795:, a Catholic who was charged with maintaining public security and was commander of the Huế garrison. The application of the law caused indignation among Buddhists on the eve of the most important religious festival of the year, since a week earlier Catholics had been allowed to display Vatican flags to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the appointment of Diệm's brother, Thục, as Archbishop of Huế. The celebrations had been bankrolled by Diệm's regime through a national committee which asked the population to donate money to Thục's jubilee. Buddhists complained that they had been forced to give a month's wages to pay for the celebration. However, Diệm invoked the flag decree because he was annoyed with the commemoration for Thục. In spite of this, the authorities in Hue tore down thousands of Buddhist flags that had already been unfurled on homes and pagodas in preparation for Phật Đản. The origin of the order to enforce the law on the Buddhists of Hue has been attributed to Thục. Despite protestations from the Saigon representative to the central provinces, the order was enacted upon consultation with Saigon. Villages in the central region had converted
867:, attracted almost nobody. Thích Trí Quang, who had traveled throughout the country protesting against religious inequality and the flag ban, began rallying Buddhists in central Vietnam. He called on them to attend a public mass funeral for the Huế victims scheduled for 10 May. Such an emotion-charged spectacle would likely have attracted thousands of spectators and placed pressure on Diệm's regime to grant reforms, so the government announced a curfew and put all armed personnel on duty around the clock to "prevent VC infiltration". A confrontation was averted when Thích Trí Quang persuaded the protesters to lay down their flags and slogans and observe the 9:00 pm curfew. The following day, tensions increased again as a crowd of around 6,000 Buddhists attended Tu Dam Pagoda for the funerals and a series of meetings. Major Sỹ was present with ARVN troops and armed police. Slogans and speeches calling for religious equality and anti-government sentiment were prevalent. Thích Trí Quang called on Buddhists to use unarmed struggle and follow
71:
60:
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percussion grenades had been used, not lethal fragmentation grenades. The force of the explosion cast doubt on whether the Việt Cộng would have had access to sufficiently powerful explosives. Another theory at the time was that a CIA agent had caused the blasts with the aim of fomenting sectarian tension and destabilising the Diệm regime. Eyewitness testimony of government troops firing on the crowd disputed the official version of events. A local doctor concluded that there was no evidence of the fatal injuries being inflicted by plastic explosives; he was subsequently jailed. Diệm refused to be swayed from his account of the incident, and ordered the bodies of the victims to be buried without autopsy. Thích Trí Quang spent the night riding through the streets of Huế with a loudspeaker, accusing the government of firing on the demonstrators. U.S. Ambassador
895:. It was to be the first of many in which they attempted to publicise their cause to the foreign press corps. Diệm agreed to meet with a Buddhist delegation, but increased tension further by demeaning them. Initially, Diệm refused to pay compensation, believing it was a sign of weakness. He claimed there was no discrimination in South Vietnam and that all religions had been treated equally with respect to the flag issue. In regard to the classification of Buddhism as an "association" under Decree 10, Diệm claimed it was an "administrative oversight" that would be fixed (although no action was taken on the matter during his final six months of office); Diệm labeled the Buddhists "damn fools" for demanding something that according to him, they already enjoyed. The government press release detailing the meeting also used the expression "damn fools".
809:
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slogans as the crowd grew. They expected to hear another speech from Thích Trí Quang, but the speech was withdrawn from broadcast by the government censor. The armed forces were called in to disperse the discontented crowd. After two explosions shook the ground, the crowd thought that the troops had resorted to using bombs. Major Sỹ reportedly fired into the air, and his men responded by launching grenades into the crowd as firehoses were unleashed on the demonstrators. His troops fired directly into the crowd. Nine were killed and four severely injured. Two of the dead, both children, had been crushed underneath armored personnel carriers. Some of the nine had been mutilated and decapitated.
