1161:
1455:
1225:
162:
539:
Not much is known about the
Sasanian navy, which never really became a major force. Information about the Sasanian navy is mostly in oriental sources, i.e. works of Arab, Persian and Armenian authors. There is little information in the Roman/Byzantine sources, and almost no iconographic information.
685:
around the same time. Since the
Sasanians did not used to have a fleet in the Mediterranean, it has been suggested that their forces were transported either by the captured Byzantine ships in the newly conquered ports (e.g. Alexandria, Antioch, and Rhodes) or by vessels built in Egyptian or Syrian
564:. The navy was mostly active in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Arabian Sea. The Sasanians did not emphasize the development of their navy due to their geopolitical interests as well as the fact that their military was highly influenced by the land-based military of the
559:
were already under rule of
Sasanians or their vassals. According to V. A. Dmitriev, the role of the navy was to enhance the military, political, and commercial influence of the empire in the north of the
490:
622:
There were two distinct areas of operation for the
Sasanian navy: the Indian Ocean basin (against the Arabs and the Ethiopians) and the Mediterranean (against the Byzantines).
589:
The vessels used by the
Sasanian military were exclusively transport landing ships used to transport land forces, and possibly also merchant ships to transport cavalry. The
709:, the Sasanian navy forces joined the Muslim armies and participated in the wars against the Byzantines and elsewhere. For example, according to the Chinese source
614:
The
Persians were able to construct large ships suited for long voyages as far as the marginal seas of the north of the Indian and west of the Pacific Oceans.
483:
665:
in 540s, which was able to directly threaten the heart of the
Byzantine Empire, was thwarted by the defeats at Petra and Phasis in the last stage of the
318:
1127:
476:
353:
1487:
855:"T. Daryaee, "The Sasanian 'Mare Nostrum': The Persian Gulf" International journal of the society of iranian archaeologists 2(3), 2016, 40-46"
1497:
360:
702:. The weakness of the Sasanian navy is considered a key factor in their failure to defeat the Byzantines in the last war between them.
40:
756:
Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 May 2019). "'They are in the habit of sailing in big crafts': what kinds of warships did the
Sasanids use?".
1492:
1149:
1014:
983:
670:
138:
1352:
1176:
464:
555:
The main role of the
Sasanian navy was to protect Sasanian economic interests, not military expeditions, as the coasts of the
1119:
1012:
Dmitriev, Vladimir (2019). "'They are in the habit of sailing in big crafts': what kinds of warships did the
Sasanids use?".
1482:
810:
Dmitriev, Vladimir A. (1 November 2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history".
1157:
1097:
1076:
1052:
971:
1310:
1181:
1066:
149:
1289:
1342:
1337:
1274:
1142:
449:
1332:
1294:
981:
Dmitriev, Vladimir (2017). "The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history".
634:
444:
439:
130:
1424:
454:
212:
134:
1087:
1209:
1357:
1347:
1279:
706:
459:
1458:
1429:
1135:
1477:
1327:
1320:
1264:
719:
was ravaged and burned during the joint naval expedition of the Arabs and the Persians in 758.
434:
384:
653:âeach ship could carry 100 men. Six of the ships managed to reach Yemen safely. An attempt by
1239:
1068:
East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End of Antiquity: Historiographical and Historical Studies
1062:
200:
1089:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
1202:
403:
8:
1031:
1000:
835:
781:
1398:
1115:
1093:
1072:
1048:
1035:
1004:
967:
839:
827:
785:
773:
674:
630:
569:
528:
393:
240:
108:
90:
66:
1419:
1388:
1249:
1023:
992:
819:
765:
711:
611:
s were used in the Mediterranean, but only for the purpose of transporting troops.
548:
The Sasanian naval forces were established since the time of the empire's founder,
408:
234:
116:
112:
947:
1373:
1254:
1165:
1160:
961:
565:
512:
153:
76:
1414:
1378:
1284:
1269:
1259:
1214:
1197:
957:
699:
94:
686:
shipyards especially for them. Later in that war, they were forced to rely on
1471:
1107:
1027:
996:
831:
823:
777:
769:
1244:
596:
561:
556:
516:
418:
413:
346:
325:
254:
54:
50:
572:, the Sasanians failed to capture the ports of the Eastern Mediterranean.
