64:
594:(247 BC – 224 AD) the existence of a proper classification of ranks is unknown, in comparison to the Sasanian royal inscriptions from the 3rd century AD when the aristocracy was divided into four or five ranks;
941:
was moulded into influential "nobility of service" which became the backbone of the
Sasanian state. However, this measures of centralization caused the transfer of the power to the military (the
624:(householders). The Sasanian military organization was more sophisticated than the inherited Parthian system. The caste system wasn't rigid as in India, but the ruling officiers were mostly from
392:
385:
918:
220:
378:
255:
1365:
262:
796:
of the most strategic border provinces, such as the province of
Armenia, were allowed a golden throne. In military campaigns the regional
952:
The
Sasanian social, administrative and military structure and system was inherited by the Medieval Islamic civilization, however, the
1733:
776:
was a provincional function practiced for a single or multiple provinces, but there is no evidence for a "quarter of the empire", as
366:
875:. Some regions enjoyed considerable autonomy while other were militarily more important, for example the Adurbadagan facing the
788:, like most imperial administration, was mostly patrimonial, and was passed down through a single family for generations. The
753:, meaning "guardian of the district", is an uncertain title, seemingly provincial military commanders or governors, while the
1715:
1668:
1640:
1613:
1590:
1566:
1539:
1518:
1498:
1068:
1753:
1630:
811:
changed over the years, with smaller territorial units being part of the civil administration. In the early years the main
1758:
1748:
956:
steadily disappeared depending on the region, as such in Iraq diminished and were replaced by Muslim frontier warriors
733:
was a military title strictly limited to the frontier marches and provinces. The least clear is the distinction with
1061:
The
Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
1011:
1016:
885:
were granted the administration of the border provinces and were responsible for maintaining the security of the
51:
1605:
Theophilus of Edessa's
Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam
351:
852:
685:(550–486 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire. There is some uncertainty for the exact relationship between titles
346:
341:
356:
114:
1578:
Decline and fall of the
Sasanian empire: the Sasanian-Parthian confederacy and the Arab conquest of Iran
828:
521:(family title) for some Iranian families whose ancestor was a marzbān. The prominent Islamic scholar
361:
441:, warden of the marches, and by extension military commanders, in charge of border provinces of the
1582:
824:
17:
1738:
336:
286:
102:
949:
territories quasi-independent fiefs), and led to the eventual disintegration of the Empire.
1343:
605:
305:
960:, while in Khorasan still had special privileges. In generally were replaced by the title
937:, but now generally considered for more central provinces. Also, the previous gentry rank
8:
1743:
1213:
517:
1548:
1148:
984:
666:
536:
914:
1711:
1664:
1636:
1609:
1599:
1586:
1562:
1535:
1514:
1494:
1359:
1064:
832:
587:
563:
555:
295:
142:
979:
872:
860:
544:
310:
136:
1705:
1658:
1646:
1603:
1576:
1552:
1508:
1488:
1484:
844:
816:
591:
446:
442:
55:
1678:
856:
540:
425:
413:
525:, whose formal name is given in Islamic sources as Nu'man ibn Thabit ibn Zuta
1727:
1654:
1626:
1622:
1527:
1510:
Sasanid
Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa
906:
162:
31:
945:
gradually became more independent from the government, while the four large
973:
902:
886:
820:
746:
506:
320:
315:
248:
227:
156:
1558:
1001:
898:
836:
665:
can be dated to the
Parthian Empire, where in the frontier areas such as
481:
35:
901:, and holding the first line of defense against settled enemies such as
926:
840:
781:
522:
300:
131:
126:
120:
96:
83:
78:
1532:
Sassanian Armies: the
Iranian Empire Early 3rd to Mid-7th Centuries AD
673:(marzban), probably an officier in charge of the frontier troops, and
1351:
922:
910:
894:
848:
777:
742:
213:
193:
876:
864:
697:
682:
610:
487:"protector". The word was borrowed from New Persian into Arabic as
438:
269:
241:
206:
42:
27:
Commanders of border provinces in the
Parthian and Sasanian Empires
995:
890:
868:
691:
642:
477:
466:
179:
149:
89:
1332:: W. Hinz, Altiranische Funde und Forschungen, pp. 229–262
1329:
1118:
1116:
1005:
989:
677:, an officier in charge of a fort. Some scholars consider that
616:
276:
234:
186:
108:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1103:
1101:
1464:
1462:
1113:
792:
of greatest seniority were permitted a silver throne, while
1389:
1387:
1260:
1193:
596:
450:
1707:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628
1098:
1040:
721:. The historical sources blur the distinction between the
63:
1459:
1435:
1004:, a noble title which was used in various South European
1423:
1384:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1214:"Class System III: In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods"
757:
meant "guardian of the borders, provinces". Perhaps the
1171:
1169:
1128:
1326:
Einige neuentdeckte Inschriften aus sasanidischer Zeit
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1238:
1236:
1234:
646:), or were bodyguards and security forces with titles
1447:
1411:
1399:
1372:
1300:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
590:(550–330 BC), but due to lack of sources even in the
1181:
1166:
1028:
628:
caste. There's a possibility that the Late Sasanian
1281:
1231:
1248:
1077:
889:, fighting the encroaching nomadic tribes such as
800:could be regarded as field marshals, while lesser
1725:
1704:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2005),
1621:
1275:
1107:
729:(army general or military governor), implying
429:
386:
1703:
1574:
1348:The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli III/1-2
1046:
658:, all signifying association with the king.