780:
919:. Some of the accusations were that Sỹ's men had fired on the crowd and crushed the victims with armored cars, or that the grenades had been launched at his orders and caused the deaths. Sỹ later reportedly revealed that Archbishop Thục had personally given him the order to shoot the Buddhists but refused to testify against Thục, who was by that time living in exile in Rome. Sỹ was sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered to compensate the victims' families. His lawyer contended that the court had been unable to establish the nature and source of the lethal explosions. The defense minister, General
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However, the publicly stated reason for this action was that the officials had failed to maintain order, rather than that they had been responsible for the deaths of the protesters. Despite these concessions, Diệm maintained that his government was not responsible for the deaths, resolutely continuing to blame the Việt Cộng. It was enough to satisfy
Nolting, who immediately departed for his vacation. His absence allowed the remaining American diplomatic staff led by
1396:
854:, known for his policy of appeasement of Diệm, attempted to spread the responsibility. He claimed all parties were responsible, the demonstrators for (as he alleged) trying to take over the radio station, the government for deploying the army, which later opened fire, and "agitators" for throwing the explosives. When the government later ignored his version and refused to assign responsibility, Nolting called its actions "objective, accurate and fair".
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in order to receive aid or to avoid forcible resettlement by Diệm's regime. The
Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status that was imposed on Buddhism by the French, which required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities, was not repealed by
751:
guerrillas saw weapons only given to
Catholics, with Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas occurred. Some Buddhist
862:
At 11:00 am on 9 May, Major Sỹ announced to nearly 800 youthful pro-Buddhist demonstrators that "oppositionist agitators" had forced troops to take the severe measures to maintain order in the face of Việt Cộng agitation. The protesters showed their anger at such an improbable explanation by
849:
Diệm and his government alleged that a Việt Cộng guerrilla had caused the incident by setting off the initial explosion, sparking a stampede. He initially refused to take any disciplinary action against the local authorities, claiming that they had acted properly. The government claimed that only
832:
addressed the crowd and exhorted them to rise up against
Catholic discrimination against Buddhism. He called the Buddhists to congregate outside the government radio station in the evening for a rally. Tension increased throughout the day with demonstrators chanting and displaying anti-government
890:
On 13 May, a committee of
Buddhist monks formalized their request to Diệm for the five demands. Although the signatories had couched the declaration as "requests", they had expectations that these would be met. On 15 May, a delegation of six monks and two laymen met Diệm to present the document.
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minority, he is widely regarded by historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many
Buddhists. Specifically, the government was regarded as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors and tax
827:
before a 3,000-strong demonstration, calling for religious equality, took place in the city centre as government security officials surrounded the area with armoured personnel carriers and civil guardsmen. The signs were in
English, to convey the message to Western observers, and in Vietnamese.
898:
As the demonstrations continued, Ambassador
Nolting managed to extract theoretical concessions from Diệm on 18 May. Diệm agreed a modest compensation package of US$ 7000 for the families of the victims as a conciliatory gesture. Diệm also agreed to dismiss those responsible for the shootings.
886:
On 10 May, Thích Trí Quang proclaimed a five-point "manifesto of the monks" that demanded freedom to fly the
Buddhist flag, religious equality between Buddhists and Catholics, compensation for the victims' families, an end to arbitrary arrests, and punishment for the officials responsible.
767:
labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; U.S. aid was disproportionately distributed to
Catholic majority villages. Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, he dedicated the country to the
863:
marching around the old citadel quarter of Huế, chanting anti-Catholic and anti-Diệm slogans. A government-organised counter-demonstration to condemn the "Việtcộng terrorist act" under the leadership of Diệm's brother,
871:
principles, saying "Carry no weapons; be prepared to die ... follow Gandhi's policies". After Sỹ echoed Buddhist calls for compensation and expressed sorrow for the victims, the meeting dissolved without violence.
