Freemasonry - Knowledge

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a Lodge social function or open evening. The onus is upon candidates to ask to join; while they may be encouraged to ask, they may not be invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, a formal application may be proposed and seconded or announced in open Lodge and a more or less formal interview usually follows. If the candidate wishes to proceed, references are taken up during a period of notice so that members may enquire into the candidate's suitability and discuss it. Finally, the Lodge takes an officially secret ballot on each application before a candidate is either initiated or rejected. The exact number of adverse ballots ("blackballs") required to reject a candidate varies between Masonic jurisdictions. As an example, the

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for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two overlapping Grand Lodges are themselves in amity and agree to share jurisdiction. For example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both. Likewise, the five distinct kinds of lodges in Germany have nominally united under one Grand Lodge in order to obtain international recognition.

2600:; however, they were increasingly suppressed by the government. According to Ludwick Hass, Freemasonry was officially illegal in Tsarist Russia, but would later be introduced by exiles who returned after the 1905 revolution. These individuals had been active Masons in Paris, where lodges were politically active in the new Radical Party. In Russia, the Freemasons supported constitutional liberalism, and maintained ties with France while simplifying many of the ceremonial rituals. Their secret meetings became a centre of progressive ideals, attracting politicians and activists. The lodges initially supported World War I, promoting close ties with France. 2491:

a systematic creed with its own myths, values and set of rituals. It fostered new codes of conduct – including a communal understanding of liberty and equality inherited from guild sociability – "liberty, fraternity, and equality" Scottish soldiers and Jacobite Scots brought to the Continent ideals of fraternity which reflected not the local system of Scottish customs but the institutions and ideals originating in the English Revolution against royal absolutism. Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France – by 1789, there were between 50,000 and 100,000 French Masons, making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations.

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far as practicality and the law permit, and to support a fellow Mason in distress. There is formal instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will simply enjoy the dramatics, or the management and administration of the lodge, others will explore the history, ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on their Lodge's sociopolitical side, perhaps in association with other lodges, while still others will concentrate on the lodge's charitable functions.

985: 3268: 1437: 1449: 1169: 1098: 1477: 8453: 2218: 51: 3151:'s Home Mission Board determined that some parts of freemasonry are incompatible with Christianity, while others are compatible, concluding that participation in freemasonry should be considered "a matter of personal conscience". The topic of Freemasonry remains controversial within the convention. James L. Holly, president of Mission and Ministry to Men, published a three volume book series titled "The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry," critiquing the report to the 2390:(CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry. 3479:(who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967, when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by 9426: 3625: 2475: 8440: 2524:

century and beyond it would be strongly associated with the cause of Liberalism." In Catholic lands it was anti-clerical and came under heavy attack from the Catholic Church. In the 20th century, it was suppressed by Fascist and Communist regimes. It was especially attractive to royalty, aristocrats and politicians and businessmen, as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists. Davies notes that prominent members included

89: 3203:, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, while being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth. 1993:" to signify that these lodges were maintaining older traditions and rejected changes that "modern" Lodges had adopted (historians still use these terms – "Ancients" and "Moderns" – to differentiate the two bodies). These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the 1067:

purposes, such or in association with some hobby, sport, Masonic research, business, profession, regiment or college. The rank of Master Mason also entitles a Freemason to explore Masonry further through other degrees, administered separately from the basic Craft or "Blue Lodge" degrees described here, but generally having a similar structure and meetings.

3092:, which states: "... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive 3195:. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practising Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former 3221:. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism." 2495:

constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid-1720s was composed of English

2929:) has been defined as "opposition to Freemasonry", but there is no homogeneous anti-Masonic movement. Anti-Masonry consists of widely differing criticisms from diverse (and often incompatible) groups who are hostile to Freemasonry in some form. Critics have included religious groups, political groups, and 2618:

According to Adrian Lyttelton, in the early 20th century, Freemasonry was an influential but semi-secret force in Italian politics; with a strong presence among professionals and the middle class across Italy, its appeal spread to the leadership of the parliament, public administration, and the army.

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exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe made reference to the Enlightenment in general in the 18th century. In French lodges, for example, the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty

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in the 18th century, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. They promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. British Freemasonry offered

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to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there, The Order of Women Freemasons and The Honourable Fraternity of Ancient

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Jamaica served as an arms depot for the revolutionary forces when two Kingston Freemasons, Wellwood and Maxwell Hyslop, financed the campaigns of Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, to whom six Latin American Republics owe their independence". Bolívar himself was a Mason, enjoying contacts with Brethren in

1285:, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that 1109:

Candidates for Freemasonry will usually have met the most active members of the Lodge they are joining before being elected for initiation. The process varies among Grand Lodges, but in modern times interested people often look up a local Lodge through the Internet and will typically be introduced to

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elected, obligated, and invested to preside over a Lodge, is valued as a separate rank with its own secrets and distinctive title and attributes; after each full year in the chair the Master invests his elected successor and becomes a Past Master with privileges in the Lodge and Grand Lodge. In other

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Regular Freemasonry has traditionally not responded to these claims, beyond the often-repeated statement that Freemasonry explicitly adheres to the principle that "Freemasonry is not a religion, nor a substitute for religion. There is no separate 'Masonic deity,' and there is no separate proper name

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Jacob argues that Masonic lodges probably had an effect on society as a whole, for they "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives". In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges

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to "designate the Lodges on the Continent of Europe which retain many usages which have either been abandoned by, or never were observed in, the Lodges of England, Ireland, and Scotland, as well as the United States of America". Today, it is frequently used to refer to only the Liberal jurisdictions

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The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a "brother" as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges, the oath or

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as both Grand Master of the Craft and First Grand Principal of the Royal Arch. The English Knights Templar and Cryptic Masonry share the Mark Grand Lodge offices and staff at Mark Masons Hall. The Ancient and Accepted Rite (similar to the Scottish Rite), requires a member to proclaim the Trinitarian

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Blue Lodges, known as Craft Lodges in the United Kingdom, offer only the three traditional degrees. In most jurisdictions, the rank of past or installed master is also conferred in Blue/Craft Lodges. Master Masons are able to extend their Masonic experience by taking further degrees, in appendant or

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A minimum requirement of every body of Freemasons is that each candidate must be "free and of good reputation". The question of freedom, a standard feudal requirement of mediaeval guilds, is nowadays one of independence: the object is that every Mason should be a proper and responsible person. Thus,

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Most Lodges have some sort of social functions, allowing members, their partners, and non-Masonic guests to meet openly. Often coupled with these events is the discharge of every Mason's and Lodge's collective obligation to contribute to charity. This occurs at many levels, including in annual dues,

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In preparing this work has been about equally Author and Compiler. (p. iii.) ... The teachings of these Readings are not sacramental, so far as they go beyond the realm of Morality into those of other domains of Thought and Truth. The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite uses the word "Dogma" in its

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by their husbands who were continental masons, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States but distinguished the names

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being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of

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by British immigrants who colonized the island for over 300 years. In 1908, there were eleven recorded Masonic lodges, which included three Grand Lodges, two Craft lodges, and two Rose Croix chapters. During slavery, the lodges were open to all "freeborn" men. According to the Jamaican 1834 census,

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Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby normally only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849,

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Freemasonry is viewed with distrust even in some modern democracies. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were required to disclose their membership from 1999 to 2009. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there had been no evidence of wrongdoing,

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By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past. Today most (but not all) U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall

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During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is required to undertake an obligation, swearing on the religious volume sacred to his personal faith to do good as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, Masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, as

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There is much diversity and little consistency in Freemasonry because each Masonic jurisdiction is independent and sets its own rules and procedures while Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their constituent member Lodges, which are ultimately private clubs. The wording of the ritual, the

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Private Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, with the sole right to elect their own candidates for initiation as Masons or admission as joining Masons, and sometimes with exclusive rights over residents local to their premises. There are non-local Lodges where Masons meet for wider or narrower

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made by a Bishops Conference in 2003. For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with the United Grand Lodge of England deny the Church's claims, stating that "Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a

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spread the phenomenon to the English-speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in

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The status of women in the old guilds and corporations of medieval masons remains uncertain. The principle of "femme sole" allowed a widow to continue the trade of her husband, but its application had wide local variations, such as full membership of a trade body or limited trade by deputation or

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appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish Rite body admitted Black people. The resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour,

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Jan A. M. Snoek: "the best way to characterize Freemasonry is in terms of what it is not, rather than what it is". All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively "initiated", "passed" and "raised" into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three

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and laws that effectively ban the tradition, it does not have a presence in every country. In the spirit of brotherhood and hopefulness, however, Freemasons usually presume that clandestine lodges may nonetheless exist in those countries in which it is banned, even if they may not actually exist.

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The first lodge formed in China was the Amity Lodge which constituted at Canton in 1767. In 1875, District Grand Lodge of China split into two Districts, Northern China, and Hong Kong and South China. During the second world war, All Masonic activity in Hong Kong was brought to a halt due to the

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personal opinion only, and furthermore, an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the US. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

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is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his

942:. Once the Craft degrees have been conferred upon a Mason, he is qualified to join various "Concordant bodies" which offer additional degrees. These organisations are usually administered separately from the Grand Lodges who administer the Craft degrees. The extra degrees vary with locality and 2523:

has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force in Europe, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe, as well as the European colonies in the New World and Asia. Davies states, "In the nineteenth

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There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges. The earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or

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prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor, which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the

1979:, 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Over the next decade, most of the existing Lodges in England joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. New lodges were created, and the fraternity began to grow. 905:

or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lodge is independent, and they do not necessarily recognise each other as being legitimate. Lodges are found around the world and on all populated continents; however due to

1861:, among others. Moral lessons are attributed to each of these tools, although the assignment is by no means consistent. The meaning of the symbolism is taught and explored through ritual, and in lectures and articles by individual Masons who offer their personal insights and opinions. 2200:

in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions. Even if a lodge was willing to entertain non-White applicants, generally only a single anonymous vote could prevent someone from being admitted.

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rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the Masonic symbols, and entrusted with grips or tokens, signs, and words to signify to other Masons which degrees he has taken. The dramatic allegorical ceremonies include explanatory lectures and revolve around the construction of the

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The Rising Sun Lodge No. 1401 is the lodge meeting in Kobe, Japan and under the jurisdiction of District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East rather than Grand Lodge of Japan. As a result, there are 20 lodges currently under the District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East.

