Massacre at Huế - Knowledge

66: 752:

reactionaries who are receiving treatment in hospitals." The orders for Target Area 2 ("the Phu Vinh ward") were similar: "Annihilate the enemy in the area.... Rally the Buddhist force to advance the isolation of reactionaries who exploit the Catholics of Phu Cam." The orders for Target Area 3 ("the wharves along the An Cuu River and from Truong Sung to the Kho Ren Bridge") followed the same pattern: "Search for and pursue spies, tyrants and reactionaries hiding near the wharf.... Motivate the people in the areas along the River to annihilate the enemy." For Target Area 4 (the district including Phu Cam and the Binh Anh, Truong Giang, Truong Cuu and An Lang sections) the orders were "Search for and pursue spies and reactionaries in the area.... Destroy the power and influence of reactionary leaders...." For Area 1, Cell 3 was assigned the job of "Annihilation of tyrants and the elimination of traitors".

1003:

killed." Hundreds of others "who owed blood debts were executed." Another official history from the communist side, "The Trị-Thiên-Huế Battlefield During the Victorious Resistance War Against the Americans to Save the Nation," recognized the widespread killings but claimed they were done by civilians who armed themselves and "rose up in a flood-tide, killing enemy thugs, eliminating traitors, and hunting down the enemy.... The people captured and punished many reactionaries, enemy thugs, and enemy secret agents." However, the word "eliminate" may be a mistranslation of the word "diệt," or "loại khỏi vòng chiến đấu," and instead actually mean "destroy" or "neutralize," as in neutralizing their administrative function and eliminating of their political influence by detention, as opposed to physical liquidation.

1295:, stated that there was little evidence that the communists carried out more than "several hundred" political executions and revenge killings in Huế, while the U.S. official estimate maintains that over 2,800 bodies were "victims of Communist executions." He alleged that the site of one set of mass graves was also the site of a major battle in which some 250 communist troops were reported killed in U.S air strikes and that Saigon's minister of health, after visiting burial sites, said the bodies could have been communist soldiers killed in battle. He dismissed Pike's claim that there were communist blacklists of students and intellectuals to be killed as unsupported by interviews and captured communist documents. 950:, Mr. Nguyen Ty, was "seized on February 2, 1968.... His body was found on March 1st; his hands were tied, and he had a bullet wound through his neck which had come out through the mouth." At Ap Dong Gi Tay "110 bodies were uncovered; again most had their hands tied and rags stuffed in their mouth. All of them were men, among them fifteen students, several military men, and civil servants, young and old." "Sometimes a whole family was eliminated, as was the case with the merchant, Mr. Nam Long, who together with his wife and five children was shot at home." "Mr. Phan Van Tuong, a laborer at the province headquarters, suffered a similar fate by being shot outside his house with four of his children." 1133:, commander of part of the forces that took over Huế stated, "There was no case of killing civilians purposefully.... Those civilians who were killed were killed accidentally, in cross fire." However, he admitted "some rank and file soldiers may have committed individual mistakes." However, in an internal document discussing the 1968 Tet offensive in Hue, General (Tổng) Hồ Trung wrote, referring to the Giá Hơi section: "These forces hunted down and killed enemy thugs, reactionaries, and puppet policemen" and that they "cleaned out.... nests of Catholic reactionaries." 1019:." That was because "large numbers of people had been executed" including "captured American soldiers and several other international people who were not combatants." According to Trạng, "discipline in Huế was seriously inadequate" and "fanatic young soldiers had indiscriminately shot people, and angry local citizens who supported the revolution had on various occasions taken justice into their own hands...." The massacre was "one of those terrible spontaneous tragedies that inevitably accompany war." 1081:

tyrannical puppet army and government administrative personnel, including the Deputy Province Chief of Thừa Thiên." A report written by the commander of the 6th Regiment on 30 March stated that they had captured thousands of "local administrative personnel, puppet troops, and cruel tyrants" and successfully "annihilated members of various reactionary political parties, henchmen, and wicked tyrants." It also stated that they had "killed 1,000 local administrative personnel, spies and cruel tyrants."

1373: 712: 1550: 1525: 855:

troops first came knocking at their home. Upon telling the troops that he was Deputy Mayor of Huế and was set to retire in one year (1969), he was ordered to report to a camp for reeducation and to pack clothing and food sufficient for 10 days. He was never seen again, and his remains were never recovered. She recalled that in the search of her father's remains, she witnessed that many of the bodies she came across in the mass graves were found to be in a

881:, to go through Huế to interview witnesses of the occupation. Oberdorfer classified all the killings into two categories: the planned execution of government officials and their families, political and civil servants, and collaborators with Americans, and those civilians not connected to the government who ran from questioning, who spoke harshly about the occupation, or who the occupiers believed "displayed a bad attitude" towards the occupiers. 1359: 520: 1237:." Tin explained that over 10,000 prisoners were taken at Huế, with the most important of them sent to North Vietnam for imprisonment. When U.S. Marines launched their counterattack to retake the city, communist troops were instructed to move the prisoners with the retreating troops. According to Tín, in the "panic of retreat," the company and battalion commanders shot their prisoners "to ensure the safety of the retreat." 1157:, Pike wrote that at least half of the bodies unearthed in Huế revealed clear evidence of "atrocity killings: to include hands wired behind backs, rags stuffed in mouths, bodies contorted but without wounds (indicating burial alive)." Pike concluded that the killings were done by local Vietcong cadres and were the result of "a decision rational and justifiable in the Communist mind." The three phases are as follows: 368: 821:, and ARVN units were dispatched to counterattack and recapture the city after weeks of fierce fighting during which the city and its outlying areas were exposed to repeated shelling and bombing. It was reported that during the attack by USMC and ARVN, North Vietnam's forces had rounded up the individuals whose names it had previously collected and had them executed or sent North for "reeducation." 973:...a squad with a death order entered the home of a prominent community leader and shot him, his wife, his married son and daughter-in-law, his young unmarried daughter, a male and female servant and their baby. The family cat was strangled; the family dog was clubbed to death; the goldfish scooped out of the fishbowl and tossed on the floor. When the Communists left, no life remained in the house. 846: 748:;' motivate the people of Huế to take up arms, pursue the enemy, seize power, and establish a revolutionary government; motivate (recruit) local citizens for military and 'security' forces... transportation and supply activities, and to serve wounded soldiers...;" "pursue to the end (and) punish spies, reactionaries, and 'tyrants' and 'maintain order and security in the city.'" 1142: 1028:

enemy has suffered disastrous defeats. A number of ringleaders of the puppet administration have surrendered to the people or have been arrested and have been detained by the revolutionary forces. Except for some localities and scattered guard posts which have not yet been liquidated, the Thừa Thiên-Huế puppet administration has basically disintegrated.

1033:

they executed the policy of 'catch and kill.'" A 25 February captured communist document detailed some of the successes of the Special Action Company of the PAVN 6th Regiment. "We captured and exterminated thousands of people of the revolutionary network. From province to village we broke the enemy's administrative grip for the people to rise."

