932:, the son of Henry the Wrangler. Henry did confirm the privileges of Essen Abbey in a document of 1003, but disputes probably arose over Mathilde's personal possessions inherited from her brother and mother. None of Mathilde's donations to the Essen Treasury can be dated to the period after 1002. There are clear signs that construction stopped on the westwerk, so it is assumed that Mathilde's income from the Swabian-Ottonian line had suddenly been reduced with the coronation of Henry II. In that case, Henry had prematurely appropriated the inheritance, which would have come to him anyway after the death of Mathilde since he was the last member of the Ottonian dynasty. Therefore, Mathilde had probably been involved in the opposition to his succession, which had been especially strong in the
879:, a sister of Otto III, who was simultaneously Abbess of Gandersheim, is unlikely to have been the founder of Rellinghausen. Sophia resided predominantly at Gandersheim and left behind only small traces at Essen. The sister-abbey of Gandersheim was probably founded in the 940s and Quedlinburg's sister abbey was definitely founded in 986 and it seems unlikely that Essen would have founded a sister abbey before these richer and more important Abbeys, so the foundation of Rellinghausen before Mathilde began her tenure in 971 can probably be excluded. Thus, the foundation of Rellinghausen by Mathilde can clearly no longer be considered proven, but it is not impossible.
1012:, a daughter of Otto II. She was probably a substitute for her sister Matilda who had been educated in Essen but had then been married to Ezzo and therefore could not be abbess. Her appointment was probably also a political decision, since Sophia had been educated in Gandersheim by the sister of Henry the Wrangler and was a partisan of Henry II, so she assured Henry of political control over Essen Abbey and against the Rheinish opposition. Sophia preferred Gandersheim Abbey, which she had been Abbess of since 1002. As a result, the projects begun by Mathilde remained unfinished at this time.
875:(now a suburb of Essen), since a grave inscription was supposed to have been found in its Abbey church, according to which she founded the Abbey in 998 and was buried there at her request. Her foundation of Rellinghausen is challenged in newer research, since direct testimony is lacking and the grave inscription was identified as an early modern forgery. However, Rellinghausen Abbey is mentioned in Abbess Theophanu's will of 1058 as the foundation of one of her predecessors. The abbess who reigned between Mathilde and Theophanu,
917:
997:
859:
A secure date for the construction of the westwerk of the earlier building does not exist. The proponents of an early dating of the current building therefore also date the preceding building earlier, pointing to the fact that westwerks were usually created immediately after the achievement of immunity, which Essen probably achieved before 920. In that case the earlier
Westwerk would have no longer been a new building when construction began under Mathilde.
29:
603:
803:
172:, liturgical vessels and manuscripts, its political contacts, and for commissioning translations and overseeing education. In the unreliable list of Essen Abbesses from 1672, she is listed as the second Abbess Mathilde and as a result, she is sometimes called "Mathilde II" to distinguish her from the earlier abbess of the same name, who is meant to have governed Essen Abbey from 907 to 910 but whose existence is disputed.
458:, who translated his chronicle into Latin for her (see below). All these activities of Mathilde functioned, above all, to fulfill the interests of her abbey and to ensure the salvation of her deceased family members. This is especially clear in Æthelweard's Chronicle, in which Æthelweard places particularly emphasis on genealogical relationships, noting in the introduction the common descent of Mathilde and himself from
519:, created at Mathilde's order possibly during the crisis, Mathilde is depicted standing upright in the costume of a member of the high nobility, contrary to the usual depiction of the donor as a humble worshipper in monastic costume. Therefore, it has been concluded that Mathilde maintained a pronounced self-confidence and was not willing to stay out of secular matters. Mathilde was also guardian of Otto III's sister
555:. These gifts of royal insignia, for which there are no contemporary parallels at all at other abbeys, encourage the conclusion that Otto was offering his thanks for Mathilde's help in securing his rule. Mathilde had already met the king in 990. On 20 January of that year in Heilingstadt, Otto renewed a donation of Mathilde's mother at her request and with the advice of the
1027:, was a donation of Theophanu in memory of Mathilde. Theophanu's renovation of the crypt of the abbey church moved Mathilde's grave to the centre of the crypt and surrounded it with the relics of saints, which she had especially treasured. The erection of this memorial complex sought Mathilde's liturgical advancement.