1422: 1242:, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are 2123:, administered the oath. This event effectuated the establishment of the Executive Branch of the Federal Government of the United States, which had until then existed only virtually after the US Constitution become operational almost two months earlier, on March 4, 1789. 2515:

were leading Masons, but the significance of freemasonry in the revolution is a topic of debate. Daniel Roche contests freemasonry's claims for egalitarianism, writing that "the real equality of the lodges was elitist", only attracting men of similar social backgrounds.

2175:. When the British military Lodge left North America after the end of the Revolution, those 15 men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Grand Lodge of England (Moderns) and formed 1122:

each Grand Lodge has a standard minimum age, varying greatly and often subject to dispensation in particular cases. (For example, in England the standard minimum age to join is 18, but university lodges are given dispensations to initiate undergraduates below that age.)

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The Spanish government outlawed Freemasonry in its overseas empire in the mid-18th century, and energetically enforced the ban. Nevertheless, many Freemasons were active in planning and plotting for independence. Leaders with Freemason membership included Grand Master

1877:. The degrees are those of "Entered apprentice", "Fellowcraft" and "Master Mason". While many different versions of these rituals exist, with various lodge layouts and versions of the Hiramic legend, each version is recognizable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction. 2453:

Freemasons, to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.

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Freemasons were leaders in liberalism and anti-clericalism in 19th and 20th-century Mexico. Members included numerous top leaders. The Freemasons were divided regarding relations with the United States, with a pro-U.S. faction supported by the American ambassador

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and promoted unification. The Catholic Church was a vigorous opponent of unification, and thus of the Freemasons; various national governments would repeatedly alternate and backpedal between the anticlerical side and the Church side. Politically, they promoted

2233:. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France was formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the 3551:

the government believed that Masons' potential loyalties to support fellow Masons should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership by applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by

3648:, was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number of victims is not accurately known, historians estimate that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the 2076:, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival. 3442:(UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under 961:

on religious and political grounds. The Catholic Church, some Protestant denominations, and certain Islamic countries or entities have expressed opposition to or banned membership in Freemasonry. Opposition to Freemasonry is sometimes rooted in

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of New York. Originally, it was expected that Washington would bring his own Bible upon which to swear his oath of office, and there was some consternation when it turned out that no one had informed Washington to bring one. Thinking quickly,

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that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. Freemasonry is the oldest fraternity in the world and among the oldest continued organizations in history.

3539:, and state that Freemasonry as an organisation is either bent on world domination or already secretly in control of world politics. Historically Freemasonry has attracted criticism, and suppression from both the politically far right (e.g., 2191:

Unlike other fraternal orders, there was never any blanket rule against the admission of men based on their race. Each lodge and grand lodge had their own rules, both written and unwritten. A few non-Prince Hall lodges did admit Blacks, with

930:. The candidate of these three degrees is progressively taught the meanings of the symbols of Freemasonry and entrusted with grips, signs, and words to signify to other members that he has been so initiated. The degrees are part allegorical 1129:(although every candidate must interpret this condition in his own way, as all religious discussion is commonly prohibited). In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in 1004:, elect new members, appoint officers and take their reports, consider correspondence, bills and annual accounts, organise social and charitable events, etc.). In addition to such business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a 2959:

These hoaxes and exposés have often become the basis for criticism of Masonry, often religious or political in nature or are based on suspicion of corrupt conspiracy of some form. The political opposition that arose after the American

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landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.

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In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry among women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the

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stating that, in regard to transgender women, "A Freemason who after initiation ceases to be a man does not cease to be a Freemason". The guidance also states that transgender men are allowed to apply to become Freemasons.

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The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. The Continental lodges, however, did not want to sever masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation,

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Grand Lodge. (This lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges in Africa.) As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.

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it condemns. It states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an

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true sense of doctrine, or teaching; and is not dogmatic in the odious sense of that term. Everyone is entirely free to reject and dissent from whatsoever herein may seem to him to be untrue or unsound (p. iv)

1215: 3072:." This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of 2628:

focused on unification and undermining the power of the Catholic Church. Freemasons took on the challenge of mobilizing the press, encouraging public opinion and the leading political parties in support of

3081: 2352:. In 1913, the United Grand Lodge of England recognised a new Grand Lodge of Regular Freemasons, a Grand Lodge that follows a similar rite to Anglo-American Freemasonry with a mandatory belief in a deity. 1884:. These painted depictions of Masonic themes are exhibited in the lodge according to which degree is being worked and are explained to the candidate to illustrate the legend and symbolism of each degree. 2087:, who was a member of a Virginian lodge, as the first Grand Master, but the idea was short-lived. The various state Grand Lodges did not wish to diminish their own authority by agreeing to such a body. 1849:

Freemasonry describes itself as a "beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols". The symbolism is mainly, but not exclusively, drawn from the tools of stonemasons – the

3558:(who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons. 3181:" or "alternate" religion and encouraged his church not to support ministers who were Freemasons. Freedom from secret societies is one of the "frees" upon which the Free Methodist Church was founded. 8691: 2678:, and many others. The movement was important after independence was achieved in the 1820s. In Brazil, many prominent men were Freemasons, and they played a leading role in the abolition of slavery. 6839: 1376:

in Scotland and Ireland, but completely separate in England. In England, the Royal Arch is closely associated with the Craft, automatically having many Grand Officers in common, including H.R.H the

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during the early twentieth century. Influenced by Rida, Islamic anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the

2582:. It used two Masonic devices: the "civil leadership model", which Freemasonry developed in late 19th century France, and the local Masonic congresses of the Grand Orient of France federations. 1982:

During the course of the 18th century, as aristocrats and artists crowded out the craftsmen originally associated with the organization, Freemasonry became fashionable throughout Europe and the

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have had high-profile negative attitudes to Masonry, banning or discouraging their members from being Freemasons. The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the

1051:) confined to his new rank. Although these symbols and gestures are nominally secret, they are readily found in public sources, including those published by Masonic organizations themselves. 2140:, the Lodges were open to all Jamaican men of any race. Jamaica also kept close relationships with Masons from other countries. Jamaican Freemasonry historian Jackie Ranston, noted that: 4543: 3692:

in 1948. The badge is now sometimes worn in the coat lapel by Freemasons around the world to remember all who suffered in the name of Freemasonry, especially those during the Nazi era.

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Between 1730 and 1750, the Grand Lodge endorsed several significant changes that some Lodges could not endorse. A rival Grand Lodge was formed on 17 July 1751, which called itself the "

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was an important Masonic activist who came to political power with the overthrow of the tsars, in 1917. The organization collapsed as the Bolsheviks took power and was again outlawed.

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The Persons admitted Members of a Lodge must be good and true Men, free-born, and of mature and discreet Age, no Bondmen, no Women, no immoral or scandalous Men, but of good Report.

2283:, a town already inhabited by a large Italian community. Meanwhile, the French Freemasons publicly organised a local chapter in Alexandria in 1845. During the 19th and 20th century 1345:

is a system of 33 degrees, including the three Blue Lodge degrees administered by a local or national Supreme Council. This system is popular in North America, South America and in

2183:. Thus, separated from both English jurisdiction and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge retitled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a 1236:. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be 3228:

Christian men, who were discouraged from joining the Freemasons by their Churches or who wanted a more religiocentric society, joined similar fraternal organisations, such as the

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was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and

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in 1813. However, the two jurisdictions continued in amity, or mutual recognition, until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the

2034:. The collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the putative formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The 1929:

of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The 15th century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

1047:. In each of these ceremonies, the candidate must first take the new obligations of the degree, and is then entrusted with secret knowledge including passwords, signs and grips ( 8018: 1063:

subscriptions, fundraising events, Lodges and Grand Lodges. Masons and their charities contribute for the relief of need in many fields, such as education, health and old age.

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Inter-jurisdiction recognition between traditional and Prince Hall U.S. Masonic authorities was also not forthcoming. As demonstrated by the case of the famous black boxer

1186:). There is no single overarching governing body that presides over worldwide Freemasonry; connections between different jurisdictions depend solely on mutual recognition. 1214:

In the United States, there are 51 Grand Lodges (one in each state and the District of Columbia) which together have a total membership of around 875,000 according to the

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Die Freimaurer-Logen Deutschlands und deren Grosslogen 1737–1985 : Matrikel und Stammbuch; Nachschlagewerk über 248 Jahre Geschichte der Freimaurerei in Deutschland

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There have been many disclosures and exposés dating as far back as the 18th century. These often lack context, may be outdated for various reasons, or could be outright

3561:

Freemasonry is both successful and controversial in France. As of the early 21st century, membership is rising, but reporting of it in popular media is often negative.

9300: 3588:, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the 2760:

Japanese invasion. After the 1949, the new China government (Communist) established, some lodges in China moved to Hong Kong or closed due to lack of new candidates.

2500:

to "initiate the unenlightened". Many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.

2324:

race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.

3949: 2083:, independent U.S. Grand Lodges developed within each state. Some thought was briefly given to organising an overarching "Grand Lodge of the United States," with 3446:; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate with Zionist organisations." 2619:

The two main organisations were the Grand Orient and the Grand Lodge of Italy. They had around 25,000 members in some 500 lodges. Freemasons typically espoused

2149:

On 25 May 2017, Masons around the world celebrated the 300th anniversary of the fraternity. Jamaica hosted one of the regional gatherings for this celebration.

2107:, the Marshal of the Inauguration (and Master of St. John's Lodge), borrowed the Lodge's Bible for use in the ceremony. That bible has been known since as the 1894:, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In 310: 7135: 5778:, Presented to Waikato Lodge of Research No 445 at Rotorua, New Zealand, on 9 November 2004, as the annual Verrall Lecture, and subsequently published in the 5536: 7904: 6859: 6836: 2091: 3160: 2424:, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, women began to be added to the 7084: 1937:

in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.

8137:

Kantrowitz, Stephen. " 'Intended for the Better Government of Man': The Political History of African American Freemasonry in the Era of Emancipation."

6954: 3525:. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976. 3173:

was a vocal opponent of Freemasonry in the mid 19th century. Roberts opposed the society on moral grounds and stated, "The god of the lodge is not the

2359:

Liberal, also called adogmatic or progressive – Principles of liberty of conscience, and laicity, particularly the separation of the Church and State.