893:"was particularly anxious to get those people at Phủ Cam.... The Catholics were considered particular enemies of ours." It was apparently that group whose remains were later found in the Da Mai Creek bed. The murders of 500 people at Da Mai were authorized by PRG command "on grounds that the victims had been traitors to the revolution." 1221:, the former PAVN Colonel acknowledged that executions of civilians had occurred in Huế. However, he added that under the intensity of the American bombardment, discipline of the troops disintegrated. The "units from the north" had been "told that Huế was the stronghold of feudalism, a bed of reactionaries, the breeding ground of 1089:

In order to cover up their cruel acts, the puppet administration in Huế recently played the farce of setting up a so-called committee for the search for burial sites of the hooligan lackeys who had owed blood debts to the Tri-Thien-Huế compatriots and who were annihilated by the Southern Armed Forces

1084:

On 26 April 1968, Hanoi, reacting to the discovery of graves in Huế, announced that the people murdered by their troops were "hooligan lackeys who had incurred blood debts of the Huế compatriots and who were annihilated by the Front's Armed Forces in the early spring of 1968." On 27 April 1969, Radio

1032:

An entry in a captured communist document dated 22 February stated, "Troop proselyting by the VC/PAVN forces was not successful because the troops had to devote themselves to combat missions. Moreover, they were afraid of being discovered by the enemy. It was very difficult for them to handle POWs so

1323:

article wrote, "Whatever else they accomplished, the Huế massacres effectively turned the bulk of the South Vietnamese against the Northern Communists. In South Vietnam, wherever one went, from Can Tho in the delta to Tay Ninh to Kontum in the north, and of course in Huế, the 1968 Tet massacres were

1261:

reported, "In the last few days the Vietcong lost their heads and did nothing but make reprisals, kill, punish". However, citing a French priest to whom she spoke in Huế, she also claimed that the death toll of up to 8,000 included deaths by American bombardment, and at least 200 people, and perhaps

1253:

claims that 710 people were killed by the communists. In an interview he stated, "Yeah, there was a total of 710 persons killed in the Huế area, from my research, not as many as five thousand, six thousand, or whatever the Americans claimed at that time, and not as few as four hundred as people like

1111:

Ho Ty was arrested by the government police on Sept. 4 this year. At the time of his arrest, he was party secretary for a section of Huế city...Ho Ty reported that the part of the plan from higher headquarters was to destroy the government machinery of Huế and the people who made it work.... He said

1002:

The translation of an official Vietnamese campaign study of the Tet Offensive in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province released by the communists recognized that Vietcong cadres "hunted down and captured tyrants and Republic of Vietnam military and government personnel" and that "many nests of reactionaries were

1027:

Concerned over the country's survival and their own fate, on 31 January 1968, the Thừa Thiên-Huế people rose up holding weapons in their hands, smashed the puppet ruling apparatus from the provincial to the village and hamlet levels, and completely liberated the rural areas and the city of Huế. The

986:

Captured Vietcong documents boasted that they "eliminated" thousands of enemy and "annihilated members of various reactionary political parties, henchmen, and wicked tyrants" in Huế. One regiment alone reported that it killed 1,000 people. Another report mentioned 2,867 killed. Yet another document

854:

Nguyễn Công Minh, the daughter of the Deputy Mayor of Huế, reported that her father, who was of old age, was arrested at his home in the beginning of the communist occupation three days after he ordered his children (including herself) and his wife to flee via the back of their house when communist

778:

On the same day, the Liberation Front radio announced, "We tell our compatriots that we are determined to topple the regime of the traitorous Thiệu-Kỳ clique and to punish and annihilate those who have been massacring and oppressing our compatriots... we ask our compatriots to... help us arrest all

1324:

still being talked about in 1973." For their part, left-leaning scholars have since commented that the massacre was a rare propaganda coup during the unpopular war in Vietnam, especially as it allowed Richard Nixon's government to counteract the public outrage derived from the American-perpetrated

977:

An eyewitness, Nguyen Tan Chau, recounted how he was captured by communist troops and marched south with 29 other prisoners bound together, in three groups of ten. Chau managed to escape and hide in the darkness just before the others were executed. From there, he witnessed what happened next. The

919:

Two French priests, Fathers Urbain and Guy, were seen being led away and suffered a similar fate. Urbain's body was found buried alive, bound hand and foot. Guy, who was 48, was stripped of his cassock and forced to kneel down on the ground, where he was shot in the back of the head. He was in the

870:

documented some eyewitness accounts of what happened in Huế during the occupation. Pham Van Tuong, a part-time janitor for the Huế government information office who made it on the Vietcong list of "reactionaries" for working there, was hiding with his family as it hunted for him. When he was found

649:

of a whole social stratum, including anyone friendly to American forces in the region. The massacre at Huế came under increasing press scrutiny later, when press reports alleged that South Vietnamese "revenge squads" had also been at work in the aftermath of the battle, searching out and executing

1022:

On 4 February, Radio Hanoi announced, "After one hour's fighting the Revolutionary Armed Forces occupied the residence of the puppet provincial Governor (in Huế), the prison and the offices of the puppet administration.... The Revolutionary Armed Forces punished most cruel agents of the enemy and

953:

Vennema listed 27 graves with a total of 2,397 bodies, most of which had been executed. He cited numerous eyewitness accounts of executions and described the condition of bodies found in the graves. Many had their hands tied behind their backs. Some were shot in the head. Some had rags stuffed in

904:

Cultural Mission, along with Mrs. Elisabeth Krainick, were arrested and executed by North Vietnamese troops during their invasion of Huế in February 1968. On 5 April 1968, the bodies of the executed professors along with many Vietnamese civilians also executed, were discovered in mass graves near

892:

were taken away and killed. Some had been on the Vietcong's blacklist, some were of military age and some just looked prosperous. Oberdorfer interviewed Ho Ty, a Vietcong commander who took part in the advanced planning of a general uprising. He reported that Ty recounted that the Communist party

1124:

We resolutely carried out the orders and fulfilled the requirements set out for us by the High Command. We motivated our cadre, soldiers, and the civilian population through the use of the slogans, 'Tri-Thien fights for Tri-Thien and for the entire nation,' and 'Heroically and resolutely conduct

1040:

Another document, undated, written by a senior political officer and marked "ABSOLUTE SECRET", was entitled "Information On the Victory of Our Armed Forces in Huế from 31 January to 23 March 1968;" it was captured by the US 1st Cavalry Division on 25 April 1968 and reported on the results of the

957:

Some graves were found purely by accident. A farmer working in his field tripped on a wire sticking out of the ground. He pulled on it to remove it and a skeletal hand popped out of the ground. Other graves were found when people noticed suspiciously green grass in sandy areas. The Da Mai Creek

945:

in 1976. He recounts numerous stories of murders. A 48-year-old street vendor, Mrs. Nguyen Thi Lao, was "arrested on the main street. Her body was found at the school. Her arms had been bound and a rag stuffed into her mouth; there were no wounds to the body. She was probably buried alive." A

1080:

A 6 March document written by a Vietcong sapper unit commander recounted that his unit "participated in the killing of tyrants and the digging of trenches" A 13 March 1968 entry in captured documents reviewed the successes of the attack on Huế. "Enormous victory: We annihilated more than 3,000

797:

wrote that according to Vietcong documents captured during and after the siege, members of the provincial administration were to be taken out of the city, held, and punished for their "crimes against the Vietnamese people". The disposition of those who were previously in control of the city was

755:

In June 1968, the American 1st Cavalry troops captured PAVN documents that included a directive written two days before the battle began. It included these instructions: "For the purpose of a lengthy occupation of Huế, we should immediately liberate the rural areas and annihilate the wicked GVN

751:

Another section, dealing with Target Area 1 ("the Phu Ninh ward") read: "Annihilate all spies, reactionaries, and foreign teachers (such as Americans and Germans) in the area. Break open prisons. Investigate cadre, soldiers and receptive civilians imprisoned by the enemy. Search for tyrants and

1075:

Actively combining their efforts with those of the People's Liberation Armed Forces and population, other self-defense and armed units of the city of Huế arrested and called to surrender the surviving functionaries of the puppet administration and officers and men of the puppet army who were

798:

carefully laid out, and the lists were detailed and extensive. Those in the Saigon-based-state police apparatus at all levels were to be rounded up and held outside the city. High civilian and military officials were also removed from the city to await the study of their individual cases.