1120:, no. 325 "Otto schenkt den Nonnen zu Essen den Hof Erenzell" p 439f; Erenzell is better known as Eherenzell: John W. Bernhardt observes of this document "With this charter, Otto granted the canonesses at Essen a court at Ehrenzell that he had formerly given to his granddaughter Mathilda" (Bernhardt,
987:
who died in 1085 and was known to have been buried in front of this altar. However, according to late
Medieval records, the members of the Abbey thought that two Abbesses were buried there, of which one was not identified by name. Therefore, it has subsequently been suggested that Suanhild was buried
858:
and Otto III's policy of
Imperial restoration. In the time of Theophanu, this system no longer made sense. This view interprets the part of the Brauweiler Chronicle which says that Theophanu had the Abbey buildings renewed, as just a reference to a spiritual restoration of the community by Theophanu.
514:
and claimed the regency. Based on the absence of written evidence of
Mathilde's activities at this time it was traditionally assumed that Mathilde had no further political influence after the death of her brother. However, These argued that Mathilde certainly did not enjoy Henry the Wrangler's favour
180:
Written sources on
Mathilde's life and especially on her works are few. Concerning the history of Essen Abbey from 845 to 1150 there exist only some twenty documents in total, not one of which is a contemporary chronicle or biography. While information about Mathilde's life is known on account of her
957:
in 1996, which names
Mathilde on the reverse (+MATHILD ABBATISSA ASNI DENSIS), indicates that Mathilde found such high favour with Henry II, at least for a little while, that she was named on his money. This coinage might therefore have been created after 1002, perhaps a commemorative series created
619:
and her mother Ida (after 986), placed
Mathilde in the position to freely use a considerable fortune. With this fortune Mathilde financed artistic treasures to preserve the memory of her relatives and herself. The chronicle which the Anglo-Saxon historian Æthelweard dedicated to Mathilde served as a
948:
who had been educated in Essen, who probably made claims to the throne on behalf of his children. Ezzo was in a similar situation to
Mathilde, since he claimed that the dynastic property of the Ottonian line fell to him on account of his marriage to a sister of the childless Otto III, a proposition
982:
Since the grave of
Mathilde in Rellinghausen has been determined to be a fake, she was probably buried in a prominent place in the crypt of Essen Minster. During excavations in the church in 1952, a grave was discovered in the crypt in front of the high altar, a position in which important people
907:
around 1000. This was despite strenuous objections by the Abbess
Mathilde, such that Ezzo had to go to Essen to extract his bride. The marriage seems to have been designed to settle a dispute over Ottonian lands claimed by Ezzo, but was apparently very happy. It produced ten children including
362:
Otto confirmed to the Essen cloister founded by Bishop Altfried, at the request of Abbess Mathilde and in accordance with the advice of the Archbishop Gero and of Otto his kinsman, just as his predecessors: the free choice of abbess, the donations made by earlier lords and other believers, which
826:
who reigned 1039-1058. Mathilde is therefore also responsible for the earliest plumbing yet found at Essen, a lead pipe which ran transversely under the Weswerk and throughout the Abbey buildings. Such water pipes were uncommon in the Early Middle Ages and only found in opulent buildings; they
781:
plaques and gems. The largest of these was an image of Emperor Otto II on the backside of the shrine, which based on a depiction of the shrine in an altarpiece depicted Otto in worship and also acted as a memorial. This first large chasse was destroyed as a result of the stupidity of the Abbey
851:(of which Theophanu was a member). The work carried out by Zimmerman supported the latter position, which also held that the predecessor building was completed in 965. In this case, Mathilde would have actually had a new building constructed, only for it to be replaced by the modern Minster.
830:
The question of whether this was Mathilde or Theophanu was uncontentious, but a change in building style did occur in this time. Had the Essen westwork—a masterpiece of Ottonian construction—first been built under Theophanu, it would have been built later than one of the masterpieces of the
300:(Dynastic convent). Probably it was already decided at this time that Mathilde would later be abbess; this decision was probably made in 966 at the latest, when Mathilde is first attested in documentary evidence—a record from 1 March 966, in which her grandfather granted a parcel of land (a
181:
membership in the Liudolfing family, her deeds are only attested by a total of ten references in charters or chronicles from other places. Recently, scholars have attempted to draw conclusions about Mathilde's character from the artworks and building projects which are attributed to her.
821:
of Essen Minster to Mathilde by means of stylistic comparisons. Subsequent research has affirmed this understanding; Mathilde is seen as the initiator of the westwerk, which since the excavation of a predecessor building in 1955 by Zimmerman had been considered mostly the work of Abbess
862:
It is also possible that both abbesses did building work on Essen Minster since there are signs of a long term building project. In this case the reference in the Brauweiler Chronicle would be interpreted to indicate that Theophanu completed a construction project begun by Mathilde.