704:, which added to discontent among the Buddhist majority. The incident spurred a protest movement by Buddhists against the religious discrimination perpetrated by the largely Catholic Diệm regime, known as the "
799:
to Catholicism, with priests allowed special access to government facilities and funds. The designation of Buddhism as an "association" prevented it from acquiring land for the construction of pagodas.≤≤
416:
787:
A rarely enforced 1958 law known as "Decree Number 10" was invoked on 7 May 1963 to prohibit the display of religious flags. This disallowed the flying of Buddhist flags on Phật Đản, the birthday of
30:
1011:
South Viet Nam's Buddhists, who comprise 80% of the country's 15 million people, are bitter over alleged favoritism by Diệm and his Catholic ruling family toward the nation's 1,500,000 Catholics
927:, later claimed Khánh had rigged the trial to gain Quang's support, and released Sỹ from prison; Sỹ later emigrated to the United States. In 1970, the Saigon-based Catholic newspaper
2427:
747:
converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it. Additionally, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel
731:
In a country where surveys of the religious composition estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70 and 90 percent, the policies of the staunchly Catholic president,
272:
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Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting the man was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the
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ran a story claiming that CIA agents had used a secret new explosive to foment trouble for Diệm's regime, whose relations with the United States were deteriorating.
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Despite the ban on religious flags, Vatican flags hoisted on the bridge from the Catholic celebration were never taken down. The leading Buddhist activist monk
70:
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President Diệm, his family, and a large proportion of the top leaders of the regime are Roman Catholics, in a population that is 70 to 80 percent Buddhist.
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2013:
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685:. The army and police fired guns and launched grenades into a crowd of Buddhists who had been protesting against a government ban on flying the
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81:
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On Phật Đản, thousands of Buddhists defied the ban on flag-flying. More than 500 people marched across the
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After six months of tension and growing opposition to the regime, leaders of the army, supported by the
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Diệm. Land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from land reform measures. Catholics were also
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8:
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348:
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373:
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2340:
2310:
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2172:
1959:
1486:
Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War
1463:
Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
477:
452:
250:
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1954:
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791:. The invoking official was the deputy province chief in charge of security, Major
473:
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2800:
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705:
363:
205:
46:
1206:
South Vietnam's Buddhist Crisis: Organization for Charity, Dissidence, and Unity
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2529:
2517:
2330:
2109:
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2616:
2345:
2325:
2220:
1853:
1780:
1735:
820:
686:
670:
486:
21:
1531:
Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam
2141:
2116:
1964:
1944:
1439:
1401:
773:
2409:
2225:
769:
411:
286:
700:
Diệm denied governmental responsibility for the incident and blamed the
2280:
2275:
1805:
1205:
147:
708:", which led to widespread civil disobedience among South Vietnamese.
690:
2756:
2469:
1680:
763:
2967:
2493:
2230:
1381:
779:
662:
143:
1579:
173:
666:
114:
85:
1430:
Vietnam: History, documents and opinions on a major world crisis
2290:
903:, Nolting's deputy, to end Nolting's policy of appeasing Diệm.
868:
463:
2542:
776:
was regularly flown at major public events in South Vietnam.
2021:
891:
After the meeting, the monks held a press conference at the
674:
1571:
The last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West
735:, generated claims of religious bias. As a member of the
712:
280:
915:, Đặng Sỹ faced a trial held under a government led by
2695:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1238:
1236:
90:
Images of the victims to the shootings on an altar in
2623:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
2476:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
16:
1963 shootings of Buddhist civilians in South Vietnam
1363:
1233:
823:, carrying signs and placards, congregating at the
1568:
1427:
1414:
80:A memorial to the victim of the incident near the
1552:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 288–289.
857:
3017:
1048:. 10 July 1963. pp. 729–733. Archived from
875:
1042:"The Situation in South Vietnam – SNIE 53-2-63"
165:Army and security forces of the government of
2374:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
2368:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
2555:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2362:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
2007:
1595:
1444:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963
1046:The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 2
1034:
638:
266:
189:
2677:Violence against Hindus in independent India
2889:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
2404:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
2014:
2000:
1602:
1588:
645:
631:
273:
259:
196:
182:
2524:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1660:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
1425:
1409:
1212:, Vol. 4, No. 7 (July 1964), pp. 915–928.