1098:

The entire puppet administrative system from hamlet to province was destroyed or disintegrated. More than 3,000 persons were killed. The enemy could never reorganize or make up for his failure. Although he could immediately use inexperienced elements as replacements, they were good for

1103:

In December 1968, the Huế City People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee released a summary of the party's accomplishments during Tet. The summary included the following statement: "Thousands of tyrants were killed. Many reactionary factions and organizations were exterminated."

1266:

wrote that the bodies of those executed by South Vietnamese teams were thrown into common graves. Some reports alleged that South Vietnamese "revenge squads" had also been at work in the aftermath of the battle to search out and execute citizens supporting the communist occupation.

1180:

The last phase began when it became evident that the communists could not hold the city, and it was designed to "leave no witnesses." Anyone who could identify individual Vietcong members who participated in the occupation was to be killed and their bodies

1023:

seized control of the streets... rounded up and punished dozens of cruel agents and caused the enemy organs of control and oppression to crumble." On 14 February, the Thừa Thiên-Huế People's Revolutionary Committee issued a statement that read in part,

915:

by the PAVN and held until 1973. Manhard recounted that during the PAVN's withdrawal from Huế, they summarily executed anyone in their custody who resisted being taken out of the city or who was too old, young, or frail to make the journey to the camp.

1010:

was appointed as Vietcong justice minister soon after Huế, he understood it to be a critical position because the massacre had "left us with a special need to address fears among the Southern people that a revolutionary victory would bring with it a

1057:

Party members, three captains, four 1st lieutenants, and liberated 35 hamlets with 32,000 people.... We eliminated 1,892 administrative personnel, 38 policemen, 790 tyrants, six captains, two first lieutenants, 20 second lieutenants, and many

1036:

A report written immediately after the battle by a political officer of the People's Revolutionary Party listed 2,826 "administrative personnel, nationalist political party members, 'tyrants' and policemen that were killed by their troops."

1318:

Reports of the massacre had a profound impact on the South Vietnamese for many years after the Tet Offensive, with an anticipation of a bloodbath following any North Vietnamese takeover, like the one in Huế. Novelist James Jones, in a

735:

Political Directorate, the political cadres were given specific instructions: "Operating in close support of the regular military and guerrilla elements, the political cadre were to: destroy and disorganize the Republic of Viet Nam's

1195:

In September 1969, three communist defectors confessed to the 101st Airborne Division intelligence officers that they had witnessed several hundred people being killed in a 100-yard area at Da Mai Creek bed (about 10 miles south of

836:

intended that their prisoners should be reeducated and returned, but with the turnover, matters passed from his control." Sometime in the following several weeks, the communists decided to kill the individuals under their control.

1066:

The people joined our soldiers in their search for tyrants, reactionaries and spies. For instance, Mrs. Xuan followed our soldiers to show the houses of the tyrants she knew, although she had only six days before given birth to a

809:

activities were to be held for reeducation but not employed. There are documented cases of individuals who were executed by the Vietcong when they tried to hide or otherwise resisted during the early stages of Huế's occupation.

1199:

In November 1969, another major mass grave was found at Phu Thu Salt Flats, near the fishing village of Lương Viện, Vinh Hưng commune, Phú Lộc provincial district, 10 miles east of Huế and halfway between the cities of Huế and

832:, found guilty, executed and buried. The others were taken across the river and turned over to a local communist unit in an exchange that even included written receipts. Douglas Pike noted "It is probable that the 762:

On 1 February, the provincial administration, having taken control of Huế, issued a directive that ordered the troops, in part, "To wipe out all puppet administrative organs of the puppet Thiệu-Kỳ (President

978:

larger prisoners were separated into pairs, tied together back to back, and shot. The others were shot singly. All were dumped into two shallow graves, including those who had been wounded but were not dead.

849:

Searching – Bits of tattered clothing, sandals and slippers are examined by South Vietnamese women who lost relatives in the 1968 Tet massacre. The latest mass grave discovered in Huế yielded remains of 250

1161:

Phase one was a series of kangaroo court trials of local ARVN officials. The highly publicized trials lasted anywhere from 5 to 10 minutes and the accused were always found guilty of "crimes against the

702:

civilians, and other international people. Cadres called out the names on their lists over loudspeakers, ordering them to report to a local school. Those who did not report voluntarily were hunted down.

320: 3228: 1391: 759:

Specific Mission.... We must attack the enemy key agencies, economic installations, and lines of communications. We must also annihilate the enemy mobile troops, reactionary elements and tyrants."

1192:

A second major group of graves were discovered in the first 7 months of 1969. In February 1968, a list of 428 names of people identified from the recovered bones was released by local authorities.

999:, recorded that the communists had "eliminated 1,892 administrative personnel, 38 policemen, 790 tyrants", 2720 politically persecuted persons in all, during the communist occupation of the city. 42: 954:

their mouths and had no evidence of wounds, apparently having been buried alive. Some had evidence of having been beaten. A few were identified as PAVN or VC troops killed during the battle.

65: 641:

A number of U.S. and South Vietnamese authorities as well as a number of journalists who investigated the events took the discoveries, along with other evidence, as proof that a large-scale

720: 871:

with his 3-year-old daughter, 5-year-old son and two nephews, the Vietcong immediately gunned them all down, leaving their bodies on the street for the rest of the family to see.

2810: 1130: 859:, with their hands tied behind their backs, and the back of the heads/skulls were smashed, indicating that they knelt on the ground prior to their deaths and they died due to 176: 966:, he very carefully worked to uncover it. He discovered the body of an old man, his hands tied together with the wire. Two days later, 130 bodies had been uncovered. 1306:, "Balanced accounts have made it clear, however, that the Communist butchery at Huế did take place—perhaps on an even larger scale than reported during the war." 828:

in the "liberated area" and told that they would be allowed to return home. After marching the group south 9 km, 20 of the people were separated, tried in a

662:

The Vietcong set up provisional authorities shortly after it had captured Huế in the early hours of 31 January 1968. They were charged with removing the existing

3289: 3205: 3179: 1676: 987:

boasted of over 3,000 killed. A further document listed 2,748 executions. A captured Vietcong enemy document, which numerous writers cited, including

2075: 2046: 1165:

Phase two was implemented when the communists thought that they could hold the city long-term and was a campaign of "social reconstruction" along

3299: 169: 217: 2306: 2757: 2615: 1185:

After the Battle of Huế, between 1968 and 1969 a total of almost 2,800 bodies were recovered from mass graves, with 4 major mass grave finds.

2642: 1145:

Label on the shrouded remains of a Tet Offensive victim describing teeth, color of hair, footwear, and other possessions found with the body.

962:

and told authorities about the murders. An ARVN soldier on patrol south of Huế noticed a wire sticking out of the ground. Thinking it was a

634:) released a list of 4,062 victims identified as having been either murdered or abducted. Victims were found bound, tortured, and sometimes 3309: 548: 2126: 3216: 3137: 1331:

Anticipation of a bloodbath was a major factor in the widespread panic and chaos across South Vietnam when North Vietnam executed their

3150: 2784: 2222: 1120:, one of the commanders of the Huế operation, assessed the strengths and weaknesses of his forces and cited as one of their strengths: 162: 2563:

Ministry of Defense, Vietnamese Institute for Military History, "The 1968 Tet Offensive and Upgrising in the Tri-Thien-Hue Theatre",

1978: 1243:

disputes the "official figures" of executions at Huế. While acknowledging that there were executions, she cites freelance journalist

257: 1149:

A first summary was published for the U.S. Mission in Vietnam by Douglas Pike, then working as a Foreign Service Officer for the

1050: 801:

Ordinary civil servants who worked for "the Saigon enemy" out of necessity but did not oppose the communists were destined for

728: 3294: 2965:

Harkanson, John, and Charles McMahon. "USMC & Tet '68: There's a Little Trouble in Huế ...," Vietnam Combat, Winter 1985.