7301: 7260: 2145:

Spain, England, France, and Venezuela until after gaining power in Venezuela, he prohibited all secret societies in 1828 and included the Freemasons.

1000:

is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly and conducts the usual formal business of any small organisation (approve

5699: 2826:

Now, there are 19 (English Constitution) lodges under the District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East, United Grand Lodge of England and meet at

8895: 8717: 6985: 2205:, if word spread that a mainstream lodge had admitted a Black person, that lodge could potentially face sanction from other discriminatory lodges. 4237: 2637:

to promote a new post-war, universal order based upon the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations. In the early 1920s, many of

6070: 1182:

Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are independent and sovereign bodies that govern Masonry in a given country, state or geographical area (termed a

5722: 4953: 9140: 6875: 6777: 5676: 4856: 3927: 3100:

reaffirmed the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons stating the « irreconcilability between Catholic doctrine and Freemasonry » in response to

1917:

Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the

4535: 4279: 2907: 2209:

Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of African Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

2163:

Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans. In 1775, an African American named

6999: 6894: 2328: 2008:

were formed in 1725 and 1736, respectively, although neither persuaded all of the existing lodges in their countries to join for many years.

834: 5447: 4515: 3681:(the welfare branch of the Nazi party). This coincidence enabled Freemasons to wear the forget-me-not badge as a secret sign of membership. 1059:

jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

8558: 8325: 3240:

for Protestants, although these fraternal organisations have been "organized in part on the style of and use many symbols of Freemasonry".

2968:, which is still in use in America today, both by Masons in referring to their critics and as a self-descriptor by the critics themselves. 1008:

or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge may hold a

373: 1145:, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity and accepts atheists (the cause of the distinction from the rest of Freemasonry). 901:. These private Lodges are usually supervised at the regional level (usually coterminous with a state, province, or national border) by a 7656: 5400: 4053: 1934: 8198: 1082:, or outer guard, outside the door of a working Lodge, who may be paid to secure its privacy. Other offices vary between jurisdictions. 1054:

Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master of the Lodge and his appointed or elected officers. In some jurisdictions, an

5872: 3728: 3127:

In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of

3085: 2179:. When the two English grand lodges united in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – largely because of the 1189:

Estimates of the worldwide membership of Freemasonry in the early 21st century ranged from about two million to more than six million.

1078:

are elected or appointed annually. Every Masonic Lodge has a Master, two Wardens, a treasurer and a secretary. There is also always a

4076: 2315:

The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the

2024: 6538: 3159:. Gary Leazer published "Fundamentalism and Freemasonry", arguing that the convention's discussion of Freemasonry was influenced by 9116: 8890: 6935: 5268: 2911: 1925:

in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate it to a

1293:

The most commonly shared rules for Recognition (based on Regularity) are those given by the United Grand Lodge of England in 1929:

8150:

Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Essays concerning the Craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico

8087:

Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Essays concerning the Craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico

8038: 7968:

Fozdar, Vahid. " 'That Grand Primeval and Fundamental Religion': The Transformation of Freemasonry into a British Imperial Cult."

7948: 3287:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

2980:

states and organised religions that believe it is in competition with religion or perceive the fraternity's views or practices as

4955:

The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy

4338: 3001: 2552:. Steven Bullock notes that in the late 18th century, English lodges were headed by the Prince of Wales, Prussian lodges by king 2095: 411: 7709: 5643: 5511: 8028: 7388: 6958:; T. W. Hugo; Scottish Rite (Masonic order). Supreme Council of the Thirty-Third Degree for the Southern Jurisdiction (1950) . 4922: 3799: 3678: 2444:

1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.

934:

and part lecture. These three degrees form Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry, and members of any of these degrees are known as

5382: 2945:(1876–1960), have exclusively criticized "Continental Masonry" while considering "Regular Masonry" an honourable association. 2266: 8926: 8855: 7880: 7762: 7580: 7541: 6645: 6606: 6454: 6206: 5419: 5219: 5039: 5012: 4156: 2578:

of 1789. Avner Halpern has traced French Freemasonry's major role in building France's first modern political party in 1901,

1983: 1865: 1836: 339: 5838: 4482: 2507:

noted that lodges operated separately and Masons politically did not act together as a group. American historians note that

2234: 1933:

speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft gradually came to be known. The minutes of the

9347: 5488: 4005: 3946: 2653:; however, Mussolini decided he needed to come to terms with the Catholic Church, in the mid-1920s, outlawing Freemasonry. 2242: 5294: 3671:, Germany. In 1938, a forget-me-not badge, made by the same factory as the Masonic badge, was chosen for the Nazi Party's 4017: 3593: 3532: 3105: 3089: 7280: 5931: 5890: 4031: 2413: 7172: 6759: 6575: 5909: 5601: 4963: 4744: 4302: 2961: 2449: 2409:

approved members of that body. In masonry, the small available evidence points to the less empowered end of the scale.

17: 8596: 8233:(1734), James Anderson, Benjamin Franklin, Paul Royster. Hosted by the Libraries at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln 3501: 890:, that no women be admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics do not take place within the lodge; and 9198: 8666: 8586: 8267: 7500: 5073: 3838: 3302: 3069: 2108: 2038:

appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania, leading to the creation of the

1674: 827: 246: 2362:

Traditional – Old French ritual with a requirement for a belief in a Supreme Being. (This strand is typified by the

1196:(or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or 8318: 8113:

Formisano, Ronald P., and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski. "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826–1827."

7128: 5759: 5554: 5531: 4699: 3480: 2692: 2591: 2016: 1976: 806: 368: 4719:

Snoek, Jan A. M. (2016). "Part III: The Renaissance and Early Modernity – Freemasonry". In Magee, Glenn A. (ed.).

3600:

was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

3505:

Lodge in Erlangen, Germany. First meeting after World War II with guests from US, France and Czechoslovakia, 1948.

1224:, the largest jurisdiction in Continental Freemasonry in terms of membership, claims to have over 50,000 members. 1207:(with local organisation into Provincial Grand Lodges possessing a combined membership estimated at 175,000). The 9406: 9261: 8656: 8651: 8641: 7912: 7675: 5619: 4791: 3339: 2938: 2345: 1382: 552: 281: 4561: 2167:, along with 14 other African American men, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the 8646: 8636: 8606: 8576: 8209: 7047: 5592:

De Poli, Barbara (2019). "Chapter 6: Sufi and Freemasons in the Ottoman Empire 6.1 ʿAbd Al-Qādir Al-Jazāʾirī".

4905: 3689: 3552: 3014:. The objections raised by the Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic 2630: 2556:, and French lodges by royal princes. Emperor Napoleon selected his own brother as the Grand Master of France. 2479: 2344:

Not all French lodges agreed with the new wording. In 1894, lodges favouring the compulsory recognition of the

2230: 2099: 2065: 2035: 1990: 1972: 951: 741: 736: 60: 2704: 1898:

continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.

1297:

The Grand Lodge should be established by an existing regular Grand Lodge, or by at least three regular Lodges.

9241: 9233: 9090: 9040: 9015: 8998: 8548: 8543: 8503: 8468: 8369: 7954:

Berger, Joachim. "The great divide: Transatlantic brothering and masonic internationalism, c. 1870–c. 1930."

3653: 3439: 2457: 2316: 1994: 1561: 1390: 1362: 1268: 1204: 1176: 1111: 681: 582: 401: 261: 221: 7638: 4099: 3688:, the forget-me-not flower was used again as a Masonic emblem in 1948 at the first Annual Convention of the 3490:

by Freemasons and his subsequent disappearance. Reports of the "Morgan Affair", together with opposition to

3403:

Several predominantly Muslim countries have banned Freemasonry within their borders, while others have not.

2700: 1273: 9342: 9337: 9310: 8840: 8770: 8614: 8419: 8388: 7439: 6341:

Miriam Erickson, "Don José Rossi y Rubí and Spanish Freemasonry in the Revolutionary Atlantic, 1785–1798."

3707: 3156: 2058: 1416: 1071:

number of officers present, the layout of the meeting room, etc. varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

1005: 871: 820: 547: 509: 128: 7937: 7409: 6032: 5209: 4260: 3521:'s leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the 2712: 2355:

There are now three strands of Freemasonry in France, which extend into the rest of Continental Europe: –

9401: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9063: 9033: 8820: 8810: 8533: 8457: 8311: 8285: 7000:"Baptists and Freemasonry? Can a Christian be a Faithful Believer and be a Freemason? | Jeff Straub" 5696: 3487: 3460:

In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the

3419:, there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge. In 1972, in 3152: 3148: 3054: 2985: 2934: 2775:

For the English Constitution, Provincial or District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:

2421: 2039: 1373: 1172: 766: 504: 454: 406: 201: 3924: 2136:

that potentially included 5,000 free black men and 40,000 free people of colour (mixed race). After the

9053: 8735: 8696: 8538: 8479: 8094:

Speculative Freemasonry and the Enlightenment: A Study of the Craft in London, Paris, Prague and Vienna

4728: 4234: 3636: 3619: 3514: 3428: 3281: 3244: 3174: 3155:

in addition to the influence of Gary Leazer, then Director of the Interfaith Witness Department of the

2803:

For the Irish Constitution, Provincial or District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:

2541: 2436: 2417: 2246: 2137: 2116: 1940: 1476: 444: 133: 118: 35: 8058:

Snoek Jan A.M. and Henrik Bogdan. "The History of Freemasonry: An Overview" in Bogdan and Snoek, eds.

5137: 4581: 3596:, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 2570:

In the 18th century, liberal French politicians met together in Masonic lodges to develop some of the

9380: 9375: 9020: 8921: 8800: 8795: 8730: 8626: 8108:

Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730–1840

7737:, by Christopher Hodapp, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, 2005, p. 85, sec. "Hitler and the Nazi" 6475: 5719: 5212:

Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730–1840

4190: 3597: 3251: 2748: 1829: 1309:

The Grand Lodge has complete control over the first three degrees and is not subject to another body.

716: 529: 334: 9045: 5673: 5243: 2237:, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the 9246: 9111: 9080: 8936: 8911: 8845: 8825: 8780: 8631: 6725: 4979: 4276: 3748: 3476: 3400:, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..." 3276: 3214: 3196: 2487: 1738: 801: 776: 691: 416: 226: 8219: 7754: 7748: 6107:

Margaret C. Jacob, "Polite worlds of Enlightenment", in Martin Fitzpatrick and Peter Jones, eds.