530:
510:
497:
488:
737:, apparently an East-Iranian derivation of
640:), supplied the cavalry with young riders (
1547:
1364:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1122:
769:(province or district within a province).
393:
379:
1146:
614:(magnates; "great ones"), lower nobility
1342:
1323:
1676:
1598:
1526:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1378:
1311:
1294:
1175:
1034:
998:, a similar Sassanid commandership rank
547:(919–1062 AD) dynasty rulers also used
14:
1726:
1653:
1581:, I.B. Tauris in association with the
1506:
1468:
1254:
1199:
1187:
535:), was descended from the marzbāns of
416:transliteration: mrzwpn, derived from
1683:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1218:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1211:
1153:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1147:Tafażżolī, Ahmad (15 December 1989).
933:in charge, sometimes still called as
871:, several mentioned belonging to the
636:, who mostly were lords of villages (
1483:
1242:
1134:
1092:
1058:
554:The word marzban was borrowed into
531:
511:
498:
489:
430:
24:
1697:
1632:Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642
1212:Shaki, Mansour (21 October 2011).
669:(1st century BC) are found titles
578:The ranks tradition (primarily of
539:, where his father came from. The
420:"border, boundary" and the suffix
25:
1770:
1660:Darius in the Shadow of Alexander
1734:Officials of the Sasanian Empire
1012:List of Iranian titles and ranks
62:
1575:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008),
1477:
1336:
1317:
1205:
1017:Military of the Sasanian Empire
992:, the governor of the provinces
879:was special military frontier.
532:نعمان بن ثابت بن زوطا بن مرزبان
1677:Gyselen, Rika (20 July 2004).
1608:, Liverpool University Press,
1140:
1052:
772:The primary sources imply the
620:(feudal nobles; freemen), and
30:For the villages in Iran, see
13:
1:
1022:
1663:, Harvard University Press,
1513:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
1059:Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2014).
929:, Nemroz, Adurbadagan) with
804:could command a field army.
761:lacked civilian duties. The
681:existed during the reign of
456:
7:
1754:Parthian titles and offices
1490:The History of Ancient Iran
967:
445:(247 BC–224 AD) and mostly
10:
1775:
1276:Farrokh & McBride 2012
1108:Farrokh & McBride 2012
606:seven great noble families
573:
40:
29:
1759:Persian words and phrases
1749:Sasanian military offices
1063:. Routledge. p. 57.
974:Muḥammad ibn al-Marzubani
632:also originated from the
1583:Iran Heritage Foundation
1534:, Stockport: Montvert,
1507:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995),
913:(531–579 AD) were held
765:was the governor of an
586:) can be traced to the
917:by which were created
909:. During the reign of
784:(629 AD). The rank of
600:(kings, landholders),
367:Revolts and civil wars
71:Armed forces and units
1635:, Osprey Publishing,
919:four frontier regions
515:) has been used as a
41:For the dessert, see
1202:, p. 11, 30-31.
472:"frontier, border";
306:Great Wall of Gorgan
1137:, p. 316, 224.
562:(մարզպան) and into
1600:Hoyland, Robert G.
1471:, p. 11, 110.
1344:Skjaervo, Prods O.
1125:, p. 138-139.