1222: 1054: 645:

had been carried out in and around Huế during its four-week occupation. The killings were perceived as part of a large-scale

461: 207: 1046: 2567:, Translated by Robert Destatte and Merle Pribbenow for the United States Army Center for Military Histories Division, p.1 3304: 2585: 1339:

on 30 April 1975. Today, the massacre remains unrecognized and entirely ignored in the Vietnamese communist government's

1302:

concluded, "We may never know what really happened at Huế, but it is clear that mass executions did occur." According to

2767: 2625: 2161: 2136: 1932: 1759: 1509: 824:

Many people had taken sanctuary from the battle in a local church. Several hundred of them were ordered out to undergo

83: 3187: 2991: 2895: 2841: 2593: 2313: 2195: 1988: 1723: 1684: 1607: 1458: 1310:'s 2017 history of Vietnam states that "thousands" were killed at Huế in "possibly the largest atrocity of the war." 1234: 1150: 541: 325: 37: 2041:

Nguyễn, Minh Công; et al. (Directed and written by Austin Hoyt, produced by Richard Ellison, distribution by

436: 683: 17: 3142: 3269: 3259: 3125: 3084: 3067: 3054: 3033: 3019: 3005: 2977: 2960: 2946: 2926: 2187: 302: 227: 618:

began on 31 January 1968, and lasted a total of 26 days. During the months and years that followed, dozens of

2058: 888:

district of Huế, Phủ Cam, all able-bodied males over 15, approximately 400 boys and men, who took refuge in

3274: 1952: 1386: 330: 186: 2512: 1278:." In 1988, Pike said that he had earlier been engaged in a conscious "effort to discredit the Vietcong." 1189:

A few months after the battle, about 1,200 civilian bodies were found in 18 hastily concealed mass graves.

3264: 2071: 1551:"List of Civilians Massacred by the Communists During "Tet Mau Than" in Thừa Thiên Province and Huế City" 1526:"List of Civilians Massacred by the Communists During "Tet Mau Than" in Thừa Thiên Province and Huế City" 1401: 1335:, and the panic culminated in the disintegration and defeat of South Vietnamese military forces, and the 1153:

in 1970. Pike identified three distinct phases for the executions in Huế. In a report published in 1970,

596: 534: 347: 147: 3096:

Truong Sinh. "The Fight to Liberate the City of Huế During Mau Than Tet (1969)," Hoc Tap, December 1974.

2934:

Christmas, G. R. "A Company Commander Reflects on Operation Huế City," Marine Corps Gazette, April 1971.

2737:, United States of America: Washington Monthly Publishing LLC. (Washington Monthly Corporation): 39–46. 2431: 2050: 1230: 1007: 764: 292: 3284: 2267: 935:

International, was killed during an attack by communist forces while in the presence of U.S. soldiers.

724: 202: 2388:"Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact and Propaganda, Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman" 2100: 2020: 1873: 212: 1442: 1292: 287: 247: 2888:

A Necessary Salve: The Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing, and Atrocity Throughout History

2321: 1226: 282: 924: 501: 471: 427: 418: 399: 242: 2694: 1715: 1595:

Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Volume IV S-Z

1170: 791: 1818: 3314: 2725: 1751: 1589: 408: 237: 3161: 2883: 1666: 682:, many people were to be rounded up following the initial hours of the attack. These included 2864: 2546: 2519: 2493: 2438: 1424: 1332: 1262:

as many as 1,100, who were killed following the liberation of Huế by the US and ARVN forces.

889: 768: 297: 272: 3147: 2230: 1743: 1117: 1116:

In 1987, at a Hanoi conference to discuss the history of the Tet offensive, Colonel General

941:, a Dutch-Canadian doctor who lived in Huế and witnessed the battle and the massacre, wrote 719:

The communists' actions were based on a series of orders issued by the High Command and the

2347: 2317: 1378: 912: 232: 8: 2658: 2511:

Van Quang, Tran; Pha, Cao; et al. (Reviewed by Major General Ho De). Ban, Ho (ed.).

1340: 1325: 663: 600: 566: 222: 1645: 1643: 1396: 622:

were discovered in and around Huế. The estimated death toll was between 2,800 and 6,000

277: 3279: 2859: 2789: 2686: 2387: 1283: 897: 878: 860: 381: 356: 154: 2541:

Richburg, K. B. (3 February 1988). "20 years after Huế, Vietnamese admit 'mistakes'".

1633:

Pierre Journod, "La France, les États-Unis et la guerre du Vietnam: l'année 1968", in

805:

and later employment. Low-level civil servants who had at some point been involved in

3240: 3183: 3121: 3080: 3063: 3050: 3029: 3015: 3001: 2987: 2973: 2956: 2942: 2922: 2891: 2837: 2802: 2794: 2763: 2738: 2690: 2678: 2670: 2621: 2589: 2362: 2191: 2157: 2132: 1984: 1928: 1755: 1744: 1719: 1680: 1640: 1603: 1505: 1454: 1129:

In February 1988, Vietnamese communist leaders admitted "mistakes" were made in Huế.

908: 615: 607:

during the Tet Offensive, considered one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the

584: 481: 1094:

A cadre diary captured by 1st Cavalry Division troops contained an entry that read:

262: 3171: 2734: 2662: 2463: 1446: 1438: 1344: 1240: 1201: 635: 627: 377: 877:

spent five days in late 1969 with Paul Vogle, an American professor of English at

802: 642: 3165: 3154: 2931:

Bullington, James R. "And Here, See Huế," Foreign Service Journal, November 1968.

2181: 1670: 1599: 1593: 1433:. Columbia Guides to American History and Cultures. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). 1428: 1299: 1112:

the killings were planned and executed by a separate group in charge of security.

1016: 900:, who taught at the Huế University's Faculty of Medicine and were members of the 814: 691: 267: 2868: 2666: 2550: 2545:. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post (1877–1995). pp. A8. 2497: 3014:. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971. Reissued in 1984 by Da Capo Press. 2863:. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010). p. 273. 2720: 2716: 2580:

Tin, Bùi; et al. (Foreword and introduction by James Webb) (17 May 2002).

2177: 1364: 1336: 1303: 1263: 1258: 1247:, who was at Huế and estimated the number to be somewhere between 300 and 400. 1225:

loyalists who remained true to the memory of former South Vietnamese president

874: 856: 829: 825: 772: 741: 524: 3072:

Smith, Captain George W., US. "The Battle of Huế," Infantry, July–August 1968.

1173:

were singled out. Catholics, intellectuals, prominent businessmen, and other "

896:

Three professors, Professor Horst-Günther Krainick, Dr. Alois Alteköster, and

3253: 2798: 2742: 2674: 2366: 1434: 1288: 1250: 884:

Oberdorfer reported that on the fifth day of the Viet Cong occupation in the

737: 687: 631: 580: 390: 87: 33: 3106:

Vietnam Order of Battle. New York: U.S. News & World Report, Inc., 1981.

2682: 2488:

Oberdorfer, Don (7 December 1969). "'68 killings by vietcong are detailed".

740:'s) administrative machinery 'from province and district levels to the city 3193: 2901: 2806: 2208: 1690: 1620: 1471: 1271: 1214: 988: 938: 901: 806: 794: 771:) clique at all levels in the province, city and town down to every single 2464:"The Hue Massacre: A Study of Communist Policies & Tactics in Vietnam" 1707: 1637:, edited by Pierre Melandri and Serge Ricard (L'Harmattan, 2003), p. 176. 1307: 1244: 1174: 711: 675: 651: 608: 588: 315: 190: 57: 1746:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: Political, Social, Military History

70:

A girl holding up a picture of a person who fell victim to the massacre.