3855: 2744: 2728: 2388:

Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg

2275:, a number of Italian Freemasons were forced to flee. They secretly set up an approved chapter of 2272: 950:

of Freemasonry, that require an individual to be a Master Mason before they can join (such as the

9256: 9251: 9058: 8993: 8954: 8885: 8863: 8835: 8805: 8790: 8785: 8775: 8765: 8745: 8571: 8508: 5444: 4512: 4335: 3652:. Masonic concentration camp inmates were classified as political prisoners and wore an inverted 3589: 3237: 3233: 3207: 3028: 2537: 2374: 2337: 2158: 2120: 2069: 2005: 1138: 1115: 891: 761: 746: 636: 499: 266: 138: 123: 6234:

Steven C. Bullock, "Initiating the enlightenment?: recent scholarship on European freemasonry."

5210:

Bullock, Steven C.; Institute of Early American History and Culture (Williamsburg, Va.) (1996).

4655: 4481:

Campbell, Donald G.; Committee on Ritual. "The Master Mason; Irregular and Clandestine Lodges".

3773: 3609: 9178: 9160: 9155: 9126: 9085: 9075: 9028: 9003: 8750: 8725: 8591: 8513: 8379: 8343: 7363: 7032: 3585: 3465: 3073: 3059: 3042: 3007: 2579: 2168: 2073: 2046: 2020: 2001: 1907: 1783: 1221: 1208: 1142: 1075: 946:. In addition to these bodies, there are further organizations outside of the more traditional 796: 751: 711: 676: 671: 661: 656: 641: 524: 305: 300: 271: 251: 156: 113: 8023:

Loiselle, Kenneth. "Freemasonry and the Catholic Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century France."

7533: 7527: 6637: 6631: 6565: 6196: 5951: 5187:, Arrow 1998, Appendix 2, pp. 360–362, "Masonic Field Lodges in Regiments in America", 1775–77 5029: 4050: 3494:(Andrew Jackson was a prominent Mason), helped fuel an Anti-Masonic movement. The short-lived 3380: 1312:

All Lodges shall display a volume of scripture with the square and compasses while in session.

9359: 9271: 9121: 8931: 8877: 8760: 8671: 8661: 8619: 8581: 8414: 8374: 8355: 7786: 7207: 6751: 6598: 6592: 5742: 5520:

Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge Free and Accepted Masons Jurisdiction of Pennsylvania

5104: 5065: 5059: 5002: 4620:, "Basic Principles for Grand Lodge Recognition", any year since 1930, page numbers may vary. 3475:

The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister

3247: 3178: 3166: 2675: 2597: 2565: 2504: 2399: 2363: 2349: 2241:, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century, at first under the leadership of 2225:

English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled

2176: 1965: 1596: 1332: 947: 894:, which consists of the jurisdictions that have removed some, or all, of these restrictions. 791: 781: 756: 731: 666: 646: 577: 358: 329: 324: 241: 8177: 6380:

Renata Ribeiro Francisco, "Os heróis maçônicos na historiografia da abolição em São Paulo"

4759: 3856:"Fighting the International Conspiracy: The Francoist Persecution of Freemasonry, 1936–1945" 2792:

For the Scottish Constitution, District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:

2667: 9450: 9429: 9106: 9070: 8916: 8830: 8740: 8601: 8553: 8444: 8236: 8192: 7212: 6567:

Ritual America: Secret Brotherhoods and Their Influence on American Society: A Visual Guide

5154: 3528: 3491: 3486:

Freemasonry in the United States faced political pressure following the 1826 kidnapping of

3397: 2930: 2732: 2663: 2613: 2571: 2300: 2202: 2112: 1890: 1850: 1822: 1700: 1526: 1460: 771: 726: 701: 686: 618: 557: 72: 55: 4073: 8: 8815: 8755: 8399: 7302:"The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement" 7261:"The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement" 7079: 7013: 6721: 6542: 6315:

Fulvio Conti, "From Universalism to Nationalism: Italian Freemasonry and the Great War."

3615: 3424: 3229: 3022:. More than 600 Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was 2942: 2915: 2769: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2625: 2553: 2307:

and Freemasonry shared close similarities in doctrines, spiritual outlook and mysticism.

2080: 1808: 1763: 1636: 1496: 1491: 1368:

In Britain, separate bodies administer each order. Freemasons are encouraged to join the

967: 786: 721: 706: 696: 651: 519: 514: 474: 166: 161: 31: 8247: 7465:, The Canonbury Papers I (London: Canonbury Masonic Research Centre, 2002), pp. 116–34, 7458: 7235: 6941: 6670: 6422:

Watson Smith, "Influences from the United States on the Mexican Constitution of 1824."

5657: 4811: 4171: 4006:

https://www.shrinersinternational.org/en/news-and-events/news/2022/05/aaonms-ritual-book

3358:(1865–1935) played the crucial role in leading the opposition to Freemasonry across the 1137:), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or 9332: 9266: 9170: 7838: 7572: 7566: 7341: 7188: 6979: 6913: 4850: 3701: 3495: 3385: 3343: 3267: 3217:

and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the

2696: 2601: 2254: 2197: 2111:, and is still in possession of St. John's Lodge No. 1 of the Grand Lodge of New York. 1354: 1346: 494: 489: 396: 211: 6302:

Adrian Lyttelton, "An Old Church and a New State: Italian Anticlericalism 1876–1915."

5319: 4018:

https://museumfreemasonry.org.uk/blog/learn-about-freemasonry-what-freemason-handshake

3498:

was formed, which fielded candidates for the presidential elections of 1828 and 1832.

2478:

Goose and Gridiron, where the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, later called the

1448: 1436: 8394: 8255: 8242: 7886: 7876: 7801: 7768: 7758: 7713: 7586: 7576: 7547: 7537: 7478: 7168: 7106: 6963: 6819: 6651: 6641: 6612: 6602: 6571: 6450: 6202: 5848: 5597: 5574: 5508: 5225: 5215: 5069: 5035: 5008: 4959: 4901: 4740: 4431:"Jurisdictional Membership Statistics – Masonic Service Association of North America" 3893: 3875: 3834: 3811: 3461: 3367: 3185: 3077: 2736: 2634: 2575: 2549: 2545: 2512: 2508: 2238: 2084: 1960:

put forward the theory that suggested that Freemasonry may have been an outgrowth of

1953: 1870: 1778: 1579: 1536: 1282: 1102: 592: 567: 459: 7319: 6792: 5485: 4930: 4430: 2121:

Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of New York

1085:

Each Masonic Lodge exists and operates according to ancient principles known as the

8251: 8228: 7423: 5775: 5566: 4732: 4597: 4455: 4218: 3867: 3577: 3431:, placed a ban on Freemasonry. Lodge buildings were confiscated by the government. 3210: 3064: 3023: 2638: 2425: 2333: 2321:

Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana

1971:

The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, later called the

1753: 1748: 1728: 1718: 1400: 1048: 927: 479: 42: 8174:

REHMLAC: Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña

6094:

Margaret C. Jacob's seminal work on Enlightenment freemasonry, Margaret C. Jacob,

5423: 3984: 3800:"Jews and Freemasonry in the nineteenth century: An overview of current knowledge" 2716: 2708: 2671: 2196:

being one notable Masonic personality of African descent. Nonetheless, widespread

2064:

Other lodges in the colony of Pennsylvania obtained authorisations from the later

9203: 9165: 8982: 8289: 8271: 8213: 7661: 7367: 7284: 6843: 6252:

Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry & Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe

6071:"Freemasons to admit women – but only if they first joined as men | UK news" 6036: 5935: 5913: 5726: 5703: 5680: 5623: 5540: 5515: 5492: 5465: 5451: 5363: 5347: 5055: 4795: 4736: 4703: 4565: 4547: 4519: 4342: 4306: 4283: 4241: 4103: 4080: 4057: 4035: 3953: 3931: 3871: 3712: 3673: 3649: 3544: 3517:

in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under

3192: 3047: 3011: 2620: 2432: 1945: 1798: 1695: 1664: 1631: 1425: 1381:

Christian faith, and is administered from Duke Street in London. Conversely, the

1369: 1358: 1079: 587: 216: 206: 8277: 8172:

Jacob, Margaret. "The Radical Enlightenment and Freemasonry: where we are now."

8132:

All Men Free and Brethren: Essays on the History of African American Freemasonry

6096:

Living the Enlightenment: Free masonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe

5795: 1948:, Suffolk, England, early 20th century, set up for a Holy Royal Arch convocation 8961: 8429: 8347: 8295: 8001:

Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe

6895:"Pastoral guidelines in dealing with individual Catholics – members of Masonry" 5167: 4358: 3723: 3718: 3656:. Hitler believed Freemasons had succumbed to Jews conspiring against Germany. 3581: 3510: 3443: 3328: 3320: 3200: 3093: 2596:

Freemasons had been active in Russia in the 18th century, working to introduce

2533: 2403: 2299:

were members and patrons of Freemasonry. They were also closely allied against

2296: 2284: 2250: 2193: 1961: 1803: 1684: 1328: 1020: 919: 605: 439: 344: 276: 191: 7815: 6837:

Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration on Masonic Associations

6692: 5570: 5088: 4384: 4261:

Jack Buta, "The God Conspiracy, The Politics of Grand Lodge Foreign Relations"

3968: 2229:, and then as distinctively French lodges that still follow the ritual of the 1723: 984: 9444: 9411: 9287: 8452: 8424: 8409: 8404: 8351: 7277: 6862:: Note for the audience with the Holy Father, Vatican City, 13 November 2023. 6263:

Avner Halpern, "Freemasonry and party building in late 19th-Century France."

6239: 5928: 5578: 4488: 4359:"Freemasonry | Definition, History, Stages, Lodges, & Facts | Britannica" 4028: 3879: 3815: 3641: 3101: 3037:

in a letter by the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith 13 November 2023.

2688: 2642: 2520: 2287:, Masonic lodges operated widely across all parts of the empire and numerous 2276: 1926: 1881: 1758: 1584: 1393: 1342: 1168: 1125:

Additionally, most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in a

1009: 997: 979: 963: 931: 898: 562: 484: 464: 236: 231: 108: 7890: 7772: 7551: 6967: 6937:

Is it True What They Say About Freemasonry, 2nd edition (revised), chapter 1

6823: 6655: 6616: 5906: 5229: 4299: 2691:

known as the "Yorkinos." According to historian Karen Racine, Freemasons in

2369:

Regular – Standard Anglo-American ritual, mandatory belief in Supreme Being.