337:
which were not only reading material but also the basis of the education of the girls entrusted to the Abbey. Through these, Mathilde was well prepared for her office. On the reported inscription of the Marsus Shrine it was stated that she could write in
793:
Abbey church of St Peter and Alexander, whose paintwork corresponds to the edging decoration of the Cross of Otto and Mathilde. Since Mathilde's brother Otto was buried in this church, this cross was probably part of his memorial.
713:
made as a memorial of Empress Theophanu for her son Otto II, which would have exceeded the splendour of the treasures of the churches of Cologne on its own. It is attributed to Mathilde because of the reported inscription in
501:
Otto II's fatal Italian campaign was a turning point in Mathilde's life. As a result of her brother's death, she became the last member of the Swabian branch of the Liudolfing dynasty and therefore the manager of the
1042:(Mother of our church). Abbess Mathilde was depicted on the lost west windows of the Minster, which were donated by a member of the Essen order, Mechthild von Hardenburg, between 1275 and 1297. There she was called:
268:, Bishop of Hildesheim and Gerswid, who became the first abbess, had been connected with the Liudolfings since its foundation. After a fire in 947, which destroyed all documents about the early history of the Abbey,
949:
which Henry II refused to accept. This succession dispute lasted until 1011, when Henry must have given in. If Mathilde also got her property back, it was by then too late to resume the projects she had begun. A
535:
came to Essen at this time and it could be interpreted as symbolic of Theophanu's right to care for her son Otto III as Mary cared for her own royal son. In 993, when Otto III visited Essen Abbey, he donated the
263:
Mathilde was probably involved with the Abbey from her youth, perhaps being educated and trained there from 953, or alternatively from 957 (the year of her father's death). Essen Abbey, founded in 845 by
614:
Hints of Mathilde's personality emerge only from the surviving remains of her artistic patronage. Taking over the management of the assets of her family, particularly the inheritance of her grandmother
478:
like Gandersheim and Quedlinburg and the abbess herself came from the Imperial family. Documentation that she took part in the Italian campaign of her young uncle, Otto II, like her eponymous aunt
487:
844:
1116:
that is situated in the village of Ericaeli, which on account of the petition of Mathilde, daughter of our son Liudolf, we have ceded"); the document is transcribed in full by Theodor Sickel,
895:, who was entrusted to her cousin's care in the abbey at a very young age. It was intended that Matilda would stay in the Abbey and become an abbess like her cousin and older sisters
921:
786:
782:
servants responsible for evacuation in 1794, when it was taken to be safe from French plunder. The remains were melted down, and a masterpiece of Ottonian art was irreparably lost.
515:
and that Henry's victory would have led to a reduction of Imperial patronage to Essen Abbey and therefore a loss of significance for the Abbey. In the donor portrait of the
773:
after the most important relic stored in it and was the oldest reliquary chasse in the Empire, precursor to the Rheinish reliquary shrines, of which the best known is the
984:
594:
in September. Otto also facilitated the donation of relics, especially those of Marsus, to Essen Abbey which became the centre of commemoration of his father in Saxony.
924:
which Mathilde donated for the maintenance of her memory. This picture, taken in 2010, shows the candelabrum lit up in her memory on the 999th anniversary of her death.
269:
566:
At the proposal of Archbishop Willigis and the request of Abbess Mathilde of Essen, Otto renewed the donation of Rhöda which Ida, a distinguished woman, gave to the
699:, an exceptionally rare statue covered with sheet gold, both date to her abbacy at Essen, and were either commissioned by her or given to her. A large seven-armed
506:
of the family. Furthermore, the death of her brother and her uncle Otto II on the campaign catapulted her to the centre of Imperial politics, since her cousin
310:
168:
from 973 to her death. She was one of the most important abbesses in the history of Essen. She was responsible for the abbey, for its buildings, its precious
68:
836:
945:
888:
520:
410:
in 986 for her mother's funeral. In addition, she must have maintained a wide spanning network of contacts; art historical parallels indicate contacts in
273:
548:
with a golden sheath, which served as the ceremonial sword of the Abbesses of Essen and in later tradition was claimed to be the execution sword of the
770:
288:. The entrustment of a princess' education to the Abbey would have enhanced its prestige further, putting it on an equal footing with the Abbeys of
854:
Lange drew attention to symbolism of the building programme which he recognised in the plan of the westwerk. The Octagon is clearly influenced by
872:
620:
memorial for her Anglo-Saxon ancestors through Eadgyth. Æthelweard records that it was at her request that he translated (or had translated) his
253:, a monk of Trier, under the year 949: "That same year a daughter, Mathilde, was born to the king's son, Liudolf". She was the granddaughter of
1210:, p. 279-280; van Houts, "Woman and the writing of history in the early Middle Ages, the case of Abbess Mathilda of Essen and Aethelweard" in
1110:
donavimus curtem quae sita est in villa Ericaeli, quam olim ob petitionem filii nostri Liutolfi filiae suae Mahthildi in proprium concessimus
590:
to Essen Abbey. It is possible that she spent some time in Otto's court in this year, since she is mentioned as a witness in a document from
494:
by her father, after he died in Italy in 982, is documented by an entry in a manuscript at St Peter and Alexander. Her uncle Otto II died in
390:
Mathilde was not an abbess who remained secluded in monastic silence. In addition to travel to Aachen in 973, further trips are recorded: to
387:. At this point Mathilde was about 24 years old and thus still under the age at which she could technically receive appointment as abbess.