985:Marzpanate Armenia
543:(651–1349 AD) and
437:) were a class of
1717:978-1-134-75646-9
1670:978-0-674-74520-9
1642:978-1-78200-848-4
1615:978-1-84631-697-5
1592:978-1-84511-645-3
1568:978-1-86064-675-1
1549:Wiesehöfer, Josef
1541:978-1-874101-08-6
1520:978-3-447-03652-8
1500:978-3-406-09397-5
1444:, p. 53, 55.
1324:G. Gropp (1969),
1070:978-1-4724-2552-2
1047:Pourshariati 2008
588:Achaemenid Empire
461:The Persian word
403:
402:
296:Wall of the Arabs
143:Gond-i Shahanshah
16:(Redirected from
1766:
1720:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1673:
1650:
1645:, archived from
1618:
1595:
1571:
1544:
1523:
1503:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:, p. 51-53.
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1396:, p. 12-13.
1391:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1354:, pp. 38–39
1340:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1279:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
980:List of marzbans
915:military reforms
873:Greater Khorasan
807:The function of
741:in the province
534:
533:
514:
513:
501:
500:
492:
491:
476:is cognate with
465:is derived from
449:(224–651 AD) of
433:
432:
395:
388:
381:
311:Wall of Tammisha
228:Eran anbaraghbad
221:Pushtigban Salar
137:Sogdian warriors
66:
48:
47:
21:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1700:
1698:Further reading
1687:
1685:
1671:
1643:
1616:
1593:
1569:
1542:
1521:
1501:
1485:Frye, Richard N
1480:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1357:
1356:
1341:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1293:
1282:
1274:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1123:Wiesehöfer 2001
1121:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1025:
970:
592:Parthian Empire
576:
551:in their name.
459:
447:Sasanian Empire
443:Parthian Empire
399:
56:Sasanian Empire
54:
52:Military of the
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Military ranks
1736:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1674:
1669:
1655:Briant, Pierre
1651:
1641:
1627:McBride, Angus
1623:Farrokh, Kaveh
1619:
1614:
1596:
1591:
1572:
1567:
1554:Ancient Persia
1545:
1540:
1528:Nicolle, David
1524:
1519:
1504:
1499:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1383:
1371:
1335:
1316:
1299:
1280:
1259:
1247:
1245:, p. 224.
1230:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1165:
1139:
1127:
1112:
1097:
1095:, p. 316.
1076:
1069:
1051:
1049:, p. 503.
1039:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
999:
993:
987:
982:
977:
969:
966:
604:(princes; the
575:
572:
458:
455:
426:Modern Persian
414:Middle Persian
401:
400:
398:
397:
390:
383:
375:
372:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
342:Arabian tribes
339:
331:
330:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
290:
289:
283:
282:
281:
280:
273:
266:
259:
256:Savaran Sardar
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
197:
190:
183:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
153:
146:
139:
134:
129:
124:
117:
112:
105:
100:
93:
86:
81:
73:
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1710:, Routledge,
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1649:on 2016-03-04
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1456:, p. 55.
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1420:, p. 53.
1419:
1414:
1408:, p. 12.
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1381:, p. 14.
1380:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1314:, p. 13.
1313:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1190:, p. 30.
1189:
1184:
1178:, p. 10.
1177:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1037:, p. 46.
1036:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Bedouin Arabs
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:regions were
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
612:
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
571:
570:(მარზაპანი).
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
528:
524:
520:
519:
508:
504:
495:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:
374:
373:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
328:
327:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
288:
287:Defense lines
285:
284:
279:
278:
274:
272:
271:
267:
265:
264:
260:
258:
257:
253:
251:
250:
246:
244:
243:
239:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
222:
218:
216:
215:
211:
209:
208:
203:
202:
198:
196:
195:
191:
189:
188:
184:
182:
181:
177:
176:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
159:
158:
154:
152:
151:
147:
145:
144:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:
118:
116:
113:
111:
110:
106:
104:
103:War elephants
101:
99:
98:
94:
92:
91:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
32:Marzban, Iran
19:
1706:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1659:
1647:the original
1631:
1604:
1577:
1553:
1531:
1509:
1493:, C.H.Beck,
1489:
1478:Bibliography
1454:Nicolle 1996
1449:
1442:Nicolle 1996
1437:
1430:Nicolle 1996
1425:
1418:Nicolle 1996
1413:
1406:Nicolle 1996
1401:
1394:Nicolle 1996
1379:Nicolle 1996
1374:
1347:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1312:Nicolle 1996
1295:Gyselen 2004
1278:, p. 8.