1435:
1383:
520:
58:
682:
626:
607:
549:
398:
229:
224:
218:
194:
181:
176:
126:
1112:
Sassanian Armies: the Iranian Empire Early 3rd to Mid-7th Centuries AD
716:
695:
677:âalthough not very successful, they managed to capture the island of
666:
658:
654:
638:
311:
291:
854:
1393:
691:
687:
367:
339:
304:
98:
86:
524:
298:
277:
247:
187:
62:
926:
924:
1441:
678:
662:
646:
601:
577:
374:
332:
284:
206:
30:
921:
650:
637:. The peak of the navy's activities was during the reign of
591:
508:
1224:
1045:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628
909:
861:
161:
885:
873:
728:
673:, the Sasanian navy tried naval expeditions in the
575:The leader of the navy allegedly bore the title of
515:active since its establishment. It operated in the
694:in order to transport the 3,000 troops across the
681:in 622/3 and several other islands in the eastern
897:
1469:
599:basin, while the Byzantine-style sailing-rowing
1061:
1043:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2005).
963:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
930:
641:(r. 531-579), who sent a force of eight ships (
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
625:The Sasanian navy played an important role in
1143:
484:
1042:
915:
792:
740:
1150:
1136:
698:which they had promised the khagan of the
491:
477:
1015:International Journal of Maritime History
984:International Journal of Maritime History
812:International Journal of Maritime History
758:International Journal of Maritime History
1011:
980:
945:
867:
809:
755:
543:
1106:
956:
891:
879:
734:
633:side of the Persian Gulf as well as in
1470:
949:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3
617:
1488:Military history of the Mediterranean
1131:
657:to establish a Sasanian fleet in the
1498:Military history of the Indian Ocean
1085:
903:
852:
13:
16:Naval force of the Sasanian Empire
14:
1509:
946:Bosworth, C. E. (1983). "ABNÄÊŸ".
671:ByzantineâSasanian War of 602â628
139:ByzantineâSasanian War of 602â628
1493:Naval warfare of the Middle Ages
1454:
1453:
1223:
1159:
160:
1311:Military of the Sasanian Empire
595:-type vessels were used in the
966:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â240.
846:
1:
722:
939:
7:
1071:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
10:
1514:
1483:Naval warfare of antiquity
584:
534:
1451:
1407:
1366:
1358:Muslim conquest of Persia
1338:HephthaliteâSasanian Wars
1303:
1232:
1221:
1190:
1172:
707:Muslim conquest of Persia
635:Shapur II's Arab campaign
131:Shapur II's Arab campaign
122:
104:
82:
72:
46:
36:
26:
21:
1430:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
1028:10.1177/0843871419842050
997:10.1177/0843871417726966
916:Greatrex & Lieu 2005
824:10.1177/0843871417726966
770:10.1177/0843871419842050
1425:RomanâIranian relations
1114:, Stockport: Montvert,
669:. During the climactic
568:, and that, unlike the
135:AbyssinianâPersian wars
1353:Revolts and civil wars
465:Revolts and civil wars
169:Armed forces and units
1348:AksumiteâPersian wars
1086:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1063:Howard-Johnston, J.D.
544:Organization and role
527:, and briefly in the
1343:GöktĂŒrkâPersian wars
931:Howard-Johnston 2006
404:Great Wall of Gorgan
952:. pp. 226â228.
870:, pp. 226â228.
629:'s conquest of the
618:Operational history
47:Active regions
1328:RomanâPersian Wars
1210:Seven Great Houses
129:'s Arab campaign,
1465:
1464:
1304:Military and wars
1121:978-1-874101-08-6
853:Daryaee, Touraj.
675:Mediterranean Sea
661:via the ports of
529:Mediterranean Sea
501:
500:
394:Wall of the Arabs
241:Gond-i Shahanshah
144:
143:
91:Himyarite Kingdom
67:Mediterranean Sea
1505:
1457:
1456:
1389:Banu al-Munajjim
1227:
1177:List of monarchs
1164:
1163:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1103:
1082:
1058:
1039:
1008:
977:
953:
934:
928:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
858:
850:
844:
843:
807:
790:
789:
753:
738:
732:
712:Old Book of Tang
690:of their allied
493:
486:
479:
409:Wall of Tammisha
326:Eran anbaraghbad
319:Pushtigban Salar
235:Sogdian warriors
164:
146:
145:
123:Battles and wars
37:Political leader
19:
18:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1447:
1403:
1362:
1299:
1228:
1219:
1186:
1168:
1166:Sasanian Empire
1158:
1156:
1122:
1100:
1079:
1055:
974:
958:Daryaee, Touraj
942:
937:
929:
922:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
851:
847:
808:
793:
754:
741:
733:
729:
725:
620:
587:
566:Parthian Empire
546:
537:
513:Sasanian Empire
497:
154:Sasanian Empire
152:
150:Military of the
77:Sasanian Empire
27:Military leader
17:
12:
11:
5:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1198:House of Sasan
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1108:Nicolle, David
1104:
1099:978-1610693912
1098:
1083:
1078:978-0860789925
1077:
1059:
1054:978-1134756469
1053:
1040:
1022:(2): 222â232.
1009:
991:(4): 727â737.