2245:, Comte de Grassy-Tilly. A career Army officer, he lived with his family in 1023:

consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively

970:, and Freemasons have historically been persecuted by authoritarian states. 9396: 8125:

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Archived from 7208:"Saddam to be formally charged" 5877:Mackey's Lexicon of Freemasonry 5817: 5804: 5789: 5769: 5752: 5736: 5713: 5690: 5667: 5651: 5637: 5610: 5585: 5546: 5533:Histoire de la Franc-maçonnerie 5525: 5502: 5479: 5457: 5438: 5411: 5393: 5356: 5312: 5287: 5261: 5236: 5190: 5177: 5161: 5147: 5131: 5118: 5098: 5064:. Alpha/Penguin Books. p. 5048: 5021: 4994: 4982:. United Grand Lodge of England 4972: 4945: 4914: 4889: 4876: 4863: 4845:. 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Evans. p. 6480:www.freemasons-freemasonry.com 6111:(Routledge, 2004) pp. 272–287. 6010:"HFAF | Freemasonry for Women" 5172:St. John's Lodge No. 1, A.Y.M. 5128:, Rider 2006, Chapter 1, p. 17 4873:, Rider 2006, Chapter 4, p. 53 4277:"Social events and activities" 4207:"Comment devenir franc-maçon?" 3971:Toasts for the festive board, 3886: 3847: 3822: 3791: 3766: 3741: 3690:United Grand Lodges of Germany 3057:. Unlike its predecessor, the 2267:Freemasonry in the Middle East 2261:Freemasonry in the Middle East 2066:Antient Grand Lodge of England 1991:Antient Grand Lodge of England 1866:scholar of Western esotericism 1440:Example of Masonic symbols in 952:Rosicrucian Society of England 13: 1: 9242:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon 9171:Royal Arch Masonry (American) 8549:Norwegian Order of Freemasons 8544:Icelandic Order of Freemasons 8504:United Grand Lodge of England 8238:The Mysteries of Free Masonry 8127:(U of California Press, 2015) 8085:Weisberger, R. William et al. 7485:– Vol. XI, March 1933 No. 3, 7278:"Can a Muslim be a Freemason" 5929:"Maria Deraismes (1828–1894)" 5198:Cracking the Freemason's Code 5126:Cracking the Freemason's Code 4871:Cracking the Freemason's Code 4777:Cracking the Freemason's Code 4631:Cracking the Freemason's Code 4513:Jim Bantolo, "On Recognition" 4147:, Arcturus, 2005, pp. 101–120 3935:United Grand Lodge of England 3734: 3634:The preserved records of the 3440:United Grand Lodge of England 3225:for a deity in Freemasonry." 2879:United Service Lodge No. 1341 2649:as the saviour of Italy from 2631:Italy's joining of the Allies 2503:On the other hand, historian 2458:United Grand Lodge of England 2317:United Grand Lodge of England 1995:United Grand Lodge of England 1701:List of magical organizations 1391:United Grand Lodge of England 1269:Regular Masonic jurisdictions 1262: 1205:United Grand Lodge of England 1177:United Grand Lodge of England 1112:United Grand Lodge of England 583:List of Masonic Abbreviations 402:Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition 262:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon 9311:Supreme Council of Louisiana 8283:Anti-Masonry: Points of View 7996:(U of Michigan Press, 2007). 7818:(in German). Internetloge.de 7699:Prescott, pp. 13–14, 30, 33. 6570:. Feral House. p. 187. 6124:(Harvard U.P. 1998)) p. 436. 5801:, retrieved 14 November 2014 5786:, retrieved 13 November 2013 5749:, retrieved 30 November 2013 5733:, retrieved 14 November 2013 5710:, retrieved 14 November 2013 5687:, retrieved 14 November 2013 5664:, retrieved 14 November 2013 5630:, vol 5, 1996, pp. 221–244, 5320:"Today in History - March 4" 5248:St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M 5144:, retrieved 15 November 2013 5007:. Weiser Books. p. 26. 5001:Greer, John Michael (2021). 4816:Pietre-Stones Masonic Papers 4737:10.1017/CBO9781139027649.018 4662:, retrieved 11 November 2013 4588:, retrieved 25 November 2013 4348:, retrieved 18 November 2013 4313:, retrieved 20 November 2013 4290:, retrieved 20 November 2013 4267:, retrieved 23 November 2013 4248:, Retrieved 23 November 2013 4197:, retrieved 20 November 2013 3925:"Frequently Asked Questions" 3872:10.1080/21567689.2011.591981 3708:List of general fraternities 3319:outlawed Freemasonry in the 3157:North American Mission Board 2996:Christianity and Freemasonry 2763: 2131:Freemasonry was imported to 2059:Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 1958:Rosicrucians and Freemasonry 1417:Masonic ritual and symbolism 548:Masonic ritual and symbolism 129:Regular Masonic jurisdiction 7: 9279:York Rite Sovereign College 9252:Reformed and Rectified Rite 9194:Order of the Secret Monitor 9184:Order of Mark Master Masons 8534:Swedish Order of Freemasons 8139:Journal of American History 8070:Scottish Historical Review, 7985:Harland-Jacobs, Jessica L. 6539:"Definition of Antimasonry" 6122:France in the Enlightenment 5907:"Order of the Eastern Star" 5522:, retrieved 25 October 2013 5499:, retrieved 25 October 2013 5028:Bergreen, Laurence (2016). 4818:, retrieved 12 October 2013 4802:. retrieved 8 November 2013 4646:, Arcturus, 2005, pp. 95–98 4225:, Accessed 19 November 2013 4191:"How to become a Freemason" 4162:, retrieved 31 October 2013 4110:, retrieved 8 November 2013 4087:, retrieved 8 November 2013 4041:, retrieved 31 October 2013 3959:, retrieved 30 October 2013 3695: 3153:Southern Baptist Convention 3149:Southern Baptist Convention 2935:Masonic conspiracy theories 2705:Antonio López de Santa Anna 2379:Encyclopedia of Freemasonry 2040:Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania 1101:Print from 1870 portraying 407:Masonic conspiracy theories 351:Masonic youth organizations 202:Order of Mark Master Masons 10: 9467: 9204:Cryptic Masonry (American) 8697:Grand Lodge of New Zealand 8539:Danish Order of Freemasons 8241:, by William Morgan, from 7935: 7607:, Arcturus, 2005, pp 73–75 7489:, retrieved 4 January 2014 7446:, retrieved 4 January 2014 7370:, retrieved 9 January 2014 7129:"Freemasonry and Religion" 7052:Masonic Quarterly Magazine 6711:Alpha books, 2006, p. 204. 6630:Robinson, John J. (1993). 6384:(2020), 13#34 pp. 271–302. 6382:História da Historiografia 6278:Eighteenth-century studies 6201:. Oxford UP. p. 634. 6043:, retrieved 12 August 2012 5974:, retrieved 12 August 2013 5968:"Histoire du Droit Humain" 5958:, retrieved 12 August 2013 5919:, retrieved 9 January 2013 5697:"Traditional Grand Lodges" 5418:Johnson, Lawrence (1996). 4898:The Origins of Freemasonry 4729:Cambridge University Press 4618:UGLE Book of Constitutions 4195:Masonic Lodge of Education 3854:Ruiz, Julius (June 2011). 3620:Suppression of Freemasonry 3613: 3607: 3453: 3434:Masonic lodges existed in 3429:Prime Minister of Pakistan 2999: 2900: 2864:Royal Sussex Lodge No. 501 2810:1938–1947, Grand Inspector 2611: 2589: 2563: 2542:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 2470:18th century Enlightenment 2397: 2377:was used in Mackey's 1873 2264: 2247:Charleston, South Carolina 2156: 2098:upon a bible belonging to 1912: 1905: 1901: 1414: 1326: 1266: 1161: 977: 134:Anglo-American Freemasonry 40: 36:Freemason (disambiguation) 29: 9420: 9389: 9368: 9325: 9286: 9238:Masonic Order of the Bath 9220: 9189:Order of the Scarlet Cord 9148: 9139: 8975: 8953: 8904: 8891:Newfoundland and Labrador 8876: 8854: 8716: 8709: 8685:Australia and New Zealand 8526: 8496: 8489: 8478: 8464:headquarters (1775/1933-) 8436: 8362: 8341: 8212:29 September 2007 at the 8167:Historiography and memory 8025:Journal of Modern History 7992:Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. 7348:Retrieved 2 October 2007. 7288:Wake up from your slumber 6591:Morris, S. Brent (2006). 6476:"Chinese Masonic Society" 6148:Living the Enlightenment, 6135:Living the Enlightenment, 5843:(Philadelphia ed.). 5571:10.1080/00263206508700010 5553:M. Landau, Jacob (1965). 5454:retrieved 13 October 2013 5405:Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper 5387:Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper 5183:M. Baigent and R. Leigh, 4927:www.masonicdictionary.com 4896:Stevenson, David (1988). 4886:, Blackwood 1873, Preface 4709:retrieved 7 November 2013 4240:28 September 2013 at the 4235:"Faut-il croire en Dieu?" 4123:, Angus, 2004, pp 214–220 3975:retrieved 30 October 2013 3937:retrieved 30 October 2013 3637:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 3396:states that Freemasonry, 2867:St. Paul's Lodge No. 9718 2713:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 2681: 2585: 2574:ideas that dominated the 2559: 2465:Development and expansion 2310: 2271:After the failure of the 2177:African Lodge, Number 459 1888:obligation is taken on a 1341:The Ancient and Accepted 988:Lodge in Palazzo Roffia, 530:List of Masonic buildings 510:Mark Masons' Hall, London 335:Order of the Eastern Star 9247:Red Cross of Constantine 8110:(UNC Press Books, 2011). 8092:Weisberger, R. William. 7970:Journal of World History 7947:(Lexington Books, 2004) 7943:Belton, John L., et al. 7802:"Hitler and Freemasonry" 7499:King, Edward L. (2007). 7163:Fields, Rona M. (1980). 6698:retrieved 9 January 2014 6367:Bogdan and Snoek, eds., 6030:"Text of UGLE statement" 5912:22 February 2020 at the 5897:, retrieved 5 March 2013 5581:– via Tandfonline. 5539:26 December 2015 at the 5514:19 November 2013 at the 5185:The Temple and the Lodge 5111:, vol X no 5, May 1924, 5095:, retrieved 28 June 2012 4559:"Exclusive Jurisdiction" 3985:"Words, Grips and Signs" 3952:11 November 2016 at the 3366:in order to rebuild the 3197:archbishop of Canterbury 2849:Lodge of Lu Pan No. 9387 2754: 2693:the presidency of Mexico 2607: 2488:Age of the Enlightenment 1087:Landmarks of Freemasonry 959:criticism and opposition 505:Freemasons' Hall, London 417:Papal ban of Freemasonry 317:Masonic groups for women 227:Red Cross of Constantine 9257:Royal Order of Scotland 8864:Prince Hall Freemasonry 8509:Grand Lodge of Scotland 8344:Fraternal organisations 8199:Encyclopædia Britannica 8130:Hinks, Peter P. et al. 8060:Handbook of Freemasonry 8015:Handbook of Freemasonry 7483:The Short Talk Bulletin 7027:Snyder, Howard (2006). 6914:"The Curse of Baphomet" 6806:McInvale, Reid (1991). 6369:Handbook of Freemasonry 6304:European Studies Review 6291:Acta Poloniae Historica 6236:Eighteenth-Century Life 6109:The Enlightenment World 5725:20 January 2015 at the 5679:20 January 2015 at the 5491:22 October 2013 at the 4958:. Courier Corporation. 4952:Hall, Manly P. (2010). 