947:The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam
923:, a Catholic who had helped Khánh in his
721:arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm
677:and security forces of the government of
1533:. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
840:
807:
803:
778:
2488:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
1286:
1284:
1159:
977:
911:After the fall of the Diệm regime in a
665:civilians on 8 May 1963 in the city of
3018:
2434:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
1566:
1547:
1528:
1506:
1460:
1438:
1095:"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?".
1081:
1079:
836:
2683:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1995:
1583:
1483:
254:
177:
1281:
983:
3031:Vietnam War crimes by South Vietnam
2827:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
2777:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
2689:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2482:Christianization of the Sámi people
1609:
1434:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
1076:
717:conducted a coup on 1 November 1963
203:
13:
1635:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức
1426:Gettleman, Marvin E., ed. (1966).
1088:
815:, the site of initial congregation
693:, which commemorates the birth of
14:
3102:
2671:Violence against Muslims in India
2665:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
2611:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
1650:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
240:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
2966:
1394:
1380:
1366:
661:were the deaths of nine unarmed
614:
462:
422:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group
69:
58:
3091:Massacres of protesters in Asia
2943:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2913:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1550:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War
1421:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1224:
1215:
1199:
1185:
1176:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
745:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
2931:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
2901:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2635:Communist Romanian persecution
1625:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings
1067:
1025:
1016:
968:
959:
940:
858:Buddhist reaction and protests
515:Treaty of Huế (25 August 1883)
1:
2949:2024 Istanbul church shooting
2925:Christchurch mosque shootings
2713:Religious violence in Nigeria
2707:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
1359:
1172:. 22 June 1963. pp. 5–6.
876:Buddhist demands for equality
496:Treaty of Huế (14 April 1863)
3056:Deaths by firearm in Vietnam
3026:Massacres in the Vietnam War
2839:War crimes in the Kosovo War
2629:Communist Polish persecution
2500:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
2428:Crusades against schismatics
965:Gettleman, pp. 275–276, 366.
427:Winter Soldier Investigation
7:
3086:1963 mass shootings in Asia
1548:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000).
1514:. New York: Penguin Books.
1417:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled
1332:
580:(31 January – 2 March 1968)
524:Treaty of Huế (6 June 1884)
10:
3107:
1446:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1101:. 29 June 1963. p. 9.
879:
726:
3071:Mass shootings in Vietnam
2963:
2871:South Thailand insurgency
2847:Walisongo school massacre
2815:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
2464:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2440:European wars of religion
2354:
2198:
2033:
1973:
1937:
1844:
1699:
1686:Krulak–Mendenhall mission
1668:
1617:
1022:Tucker, pp. 49, 291, 293.
417:Viet Cong and PAVN terror
407:
294:
215:
161:
153:
137:
129:
121:
110:
52:
44:
39:
3066:Persecution of Buddhists
3041:1960s murders in Vietnam
2261:Extrajudicial punishment
1981:Persecution of Buddhists
1640:Double Seven Day scuffle
1467:Rowman & Littlefield
1339:Double Seven Day scuffle
1166:"Diệm's other crusade".
1085:Gettleman, pp. 280–2 82.
934:
906:
600:(5 March – 2 April 1975)
354:Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất
230:Double Seven Day scuffle
133:Buddhists and protesters
2954:Crocus City Hall attack
2701:Persecution of Tibetans
2458:French Wars of Religion
2380:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1691:McNamara–Taylor mission
1529:Miller, Edward (2013).
1490:Oxford University Press
913:coup on 1 November 1963
26:Infobox civilian attack
18:
3036:1963 crimes in Vietnam
3000:16.46722°N 107.59028°E
2907:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
2883:Maspero demonstrations
2731:Huế Phật Đản shootings
1567:Warner, Denis (1963).
1484:Jones, Howard (2003).
989:"The Religious Crisis"
846:
816:
784:
673:, at the hands of the
659:Huế Phật Đản shootings
558:Huế Phật Đản shootings
220:Huế Phật Đản shootings
40:Huế Phật Đản shootings
31:considered for merging
3061:1963 in South Vietnam
2877:Boko Haram insurgency
2536:Pontic Greek genocide
2446:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2256:Extrajudicial killing
2023:Religious persecution
1761:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
1461:Jacobs, Seth (2006).