1250:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1176:Nicolle 1996
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1142:
1130:
1110:, p. 6.
1060:
1054:
1042:
1035:Hoyland 2011
1030:
976:(ca.910-994)
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938:
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738:
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621:
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579:
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527:ibn Marzubān
526:
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502:
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434:
424:"guardian";
421:
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362:Muslim Arabs
347:Hephthalites
316:Derbent Wall
275:
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1559:I.B. Tauris
1469:Zakeri 1995
1255:Briant 2015
1200:Zakeri 1995
1188:Zakeri 1995
899:Oghuz Turks
837:Adurbadagan
709:, Sasanian
482:Old Persian
36:Pir Marzban
1744:Marquesses
1728:Categories
1149:"Bozorgān"
1023:References
927:Khwarwaran
895:White Huns
841:Tabaristan
705:(Parthian
661:The title
523:Abu Hanifa
357:Ethiopians
301:Gawri Wall
263:Gond Salar
132:Daylamites
127:Sarmatians
121:Pushtigban
97:Grivpanvar
84:Clibanarii
79:Cataphract
1679:"Spāhbed"
1352:Wiesbaden
1243:Frye 1984
1135:Frye 1984
1093:Frye 1984
1008:countries
923:Khwarasan
911:Khosrow I
782:Šahrwarāz
780:entitled
778:al-Masudi
759:pāygōsbān
751:pāygōsbān
743:Abarshahr
715:padhospān
711:paygospān
703:pāygōsbān
630:marzbānān
602:vāspuhrān
597:šahrdārān
580:vāspuhrān
568:marzapani
512:المرزباني
474:pān/pāvan
457:Etymology
439:margraves
329:Conflicts
214:Masmughan
194:Paygosban
115:Immortals
1688:22 April
1657:(2015),
1629:(2012),
1602:(2011),
1551:(2001),
1530:(1996),
1487:(1984),
1360:citation
1346:(1983),
1223:23 April
1158:23 April
968:See also
962:dihqānān
958:muqātila
954:marzbāns
943:dihqānān
939:dihqānān
883:Marzbāns
877:Caucasus
853:Sakastan
845:Nishapur
802:spāhbeds
798:marzbāns
794:marzbāns
790:marzbāns
763:ostāndār
735:kanārang
719:ostāndār
707:ptykwspn
698:kanārang
683:Darius I
679:marzbāns
656:jānbāzān
648:bandagān
638:dihqānān
626:wuzurgān
611:wuzurgān
564:Georgian
556:Armenian
549:marzubān
545:Sallarid
503:marāziba
496:(plural
494:marzubān
270:Darigbed
242:Hazarbed
207:Kanarang
43:Marzipan
18:Marzuban
996:Spahbed
947:spāhbed
935:marzbān
931:spāhbed
907:Kushans
869:Sarakhs
817:Armenia
813:marzbān
809:marzbān
786:marzbān
774:marzbān
755:marzbān
739:marzbān
731:marzbān
727:spāhbed
723:marzbān
692:spāhbed
687:marzbān
663:marzbān
652:ayyārān
643:asbārān
574:History
560:marzpan
478:Avestan
467:Avestan
435:Marzbān
410:Marzpān
406:Marzbān
201:Marzban
180:Spahbed
150:Darigan
90:Aswaran
1714:
1667:
1639:
1612:
1589:
1565:
1538:
1517:
1497:
1330:Berlin
1067:
1006:Balkan
990:Satrap
903:Romans
833:Spahan
829:Kirman
749:. The
717:) and
675:dyzpty
671:mrzwpn
634:āzādān
617:āzādān
584:āzādān
541:Bavand
499:مرازبة
490:مرزبان
470:marəza
431:مرزبان
337:Romans
321:Darial
277:Navbed
235:Argbed
187:Aspbed
109:Paygan
861:Harev
857:Mazun
767:ostān
537:Kabul
518:nisba
408:, or
352:Turks
171:Ranks
1712:ISBN
1690:2015
1665:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1366:link
1225:2015
1160:2015
1065:ISBN
905:and
897:and
867:and
865:Marv
825:Pars
725:and
667:Nisa
582:and
505:). "
480:and
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451:Iran
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418:marz
163:Navy
34:and
1002:Ban
849:Tus
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