3180:

United States Army Command and General Staff College Press (CGSC Press)

2063: 1677:

United States Army Command and General Staff College Press (CGSC Press)

1392:

Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War

1275: 963: 947: 667: 619: 1450: 654:

described the massacre as "possibly the largest atrocity of the war."

2654: 959: 833: 699: 695: 679: 592: 143: 2477:(111). Saigon Arts, Culture & Education Institute (SACEI): 1–14. 706: 630:, or 5–10% of the total population of Huế. The Republic of Vietnam ( 3138:

Complete text of Douglas Pike's "Vietcong Strategy of Terror" (PDF)

2970:

The Lost Battalion: Controversy and Casualties in the Battle of Huế

1012: 928: 885: 780: 623: 117: 923:

Captured in the home of Vietnamese friends, Stephen Miller of the

2884:"16. A Necessary Salve: The 'Hue Massacre' in History and Memory" 2067: 818: 745: 732: 671: 604: 79: 1274:'s study for the U.S. Mission was "by any definition, a work of 1071:

In March 1968, in the official Hanoi press, the North reported:

3220: 3175: 2643:"Vietnam Today - Ngo Vinh Long, interviewed by Daniel C. Tsang" 2582:

From Enemy to Friend: A North Vietnamese Perspective on the War

1590:"South Vietnamese: Kinh; Gin; Jing; Ching; Annamese (Letter S)" 1328:

that would take place a few weeks later during that same year.

1219:

From Enemy to Friend: a North Vietnamese perspective on the war

1166: 650:

citizens that had supported the communist occupation. In 2017,

367: 3148:

Misreporting that Doomed Millions, Setting the Record Straight

1177:

lackeys" were targeted in order to "build a new social order."

2984:

Heroes: A Year in Vietnam With The First Air Cavalry Division

2513:

Report - The 1968 Tet Offensive and Uprising in Tri-Thien-Hue

646: 723:. In a 3500-page document issued on 26 January 1968, by the 2518:. Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive (Report). 2437:. Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive (Report). 1141: 845: 3224: 2042: 1980:

Rattler One-seven: A Vietnam Helicopter Pilot's War Story

1660: 1658: 1254:

some of the people in the peace movement here claim...."

932: 2834:

RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era

2307:

Viet Cong Repression and Its Implications For the Future

1169:

dogmatic lines. Those who the communists believed to be

911:, a U.S. senior advisor in Huế province, was taken to a 184: 3164:. In Robertson, William G.; Yates, Lawrence A. (eds.). 2857:

Jones, James (10 June 1973). "In the Shadow of Peace".

2565:

Huong Tien Cong va Noi Day Tet Mau Than o Tri-Thien-Hue

1669:. In Robertson, William G.; Yates, Lawrence A. (eds.). 1085:

Hanoi criticized authorities in Huế and South Vietnam:

2723:; Kounalakis, Markos (eds.). "Working Up to Killing". 1712:

Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

1655: 2832:

Elliot, Duong Van Mai (2010). "The End of the War".

2432:

Communist Document Tells of Civilian Massacre At Hue

2268:"Huế Massacre, 1968–1998, in English and Vietnamese" 2180:; et al. (Maps by Jean Paul Tremblay) (2001) . 1354: 1208: 981: 3026:

