidential campaign
323:
291:. Terrell earned her
220:
175:civil rights activist
3058:American suffragists
3053:Maryland Republicans
2755:Matilda Hall Gardner
2362:chapter 2748171
2219:Public School Review
2040:Smithsonian Magazine
1974:Journal of Education
1947:"Doings Of The Race"
1203:"Greater Centennial"
1075:United States portal
989:(July 1907), 327–330
945:Paul Laurence Dunbar
638:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
608:Booker T. Washington
541:Indianapolis Freeman
531:A.M.E. Church Review
429:District of Columbia
408:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
326:Betsy Graves Reyneau
260:Yellow Springs, Ohio
3078:Activists from Ohio
2870:Amelia Himes Walker
2850:Mary Church Terrell
2825:Alice Gram Robinson
2725:Lucy Gwynne Branham
2640:Destination Freedom
2614:Library of Congress
2604:(documentary film).
981:"An Interview with
971:(July 1906), 70–84.
940:(June 1905), 19–25.
735:Annapolis, Maryland
420:Mary Jane Patterson
221:Mary Church Terrell
68:Annapolis, Maryland
23:Mary Church Terrell
2959:Jailed for Freedom
2943:Occoquan Workhouse
2529:(11/13): 138–152.
2304:on October 9, 2022
2195:. 21 November 2005
2174:2009-05-08 at the
1549:10.1353/rap.0.0102
1394:. January 5, 2021.
995:Nineteenth Century
987:Voice of the Negro
968:Nineteenth Century
960:Voice of the Negro
949:Voice of the Negro
931:Voice of the Negro
902:Voice of the Negro
788:Molefi Kete Asante
760:1954 – First Lady
751:
667:, she stayed with
616:Frederick Douglass
612:Tuskegee Institute
569:Voice of the Negro
552:Washington Tribune
550:of Baltimore; the
482:sorority women of
330:
288:The Oberlin Review
231:Robert Reed Church
227:Memphis, Tennessee
223:
213:Life and education
185:Department at the
157:Robert Reed Church
49:Memphis, Tennessee
45:September 23, 1863
2985:
2984:
2967:Iron Jawed Angels
2880:Sue Shelton White
2715:Mary Ritter Beard
2496:978-1-4696-5938-1
2390:20.500.12648/2378
2358:Project MUSE
2353:978-1-4696-5940-4
2155:978-1-57392-963-9
2055:The Black Scholar
1951:Cleveland Gazette
1932:978-0-935312-89-8
1849:978-1-987693-77-5
1793:978-1-987693-77-5
1632:978-0-8103-4749-6
1424:Project MUSE
1419:978-0-8130-4520-7
1392:National Archives
1370:Project MUSE
1365:978-0-8130-4520-7
1281:978-1-4696-5938-1
1157:Project MUSE
1144:978-1-4696-5940-4
806:Hurricane Katrina
741:Legacy and honors
646:Delta Sigma Theta
495:Warren G. Harding
484:Howard University
480:Delta Sigma Theta
412:Anna Julie Cooper
310:Anna Julia Cooper
298:Anna Julia Cooper
293:bachelor's degree
164:
163:
3125:
3048:American writers
2902:
2845:Betty Gram Swing
2835:Caroline Spencer
2775:Mary Hall Ingham
2710:Abby Scott Baker
2700:Nina E. Allender
2681:Silent Sentinels
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1063:
1061:Biography portal
1058:
1057:
1056:
1025:Phyllis Wheatley
1022:
1020:
1018:
1007:Star of the West
956:Susan B. Anthony
926:
917:(571): 853–868.
894:Southern Workman
870:Phillis Wheatley
762:Mamie Eisenhower
661:black servicemen
557:Chicago Defender
536:Southern Workman
491:Republican Party
461:Susan B. Anthony
346:Methodist Church
334:modern languages
258:Model School in
179:African-American
135:
133:
76:Other names
63:
33:
19:
18:
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3132:
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3123:
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3118:NAACP activists
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2919:
2903:
2894:
2875:Ruza Wenclawska
2855:Phyllis Terrell
2810:Katherine Morey
2805:Vida Milholland
2780:Paula O. Jakobi
2735:Iris Calderhead
2683:
2678:
2608:
2600:
2589:
2568:American Memory
2558:Washington Post
2551:Washington Post
2535:10.2307/3043847
2479:Margaret Nash,
2450:10.2307/2717758
2404:
2402:Further reading
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2176:Wayback Machine
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2131:Baye, Richard.
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866:Phyllis Terrell
825:
786:2002 – Scholar
743:
631:Berlin, Germany
593:Washington Post
519:Progressive Era
515:
453:
404:Helen Appo Cook
400:
395:
318:
306:master's degree
283:Oberlin College
256:Antioch College
215:
201:(1909) and the
187:M Street School
159:
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104:Political party
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2948:Prison Special
2945:
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2937:The Suffragist
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2998:1863 births
2970:(2004 film)
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2795:Nell Mercer
2750:Julia Emory
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669:H. G. Wells
653:World War I
513:Integration
328:, 1888–1964
276:Robert, Jr.
239:Black elite
171:Mary Church
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2992:Categories
2820:Alice Paul
2785:Dora Lewis
2730:Lucy Burns
1957:1 December
1717:2019-04-18
1513:0926019198
1469:0926019198
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680:Alice Paul
629:, held in
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2199:April 15,
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1089:Footnotes
153:Parent(s)
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2193:nola.com
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