4564:3 December 2013 at the 4546:1 December 2010 at the 4244:, Foire aux Questions, 4160:Maconnieke Encyclopedie 4157:"Les Officiers de Loge" 4102:22 October 2013 at the 4079:9 November 2013 at the 3991:, 1923, Chapter XVIII, 3930:22 October 2013 at the 3590:University of Sheffield 3515:Grande Oriente d'Italia 3364:Al-Aqsa Mosque compound 3275:Some of this section's 3238:Royal Black Institution 3236:for Catholics, and the 3234:Knights of Peter Claver 3029:In eminenti apostolatus 2876:The Club Lodge No. 9880 2843:Harriers Lodge No. 9882 2538:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2375:Continental Freemasonry 2338:immortality of the soul 2273:1830 Italian revolution 2159:Prince Hall Freemasonry 2153:Prince Hall Freemasonry 2070:Grand Lodge of Scotland 2006:Grand Lodge of Scotland 1857:, the rough and smooth 1385:is a fully independent 1139:Continental Freemasonry 1116:Grand Lodge of New York 892:Continental Freemasonry 856:fraternal organisations 500:Lodge Mother Kilwinning 267:Royal Order of Scotland 139:Continental Freemasonry 124:Prince Hall Freemasonry 9179:Order of Knight Masons 9161:Grand College of Rites 9156:Allied Masonic Degrees 8514:Grand Lodge of Ireland 8202:(11th ed.). 1911. 8117:29.2 (1977): 139–165. 8027:94.3 (2022): 499–536. 7965:(PublicAffairs, 2020). 7735:Freemasons for Dummies 7623:Freemasons for Dummies 7411:Freemasonry in Lebanon 7366:9 January 2014 at the 7033:Grand Rapids, Michigan 6410:42.3 (1939): 198–214. 6395:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6330:Modern Italy 1871–1995 6195:Norman Davies (1996). 5934:4 October 2013 at the 5873:"Adoptive Freemasonry" 5720:"Regular Grand Lodges" 5674:"Liberal Grand Lodges" 5559:Middle Eastern Studies 5486:"Foreign Grand Lodges" 4707:Grand Lodge of Alberta 4702:9 January 2014 at the 4697:"What is Freemasonry?" 4522:, Masonic Short Talk, 4460:Grand Orient de France 4305:4 January 2020 at the 4282:9 January 2014 at the 4246:Grand Orient de France 4056:4 October 2018 at the 3898:www.chevalierramsay.be 3778:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 3631: 3506: 3466:Unlawful Societies Act 3374:. Through his popular 3117:1983 Code of Canon Law 3060:1983 Code of Canon Law 3043:1917 Code of Canon Law 2925:(alternatively called 2919: 2840:Foochow Lodge No. 1912 2483: 2480:Grand Lodge of England 2222: 2169:Grand Lodge of Ireland 2147: 2100:St. John's Lodge No. 1 2074:Grand Lodge of Ireland 2047:Erasmus James Philipps 2036:Grand Lodge of England 2027: 2021:Erasmus James Philipps 2002:Grand Lodge of Ireland 1973:Grand Lodge of England 1949: 1908:History of Freemasonry 1453: 1445: 1433: 1278: 1254:Exclusive Jurisdiction 1244:Exclusive Jurisdiction 1222:Grand Orient de France 1209:Grand Lodge of Ireland 1179: 1175:, London, home of the 1143:Grand Orient de France 1106: 1105:as Master of his Lodge 993: 525:Detroit Masonic Temple 306:Tall Cedars of Lebanon 301:Royal Order of Jesters 272:Order of Knight Masons 252:Grand College of Rites 157:History of Freemasonry 114:Masonic lodge officers 65: 34:. For other uses, see 9360:Freemasonry and women 9306:Southern Jurisdiction 9301:Northern Jurisdiction 9272:Societas Rosicruciana 9054:Grand Orient of Italy 8375:Chamber of Reflection 7958:16.3 (2019): 405–422. 7936:Further information: 7621:Hodapp, Christopher. 7565:Zierer, Otto (1976). 7320:"Hamas Covenant 1988" 7283:29 March 2014 at the 6842:14 March 2001 at the 6722:Cardinal Law, Bernard 6445:Hamill, John (1986). 6319:20.5 (2015): 640–662. 6306:13.2 (1983): 225–248. 6267:10.2 (2002): 197–210. 6176:55#2 (1993), pp 315+. 6069:Damien Gayle (2018). 5645:Historique de la GLDF 5622:10 April 2006 at the 5565:(2). Routledge: 139. 4794:10 April 2006 at the 4673:"The Supreme Council" 4602:Freemasonry Universal 4586:Grand Lodge of Latvia 4540:Masonic Trowel eBooks 4538:, 1922, pp. 135–140, 4518:14 March 2008 at the 4061:GADLU blog Maçonnique 3894:"What is Freemasonry" 3627: 3504: 3258:Islam and Freemasonry 3167:Free Methodist Church 2910: 2888:Zetland Lodge No. 525 2873:Swatow Lodge No. 3705 2834:Cathay Lodge No. 4373 2745:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 2729:Plutarco Elías Calles 2701:Valentín Gómez Farías 2612:Further information: 2590:Further information: 2566:Freemasonry in France 2564:Further information: 2505:Robert Roswell Palmer 2477: 2400:Freemasonry and women 2394:Freemasonry and women 2364:Grande Loge de France 2350:Grande Loge de France 2327:A dispute during the 2265:Further information: 2220: 2142: 2019: 1943: 1597:Esoteric transmission 1451: 1439: 1424: 1372:, which is linked to 1333:List of Masonic rites 1276: 1171: 1141:, exemplified by the 1100: 987: 882:, or other religious 578:Chamber of Reflection 330:Order of the Amaranth 325:Women and Freemasonry 242:Societas Rosicruciana 53: 9288:Ancient and Accepted 9107:Universal Co-Masonry 8554:Grand Lodge of Spain 8420:Ritual and Symbolism 8220:Masonic Books Online 8033:Önnerfors, Andreas. 7213:The Washington Times 6545:on 28 September 2011 6505:Zetland Hall Website 6426:4.2 (1962): 113–126. 6424:Arizona and the West 6238:20#1 (1996): 80–92. 5743:"Continental Lodges" 5702:14 July 2014 at the 5450:3 March 2016 at the 5200:, Rider 2006, p. 190 5196:Robert L.D. Cooper, 5124:Robert L.D. Cooper, 4869:Robert L.D. Cooper, 4841:John Yarker (1909). 4775:Robert L.D. Cooper, 4731:. pp. 200–210. 4633:, Rider 2006, p. 229 4629:Robert L.D. Cooper, 4034:11 July 2015 at the 3547:in Eastern Europe). 3529:Conspiracy theorists 3492:Jacksonian democracy 3450:Political opposition 3356:Mūhammād Rashīd Ridâ 3124:substitute for it." 2972:Religious opposition 2931:conspiracy theorists 2749:Miguel Alemán Valdés 2664:Francisco de Miranda 2614:Freemasonry in Italy 2598:Enlightenment ideals 2416:, during the 1720s, 2301:European imperialism 2295:affiliated with the 2127:Jamaican Freemasonry 1927:mythologised history 1891:Volume of Sacred Law 1851:square and compasses 1411:Ritual and symbolism 619:Volume of Sacred Law 558:Square and Compasses 56:Square and Compasses 9402:Conspiracy theories 8986:(several countries) 8615:Regular Grand Lodge 8288:19 May 2019 at the 8270:27 May 2019 at the 8193:"Freemasonry" 8134:(Cornell UP, 2013). 8106:Bullock, Steven C. 8006:Jacob, Margaret C. 7999:Jacob, Margaret C. 7800:McKeown, Trevor W. 7716:on 10 December 2012 7603:Michael Johnstone, 7479:"The Morgan Affair" 7391:on 27 February 2014 7087:on 23 November 2007 7080:The Daily Telegraph 6944:on 2 December 2013. 6882:. 15 November 2023. 6780:. 15 November 2023. 6730:CatholicCulture.org 6371:(2014) pp. 439–440. 6345:63.1 (2019): 25–47. 6280:29.1 (1995): 25–44. 6250:Margaret C. Jacob, 6035:4 June 2013 at the 5660:, Manchester 2011, 5389:. 10 December 2017. 5365:Handbook of Jamaica 5349:Handbook of Jamaica 4882:David Murray Lyon, 4779:, Rider 2006, p. 79 4727:and New York City: 4642:Michael Johnstone, 4341:3 June 2015 at the 4143:Michael Johnstone, 3425:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 3354:Islamic theologian 3230:Knights of Columbus 2986:conspiracy theories 2943:Nesta Helen Webster 2916:Franco dictatorship 2741:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 2725:Venustiano Carranza 2721:Francisco I. Madero 2626:Italian nationalism 2554:Frederick the Great 2412:At the dawn of the 2081:American Revolution 1956:in his work titled 1764:Hermes Trismegistus 1637:Ritual purification 1497:Eastern esotericism 1492:Western esotericism 1076:officers of a Lodge 968:conspiracy theories 872:Regular Freemasonry 515:House of the Temple 475:John the Evangelist 167:Masonic manuscripts 32:Masonic, California 9333:List of Freemasons 9267:Royal Order of Eri 9208:Royal Ark Mariners 9175:Order of Athelstan 9149:Non-Denominational 9064:Female Grand Lodge 8999:Female Grand Lodge 8927:Dominican Republic 8123:Hackett, David G. 8115:American Quarterly 8078:Stevenson, David. 7507:on 3 February 2021 7381:"Mystery unveiled" 7234:Prescott, Andrew. 6752:Angela Pellicciari 6707:Morris, S. Brent; 6293:48 (1983): 95–131. 6159:Robert R. Palmer, 5917:Masonic Dictionary 5731:French Freemasonry 5708:French Freemasonry 5685:French Freemasonry 4933:on 28 January 2020 4843:The Arcane Schools 4365:. 16 November 2023 4363:www.britannica.com 4288:Hampshire Province 4219:"Swedish Rite FAQ" 4039:Masonic Dictionary 3989:Symbolical Masonry 3702:List of Freemasons 3632: 3507: 3496:Anti-Masonic Party 3386:Muslim Brotherhood 3344:Al-Masih ad-Dajjal 3139:. Masonic scholar 2920: 2697:Guadalupe Victoria 2676:Bernardo O'Higgins 2668:José de San Martin 2602:Alexander Kerensky 2534:Sir Robert Walpole 2484: 2426:Lodges of Adoption 2255:Haitian Revolution 2223: 2198:racial segregation 2096:first inauguration 2028: 1950: 1921:, dating from the 1654:Esoteric societies 1454: 1446: 1434: 1349:. In America, the 1347:Continental Europe 1279: 1180: 1107: 1029:Entered Apprentice 994: 920:Entered Apprentice 854:refers to various 495:List of Freemasons 490:Elizabeth Aldworth 397:Anti-Masonic Party 212:Royal Arch Masonry 66: 18:Masonic fraternity 9438: 9437: 9376:Masonic Buildings 9321: 9320: 9135: 9134: 9034:Mixed Grand Lodge 8987: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8872: 8871: 8705: 8704: 8680: 8679: 8567: 8566: 8522: 8521: 8243:Project Gutenberg 7882:978-3-925749-05-6 7764:978-0-02-897166-7 7582:978-0-8148-0673-9 7543:978-0-13-291840-4 7481:, Reprinted from 7426:, December 2009, 7340:Leyiktez, Celil. 7187:Layiktez, Cecil " 6724:(19 April 1985). 6647:978-0-87131-732-2 6608:978-1-59257-490-2 6524:"Anti-Masonry" – 6456:978-0-85030-460-2 6435:Racine, p. 1:540. 6397:(1997) 1:538–540. 6343:Latin Americanist 6208:978-0-19-820171-7 6198:Europe: A History 5849:Benjamin Franklin 5812:The Weaker Vessel 5796:"Current members" 5764:Corn Wine and Oil 5273:National Archives 5221:978-0-8078-4750-3 5041:978-1-4767-1652-7 5014:978-1-63341-224-8 4494:on 21 August 2007 4311:MasonicLodges.com 4097:"Charitable work" 4004:Old ritual book: 3553:Justice Secretary 3462:French Revolution 3368:Temple of Solomon 3313: 3312: 3305: 3201:Dr Rowan Williams 3186:Church of England 3119:, as well as the 3078:Pope Benedict XVI 2737:Emilio Portes Gil 2635:League of Nations 2580:the Radical Party 2576:French Revolution 2550:George Washington 2546:Benjamin Franklin 2513:George Washington 2509:Benjamin Franklin 2239:French Revolution 2113:Robert Livingston 2085:George Washington 1984:American colonies 1975:, was founded on 1954:Thomas De Quincey 1871:Temple of Solomon 1864:According to the 1847: 1846: 1580:Astral projection 1537:Mystical theology 1283:Masonic Landmarks 1103:George Washington 1049:secret handshakes 1043:to the degree of 1035:to the degree of 845: 844: 593:Masonic Landmarks 568:Eye of Providence 460:Thomas Smith Webb 434:People and places 16:(Redirected from 9458: 9428: 9427: 9146: 9145: 9141:Appendant Orders 8985: 8973: 8972: 8856:African-American 8852: 8851: 8714: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8682: 8681: 8524: 8523: 8494: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8471:Lodge of England 8458:Freemasons' Hall 8455: 8442: 8354:, locations and 8328: 8321: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8252:Internet Archive 8203: 8195: 8176:1 (2013): 11–25. 8051:Ridley, Jasper. 7956:Atlantic Studies 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7706: 7700: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7671: 7665: 7653: 7647: 7635: 7626: 7619: 7608: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7503:. 