Summons of the Trumpet: U.S.-Vietnam in Perspective

931:. Courtney Niles, an American civilian working for 3167:Block by Block: The Challenges of Urban Operations 2890:. Vol. XI. Berghahn Books. pp. 213–225. 1672:Block by Block: The Challenges of Urban Operations 1576:The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory 3093:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1973. 3042:. Saigon: Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces, 1969. 2953:Fire in the Streets: The Battle for Huế, Tet 1968 2584:. Translated by Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1st ed.). 1502:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 1062:The same document contained a passage that read: 707:Communist preliminary occupation plans and orders 3251: 2759:Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory 2617:Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory 1983:. University of North Texas Press. p. 114. 1874:"The Vietnam Center and Archive: Search Results" 1819:"Tet - What Really Happened at Hue - HistoryNet" 1504:. Hoover Institution Publications. p. 251. 927:was bound and shot in a field behind a Catholic 666:from power in the city and replacing it with a " 574: 2793:. Vol. CXXXVI, no. 215. p. A30. 866:In 1971, the journalist Don Oberdorfer's book, 2154:This Time We Win: Revisiting the Tet Offensive 1702: 1700: 1076:skulking. Die-hard cruel agents were punished. 1053:members, six Dai Viet Party members, thirteen 670:administration". Working from lists of "cruel 3290:Vietnam War crimes committed by North Vietnam 2886:. In Dwyer, Philip G.; Ryan, Lyndall (eds.). 2785:"Little Evidence of 1968 Tet Massacre in Hue" 1652:, p. 232–233, VII. America the Vincible. 1635:Les relations franco-américaines au XX siècle 1418: 1416: 1049:Committee, one Senator of South Viet-Nam, 50 958:massacre was discovered after three Vietcong 920:same grave with Father Urbain and 18 others. 542: 170: 2919:Tet Offensive 1968: Turning Point in Vietnam 2762:. Duke University Press Books. p. 90. 2620:. Duke University Press Books. p. 94. 2609: 2607: 2605: 2095: 2093: 1946: 1944: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1697: 1578:(Manchester University Press, 2006), p. 27. 1427:. In Jordan, James D.; Reich, Adam (eds.). 678:elements" previously developed by Vietcong 638:. Many victims were also clubbed to death. 3012:Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War 2487: 2188:JHU Press (Johns Hopkins University Press) 2183:Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War 2176: 2034: 1950: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1649: 1413: 549: 535: 177: 163: 64: 3159: 3077:Anatomy of a Division: 1st Cav in Vietnam 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2062:(Interview). Vol. 7. Interviewed by 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1737: 1735: 1664: 1489:. Little, Brown and Company. p. 352. 1107:The same month, Don Oberdorfer reported: 2881: 2755: 2613: 2602: 2540: 2510: 2457: 2455: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2128:Vale Viet Nam Memoirs of a Civil Surgeon 2090: 1941: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1484: 1422: 1140: 844: 710: 2715: 2709: 2461: 2361:(33). Indochina Resource Center: 2–13. 2151: 2145: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1922: 1891: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1706: 1587: 14: 3300:20th-century prisoner of war massacres 3252: 2939:Vietnam at War: The History, 1946–1975 2831: 2782: 2575: 2573: 2345: 2304: 2285: 2051:"Interview with Mrs. Nguyen Cong Minh" 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1741: 1732: 1499: 1425:"PART II: The Vietnam War from A to Z" 1270:The historian David Hunt posited that 840: 603:and later withdrawal from the city of 3200: 3162:"Chapter 5: The Battle for Hue, 1968" 2955:. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1991. 2856: 2783:Porter, D. Gareth (29 October 1987). 2640: 2452: 2405: 2252:"Wire Led to Discovery of Massacre". 2125:Hall, M. Clement (17 February 2010). 1976: 1837: 1667:"Chapter 5: The Battle for Hue, 1968" 1430:The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War 158: 3231:from the original on 6 December 2019 3089:Tolson, Major General John J., 3rd. 3079:. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1987. 3062:. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1990. 3049:. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986. 3028:. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1978. 3000:. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1983. 2124: 2018: 1997: 1602:(Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.). 1090:and people in early Mau Than spring. 3310:Vietnam War crimes by the Viet Cong 3223:, United Kingdom of Great Britain: 2756:Laderman, Scott (16 January 2009). 2641:Tsang, Daniel C. (September 2002). 2614:Laderman, Scott (16 January 2009). 2586:United States Naval Institute Press 2579: 2570: 1951:Oberdorfer, Don (6 December 1969). 1768: 24: 3113:(New York: Harper Perennial, 1991) 3040:The Viet Cong Tet Offensive (1968) 2911: 2813:from the original on 25 April 2010 2346:Porter, D. Gareth (24 June 1974). 2040: 995:, and Peter Macdonald's 1993 book 715:Burial of 300 unidentified victims 25: 3326: 3131: 3120:. New York, Vantage Press, 1976. 2941:. Oxford University Press, 1991. 2836:. RAND Corporation. p. 501. 2429: 2314:Advanced Research Projects Agency 2305:Hosmer, Stephen T. (1 May 1970). 2229:. 31 October 1969. Archived from 2021:"The VietCong Strategy of Terror" 1209:Disputes, revisionism and denials 1045:We also killed one member of the 982:Documents confirming the massacre 2462:Schmehl, Paul (1 January 2018). 2256:. UPI. 30 March 1969. p. 2. 2156:. Encounter Books. p. 201. 1371: 1357: 1155:The Viet Cong Strategy of Terror 518: 366: 326:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group 2875: 2850: 2825: 2776: 2749: 2634: 2557: 2534: 2504: 2481: 2423: 2380: 2339: 2260: 2245: 2215: 2170: 2118: 1970: 1598:. Vol. IV (1st ed.). 1337:fall of the Republic of Vietnam 684:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 3047:PAVN: People's Army of Vietnam 2272:The Vietnam Center and Archive 1627: 1581: 1568: 1543: 1518: 1493: 1478: 419:Treaty of Huế (25 August 1883) 135:Civilians and prisoners of war 13: 1: 3206:"Mass Graves in Hue, Vietnam" 3118:The Viet Cong Massacre at Huế 2059:Vietnam: A Television History 2049:. In Ellison, Richard (ed.). 1925:The Viet Cong Massacre at Huế 1407: 1281:In a letter to the editor of 943:The Viet Cong Massacre at Huế 786: 657: 599:(PAVN) during their capture, 571:Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân 400:Treaty of Huế (14 April 1863) 3295:Massacres in the Vietnam War 3215:(Interview). Interviewed by 3178:, United States of America: 3160:Willbanks, James H. (2003). 2986:, Barnes & Noble, 2008. 2972:, Praeger Publishers, 1993. 1665:Willbanks, James H. (2003). 1441:, United States of America: 1387:List of massacres in Vietnam 1291:, who is also known for his 1136: 813:Within days of the capture, 331:Winter Soldier Investigation 7: 3111:The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 2667:10.1080/1467271022000008974 2072:WGBH Educational Foundation 1592:. In Minahan, James (ed.). 1423:Anderson, David L. (2004). 1350: 576:Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế 484:(31 January – 2 March 1968) 428:Treaty of Huế (6 June 1884) 10: 3331: 3305:Torture in the Vietnam War 3103:. London: UCL Press, 1999 3060:Secrets of the Vietnam War 1500:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 756:administrative personnel. 583:massacre in Huế") was the 2348:"The 1968 'Hue Massacre'" 1443:Columbia University Press 1313: 1293:Cambodian genocide denial 698:leaders, schoolteachers, 664:government administration 321:Viet Cong and PAVN terror 311: 198: 139: 131: 123: 111: 93: 75: 63: 55: 50: 3153:1 September 2019 at the 2998:Battle for Huế: Tet 1968 2921:, London: Osprey, 1990. 2882:Lederman, Scott (2012). 2131:. lulu.com. p. 82. 1742:Tucker, Spencer (2011). 925:U.S. Information Service 597:People's Army of Vietnam 504:(5 March – 2 April 1975) 258:Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất 148:People's Army of Vietnam 2152:Robbins, James (2013). 1716:Oxford University Press 1588:Minahan, James (2002). 1257:The Italian journalist 1171:counter-revolutionaries 1151:U.S. Information Agency 1125:attacks and uprisings.' 792:Foreign Service Officer 84:Thừa Thiên-Huế Province 38:Infobox civilian attack 31: 27:Massacre in Vietnam War 3091:Airmobility: 1961–1971 3024:Palmer, Dave Richard. 2996:Nolan, Keith William. 