574:
Visits to Essen by Otto III are assumed in 984 and 986, since in both years, there is a gap of some time between attestations of Otto in
439:
1585:
van Houts, Elisabeth. "Women and the Writing of History in the Early Middle Ages: The Case of Abbess Matilda of Essen and Aethelweard".
363:
were listed by name and the property titles which were lost in the cloister fire, and immunity with the right of the abbess to choose a
1019:, was the daughter of Ezzo and the Matilda who had been Mathilde's intended successor. She fulfilled Mathilde's plans. The so-called
988:
in a high grave on top of the grave of Mathilde and that the location of Mathilde's burial place fell into obscurity as a result.
50:
928:
The death of Otto III, who had strongly supported Essen Abbey, was probably a watershed for Mathilde. Otto's successor was the
1623:
634:
versions, into Latin. This occurred after 975 and probably before 983. The text survives only in a single copy, now in the
941:
904:
1664:
847:). On the other hand, Theophanu is praised for rebuilding the Essen cloister in the Brauweiler family chronicle of the
684:
384:
226:
34:
1605:
1539:
896:
541:
510:, who had lost the Duchy of Bavaria to Mathilde's brother Otto in 976, kidnapped Otto II's heir, the three-year-old
1634:
961:
Mathilde, under whom Essen Abbey had enjoyed a great period of prosperity, died at Essen on 5 November 1011. In the
958:
after Mathilde's death to effect a reconciliation between Henry II and the Rheinish opposition led by the Ezzonids.
706:, over seven feet high, records Mathilde's commissioning of it in an inscription. All these works remain at Essen.
591:
1009:
900:
876:
817:, the first art historian who concerned himself with the buildings and artefacts of Essen Abbey had ascribed the
78:
1676:
692:
479:
1471:
1594:
Das Otto-Mathildenkreuz im Essener MĂĽnsterschatz. Ăśberlegungen zu Charakter und Funktion des Stifterbildes.
929:
511:
376:
892:
537:
482:, and her younger brother Otto is lacking. However, her involvement in the burial of her brother in the
372:
309:
Mathilde received a comprehensive education appropriate to her status, probably from Abbess Hathwig and
1702:
1016:
823:
680:
607:
516:
257:
206:
42:
1697:
774:
639:
507:
695:
may well also have been a product of her patronage. The earliest surviving decorative sword and the
455:
272:
had had the old rights and privileges of the Abbey confirmed by Emperor Otto I and further obtained
1679:
1639:
1023:
in the Essen cathedral treasury depicts Mathilde in monastic costume, at the feet of the enthroned
668:
643:
552:
306:) to the nuns at her request. This gift probably reflects Mathilde's formal entry into the order.
1467:
Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 72: Die Annales Quedlinburgenses.
832:
696:
532:
475:
129:
1598:
Herrschaft, Liturgie und Raum – Studien zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte des Frauenstifts Essen.
343:
642:
in 1731, so that later portions are lost. Mathilde probably repaid Æthelweard with a copy of
459:
1707:
1024:
962:
626:
395:
250:
1717:
1477:
1154:
Tobias NĂĽssel, "Ăśberlegungen zu den Essener Ă„btissinnen zwischen Wicburg und Mathilde", in
334:
431:
8:
1712:
1055:
In 2011, the 1000th Anniversary of her death was commemorated in Germany. The exhibition
937:
198:
1430:, pp. 69-70 holds that the inscription is genuine, but refers to a different individual.
