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long as he was achieving victories, but when he did not, or even suffered defeats; "Saladin's behavior toward prisoners was savage, and they were quite systematically put to death." Although scholars of
Islamic law justified execution of prisoners under certain conditions, contemporary Islamic historians are divided on the moral acceptability of Saladin's killing of captives. During earlier campaigns in 1177–1179, Saladin had various captured Crusader soldiers and Christian civilians executed at different instances. When he
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401:
Studying
Saladin's overall attitude towards prisoners of war, Gervers and Powell stated that; "in spite of his reputation for magnanimity, Saladin's treatment of prisoners of war was quite callous." They noted that Saladin was generous towards conquered populations and captured crusader commanders as
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estimated that 2700 Turkish hostages were killed, but do not mention any non-combatants that were present. Christian sources at the time take care to mention the strategic burden of the hostages as well as the transgressions of
Saladin before the massacre was ordered. Baha ad-Din indicates that even
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noted that between 22 and 30 August, as
Richard's army marched from Acre past Haifa to Jaffa, Saracen light horsemen carried out various assaults on the crusaders and took several prisoners; "who were taken to Saladin, cross-questioned and then slain, in vengeance for the massacre at Acre. Only the
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Distrust between the two leaders developed and a breakdown of negotiations ensued, each side demanding that their opponent's hostages be released first. After the agreed time limit for the
Saracens to hand over the cross had expired, Richard, increasingly under the impression that Saladin was
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It has been suggested that
Richard's motive for executing the Muslim prisoners was caused by Saladin failing to comply with the terms of the exchange, including handing out the fragment of the True Cross, the prisoner swap between the warring sides and the first payment of the gold pieces.
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stalling, decided to have his hostages publicly executed. On 16 August
Richard ordered that all the prisoners from Acre should be taken to a small hill called Ayyadieh. He ordered 2700 Turkish hostages to be led bound out of the city to be beheaded.
354:
Parts of the
Ayyubid army became so enraged by the killings that they attempted to charge the Crusader lines but were repeatedly beaten back, allowing Richard I and his forces to retire in good order.
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314:. (The original text had no title; the title 'The Crusade and Death of Richard I' was assigned to it by British historian Ronald Carlyle Johnston in 1961 when he translated it to modern English)
414:. After the 1191 loss of Acre and the Ayyadieh massacre, Saladin was supposedly frustrated by his military setbacks and also desired vengeance, leading to a spike in prisoner executions.
430:'Turk', 'Saracen' and 'Moor' are obsolete generalised terms for 'Muslim' used by medieval European Christians. Similarly, medieval Middle Eastern Muslims frequently used the
339:, 100,000 gold pieces and 1600 Christian prisoners of war held captive by Saladin. A deal was struck and a deadline set for Saladin to fulfill his part of the deal.
386:; "As news of the slaughter spread throughout Saladin's empire, Christian prisoners everywhere were tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy." In
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were able to retire in good order. Saladin subsequently ordered various
Crusader prisoners of war to be executed in retaliation.
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many of the crusaders disapproved of
Richard's actions and couldn't understand why Richard ordered the executions.
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290:("Account of the Crusade and the Deeds of King Richard"), a Latin book written in the early 1220s by the English
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382:. On his orders, around 1600 Christian prisoners were executed in retaliation. According to American historian
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After the fall of Acre, Richard I wanted to exchange a large number of Muslim prisoners from the city for the
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564:"The Crusade and Death of Richard I. Edited by R. C. Johnston. Oxford, Anglo-Norman Text Society 1961"
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Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum Et Gesta Regis Ricardi
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Saladin had been prolonging this so the prisoners would held deplete the crusaders food storage.
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mentions the massacre briefly at the beginning of Chapter LXVI of his chronicle of the crusades,
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Richard de Templo, who may or may not have participated in the Third Crusade himself
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for ransoms, although 15,000 of those who could not pay the ransom were sold into
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A History of the Crusades. Volume III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
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440:' to refer to any Christian or crusader, whether they were from France or not.
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on 20 August 1191. Despite attacks by Muslim forces during the killings, the
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The most important sources written during or shortly after the events are:
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Killing of Muslim prisoners by Christian forces during the Third Crusade
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The massacre was controversial for contemporary Christian sources. The
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Tolerance and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades
636:"The Massacre at Ayyadieh – Richard the Lionheart not so lionhearted"
277:), an Arabic biography of Saladin written by the Kurdish chronicler
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disappeared after Ayyadieh; it was rumored that Saladin sent it to
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675:. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 12–14.
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Dungeon, Fire and Sword: The Knights Templar in the Crusades
479:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–55.
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281:who served in Saladin's camp and was an eyewitness
267:al-Nawādir al-Sultaniyya wa'l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya
717:The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades
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287:Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
123:Massacre of the Saracen prisoners, ordered by
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669:Gervers, Michael; Powell, James M. (2001).
273:", in 2001 translated by D. S. Richards as
187:Unknown number of Crusader prisoners of war
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275:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
269:("Anecdotes of the Sultan and Virtues of
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
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34:This article includes a list of general
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588:According to Baha ad-Din, chapter 115
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535:. New York: M. Evans. p. 183.
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299:The Crusade and Death of Richard I
233:had more than two thousand Muslim
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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597:Helen J. Nicholson (translator),
408:released most Christian prisoners
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766:Battles of the Third Crusade
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404:conquered Jerusalem in 1187
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398:washerwomen were spared."
374:Any hope of regaining the
125:King Richard the Lionheart
634:JuliaH (20 August 2018).
624:Baha ad-Din, chapter 116.
389:A History of the Crusades
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185:c. 2700 Ayyubid prisoners
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348:Itinerarium Peregrinorum
140:20 August 1191
613:Itinerarium Pregrinorum
279:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
237:from the captured city
90:Infobox civilian attack
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55:more precise citations.
761:12th-century massacres
161:Prisoners of war from
155:Prisoners of war from
95:considered for merging
796:Massacres of Muslims
786:Richard I of England
513:Payne (1994), p. 239
393:, English historian
257:Contemporary sources
221:occurred during the
219:Massacre of Ayyadieh
129:Alphonse de Neuville
104:Massacre at Ayyadieh
406:, however, Saladin
323:Passages d'outremer
251:Christian Crusaders
771:Massacres in Asia
751:Conflicts in 1191
570:on 8 January 2016
527:Robinson, John J.
318:Sébastien Mamerot
308:Roger of Wendover
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686:. Retrieved
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391:. Volume III
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109:Part of the
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61:October 2013
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200:Perpetrator
171:Attack type
84:‹ The
53:introducing
801:True Cross
745:Categories
574:24 October
448:References
376:True Cross
337:True Cross
225:after the
144:1191-08-20
36:references
615:, p. 231.
93:is being
776:Crusades
710:(1994).
645:29 March
529:(1992).
473:(1987).
380:Damascus
331:Massacre
239:beheaded
206:'s army
176:Massacre
97:. ›
86:template
791:Saladin
688:15 June
548:14 June
492:15 June
412:slavery
247:Saladin
243:Ayyubid
211:'s army
209:Saladin
192:Injured
165:'s army
159:'s army
157:Saladin
142: (
49:improve
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539:
483:
358:Motive
182:Deaths
152:Target
38:, but
438:Frank
418:Notes
292:canon
271:Yusuf
229:when
726:ISBN
690:2020
677:ISBN
647:2024
576:2019
550:2020
537:ISBN
494:2020
481:ISBN
310:and
284:The
265:The
217:The
195:2000
137:Date
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