2726:The Washington Monthly 2647:Critical Asian Studies 2019:Pike, Douglas (1970). 1953:"Huế Red Report Found" 1923:Vennema, Alje (1976). 1485:Leebaert, Lee (2003). 1146: 1127: 1114: 1101: 1092: 1078: 1069: 1060: 1030: 975: 851: 779:the U.S.-puppet cruel 716: 575: 570: 462:Huế Phật Đản shootings 99:; 56 years ago 97:February 28, 1968 43:considered for merging 3270:Collective punishment 3260:1968 in South Vietnam 2937:Davidson, Phillip B. 2520:Texas Tech University 2439:Texas Tech University 2223:"The Massacre at Huế" 1977:Gross, Chuck (2006). 1333:1975 Spring Offensive 1144: 1131:Col Nguyen Quoc Khanh 1122: 1109: 1096: 1087: 1073: 1064: 1043: 1041:political operation. 1025: 971: 848: 714: 680:intelligence officers 579:, lit. translation: " 437:Abdication of Bảo Đại 3182:. pp. 123–160. 2659:Taylor & Francis 2318:The Rand Corporation 1750:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1679:. pp. 123–160. 1487:The Fifty-Year Wound 1379:United States portal 913:prisoner-of-war camp 502:Hue–Da Nang Campaign 472:Huế chemical attacks 218:U.S. Embassy bombing 3275:Communist terrorism 3213:BBC Witness History 3204:(19 October 2015). 3109:Young, Marilyn B., 3075:Stanton, Shelby L. 2968:Krohn, Charles A., 2719:(1 February 1972). 2543:The Washington Post 2420:(1985), p. 153-154. 2355:Indochina Chronicle 2254:Dallas Morning News 1878:www.vietnam.ttu.edu 1341:War Remnants Museum 1051:Quoc Dan Dang party 898:Dr. Raimund Discher 841:Eyewitness accounts 601:military occupation 591:perpetrated by the 2917:Arnold, James R., 2860:The New York Times 2790:The New York Times 2418:A Viet Cong Memoir 2416:Truong Nhu Trang, 1957:Milwaukee Sentinel 1823:www.historynet.com 1445:. pp. 98–99. 1284:The New York Times 1147: 993:America in Vietnam 861:blunt-force trauma 852: 717: 585:summary executions 525:Vietnam portal 494:(28 February 1968) 409:Battle of Thuận An 303:Cai Lậy schoolyard 3285:Massacres in 1968 3241:BBC World Service 3143:Viet Quoc article 3099:Tucker, Spencer, 3010:Oberdorfer, Don. 2430:Joyce, Marion D. 2074:). Archived from 1927:. Vantage Press. 1825:. 25 January 2011 1574:Kendrick Oliver, 1451:10.7312/ande11492 991:in his 1980 book 969:In another case, 909:Philip W. Manhard 890:Phủ Cam Cathedral 767:, Vice President 686:(ARVN) soldiers, 559: 558: 510: 509: 445: 444: 339: 338: 153: 152: 16:(Redirected from 3322: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3210: 3197: 3172:Fort Leavenworth 3170:(1st ed.). 2906: 2905: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2787:. Main section. 2780: 2774: 2773: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2735:Washington, D.C. 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2693:. Archived from 2653:(3). BCAS, Inc./ 2638: 2632: 2631: 2611: 2600: 2599: 2577: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2471:SACEI Newsletter 2468: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2326: 2320:. Archived from 2311: 2302: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2186:(4th ed.). 2174: 2168: 2167: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2055: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2016: 1995: 1994: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1920: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1870: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1815: 1766: 1765: 1749: 1739: 1730: 1729: 1704: 1695: 1694: 1675:(1st ed.). 1662: 1653: 1647: 1638: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1420: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1345:Ho Chi Minh City 1287:, the historian 1241:Marilyn B. Young 1231:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 1217:'s 2002 memoir, 863:to their heads. 765:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 628:prisoners of war 578: 551: 544: 537: 523: 522: 521: 458: 457: 439:(25 August 1945) 411:(20 August 1883) 387: 386: 370: 360: 342: 341: 228:Bình An/Tây Vinh 193: 179: 172: 165: 156: 155: 107: 105: 100: 68: 48: 47: 21: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3250: 3249: 3234: 3232: 3208: 3190: 3155:Wayback Machine 3134: 3116:Vennama, Alje, 3045:Pike, Douglas. 2914: 2912:Further reading 2909: 2898: 2880: 2876: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2754: 2750: 2721:Peters, Charles 2717:Fallaci, Oriana 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2612: 2603: 2596: 2578: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2509: 2505: 2490:Washington Post 2486: 2482: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2309: 2303: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2233:on 8 March 2015 2221: 2220: 2216: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2178:Oberdorfer, Don 2175: 2171: 2164: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2078:on 17 June 2016 2053: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2017: 1998: 1991: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1949: 1942: 1935: 1921: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1769: 1762: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1718:. p. 444. 1705: 1698: 1687: 1663: 1656: 1650:Oberdorfer 2001 1648: 1641: 1632: 1628: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1600:Greenwood Press 1586: 1582: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1498: 1494: 1483: 1479: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1326:Mỹ Lai massacre 1316: 1300:James Willbanks 1235:Democracy Party 1211: 1139: 1055:Can Lao Nhan Vi 1017:reign of terror 1008:Trương Như Tảng 984: 843: 815:US Marine Corps 789: 744:, streets, and 709: 694:members, local 692:political party 660: 555: 519: 517: 512: 511: 492:Massacre at Huế 455: 447: 446: 384: 358: 351: 340: 335: 307: 194: 185: 183: 114: 103: 101: 98: 71: 46: 28: 23: 22: 18:Massacre at Hue 15: 12: 11: 5: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3265:History of Huế 3262: 3246: 3245: 3198: 3188: 3157: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3132:External links 3130: 3129: 3128: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3087: 3073: 3070: 3057: 3043: 3038:Phan Van Son. 3036: 3022: 3008: 2994: 2982:Larson, Mike, 2980: 2966: 2963: 2951:Hammel, Eric. 2949: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2896: 2874: 2849: 2842: 2824: 2775: 2769:978-0822344148 2768: 2748: 2708: 2697:on 9 July 2021 2633: 2627:978-0822344148 2626: 2601: 2594: 2588:. p. 67. 2569: 2556: 2533: 2503: 2480: 2451: 2422: 2404: 2379: 2338: 2284: 2259: 2244: 2214: 2196: 2169: 2163:978-1594036484 2162: 2144: 2138:978-0557326297 2137: 2117: 2105:Obsidian Wings 2089: 2033: 1996: 1989: 1969: 1940: 1934:978-0533019243 1933: 1890: 1836: 1767: 1761:978-1851099610 1760: 1731: 1724: 1696: 1685: 1654: 1639: 1626: 1608: 1580: 1567: 1542: 1517: 1511:978-0817964313 1510: 1492: 1477: 1459: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1368: 1365:Vietnam portal 1352: 1349: 1321:New York Times 1315: 1312: 1304:Stanley Karnow 1298:The historian 1264:Stanley Karnow 1259:Oriana Fallaci 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1163: 1138: 1135: 1118:Tran Van Quang 1047:Dai Viet Party 983: 980: 879:Huế University 875:Don Oberdorfer 857:fetal position 842: 839: 830:kangaroo court 826:indoctrination 788: 785: 708: 705: 688:civil servants 659: 656: 557: 556: 554: 553: 546: 539: 531: 528: 527: 514: 513: 508: 507: 505: 498: 497: 495: 488: 487: 485: 478: 477: 475: 468: 467: 465: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 443: 442: 440: 433: 432: 430: 424: 423: 421: 415: 414: 412: 405: 404: 402: 396: 395: 393: 385: 382:Nguyễn dynasty 376: 375: 372: 371: 363: 362: 353: 352: 345: 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 312: 309: 308: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 223:Saigon bombing 220: 215: 210: 205: 199: 196: 195: 182: 181: 174: 167: 159: 151: 150: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 115: 112: 109: 108: 95: 91: 90: 77: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3327: 3316: 3315:Tet Offensive 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3189:9781780396712 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2992:9780595525218 2989: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2897:9780857452993 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2843:9780833047540 2839: 2835: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2597: 2595:9781557508812 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2327:on 2 May 2014 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2255: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2227:Time Magazine 2224: 2218: 2210: 2199: 2197:9780801867033 