354:
Mathilde is first named in a source as Abbess of Essen in 973. This document, issued in
1646:
933:
715:
281:
277:
254:
1660:
1619:
1601:
1452:
Heinz Josef Kramer, "Ein Mathilden-Denar aus Masowien - Chronik einer Entdeckung" in
1349:
1020:
1001:
966:
688:
528:
483:
293:
289:
194:
190:
238:
855:
777:
in Cologne. The Shrine of Marsus was made of gold and decorated with numerous gilt
663:
which were made at her order or acquired for Essen Abbey by her. These include two
443:
210:
119:
1565:
1280:
778:
710:
635:
523:
at this time. What exactly Mathilde did in this crisis, in which Otto II's widow
234:
1566:"ZEIT ONLINE Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl"
916:
1031:
983:
were often buried. At the time this grave was identified as that of the Abbess
676:
648:
567:
556:
545:
339:
230:
38:
540:
with which he was crowned king as a small child in 983. Otto III also donated
1691:
974:
Abstulit et de regali stemmate gemmam Machtildam abbatissam, Ludolfi filiam.
790:
491:
391:
814:
672:
664:
1643:(in German), vol. 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 374–375
996:
1652:
703:
700:
653:
631:
451:
446:. There she was recorded as a benefactrix and honoured with the title of
246:
218:
165:
866:
586:
of Otto at Dortmund, where Otto transferred royal property on the Upper
237:, from 976 until he died unexpectedly in 982. Her birth was recorded in
978:( took Abbess Mathilde, Luidolf's daughter, the gem of the royal line).
602:
411:
380:
318:
214:
202:
28:
1080:Ăśberlegungen zu den Essener Ă„btissinnen zwischen Wicburg und Mathilde,
969:, a foundation of Mathilde's grandfather Otto the Great it is stated:
660:
524:
1030:
Mathilde's memory became celebrated especially in Essen, with four
848:
818:
807:
579:
575:
559:
399:
367:
to administer justice to the people of the cloister when necessary.
322:
1122:
Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany
887:
The abbess of Essen is not to be confused with her younger cousin
802:
531:
contested the regency with Henry, is not documented. However, the
871:
Mathilde has also been identified as the founder of the Abbey of
840:
616:
427:
419:
330:
314:
265:
222:
114:
1038:, a manuscript of Essen created around 1300, Mathilde is called
691:" she is represented with the Virgin and Child. A similar third
954:
785:
Mathilde is probably also the donor of the more than life size
583:
549:
463:
355:
326:
302:
383:
owes its name, while "Otto his kinsman" is Mathilde's brother
1060:
950:
587:
503:
435:
423:
415:
407:
403:
169:
495:
442:) and transferred land which had belonged to her mother to
364:
285:
1097:
Eodem anno Liudolfo filio regis Mahthilidis filia nascitur
1034:
and the lighting of the grave with twelve candles. In the
759:
to the King of kings, which the king demands for eternity,
1400:
Die Kunstdenkmäler des Rheinlands; Supplement 3, p. 52.
1004:, which Abbess Theophanu had made in memory of Mathilde
1051:
Abbess Mechthildis, once pious mother of this convent.
908:
Theophanu, later another Abbess of Essen (died 1056).
867:
Theories on the foundation of the Rellinghausen Abbey
1047:
Mechthildis abbatissa huius conventus olim mater pia
889:
Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia
317:, the books at Essen included the religious authors
1677:"Unvergessene Mathilde / Eine Frau macht Geschichte
1516:
Lange, Die Krypta der Essener Stiftskirche, p. 177.
1057:
VergESSEN? Prinzessin Mathilde – Äbtissin von Essen
1277:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
659:But Mathilde is especially known for the works of
1441:Das Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz im Essener MĂĽnsterschatz
1376:Das Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz im Essener MĂĽnsterschatz
1242:Das Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz im Essener MĂĽnsterschatz
1225:Das Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz im Essener MĂĽnsterschatz
1130:Der Essendische Oberhof Ehrenzell (Philipsenburg)
769:This collection of relics was later known as the
761:feeds the Spirit of Otto in the celestial realms
1689:
911:
827:therefore indicate the prestige of the builder.
797:
755:Mathilde ordered, she who freed Theophanu also.
738:Mechtildis vovit, quae Theophanum quoque solvit
379:, the important Bishop of Cologne, to whom the
371:The individuals mentioned in this document are
1616:Mathilde - Glanzzeit des Essner Frauenstifts.