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Archived from 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6983: 6975: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6872: 6863: 6853: 6847: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6754:(26 June 2023). 6750:Emanuela Tulli; 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6718: 6712: 6705: 6699: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6633:A Pilgrim's Path 6627: 6621: 6620: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6535: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6472: 6461: 6460: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6420: 6414: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6352: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6232: 6226: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6066: 6057: 6050: 6044: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5981: 5975: 5965: 5959: 5949: 5943: 5926: 5920: 5904: 5898: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5847:, Pennsylvania: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5810:Antonia Frazer, 5808: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5773: 5767: 5756: 5750: 5740: 5734: 5717: 5711: 5694: 5688: 5671: 5665: 5655: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5550: 5544: 5529: 5523: 5506: 5500: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5464:Bessel, Paul M. 5461: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5422:. Archived from 5415: 5409: 5408: 5407:. 18 April 2017. 5397: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5102: 5096: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4929:. Archived from 4921:Dafoe, Stephen. 4918: 4912: 4911: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4809: 4803: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4716: 4710: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4669: 4663: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4595: 4589: 4579: 4573: 4556: 4550: 4533: 4527: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4456:"Notre histoire" 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4349: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4297: 4291: 4274: 4268: 4258: 4249: 4232: 4226: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4188: 4179: 4169: 4163: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4094: 4088: 4070: 4064: 4048: 4042: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3982: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3944: 3938: 3922: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3745: 3545:Communist states 3308: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3270: 3262: 3211:Church of Greece 3175:God of the Bible 3065:secret societies 3024:Pope Clement XII 2992:and evil power. 2927:Anti-Freemasonry 2334:existence of God 1839: 1832: 1825: 1479: 1456: 1455: 1401:Nordic countries 1118:requires three. 1056:Installed Master 837: 830: 823: 600:Morals and Dogma 520:Solomon's Temple 480:John the Baptist 386:Views on Masonry 91: 68: 67: 43:Freemasons (DJs) 21: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9416: 9385: 9364: 9317: 9289: 9282: 9234:Knights Templar 9216: 9131: 9095: 8983:Le Droit Humain 8965: 8960: 8956: 8941: 8900: 8868: 8850: 8701: 8676: 8632:North Macedonia 8563: 8518: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8434: 8358: 8337: 8332: 8298:Le Droit Humain 8290:Wayback Machine 8272:Wayback Machine 8214:Wayback Machine 8190: 8187: 8169: 8103: 7940: 7934: 7932:Further reading 7929: 7928: 7918: 7916: 7915:on 6 March 2016 7909:Masonic Network 7903: 7902: 7898: 7883: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7765: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7719: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7672: 7668: 7662:The Independent 7654: 7650: 7636: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7598: 7583: 7563: 7559: 7544: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7497: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7457: 7450: 7438: 7434: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7385:The Star Online 7379: 7378: 7374: 7368:Wayback Machine 7356: 7352: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7298: 7294: 7285:Wayback Machine 7276: 7272: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7161: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7044: 7040: 7029:Populist Saints 7025: 7021: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6977: 6976: 6953: 6949: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6891: 6887: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6854: 6850: 6844:Wayback Machine 6835: 6831: 6804: 6800: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6719: 6715: 6706: 6702: 6691: 6687: 6676: 6674: 6667: 6663: 6648: 6628: 6624: 6609: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6474: 6473: 6464: 6457: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6421: 6417: 6405: 6401: 6392: 6388: 6379: 6375: 6366: 6362: 6353: 6349: 6340: 6336: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6288: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6262: 6258: 6249: 6245: 6233: 6229: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6141: 6137:pp. 20, 73, 89. 6132: 6128: 6119: 6115: 6106: 6102: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6067: 6060: 6051: 6047: 6037:Wayback Machine 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5966: 5962: 5956:Phoenix Masonry 5950: 5946: 5936:Wayback Machine 5927: 5923: 5914:Wayback Machine 5905: 5901: 5895:Phoenix Masonry 5889: 5882: 5871: 5867: 5854: 5852: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5818: 5809: 5805: 5794: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5757: 5753: 5741: 5737: 5727:Wayback Machine 5718: 5714: 5704:Wayback Machine 5695: 5691: 5681:Wayback Machine 5672: 5668: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5638: 5624:Wayback Machine 5615: 5611: 5604: 5590: 5586: 5551: 5547: 5541:Wayback Machine 5530: 5526: 5516:Wayback Machine 5507: 5503: 5493:Wayback Machine 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5452:Wayback Machine 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5416: 5412: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5222: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5056:S. Brent Morris 5053: 5049: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5015: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4848: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4810: 4806: 4796:Wayback Machine 4787: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4717: 4713: 4704:Wayback Machine 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4677:www.sc33.org.uk 4671: 4670: 4666: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4580: 4576: 4566:Wayback Machine 4557: 4553: 4548:Wayback Machine 4534: 4530: 4520:Wayback Machine 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4389:www.ugle.org.uk 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4346:MasterMason.com 4343:Wayback Machine 4334: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4307:Wayback Machine 4298: 4294: 4284:Wayback Machine 4275: 4271: 4259: 4252: 4242:Wayback Machine 4233: 4229: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4189: 4182: 4170: 4166: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4104:Wayback Machine 4095: 4091: 4081:Wayback Machine 4071: 4067: 4058:Wayback Machine 4049: 4045: 4036:Wayback Machine 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3987:H. 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Haywood, 3983: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3954:Wayback Machine 3945: 3941: 3932:Wayback Machine 3923: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3827: 3823: 3804:Archives Juives 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3753:www.ugle.org.uk 3747: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3713:Fraternal order 3698: 3674:Winterhilfswerk 3659:The small blue 3622: 3612: 3606: 3580:was changed by 3533:New World Order 3472:or obligation. 3458: 3452: 3315:Ottoman Caliph 3309: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3271: 3260: 3193:Geoffrey Fisher 3048:excommunication 3012:Catholic Church 3004: 2998: 2974: 2905: 2899: 2766: 2757: 2733:Lázaro Cárdenas 2684: 2659: 2621:anticlericalism 2616: 2610: 2594: 2588: 2568: 2562: 2472: 2467: 2433:Maria Deraismes 2414:Grand Lodge era 2406: 2398:Main articles: 2396: 2313: 2269: 2263: 2235:Duke of Orléans 2215: 2161: 2155: 2129: 2014: 1952:Alternatively, 1946:Bury St Edmunds 1915: 1910: 1904: 1843: 1814: 1813: 1714: 1713:Notable figures 1706: 1705: 1696:Typhonian Order 1687: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1632:Rite of passage 1575: 1567: 1566: 1487: 1419: 1413: 1370:Holy Royal Arch 1363:Knights Templar 1359:Cryptic Masonry 1335: 1325: 1271: 1265: 1256: 1230: 1173:Freemasons Hall 1166: 1160: 1155: 1095: 1093:Joining a lodge 982: 976: 841: 812: 811: 737:North Macedonia 632: 624: 623: 588:Sprig of Acacia 543: 535: 534: 455:William Preston 435: 427: 426: 387: 379: 378: 369:Job's Daughters 222:Knights Templar 217:Cryptic Masonry 207:Holy Royal Arch 180: 172: 171: 152: 144: 143: 99: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9464: 9454: 9453: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9294: 9292: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9236: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9222: 9221:Christian Only 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9152: 9150: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8988: 8979: 8977: 8970: 8962:Co-Freemasonry 8951: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8860: 8858: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8711: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8587:Czech Republic 8584: 8579: 8574: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8530: 8528: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8480:Anglo-American 8476: 8475: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8430:Research lodge 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8293: 8280: 8275: 8262: 8245: 8234: 8226: 8217: 8204: 8186: 8185:External links 8183: 8182: 8181: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8153: 8146: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8111: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8090: 8089:(2002), 969 pp 8083: 8076: 8066: 8056: 8053:The Freemasons 8049: 8042: 8031: 8021: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7978:Hamill, John. 7976: 7966: 7961:Dickie, John. 7959: 7952: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7896: 7881: 7855: 7829: 7807: 7792: 7778: 7763: 7755:vol. 2, p. 531 7739: 7727: 7701: 7692: 7680:guardian.co.uk 7666: 7648: 7627: 7609: 7605:The Freemasons 7596: 7581: 7557: 7542: 7518: 7491: 7471: 7448: 7442:, 2007 paper, 7432: 7416: 7402: 7372: 7350: 7333: 7311: 7292: 7270: 7251: 7226: 7193: 7180: 7174:978-1412845090 7173: 7152: 7120: 7098: 7065: 7038: 7019: 7005: 6991: 6947: 6926: 6904: 6885: 6864: 6848: 6829: 6798: 6783: 6769: 6758:(in Italian). 