844:
811:
804:Protest and shootings
782:
772:. The white and gold
533:Abdication of Bảo Đại
2859:September 11 attacks
2795:1984 anti-Sikh riots
2659:Rawalpindi massacres
2605:White Terror (Spain)
2416:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2301:Population cleansing
1630:Hue chemical attacks
1344:Hue chemical attacks
1326:Hammer, pp. 114–116.
1317:Jacobs, pp. 144–145.
1260:Hammer, pp. 134–135.
1242:Jacobs, pp. 142–143.
1221:Hammer, pp. 110–111.
952:4 March 2008 at the
598:Hue–Da Nang Campaign
568:Huế chemical attacks
314:U.S. Embassy bombing
225:Huế chemical attacks
3005:16.46722; 107.59028
2996: /
2771:Bangladesh genocide
2751:Cultural Revolution
2743:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
2506:Circassian genocide
2392:Rhineland massacres
2306:Population transfer
2271:Forced displacement
2078:Jehovah's Witnesses
1731:W. Averell Harriman
1645:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
1354:Xa Loi Pagoda raids
1308:Jones, pp. 252–253.
1278:Jones, pp. 251–252.
1269:Jones, pp. 250–251.
1251:Jones, pp. 247–250.
1182:Hammer, pp. 103–05.
974:Moyar, pp. 215–216.
837:Government reaction
752:villages converted
737:Catholic Vietnamese
723:the following day.
235:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
3081:Flag controversies
2865:2002 Gujarat riots
2789:Cambodian genocide
2783:Lebanese Civil War
2561:Soviet persecution
2398:Jerusalem massacre
2311:Sectarian violence
2296:Political violence
1960:Marguerite Higgins
1512:Vietnam: A history
1147:Buttinger, p. 933.
1129:Buttinger, p. 993.
1052:on 9 November 2017
1001:on 4 December 2012
847:
817:
785:
621:Vietnam portal
590:(28 February 1968)
505:Battle of Thuận An
399:Cai Lậy schoolyard
82:Trường Tiền Bridge
3046:Massacres in 1963
2979:
2978:
2919:Rohingya genocide
2647:Direct Action Day
2599:Šahovići massacre
2549:Armenian genocide
2543:Assyrian genocide
2430:(13th–15th cent.)
2424:(12th–16th cent.)
2422:Northern Crusades
2266:Forced conversion
2216:Cultural genocide
2211:Communal violence
2088:post–Cold War era
2073:Eastern Orthodoxy
1989:
1988:
1831:William Trueheart
1821:Maxwell D. Taylor
1811:Frederick Nolting
1801:Nguyễn Đình Thuận
1771:Joseph Mendenhall
1726:Michael Forrestal
1540:978-0-674-07298-5
1411:Buttinger, Joseph
925:January 1964 coup
901:William Trueheart
852:Frederick Nolting
783:The Buddhist flag
655:
654:
606:
605:
541:
540:
435:
434:
248:
247:
172:
171:
3098:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2971:
2970:
2937:2020 Delhi riots
2853:Kosheh massacres
2833:Bosnian genocide
2653:1946 Bihar riots
2316:Social cleansing
2241:Ethnic cleansing
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1955:David Halberstam
1924:Trần Thiện Khiêm
1904:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
1899:Nguyễn Văn Nhung
1756:Victor H. Krulak
1751:Thich Tinh Khiet
1676:Joint Communiqué
1604:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1544:
1525:
1503:
1480:
1457:
1440:Hammer, Ellen J.
1435:
1433:
1422:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1169:The New Republic
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1098:The New Republic
1092:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:
997:. Archived from
987:(14 June 1963).