1614:Birgitta Falk, Andrea von HĂĽlsen-Esch (ed.):
667:which she had made for the abbey, now in the
406:. It is also assumed that she made a trip to
189:Mathilde belonged to the first family of the
1632:
882:
630:, including material not found in surviving
284:and was only spiritually subordinate to the
953:of Henry II (HENRICVS REX) found in modern
742:Regi dans regum, quae rex deposcit in aevum
734:
1128:at Ehrenzell is given in Wilhelm Grevel,
1118:Urkunden Konrad I. Heinrich I. und Otto I.
940:, Archbishop of Cologne, and particularly
753:This work, rich in gems and gold of beauty
27:
1659:, Yale University Press, 1995 (2nd edn.)
995:
991:
915:
801:
757:Good Abbess Mathilde giving golden gifts
744:Spiritus ottonis pascit caelestibus oris
683:, she appears together with her brother
601:
1253:Document No. 59 in: This series of the
1195:Der Kult des heiligen Florinus in Essen
1180:Document No. 40 in: This series of the
1167:For the Essen book catalogue: Bodarwé,
843:(which was built by Theophanu's sister
740:Abbatissa bona Mechthildis chrisea dona
736:Hoc opus eximium gemmis auroque decorum
582:. In April 997 Mathilde travelled to a
164:; 949 – 5 November 1011) was Abbess of
1690:
1326:Lasko, 104-105, 125; Van Houts, 60–61.
936:. The leaders of this opposition were
597:
450:(duchess). She corresponded with the
1124:, 2002, p. 115); The history of the
903:, but she was ultimately married to
679:of her in enamel, in the first, the
1540:"Ehre fĂĽr eine bemerkenswerte Frau"
1492:Die Krypta der Essener Stiftskirche
1424:Die Krypta der Essener Stiftskirche
1352:, who described the chasse in 1639.
944:, the husband of Otto III's sister
942:Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
905:Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
205:. Her father was the eldest son of
184:
13:
1266:Beuckers, Marsusschrein, S. 47-48.
14:
1729:
1670:
1469:Hanover, 2004, pp. 531 Z. 9-10. (
897:Adelheid I, Abbess of Quedlinburg
638:, which was badly damaged in the
1238:Zwischen Herrschern und Heiligem
1008:Mathilde's direct successor was
329:, as well as secular works like
1558:
1532:
1519:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1459:
1446:
1433:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1381:
1368:
1355:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1298:
1286:
1269:
1260:
1247:
1230:
1217:
901:Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim
1275:Miller, Sean, "Æthelweard" in
1200:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1102:
1089:
1072:
693:Essen cross with large enamels
656:and has long been in England.
480:Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg
1:
1618:Klartext Verlag, Essen 2011,
1600:Klartext Verlag, Essen 2002,
1579:
1472:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1465:edited: Martina Giese (ed.):
1255:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1182:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
912:Last years, death, and burial
798:Mathilde's building programme
652:which was written in Essen's
610:, one of Mathilde's donations
469:
280:, so that the Abbey achieved
490:, which had been founded in
197:and Ida, a daughter of Duke
7:
1293:Chronicon de Rebus Anglicis
622:Chronicon de Rebus Anglicis
570:of Hilwart's house at Essen
10:
1734:
806:Reconstructed view of the
709:Mathilde had an expensive
681:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
671:, both important works of
608:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
527:along with Otto I's widow
517:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
358:on the 23 July 973 reads:
193:, as the daughter of Duke
175:
43:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
1426:, p. 171; Sonja Hermann,
1306:Sanctimoniales litteratae
1208:Sanctimoniales litteratae
1169:Sanctimoniales litteratae
1143:Sanctimoniales literattae
883:Mathilde and her namesake
775:Shrine of the Three Kings
349:
143:
135:
125:
113:
96:
88:
84:
74:
64:
56:
49:
33:Mathilde and her brother
26:
21:
1680:Essen Cathedral Treasury
1640:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1478:531 Z. 9-10. digitalised
1295:, BL Cotton MS, Otho A.x
1066:
891:(979–1025), daughter of
687:(died 982), and in the "
669:Essen Cathedral Treasury
553:Saints Cosmas and Damian
1592:Klaus Gereon Beuckers:
1527:Die Essener Inschriften
1428:Die Essener Inschriften
1387:Lange, Westbau, pp.1ff.