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2022: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1992: 1990:9781574411782 1986: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1738: 1736: 1727: 1725:9780190627300 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1686:9781780396712 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1636: 1630: 1622: 1611: 1609:9780313316173 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1584: 1577: 1571: 1552: 1546: 1527: 1521: 1513: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1488: 1481: 1473: 1462: 1460:9780231114936 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:New York City 1432: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:Gareth Porter 1286: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1251:Ngo Vinh Long 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Ngô Đình Diệm 1224: 1223:Cần Lao Party 1220: 1216: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 979: 974: 970: 967: 965: 961: 955: 951: 949: 944: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 921: 917: 914: 910: 906: 903: 899: 894: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 869: 864: 862: 858: 847: 838: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 811: 808: 804: 799: 796: 793: 784: 782: 776: 774: 770: 769:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 766: 760: 757: 753: 749: 747: 743: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 713: 704: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:revolutionary 665: 655: 653: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 632:South Vietnam 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:Battle of Huế 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:Tết Offensive 577: 572: 568: 564: 552: 547: 545: 540: 538: 533: 532: 530: 529: 526: 516: 515: 506: 503: 500: 499: 496: 493: 490: 489: 486: 483: 482:Battle of Huế 480: 479: 476: 474:(3 June 1963) 473: 470: 469: 466: 463: 460: 459: 451: 450: 441: 438: 435: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 410: 407: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 383: 379: 374: 373: 369: 365: 364: 361: 355: 354: 349: 344: 343: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 310: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 213:Xá Lợi Pagoda 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 197: 192: 188: 187:Mass killings 180: 175: 173: 168: 166: 161: 160: 157: 149: 145: 142: 138: 134: 130: 127:2,800 – 6,000 126: 122: 119: 116: 110: 96: 92: 89: 88:South Vietnam 85: 81: 78: 74: 67: 62: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 39: 35: 30: 19: 3247: 3239:– via 3233:. Retrieved 3212: 3201: 3194:Google Books 3192:– via 3166: 3117: 3110: 3100: 3090: 3076: 3059: 3046: 3039: 3025: 3011: 2997: 2983: 2969: 2952: 2938: 2918: 2902:Google Books 2900:– via 2887: 2877: 2858: 2852: 2833: 2827: 2815:. Retrieved 2788: 2778: 2758: 2751: 2730: 2724: 2711: 2699:. Retrieved 2695:the original 2661:): 459–464. 2650: 2646: 2636: 2616: 2581: 2564: 2559: 2542: 2536: 2524:. Retrieved 2522:. p. 10 2506: 2489: 2483: 2474: 2470: 2442:. Retrieved 2425: 2417: 2395:. Retrieved 2392:chomsky.info 2391: 2382: 2370:. Retrieved 2358: 2354: 2341: 2329:. Retrieved 2322:the original 2275:. Retrieved 2271: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2235:. Retrieved 2231:the original 2226: 2217: 2209:Google Books 2207:– via 2201:. Retrieved 2182: 2172: 2153: 2147: 2127: 2120: 2108:. Retrieved 2104: 2080:. Retrieved 2076:the original 2057: 2036: 2024:. Retrieved 1979: 1972: 1960:. Retrieved 1956: 1924: 1881:. Retrieved 1877: 1827:. Retrieved 1822: 1745: 1711: 1708:Kiernan, Ben 1691:Google Books 1689:– via 1671: 1634: 1629: 1621:Google Books 1619:– via 1613:. Retrieved 1594: 1583: 1575: 1570: 1558:. Retrieved 1545: 1533:. Retrieved 1520: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1472:Google Books 1470:– via 1464:. Retrieved 1429: 1330: 1320: 1317: 1297: 1282: 1280: 1272:Douglas Pike 1269: 1256: 1249: 1239: 1218: 1212: 1184: 1154: 1148: 1128: 1123: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 989:Guenter Lewy 985: 976: 972: 968: 956: 952: 946:44-year-old 942: 939:Alje Vennema 937: 922: 918: 907: 895: 883: 873: 867: 865: 853: 823: 812: 807:paramilitary 800: 795:Douglas Pike 790: 777: 761: 758: 754: 750: 718: 661: 640: 636:buried alive 613: 563:Huế massacre 562: 560: 491: 464:(8 May 1963) 378:Nguyễn lords 252: 208:Huế Phật Đản 140:Perpetrators 56:Part of the 51:Huế Massacre 36: 29: 3202:Gioia, Phil 2101:"Know Hue?" 2064:Lyman, Will 1308:Ben Kiernan 1245:Len Ackland 1175:imperialist 902:West German 803:reeducation 676:reactionary 652:Ben Kiernan 620:mass graves 609:Vietnam War 589:mass murder 357:History of 316:Tiger Force 278:Thanh Phong 191:Vietnam War 189:during the 113:Attack type 58:Vietnam War 32:‹ The 3254:Categories 3126:0533019249 3085:089141259X 3068:0891413820 3055:0891412433 3034:0891410414 3020:0306802104 3006:0891411984 2978:0275945324 2961:0809242796 2947:0195067924 2927:0850459605 2316:(Report). 2047:"Tet 1968" 1408:References 1402:Red Terror 1276:propaganda 964:booby trap 948:bricklayer 787:Occupation 658:Executions 567:Vietnamese 454:After 1945 104:1968-02-28 3280:Cover-ups 3217:Alex Last 2869:118191345 2799:0362-4331 2743:0043-0633 2691:145019520 2675:1467-2715 2655:Routledge 2551:139802229 2498:143590548 2367:0363-1079 1137:Discovery 1013:bloodbath 834:Commissar 696:religious 624:civilians 593:Viet Cong 298:Highway 1 283:Sơn Thắng 144:Viet Cong 41:is being 3229:Archived 3151:Archived 2865:ProQuest 2811:Archived 2683:45440468 2547:ProQuest 2494:ProQuest 2397:22 April 2277:27 April 2237:30 April 2110:22 April 2026:24 March 1962:29 April 1883:22 April 1829:22 April 1710:(2017). 1560:25 April 1535:25 April 1439:New York 1397:Bửu Đồng 1351:See also 1162:people." 1099:nothing. 960:defected 929:seminary 886:Catholic 817:(USMC), 781:henchmen 700:American 643:atrocity 391:Phú Xuân 348:a series 346:Part of 288:Thạnh Mỹ 238:Bình Hòa 233:Bình Tai 203:Châu Đốc 118:Massacre 76:Location 45:. › 34:template 3235:30 June 3101:Vietnam 2807:1645522 2526:30 June 2444:30 June 2331:30 June 2068:WGBH-TV 2054:(Video) 1466:30 June 1229:and of 1215:Bùi Tín 1202:Đà Nẵng 1181:hidden. 850:victims 819:US Army 746:wharves 672:tyrants 293:Đức Dục 273:Sơn Trà 248:Đắk Sơn 243:Thủy Bồ 132:Victims 102: ( 3221:London 3186: 3176:Kansas 3124: 3083: 3066: 3053: 3032: 3018: 3004: 2990: 2976: 2959: 2945: 2925: 2894: 2867: 2840: 2817:4 July 2805: 2797: 2766: 2741: 2733:(12). 2701:4 July 2689: 2681: 2673: 2624: 2592: 2549: 2496: 2372:4 July 2365: 2203:4 July 2194: 2160: 2135: 2082:4 July 1987: 1931: 1758: 1722: 1683: 1615:4 July 1606: 1508: 1457: 1314:Legacy 1167:Maoist 1067:child. 773:hamlet 350:on the 268:Mỹ Lai 124:Deaths 3209:(MP3) 2687:S2CID 2516:(PDF) 2467:(PDF) 2435:(PDF) 2351:(PDF) 2325:(PDF) 2310:(PDF) 1556:. RVN 1554:(PDF) 1531:. RVN 1529:(PDF) 1196:Huế). 1058:NCOs. 1006:When 905:Huế. 868:Tet!, 742:wards 729:Thiên 647:purge 573:, or 263:Hà My 3237:2021 3184:ISBN 3122:ISBN 3081:ISBN 3064:ISBN 3051:ISBN 3030:ISBN 3016:ISBN 3002:ISBN 2988:ISBN 2974:ISBN 2957:ISBN 2943:ISBN 2923:ISBN 2892:ISBN 2838:ISBN 2819:2021 2803:OCLC 2795:ISSN 2764:ISBN 2739:ISSN 2703:2021 2679:OCLC 2671:ISSN 2622:ISBN 2590:ISBN 2528:2021 2446:2021 2399:2018 2374:2021 2363:ISSN 2333:2021 2279:2014 2239:2014 2205:2021 2192:ISBN 2158:ISBN 2133:ISBN 2112:2018 2084:2021 2028:2016 1985:ISBN 1964:2014 1929:ISBN 1885:2018 1831:2018 1756:ISBN 1720:ISBN 1681:ISBN 1617:2021 1604:ISBN 1562:2014 1537:2014 1506:ISBN 1468:2021 1455:ISBN 997:Giap 674:and 626:and 614:The 595:and 587:and 561:The 380:and 146:and 94:Date 3225:BBC 2731:III 2663:doi 2045:). 2043:PBS 1752:515 1447:doi 1343:in 1233:'s 1213:In 1015:or 933:NBC 783:." 775:." 738:RVN 733:Huế 725:Trị 721:PRG 605:Huế 359:Huế 253:Huế 86:of 80:Huế 3256:: 3227:. 3219:. 3211:. 3174:, 2809:. 2801:. 2729:. 2685:. 2677:. 2669:. 2651:34 2649:. 2645:. 2604:^ 2572:^ 2492:. 2475:11 2473:. 2469:. 2454:^ 2407:^ 2390:. 2357:. 2353:. 2312:. 2287:^ 2270:. 2225:. 2190:. 2103:. 2092:^ 2066:. 2056:. 1999:^ 1955:. 1943:^ 1893:^ 1876:. 1839:^ 1821:. 1770:^ 1754:. 1734:^ 1714:. 1699:^ 1657:^ 1642:^ 1453:. 1437:, 1415:^ 1347:. 690:, 611:. 569:: 82:, 3243:. 3196:. 2904:. 2871:. 2846:. 2821:. 2772:. 2745:. 2705:. 2665:: 2657:( 2630:. 2598:. 2553:. 2530:. 2500:. 2448:. 2401:. 2376:. 2359:3 2335:. 2281:. 2241:. 2211:. 2166:. 2141:. 2114:. 2086:. 2070:( 2030:. 1993:. 1966:. 1937:. 1887:. 1833:. 1764:. 1728:. 1693:. 1623:. 1564:. 1539:. 1514:. 1474:. 1449:: 1204:. 736:( 731:- 727:- 565:( 550:e 543:t 536:v 178:e 171:t 164:v 106:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index