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
944:
921:Trần Thiện Khiêm
761:exempt from the
719:, including the
647:
640:
633:
619:
618:
617:
554:
553:
535:(25 August 1945)
507:(20 August 1883)
483:
482:
466:
456:
438:
437:
324:Bình An/Tây Vinh
289:
275:
268:
261:
252:
251:
210:
208:
198:
191:
184:
175:
174:
104:
73:
62:
37:
36:
34:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3051:Buddhist crisis
3016:
3015:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2895:Yazidi genocide
2801:Revival Process
2737:Thích Quảng Đức
2725:Buddhist crisis
2719:Istanbul pogrom
2587:1970–1987
2582:1958–1964
2577:1928–1941
2572:1921–1928
2567:1917–1921
2452:Goa Inquisition
2386:Battle of Tours
2376:(c.550–c. 1200)
2370:(c. 324–c. 491)
2350:
2251:Ethnic violence
2246:Ethnic conflict
2194:
2193:
2192:
2147:minority Muslim
2029:
2020:
1990:
1985:
1969:
1933:
1846:
1840:
1826:Trần Văn Chương
1816:Thích Trí Quang
1796:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
1766:Robert McNamara
1746:John F. Kennedy
1741:Thich Thien Hoa
1721:Thích Quảng Đức
1703:
1701:
1695:
1664:
1613:
1611:Buddhist crisis
1608:
1560:
1541:
1522:
1508:Karnow, Stanley
1500:
1477:
1454:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:Religion portal
1386:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1349:Thich Quang Duc
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:Hammer, p. 117.
1298:
1294:
1290:Jacobs, p. 143.
1289:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1230:Warner, p. 226.
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:Karnow, p. 294.
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:Warner, p. 210.
1110:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1073:Tucker, p. 291.
1072:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:Maclear, p. 63.
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1004:
1002:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
954:Wayback Machine
945:
941:
937:
909:
884:
882:Buddhist crisis
878:
860:
839:
830:Thích Trí Quang
806:
729:
706:Buddhist crisis
651:
615:
613:
608:
607:
588:Massacre at Huế
551:
543:
542:
480:
454:
447:
436:
431:
403:
290:
281:
279:
249:
244:
211:
207:Buddhist crisis
206:
204:
202:
157:8 – 9 Buddhists
140:
117:, South Vietnam
106:
94:
89:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
65:
64:
63:
47:Buddhist crisis
35:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:History of Huế
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2921:(2016–ongoing)
2916:
2915:(2014–ongoing)
2910:
2904:
2903:(2014–ongoing)
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2879:(2009–ongoing)
2874:
2873:(2004–ongoing)
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2779:(1971–ongoing)
2774:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2722:
2716:
2715:(1953–ongoing)
2710:
2704:
2703:(1950–ongoing)
2698:
2697:(1949–ongoing)
2692:
2686:
2680:
2679:(1947–ongoing)
2674:
2673:(1947–ongoing)
2668:
2667:(1947–ongoing)
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2641:Noakhali riots
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2530:Greek genocide
2527:
2521:
2518:Adana massacre
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2382:(c.184–c. 205)
2377:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:State religion
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Discrimination
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:Zoroastrianism
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2110:Untouchability
2107:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:discrimination
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Malcolm Browne
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Trần Kim Tuyến
1916:
1911:
1909:Phạm Ngọc Thảo
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Dương Văn Minh
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1564:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1504:
1498:
1481:
1475:
1465:. Lanham, MD:
1458:
1452:
1436:
1423:
1406:
1405:
1391:
1377:
1374:Vietnam portal
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1198:
1193:Miller, p. 266
1184:
1175:
1158:
1156:Jacobs, p. 91.