1040:Mater ecclesiae nostrae
922:Seven-armed candelabrum
697:Golden Madonna of Essen
130:Liudolf, Duke of Swabia
1454:Das MĂĽnster am Hellweg
1156:Das MĂĽnster am Hellweg
1084:Das MĂĽnster am Hellweg
1005:
925:
811:
735:
611:
572:
488:St Peter and Alexander
369:
342:and had also mastered
1633:Edgar Freise (1990),
1587:Early Medieval Europe
1398:Das MĂĽnster zu Essen.
1348:, p. 1f. referencing
1212:Early Medieval Europe
1108:Van Houts, 60 n. 30:
1095:Van Houts, 60 n. 30:
999:
992:Successors and memory
919:
805:
689:second Mathilde cross
627:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
605:
564:
422:, while she acquired
360:
249:before 967, possibly
60:973 - 5 November 1011
1456:65, 2012, pp. 26-33.
1086:63, 2010, pp. 20–22.
1015:Sophia's successor,
1657:Ars Sacra, 800-1200
1544:www.bistum-essen.de
1240:, p. 20; Beuckers,
1112:(" we have given a
837:St Maria im Kapitol
640:Cotton Library fire
542:a battle-worn sword
474:Essen Abbey was an
199:Hermann I of Swabia
1608:, pp. 51–80.
1589:, 1 (1992): 53–68.
1257:is not recognised
1184:is not recognised
1006:
926:
812:
716:dactylic hexameter
612:
598:Patron of the arts
508:Henry the Wrangler
296:, as a Liudolfing
282:Imperial immediacy
255:Holy Roman Emperor
233:from 973 and also
201:, a member of the
1703:Abbesses of Essen
1624:978-3-8375-0584-9
1350:Aegidius Gelenius
1059:was organized in
1021:Cross of Mathilde
1002:Cross of Mathilde
967:Quedlinburg Abbey
767:
766:
624:a version of the
529:Adelaide of Italy
484:collegiate church
335:classical authors
203:Conradine dynasty
195:Liudolf of Swabia
191:Holy Roman Empire
151:
150:
1725:
1698:Ottonian dynasty
1684:
1647:full text online
1644:
1629:
1611:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1529:S. 74-75 Nr. 45.
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1501:
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1482:
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1463:
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1221:
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1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1158:63, 2010, p. 30.
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1036:Liber Ordinarius
856:Aachen Cathedral
833:Romanesque style
771:Shrine of Marsus
746:
721:
720:
665:jewelled crosses
444:Einsiedeln Abbey
398:in 990 and 997,
217:dynasty and his
185:Family and youth
120:Ottonian dynasty
106:
104:
31:
19:
18:
1733:
1732:
1728:
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1525:Sonja Hermann:
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1287:
1281:Michael Lapidge
1274:
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1136:
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1103:
1094:
1090:
1078:Tobias NĂĽssel,
1077:
1073:
1069:
994:
914:
885:
869:
800:
787:Triumphal cross
763:
760:
758:
756:
754:
748:
743:
741:
739:
737:
677:donor portraits
636:British Library
600:
568:canonical order
472:
373:Emperor Otto II
352:
313:Aside from the
235:Duke of Bavaria
225:. Her brother,
187:
178:
108:
107:5 November 1011
102:
100:
51:Abbess of Essen
45:
17:
16:Abbess of Essen
12:
11:
5:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1672:
1671:External links
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:978-0300060485
1650:
1635:"Mathilde II."
1630:
1612:
1590:
1581:
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1337:
1335:Lasko, 115-117
1328:
1319:
1317:Lasko, 99–104.
1310:
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884:
881:
868:
865:
849:Ezzonid family
810:of Essen Abbey
799:
796:
765:
764:
751:
749:
732:
729:
728:
725:
649:De Re Militari
599:
596:
557:Archchancellor
546:Damascus steel
533:Golden Madonna
498:a year later.
476:Imperial abbey
471:
468:
460:King Æthelwulf
385:Otto of Swabia
351:
348:
346:to an extent.
270:Abbess Hathwig
258:Otto the Great
239:Regino of PrĂĽm
231:Duke of Swabia
186:
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39:donor portrait
32:
24:
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15:
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1606:3-89861-133-7
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1505:Marsusschrein
1500:
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1363:Marsusschrein
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1346:Marsusschrein
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1171:, pp. 246–282
1170:
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890:
880:
878:
874:
873:Rellinghausen
864:
860:
857:
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850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
825:
820:
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804:
795:
792:
791:Aschaffenburg
788:
783:
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772:
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675:: both have
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492:Aschaffenburg
489:
485:
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467:
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429:
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396:Heiligenstadt
393:
392:Aschaffenburg
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139:Ida of Swabia
138:
134:
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99:
95:
91:
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83:
80:
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59:
55:
52:
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44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1708:Ottonian art
1656:
1653:Lasko, Peter
1645:; (
1638:
1615:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1569:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1543:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1494:, pp. 172ff.