978:
973:978-0857716668
972:
954:
941:
938:
936:
935:
920:
918:, p. 197.
908:
906:, p. 223.
896:
884:
872:
860:
845:
818:(4): 727â737.
791:
764:(2): 222â232.
739:
726:
724:
721:
619:
616:
586:
583:
545:
542:
536:
533:
499:
498:
496:
495:
488:
481:
473:
470:
469:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
440:Arabian tribes
437:
429:
428:
424:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
388:
387:
381:
380:
379:
378:
371:
364:
357:
354:Savaran Sardar
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
295:
288:
281:
271:
270:
266:
265:
264:
263:
258:
251:
244:
237:
232:
227:
222:
215:
210:
203:
198:
191:
184:
179:
171:
170:
166:
165:
157:
156:
142:
141:
124:
120:
119:
106:
102:
101:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Sasanian navy
1476:
1475:
1473:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:Defense lines
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:. Routledge.
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
979:
975:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
950:
944:
943:
933:, p. 33.
932:
927:
925:
917:
912:
905:
900:
894:, p. 15.
893:
888:
882:, p. 47.
881:
876:
869:
868:Bosworth 1983
864:
856:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
737:, p. 46.
736:
731:
727:
720:
718:
714:
713:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
615:
612:
610:
609:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
582:
580:
579:
573:
571:
567:
563:
558:
553:
551:
541:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Sasanian navy
494:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
474:
472:
471:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
426:
425:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:Defense lines
383:
382:
377:
376:
372:
370:
369:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
355:
351:
349:
348:
344:
342:
341:
337:
335:
334:
330:
328:
327:
323:
321:
320:
316:
314:
313:
309:
307:
306:
301:
300:
296:
294:
293:
289:
287:
286:
282:
280:
279:
275:
274:
273:
272:
268:
267:
262:
259:
257:
256:
252:
250:
249:
245:
243:
242:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:
216:
214:
211:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:War elephants
199:
197:
196:
192:
190:
189:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
168:
167:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:
41:Sasanian king
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
22:Sasanian navy
20:
1440:
1434:
1315:
1275:Inscriptions
1240:Architecture
1111:
1092:. ABC-CLIO.
1088:
1067:
1044:
1019:
1013:
988:
982:
962:
948:
911:
899:
892:Nicolle 1996
887:
880:Daryaee 2009
875:
863:
848:
815:
811:
761:
757:
735:Daryaee 2009
730:
710:
704:
642:
624:
621:
613:
606:
600:
597:Indian Ocean
590:
588:
576:
574:
562:Indian Ocean
557:Persian Gulf
554:
547:
538:
517:Persian Gulf
504:
502:
460:Muslim Arabs
445:Hephthalites
414:Derbent Wall
373:
366:
359:
352:
347:Paygan-salar
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
297:
290:
283:
276:
260:
255:Stor Bezashk
253:
246:
239:
217:
205:
193:
186:
55:Persian Gulf
51:Indian Ocean
1384:Baduspanids
1367:Descendants
1333:Arab tribes
1203:Family tree
649:to conquer
570:Achaemenids
521:Arabian Sea
509:naval force
59:Arabian Sea
1472:Categories
1290:Punishment
1280:Literature
723:References
705:After the
627:Ardashir I
608:chelandion
550:Ardashir I
455:Ethiopians
399:Gawri Wall
361:Gond Salar
230:Daylamites
225:Sarmatians
219:Pushtigban
195:Grivpanvar
182:Clibanarii
177:Cataphract
127:Ardashir I
117:Byzantines
1399:Qarinvand
1270:Glassware
1265:Education
1036:198712052
1005:158676495
840:158676495
832:0843-8714
786:198712052
778:0843-8714
717:Guangzhou
696:Bosphorus
667:Lazic War
659:Black Sea
655:Khosrow I
639:Khosrow I
427:Conflicts
312:Masmughan
292:Paygosban
213:Immortals
113:Aksumites
105:Opponents
1459:Category
1394:Mikalids
1374:Dabuyids
1260:Dressing
1182:Timeline
1110:(1996),
1065:(2006).
960:(2009).
904:Kia 2016
688:monoxyla
645:) under
507:was the
368:Darigbed
340:Hazarbed
305:Kanarang
109:Arabians
87:Lakhmids
1420:Economy
1408:Related
1379:Bavands
1250:Coinage
1233:Culture
1191:Dynasty
940:Sources
643:kashtīg
631:Arabian
585:Vessels
535:Sources
525:Red Sea
511:of the
299:Marzban
278:Spahbed
248:Darigan
188:Aswaran
73:Part of
63:Red Sea
53:basin (
1442:anÄrÄn
1255:Crowns
1118:
1096:
1075:
1051:
1034:
1003:
970:
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