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1087:
1075:
1066:
1033:
1024:
1015:
976:
967:
958:
938:
936:
933:
908:
905:
877:
874:
859:
856:
838:
835:
805:
802:
789:Gautama Buddha
728:
725:
695:Gautama Buddha
689:on the day of
683:Roman Catholic
653:
652:
650:
649:
642:
635:
627:
624:
623:
610:
609:
604:
603:
601:
594:
593:
591:
584:
583:
581:
574:
573:
571:
564:
563:
561:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
538:
536:
529:
528:
526:
520:
519:
517:
511:
510:
508:
501:
500:
498:
492:
491:
489:
481:
478:Nguyễn dynasty
472:
471:
468:
467:
459:
458:
449:
448:
441:
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
405:
404:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:Saigon bombing
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
292:
291:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
246:
245:
243:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
213:
212:
201:
200:
193:
186:
178:
170:
169:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
112:
108:
107:
105:, Huế (bottom)
92:Từ Hiếu Temple
79:
68:
67:
66:
57:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3103:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3009:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:Yugoslav Wars
2819:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2807:Big Excursion
2805:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:The Holocaust
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:Dungan Revolt
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:State atheism
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Deprogramming
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Protestantism
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:LDS or Mormon
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Tôn Thất Đính
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Nguyễn Hữu Có
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Lê Quang Tung
1877:
1875:
1874:Huỳnh Văn Cao
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Lucien Conein
1852:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Ngô Đình Thục
1789:
1787:
1786:Ngô Đình Nhu
1784:
1782:
1781:Ngô Đình Diệm
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Roger Hilsman
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Bui Van Luong
1709:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1572:
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1559:1-57607-040-9
1555:
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1521:0-670-84218-4
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1499:0-19-505286-2
1495:
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1476:0-7425-4447-8
1472:
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1453:0-525-24210-4
1449:
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1120:Fall, p. 199.
1117:
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896:
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893:Xá Lợi Pagoda
888:
883:
873:
870:
866:
855:
853:
845:Ngô Đình Diệm
843:
834:
831:
826:
825:Từ Đàm Pagoda
822:
821:Perfume River
814:
813:Từ Đàm Pagoda
810:
801:
798:
794:
790:
781:
777:
775:
771:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
746:
741:
740:concessions.
738:
734:
733:Ngô Đình Diệm
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:Buddhist flag
684:
680:
679:Ngô Đình Diệm
676:
672:
671:South Vietnam
668:
664:
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648:
643:
641:
636:
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629:
628:
626:
625:
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612:
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578:Battle of Huế
576:
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572:
570:(3 June 1963)
569:
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309:Xá Lợi Pagoda
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
288:
284:
283:Mass killings
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
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167:Ngô Đình Diệm
164:
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136:
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83:
72:
61:
51:
48:
43:
38:
32:
28:
27:
23:
3013:
2981:
2823:(1991–2001)
2803:(1984–1989)
2763:Famen Temple
2753:(1966–1976)
2730:
2563:(1922–1991)
2532:(1913–1922)
2063:Christianity
2053:Baháʼí Faith
1965:Neil Sheehan
1945:Peter Arnett
1929:Trần Văn Đôn
1894:Nguyễn Khánh
1776:Ngô Đình Cẩn
1700:Political or
1624:
1575:. Macmillan.
1570:
1549:
1530:
1511:
1488:. New York:
1485:
1462:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1402:1960s portal
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1226:
1217:
1210:Asian Survey
1209:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1069:
1061:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:the original
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1003:. Retrieved
999:the original
992:
979:
970:
961:
942:
928:
917:Nguyễn Khánh
910:
897:
889:
885:
865:Ngô Đình Nhu
861:
848:
818:
796:
786:
774:Vatican flag
762:
758:
753:
742:
730:
710:
699:
658:
656:
560:(8 May 1963)
557:
474:Nguyễn lords
304:Huế Phật Đản
303:
219:
162:Perpetrators
24:
3003: /
2991:107°35′25″E
2909:(2014–2017)
2897:(2014–2017)
2891:(2013–2016)
2829:(1992–1996)
2791:(1975–1979)
2785:(1975–1990)
2691:(1948–1980)
2637:(1945–1989)
2631:(1945–1989)
2625:(1941–1945)
2619:(1939–1945)
2607:(1936–1975)
2592:legislation
2557:(1917–1990)
2551:(1915–1923)
2545:(1914–1924)
2526:(1912–1913)
2514:(1862–1877)
2496:(1857–1858)
2490:(1789–1801)
2478:(1683–1922)
2472:(1673–1829)
2466:(1609–1614)
2460:(1562–1598)
2454:(1561–1812)
2448:(1526–1791)
2442:(1522–1712)
2436:(1500–1526)
2412:(1184–1908)
2410:Inquisition
2321:Segregation
2286:Intolerance
2226:Desecration
2168:Neopaganism
2161:Persecution
2122:Persecution
2105:Persecution
2068:Catholicism
2048:Exclusivism
1938:Journalists
770:Virgin Mary
453:History of
412:Tiger Force
374:Thanh Phong
287:Vietnam War
285:during the
139:Attack type
125:May 8, 1963
95: [
20:‹ The
3020:Categories
2988:16°28′02″N
2406:(643–1526)
2281:Iconoclasm
2276:Hate crime
2206:Censorship
2095:Falun Gong
1884:Lê Văn Kim
1859:Đỗ Cao Trí
1836:Vũ Văn Mẫu
1806:Madame Nhu
1360:References
956:HistoryNet
880:See also:
550:After 1945
148:war crimes
2757:Four Olds
2470:Test Acts
2336:Terrorism
2178:Rastafari
2127:Ahmadiyya
1702:religious
1681:Cable 243
1056:21 August
1005:21 August
749:Việt Cộng
702:Việt Cộng
394:Highway 1
379:Sơn Thắng
29:is being
2973:Religion
2494:Utah War
2364:(64–313)
2341:Violence
2231:Domicide
2183:Yazidism
2100:Hinduism
2058:Buddhism
2034:By group
1845:Military
1654:reaction
1510:(1997).
1442:(1987).
1413:(1967).
1333:See also
950:Archived
929:Hòa Bình
869:Gandhian
797:en masse
759:de facto
754:en masse
691:Phật Đản
663:Buddhist
487:Phú Xuân
444:a series
442:Part of
384:Thạnh Mỹ
334:Bình Hòa
329:Bình Tai
299:Châu Đốc
144:Massacre
111:Location
45:Part of
33:. ›
22:template
2727:(1963)
2484:(1700s)
2199:Methods
2156:Judaism
2142:Sunnism
2132:Shi'ism
2043:Atheism
1974:Related
1847:figures
1716:Bửu Hội
1704:figures
793:Đặng Sỹ
727:Prelude
389:Đức Dục
369:Sơn Trà
344:Đắk Sơn
339:Thủy Bồ
2956:(2024)
2945:(2023)
2939:(2020)
2933:(2019)
2927:(2019)
2885:(2011)
2867:(2002)
2861:(2001)
2855:(2000)
2849:(2000)
2841:(1999)
2835:(1995)
2817:(1990)
2809:(1989)
2797:(1984)
2773:(1971)
2765:(1966)
2759:(1966)
2745:(1963)
2739:(1963)
2733:(1963)
2721:(1955)
2709:(1950)
2685:(1948)
2661:(1947)
2655:(1946)
2649:(1946)
2643:(1946)
2613:(1933)
2601:(1924)
2520:(1909)
2508:(1864)
2502:(1860)
2418:(1191)
2400:(1099)
2394:(1096)
2355:Events
2291:Pogrom
2137:Sufism
1864:Đỗ Mậu
1669:Policy
1618:Events
1556:
1537:
1518:
1496:
1473:
1450:
764:corvée
446:on the
364:Mỹ Lai
154:Deaths
130:Target
2388:(732)
2117:Islam
935:Notes
907:Trial
359:Hà My
103:]
88:(top)
2025:and
1554:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1058:2007
1007:2007
994:Time
985:TIME
681:, a
675:army
657:The
476:and
122:Date
2346:War
713:CIA
667:Huế
455:Huế
349:Huế
115:Huế
86:Huế
3022::
1492:.
1469:.
1283:^
1235:^
1208:,
1078:^
1060:.
1044:.
1009:.
991:.
715:,
697:.
669:,
146:,
101:vi
99:;
97:fr
84:,
2015:e
2008:t
2001:v
1656:)
1652:(
1603:e
1596:t
1589:v
1562:.
1543:.
1524:.
1502:.
1479:.
1456:.
1195:.
646:e
639:t
632:v
274:e
267:t
260:v
197:e
190:t
183:v
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