1491:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1396:Zimmermann:
1392:
1383:
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1189:
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1121:
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1091:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1007:
981:
973:
960:
927:
886:
870:
861:
853:
829:
815:Georg Humann
813:
784:
768:
752:
733:
708:
673:Ottonian art
661:goldsmithery
658:
647:
625:
621:
613:
573:
565:
500:
473:
447:
389:
370:
361:
353:
308:
301:
297:
262:
242:
188:
179:
161:
157:
153:
152:
1718:1011 deaths
1683:(in German)
1628:(in German)
1610:(in German)
1570:www.zeit.de
1546:(in German)
1214:1992, 56ff.
1193:Röckelein,
934:Lower Rhine
831:succeeding
704:candelabrum
701:gilt-bronze
654:scriptorium
632:Old English
504:possessions
452:Anglo-Saxon
432:St Florinus
298:Hauskloster
294:Quedlinburg
290:Gandersheim
247:continuator
219:Anglo-Saxon
166:Essen Abbey
65:Predecessor
1713:949 births
1692:Categories
1580:Literature
1503:Beuckers,
1439:Beuckers,
1374:Beuckers,
1361:Beuckers,
1344:Beuckers,
1236:Körntgen,
1223:Beuckers,
470:Politician
456:Æthelweard
412:Hildesheim
381:Gero Cross
333:and other
319:Prudentius
311:Abbess Ida
215:Liudolfing
103:1011-11-05
1365:, p. 121.
1308:, S. 441.
1304:Bodarwé,
1206:Bodarwé,
1141:Bodarwé,
1017:Theophanu
824:Theophanu
525:Theophanu
440:St Marsus
278:exemption
243:Chronicon
75:Successor
1507:, p. 46.
1443:, p. 55.
1413:, p. 72.
1378:, p. 57.
1244:, p. 63.
1227:, p. 54.
1197:, p. 84.
1145:, p. 54.
985:Suanhild
938:Heribert
930:Henry II
819:westwerk
808:westwerk
727:English
644:Vegetius
580:Duisburg
576:Dortmund
560:Willigis
550:martyred
512:Otto III
400:Dortmund
394:in 982,
323:Boethius
274:immunity
251:Adalbert
211:Ottonian
158:Mahthild
154:Mathilde
147:Catholic
144:Religion
22:Mathilde
1550:16 July
1490:Lange,
1422:Lange,
1411:Westbau
1409:Lange,
1132:, 1881.
946:Matilda
893:Otto II
841:Cologne
789:in the
646:' work
617:Eadgyth
521:Matilda
448:ducissa
428:Koblenz
420:Cologne
331:Terence
315:Gospels
266:Altfrid
223:Eadgyth
209:of the
176:Sources
162:Matilda
41:of the
37:on the
1663:
1622:
1604:
1283:, 2001
1279:, ed.
1114:curtis
1032:masses
1010:Sophia
963:Annals
955:Poland
899:, and
877:Sophia
779:enamel
724:Latin
711:chasse
584:Hoftag
464:Wessex
434:) and
424:relics
418:, and
402:, and
375:, and
356:Aachen
350:Abbess
327:Alcuin
325:, and
303:curtis
207:Otto I
170:relics
156:(also
136:Mother
126:Father
79:Sophia
1067:Notes
1061:Essen
951:penny
592:Thorr
588:Leine
538:crown
454:Earl
436:Lyons
416:Trier
408:Mainz
404:Thorr
344:Greek
340:Latin
245:by a
221:wife
115:House
109:Essen
57:Reign
1661:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1596:In:
1552:2022
1025:Mary
1000:The
920:The
685:Otto
606:The
578:and
496:Rome
377:Gero
365:Vogt
292:and
286:Pope
276:and
229:was
227:Otto
97:Died
89:Born
35:Otto
1126:hof
1082:in
965:of
845:Ida
839:in
544:of
486:of
462:of
426:in
241:'s
213:or
160:or
92:949
69:Ida
1694::
1655:,
1637:,
1626:.
1568:.
1542:.
1481:)
1475:,
1063:.
835:,
718::
562::
466:.
414:,
321:,
260:.
1649:)
1572:.
1554:.
1099:.
438:(
430:(
105:)
101:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