6742: 6713: 6700: 6696:infoplease.com 6685: 6661: 6646: 6622: 6607: 6583: 6577:978-1936239153 6576: 6556: 6530: 6517: 6492: 6462: 6455: 6437: 6428: 6415: 6399: 6386: 6373: 6360: 6347: 6334: 6332:(1996) p. 254. 6328:Martin Clark, 6321: 6308: 6295: 6282: 6269: 6256: 6243: 6227: 6214: 6207: 6187: 6178: 6165: 6152: 6139: 6126: 6120:Daniel Roche, 6113: 6100: 6087: 6058: 6045: 6022: 6001: 5989:www.owf.org.uk 5976: 5960: 5944: 5921: 5899: 5880: 5865: 5829: 5816: 5803: 5788: 5768: 5751: 5735: 5712: 5689: 5666: 5650: 5636: 5609: 5603:978-8869693397 5602: 5584: 5545: 5524: 5501: 5478: 5456: 5437: 5426:on 2 June 2007 5410: 5392: 5371: 5355: 5336: 5311: 5286: 5260: 5235: 5220: 5202: 5189: 5176: 5160: 5146: 5130: 5117: 5097: 5081: 5074: 5047: 5040: 5020: 5013: 4993: 4971: 4965:978-0486471433 4964: 4944: 4913: 4906: 4888: 4875: 4862: 4833: 4831:, London, 1872 4820: 4804: 4800:Paul M. Bessel 4781: 4768: 4752: 4746:978-1139027649 4745: 4711: 4689: 4664: 4648: 4644:The Freemasons 4635: 4622: 4610: 4590: 4574: 4570:Paul M. Bessel 4551: 4528: 4505: 4473: 4447: 4422: 4401: 4376: 4350: 4328: 4315: 4292: 4269: 4250: 4227: 4211: 4199: 4180: 4164: 4149: 4145:The Freemasons 4125: 4112: 4089: 4065: 4043: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3977: 3961: 3939: 3910: 3885: 3866:(2): 179–196. 3846: 3839: 3821: 3790: 3765: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3724:Co-Freemasonry 3721: 3719:Secret society 3716: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3694: 3616:Liberté chérie 3608:Main article: 3605: 3602: 3582:Saddam Hussein 3511:Propaganda Due 3488:William Morgan 3451: 3448: 3444:Saddam Hussein 3329:Ottoman Empire 3321:Ottoman Empire 3311: 3310: 3277:listed sources 3274: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3094:Holy Communion 3082:as the Prefect 3000:Main article: 2997: 2994: 2973: 2970: 2901:Main article: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2683: 2680: 2658: 2655: 2609: 2606: 2587: 2584: 2561: 2558: 2482:, was founded. 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2437:Georges Martin 2418:James Anderson 2404:Co-Freemasonry 2395: 2392: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2360: 2312: 2309: 2297:Bektashi order 2285:Ottoman Empire 2262: 2259: 2251:Saint-Domingue 2214: 2211: 2194:Angelo Soliman 2157:Main article: 2154: 2151: 2128: 2125: 2092:oath of office 2013: 2010: 1962:Rosicrucianism 1914: 1911: 1906:Main article: 1903: 1900: 1882:tracing boards 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1685:Rosicrucianism 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1576: 1574:Esoteric rites 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1562:Traditionalism 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1329:Masonic bodies 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1229: 1226: 1162:Main article: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1133:(known as the 1094: 1091: 1021:Masonic ritual 1006:Masonic degree 978:Main article: 975: 972: 843: 842: 840: 839: 832: 825: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 616: 608: 606:Propaganda Due 603: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 544: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 445:James Anderson 442: 440:Masonic Temple 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 354: 352: 348: 347: 345:Co-Freemasonry 342: 337: 332: 327: 321: 320: 318: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 291: 289: 285: 284: 279: 277:Research Lodge 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 192:Masonic bodies 188: 187: 185: 181: 179:Masonic bodies 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 162:Liberté chérie 159: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 84: 83: 77: 76: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9463: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9431: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9413: 9412:Morgan Affair 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9353:US presidents 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9290:Scottish Rite 9285: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9117:United States 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8963: 8958: 8952: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905:Latin America 8903: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8841:West Virginia 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8771:Massachusetts 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8718:United States 8715: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497:British Isles 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8477: 8472: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8441: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8410:Masonic myths 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Abbreviations 8368: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8322: 8317: 8315: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8250: at the 8249: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8152:(2002), 969pp 8151: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8101:United States 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7874: 7866: 7859: 7844: 7840: 7833: 7817: 7811: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7787:"Freemasonry" 7782: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7743: 7736: 7731: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7696: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7634: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7467:Pietre-Stones 7464: 7460: 7455: 7453: 7445: 7444:Pietre Stones 7441: 7436: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7358:"Home Page", 7354: 7347: 7346:Pietre-Stones 7343: 7337: 7321: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7239: 7238: 7230: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7190: 7184: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7157: 7137: 7130: 7124: 7108: 7102: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7001: 6995: 6987: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6930: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6704: 6697: 6694: 6689: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6560: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6344: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6191: 6182: 6175: 6174:The Historian 6169: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6091: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6026: 6011: 6005: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5784:Pietre-Stones 5781: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5758:For instance 5755: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5662:Pietre-Stones 5659: 5654: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5482: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5275:. 18 May 2021 5274: 5270: 5264: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5156: 5150: 5143: 5142:Pietre-Stones 5139: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5113:Pietre Stones 5110: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5077: 5075:1-59257-490-4 5071: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5005: 4997: 4981: 4975: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4660:Pietre Stones 4657: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4606:Pietre Stones 4603: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4265:Pietre-Stones 4262: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4177: 4176:Pietre Stones 4173: 4168: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4072:For instance 4069: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029:"Past Master" 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3840:9780198796275 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806:(in French). 3805: 3801: 3794: 3779: 3775: 3774:"Freemasonry" 3769: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661:forget-me-not 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642:the Holocaust 3639: 3638: 3630: 3629:Forget-me-not 3626: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3604:The Holocaust 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360:Islamic world 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3307: 3304: 3296: 3293:December 2022 3284: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206:In 1933, the 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147:In 1993, the 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102:Julito Cortes 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008:denominations 3003: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2962:Morgan Affair 2957: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2830:, Hong Kong: 2829: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2770:Victoria City 2761: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717:Porfirio Díaz 2714: 2710: 2709:Benito Juárez 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689:Joel Poinsett 2679: 2677: 2673: 2672:Simón Bolivar 2669: 2665: 2657:Latin America 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643:March on Rome 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Enlightenment 2567: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2521:Norman Davies 2517: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420:composed the 2419: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Scottish Rite 2274: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012:North America 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1977:St John's Day 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585:Body of light 1583: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1394:Master Masons 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Scottish Rite 1339: 1334: 1330: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1275: 1270: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Supreme Being 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1014:festive board 1011: 1010:formal dinner 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Masonic lodge 991: 986: 981: 980:Masonic lodge 974:Masonic lodge 971: 969: 965: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:morality play 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 909: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 888:Supreme Being 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 838: 833: 831: 826: 824: 819: 818: 816: 815: 808: 807:United States 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 628: 627: 620: 617: 615: 614: 609: 607: 604: 602: 601: 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